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Ippili S, Jella V, Jyothi SJ, Kment S, Zboril R, Yoon SG, Jayaramulu K. Covalent Graphene-Metal-Organic Polyhedra Hybrids: Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Next Generation of Wearable E-Skin Technologies. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2025:e2503772. [PMID: 40304171 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202503772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2025] [Revised: 04/18/2025] [Indexed: 05/02/2025]
Abstract
The development of stretchable energy-harvesting devices that convert mechanical stimuli into electrical energy is crucial for advancing self-powered electronic skin (e-skin) technologies. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) show promise but suffer from low stretchability, limited conductivity, and poor mechanical durability. Here, we report a new generation of TENGs designed via the molecular chemistry of metal-organic polyhedra (MOPs) covalently bonded to functionalized 2D nitrogen-doped graphene sheets (NG@MOP). The resulting NG@MOP hybrids, featuring aromatic regions and surface amine groups, link to anionic nickel-based MOPs, [Ni8(HImDC)12]8-, through amide bonds. This hybrid exhibits a large surface area, hierarchical micro-mesoporous channels, and structural defects, improving mechanical resilience. Incorporating NG@MOP into a polyurethane matrix produces a highly stretchable, biocompatible film withstanding over 500% strain. The composite delivers excellent triboelectric output, generating 417 V and 10.8 µA at 5 wt % loading. Applied as a wearable e-skin, the device maintains functionality under extreme deformation, demonstrating a strain sensitivity of 13 mV per degree of motion. It efficiently detects subtle body motions such as bending and stretching, showing strong potential for wearable motion sensing and real-time health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Ippili
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Venkatraju Jella
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sudabathulua Jeevana Jyothi
- Hybrid Porous Materials Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, 181221, India
| | - Stepan Kment
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 783 71, Czech Republic
- Nanotechnology Centre, Centre for Energy and Environmental Technologies, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu, Ostrava-Poruba, 708 00, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Zboril
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 783 71, Czech Republic
- Nanotechnology Centre, Centre for Energy and Environmental Technologies, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu, Ostrava-Poruba, 708 00, Czech Republic
| | - Soon-Gil Yoon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kolleboyina Jayaramulu
- Hybrid Porous Materials Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, 181221, India
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2
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Shu HX, Xu S, To WP, Cheng G, Che CM. Stable Pincer Gold(III)-TADF Emitters with Extended Donor-Acceptor Separation for Efficient Vacuum-Deposited OLEDs with Operational Lifetime (LT 95) up to 3831 h at 1000 cd m -2. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2025:e2502529. [PMID: 40285612 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202502529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2025] [Revised: 03/25/2025] [Indexed: 04/29/2025]
Abstract
Although gold-TADF (thermally activated delayed fluorescence) emitters have attractive prospects as next-generation practical OLED emitters, the performance of OLEDs utilizing gold(I)- and gold(III)-TADF emitters lags behind the requirements of practical applications, and device lifetime has become a bottleneck. Here, novel pincer gold(III)-TADF emitters that are easily fabricated with tunable donor and acceptor ligands are presented. These pincer gold(III)-TADF emitters exhibit an extended molecular π-distance along the transition dipole moment, resulting in a significant reduction in the electron exchange energy between the S1 and T1 excited states, thus narrowing the singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔEST). The combination of small ΔEST and heavy-atom (Au, S) effect greatly enhances spin-flip dynamics and produces efficient TADF (photoluminescence quantum yields up to 90%) with high radiative decay rate constants (kr up to 106 s-1), and short lifetimes (τ less than 1.2 µs) in thin films at room temperature. Vacuum-deposited OLEDs based on these gold(III)-TADF emitters demonstrate impressive stability, achieving i) a high maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of up to 22.2%, and ii) a record- long operational lifetime (LT95) of 3831 h at an initial luminance of 1000 cd m-2. This excellent durability makes the pincer gold(III)-TADF emitter a promising and competitive alternative to iridium and platinum emitters for practical OLED applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Xing Shu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory on New Materials, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Hong Kong Quantum AI Lab Limited, Units 909-915, Building 17 W, 17 Science Park West Avenue Hong Kong Science Park, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Xu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory on New Materials, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Wai-Pong To
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory on New Materials, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Gang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory on New Materials, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Hong Kong Quantum AI Lab Limited, Units 909-915, Building 17 W, 17 Science Park West Avenue Hong Kong Science Park, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory on New Materials, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Hong Kong Quantum AI Lab Limited, Units 909-915, Building 17 W, 17 Science Park West Avenue Hong Kong Science Park, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, P. R. China
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3
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Das B. Unveiling mechanistic insights and applications of aggregation-enhanced emission (AEE)-active polynuclear transition metal complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2025; 61:6391-6416. [PMID: 40176728 DOI: 10.1039/d5cc00690b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2025]
Abstract
Aggregation-enhanced emission (AEE) in polynuclear transition metal complexes (PTMCs) represents a major advancement in luminescent materials, overcoming the limitations of aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) in traditional systems. Unlike conventional materials that suffer from quenching, AEE-active PTMCs exhibit enhanced luminescence in the aggregated state, driven by mechanisms such as restricted molecular motion, π-π stacking, and metal-metal interactions. These properties make PTMCs highly versatile for applications including chemical sensing, bioimaging, photodynamic therapy (PDT), optoelectronics (e.g., OLEDs, WOLEDs, and LEDs), and security technologies (e.g., anti-counterfeiting inks). They enable the sensitive detection of pollutants, facilitate high-performance bioimaging, and enhance the efficiency of energy devices. However, PTMCs face several challenges, including complex synthesis, limited thermal and photostability, solubility issues, and environmental and toxicity concerns. Additionally, high production costs, instability in different media, and the need for optimized energy transfer efficiency must be addressed to enhance their practical performance. This review explores the mechanisms behind AEE in PTMCs and discusses strategies for overcoming these challenges, including ligand engineering, hybrid material development, and sustainable synthesis methods. It also highlights their potential in advancing energy-efficient technologies, precision therapeutics, and secure communication systems, contributing to a more sustainable and innovative future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, 741246, India.
