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Wu X, Ehrmann K, Gan CT, Leuschel B, Pashley‐Johnson F, Barner‐Kowollik C. Two Material Properties from One Wavelength-Orthogonal Photoresin Enabled by a Monochromatic Laser Integrated Stereolithographic Apparatus (Mono LISA). ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2025; 37:e2419639. [PMID: 39962842 PMCID: PMC11962704 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202419639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2025] [Indexed: 04/03/2025]
Abstract
Multi-material printing has experienced critical advances in recent years, yet material property differentiation capabilities remain limited both with regard to the accessible properties - typically hard versus soft - and the achievable magnitude of differentiation. To enhance multi-material printing capabilities, precise photochemical control during 3D printing is essential. Wavelength-differentiation is a particularly intriguing concept yet challenging to implement. Notably, dual-wavelength printing to fabricate hard and soft sections within one object has emerged, where one curing process is insensitive to visible light, while UV irradiation inevitably activates the entire resin, limiting true spatio-temporal control of the material properties. Until now, pathway-independent wavelength-orthogonal printing has not been realized, where each wavelength exclusively triggers only one of two possible reactions, independent of the order in which the wavelengths are applied. Herein, a multi-wavelength printing technique is introduced employing a tunable laser to monochromatically deliver light to the printing platform loaded with a fully wavelength-orthogonal resin. Guided by photochemical action plots, two distinct wavelengths - each highly selective toward a specific photocycloaddtion reaction - are utilized to generate distinct networks within the photoresin. Ultimately, together with the printing technique, this orthogonally addressable photoresin allows fabricating multi-material objects with degradable and non-degradable properties, in a single fabrication step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Wu
- School of Chemistry and PhysicsCentre for Materials ScienceQueensland University of Technology (QUT)2 George StreetBrisbaneQueensland4000Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 176344Eggenstein‐LeopoldshafenGermany
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 176344Eggenstein‐LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Katharina Ehrmann
- School of Chemistry and PhysicsCentre for Materials ScienceQueensland University of Technology (QUT)2 George StreetBrisbaneQueensland4000Australia
- Institute for Applied Synthetic ChemistryTechnische Universität WienGetreidemarkt 9/163Vienna1060Austria
| | - Ching Thye Gan
- Faculty of EngineeringQueensland University of Technology (QUT)2 George StreetBrisbaneQueensland4000Australia
| | - Benjamin Leuschel
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M)CNRS – UMR 7361Université de Haute‐Alsace15 rue Jean StarckyMulhouse68057France
| | - Fred Pashley‐Johnson
- School of Chemistry and PhysicsCentre for Materials ScienceQueensland University of Technology (QUT)2 George StreetBrisbaneQueensland4000Australia
- Polymer Chemistry Research GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryFaculty of SciencesGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281‐S4Ghent9000Belgium
| | - Christopher Barner‐Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and PhysicsCentre for Materials ScienceQueensland University of Technology (QUT)2 George StreetBrisbaneQueensland4000Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 176344Eggenstein‐LeopoldshafenGermany
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 176344Eggenstein‐LeopoldshafenGermany
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2
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Kirkpatrick BE, Anseth KS, Hebner TS. Diverse reactivity of maleimides in polymer science and beyond. POLYM INT 2025; 74:296-306. [PMID: 40255264 PMCID: PMC12007691 DOI: 10.1002/pi.6715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2024] [Accepted: 10/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2025]
Abstract
Maleimides are remarkably versatile functional groups, capable of participating in homo- and copolymerizations, Diels-Alder and (photo)cycloadditions, Michael additions, and other reactions. Their reactivity has afforded materials ranging from polyimides with high upper service temperatures to hydrogels for regenerative medicine applications. Moreover, maleimides have proven to be an enabling chemistry for pharmaceutical development and bioconjugation via straightforward modification of cysteine residues. To exert spatiotemporal control over reactions with maleimides, multiple approaches have been developed to photocage nucleophiles, dienes, and dipoles. Additionally, further substitution of the maleimide alkene (e.g., mono- and di-halo-, thio-, amino-, and methyl-maleimides, among other substituents) confers tunable reactivity and dynamicity, as well as responsive mechanical and optical properties. In this mini-review, we highlight the diverse functionality of maleimides, underscoring their notable impact in polymer science. This moiety and related heterocycles will play an important role in future innovations in chemistry, biomedical, and materials research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce E. Kirkpatrick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Kristi S. Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder
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Zhang J, Liu S, Kanokkanchana K, Kuzina M, Zhou M, Du X, Gu Z, Dong Z, Levkin PA. Fabrication of 3D Functional Nanocomposites Through Post-Doping of Two-Photon Microprinted Nanoporous Architectures. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2025; 21:e2403405. [PMID: 39690842 PMCID: PMC11798355 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 12/04/2024] [Indexed: 12/19/2024]
Abstract
Two-photon lithography (TPL) enables the fabrication of complex 3D structures with sub-micrometer precision. Incorporation of new functionalities into TPL-printed structures is key to advance their applications. A prevalent approach to achieve this is by directly adding functional nanomaterials into the photoresist (called "pre-doping"), which has several inherent challenges including material compatibility, light scattering, and nanoparticle agglomeration. Here, a conceptually different "post-doping" strategy is proposed, where the functionality of the TPL-printed architectures is achieved by impregnating functional materials into their nanoporous 3D mimics. Using the principle of polymerization-induced phase separation, TPL printing of complex microarchitectures with well-defined nanoporous structures having pores of ≈420 nm is realized, which allows spontaneous impregnation of functional liquids via capillary effect. Importantly, unlike the "pre-doping" approach that requires printing optimization for each photoresist, this strategy is highly versatile in terms of functionalities possible. As a proof-of-concept, the impregnation of several functional liquids into TPL-printed porous microstructures is demonstrated: a fluorinated-lubricant, an ionic liquid, and three types of fluorescent liquids, conferring the microstructures with slippery, conductive, and localized fluorescence properties, respectively. Such versatility to fabricate complex microstructures with tailorable and localized functionalities is expected to open new possibilities in wide fields including bionics, electronics, and cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junning Zhang
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems–Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS‐FMS)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 176344Eggenstein‐LeopoldshafenGermany
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing211189China
| | - Sida Liu
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems–Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS‐FMS)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 176344Eggenstein‐LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Kannasoot Kanokkanchana
- Technical University of MunichCampus Straubing for Biotechnology and SustainabilityUferstraße 5394315StraubingGermany
| | - Mariia Kuzina
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems–Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS‐FMS)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 176344Eggenstein‐LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Meijun Zhou
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems–Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS‐FMS)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 176344Eggenstein‐LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Xin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing211189China
| | - Zhongze Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing211189China
| | - Zheqin Dong
- Department of Additive Manufacturing, School and Hospital of StomatologyCheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesNo. 44‐1 Wenhuaxi RoadJinanShandong250012China
| | - Pavel A. Levkin
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems–Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS‐FMS)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 176344Eggenstein‐LeopoldshafenGermany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Kaiserstraße 1276131KarlsruheGermany
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Niu P, Li C, Zhu J, Zhao Y, Li Z, Sun A, Wei L, Wu K, Li Y. Asynchronous Ring Opening of Cyclic Carbonate and Glycidyl Ether Induced Phase Evolution Towards Heat-Free and Rapid-Bonding Superior Epoxy Adhesive. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202408840. [PMID: 38927000 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Structural adhesives that do not require heating are in high demand in the automotive and electronics industries. However, it remains a challenge to develop robust adhesives that rapidly achieve super adhesion near ambient temperature. Herein, a room-temperature curable, fast-bonding, and super strong epoxy-based structural adhesive was designed from the perspective of cross-scale structure, which lies in threefold pivotal aspects: (i) high branching topology of glycerol carbonate-capped polyurethane (PUGC) increases the kinetics of the ring-opening reaction, contributing to fast crosslinking and the formation of abundant urethane and hydroxyl moieties; (ii) asynchronous crosslinking of epoxy and PUGC synergistically induces phase separation of PUGC within the epoxy resin and the resulting PUGC domains surrounded by interpenetrated shell serves to efficiently toughen the matrix; (iii) abundant dynamic hydrogen bonds including urethane and hydroxyl moieties, along with the elastomeric PUGC domains, dissipate energy of shearing force. As a result, the adhesive strength rapidly grows to 16 MPa within 4 hours, leveling off to 21 MPa after 7 hours, substantially outperforming commercial room-temperature curable epoxy adhesives. The results of this study could advance the field of high-performance adhesives and provide valuable insights into designing materials for efficient curing at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Niu
- College of Chemistry and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Elastic Sealing Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Chuanlong Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yifang Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Elastic Sealing Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zixian Li
- College of Chemistry and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Elastic Sealing Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ailing Sun
- College of Chemistry and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Elastic Sealing Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Liuhe Wei
- College of Chemistry and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Elastic Sealing Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Kai Wu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yuhan Li
- College of Chemistry and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Elastic Sealing Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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Chang L, Liu X, Luo J, Lee CY, Zhang J, Fan X, Zhang W. Physiochemical Coupled Dynamic Nanosphere Lithography Enabling Multiple Metastructures from Single Mask. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2310469. [PMID: 38193751 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Metastructures are widely used in photonic devices, energy conversion, and biomedical applications. However, to fabricate multiple patterns continuously in single etching protocol with highly tunable photonic properties is challenging. Here, a simple and robust dynamic nanosphere lithography is proposed by inserting a spacer between the nanosphere assembly and the wafer. The nanosphere diameter decrease and uneven penetration of the spacer during etching lead to a dynamic masking process. Coupled anisotropic physical ion sputtering and ricocheting with isotropic chemical radical etching achieve highly tunable structures with various 3D patterns continuously forming through a single etching process. Specifically, the nanosphere diameters define the periodicity, the etched spacer forms the upper parts, and the wafer forms the lower parts. Each part of the structure is highly tunable through changing nanosphere diameter, spacer thickness, and etch conditions. Using this protocol, numerous structures of varying sizes including nanomushrooms, nanocones, nanopencils, and nanoneedles with diverse shapes are realized as proof of concepts. The broadband antireflection ability of the nanostructures and their use in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy are also demonstrated for practical application. This method substantially simplifies the fabrication procedure of various metastructures, paving the way for its application in multiple disciplines especially in photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- National University of Singapore (Chongqing) Research Institute, Chongqing, 401123, China
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & Hunan Provincial, Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China
| | - Chong-Yew Lee
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia
| | - Jianfa Zhang
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & Hunan Provincial, Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China
| | - Xing Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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6
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Gauci SC, Vranic A, Blasco E, Bräse S, Wegener M, Barner-Kowollik C. Photochemically Activated 3D Printing Inks: Current Status, Challenges, and Opportunities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306468. [PMID: 37681744 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
3D printing with light is enabled by the photochemistry underpinning it. Without fine control over the ability to photochemically gate covalent bond formation by the light at a certain wavelength and intensity, advanced photoresists with functions spanning from on-demand degradability, adaptability, rapid printing speeds, and tailored functionality are impossible to design. Herein, recent advances in photoresist design for light-driven 3D printing applications are critically assessed, and an outlook of the outstanding challenges and opportunities is provided. This is achieved by classing the discussed photoresists in chemistries that function photoinitiator-free and those that require a photoinitiator to proceed. Such a taxonomy is based on the efficiency with which photons are able to generate covalent bonds, with each concept featuring distinct advantages and drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Gauci
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Vranic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eva Blasco
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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7
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Wu X, Barner-Kowollik C. Fluorescence-readout as a powerful macromolecular characterisation tool. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12815-12849. [PMID: 38023522 PMCID: PMC10664555 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04052f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The last few decades have witnessed significant progress in synthetic macromolecular chemistry, which can provide access to diverse macromolecules with varying structural complexities, topology and functionalities, bringing us closer to the aim of controlling soft matter material properties with molecular precision. To reach this goal, the development of advanced analytical techniques, allowing for micro-, molecular level and real-time investigation, is essential. Due to their appealing features, including high sensitivity, large contrast, fast and real-time response, as well as non-invasive characteristics, fluorescence-based techniques have emerged as a powerful tool for macromolecular characterisation to provide detailed information and give new and deep insights beyond those offered by commonly applied analytical methods. Herein, we critically examine how fluorescence phenomena, principles and techniques can be effectively exploited to characterise macromolecules and soft matter materials and to further unravel their constitution, by highlighting representative examples of recent advances across major areas of polymer and materials science, ranging from polymer molecular weight and conversion, architecture, conformation to polymer self-assembly to surfaces, gels and 3D printing. Finally, we discuss the opportunities for fluorescence-readout to further advance the development of macromolecules, leading to the design of polymers and soft matter materials with pre-determined and adaptable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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Gauci SC, Du Prez FE, Holloway JO, Houck HA, Barner-Kowollik C. The Power of Action Plots: Unveiling Reaction Selectivity of Light-Stabilized Dynamic Covalent Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310274. [PMID: 37551836 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Exploiting the optimum wavelength of reactivity for efficient photochemical reactions has been well-established based on the development of photochemical action plots. We herein demonstrate the power of such action plots by a remarkable example of the wavelength-resolved photochemistry of two triazolinedione (TAD) substrates, i.e., aliphatic and aromatic substituted, that exhibit near identical absorption spectra yet possess vastly disparate photoreactivity. We present our findings in carefully recorded action plots, from which reaction selectivity is identified. The profound difference in photoreactivity is exploited by designing a 'hybrid' bisfunctional TAD molecule, enabling the formation of a dual-gated reaction manifold that demonstrates the exceptional and site-selective (photo)chemical behavior of both TAD substrates within a single small molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Gauci
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Filip E Du Prez
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joshua O Holloway
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hannes A Houck
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Advanced Study, University of Warwick, Library Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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