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4
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Wu C, Tong KN, Shi K, He W, Huang M, Yan J, Li S, Jin Z, Wang X, Jung S, Ma J, Zhuang Y, Xie RJ, Yu C, Meng H, Sun XW, Yang C, Chi Y, Kang F, Wei G. Exceptionally high brightness and long lifetime of efficient blue OLEDs for programmable active-matrix display. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2025; 14:156. [PMID: 40204722 PMCID: PMC11982528 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-01817-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2025] [Accepted: 03/06/2025] [Indexed: 04/11/2025]
Abstract
Blue phosphorescent OLEDs (Ph-OLEDs) have long faced critical challenges in efficiency, stability and brightness, which are crucial for advanced display. Herein, we introduce two novel Ir(III) emitters featuring a 3,6-di(tert-butyl)-9H-carbazolyl (tBuCz) substituted tridentate carbene pincer ligand, significantly improving efficiency and stability. The tBuCz-m-CF3 and tBuCz-p-CF3 complexes are designed to enhance steric encumbrance and minimize exciton accumulation. These innovations lead to exceptional photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY) of 98% and an impressive decay rate constant of 7.97 × 105 s-1 in doped thin films. The Ph-OLEDs emit blue light with a peak wavelength of 485 nm and CIE coordinates of (0.175, 0.446), exhibiting a peak external quantum efficiencies (EQE) of 31.62% and brightness up to 214,255 cd m-2. Notably, they shown minimal efficiency roll-off, retaining an EQE of 27.76% at 10,000 cd m-2, and 20.58% at 100,000 cd m-2. These consistent performances across various brightness levels represent a significant milestone for blue Ph-OLED technology. The devices also exhibit impressive stability, with an operational lifetime (LT50, the time taken for luminance to decrease by 50%) reaching 1237 h at 1000 cd m-2, setting new benchmarks for blue Ph-OLEDs. To enhance the color purity, hyper-OLEDs were developed with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 20 nm and the CIEy of 0.233, achieving an EQEm of 29.78% and LT50 of 318 h at 1000 cd m-2. We also fabricated the active-matrix (AM) blue Hyper-OLEDs with 400 pixels per inch to demonstrate their application in AM displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Wu
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kai-Ning Tong
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kefei Shi
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wei He
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Manli Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Siqi Li
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhaoyun Jin
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Sinyeong Jung
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jingrui Ma
- Institute of Nanoscience and Applications, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Yixi Zhuang
- College of Materials and Fujian Key Laboratory of Surface andInterface Engineering for High Performance Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Rong-Jun Xie
- College of Materials and Fujian Key Laboratory of Surface andInterface Engineering for High Performance Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Cunjiang Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Hong Meng
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduated School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiao Wei Sun
- Institute of Nanoscience and Applications, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Chuluo Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Yun Chi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guodan Wei
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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5
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Kordos K, Kaklamanis K, Andrea M, Papageorgiou DG. PCDTBT: Force Field Parameterization and Properties by Molecular Dynamics Simulation. J Phys Chem B 2025; 129:3492-3501. [PMID: 40114428 PMCID: PMC11973877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c08393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2025] [Accepted: 03/11/2025] [Indexed: 03/22/2025]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers are indispensable building blocks in a variety of organic electronics applications such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes, and field-effect transistors. Poly[N-9'-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole)] (PCDTBT) is a carbazole-benzothiadiazole-based copolymer with a donor-acceptor structure, consisting of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing subunits and featuring a low band gap. In this work, the General Amber Force Field is extended in two ways, specifically for modeling PCDTBT. First, a set of partial atomic charges is derived that mimic a long chain and adequately describe different conformations that may be encountered in a bulk environment. Second, torsional terms are reparametrized for all dihedral angles in the backbone via ab initio computations. Subsequently, a series of large-scale Molecular Dynamics simulations are employed to construct and equilibrate bulk ensembles of three PCDTBT oligomers using different starting conformations of the oligomer chains. Several structural properties are computed, namely mass density, chain stiffness (through persistence length and Kuhn segment length), and glass transition temperature. Our results are in good agreement with available literature data, demonstrating the suitability of the new parametrization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kordos
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Ioannina, POB 1186, Ioannina GR45110, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kaklamanis
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Ioannina, POB 1186, Ioannina GR45110, Greece
| | - Maria Andrea
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Ioannina, POB 1186, Ioannina GR45110, Greece
| | - Dimitrios G. Papageorgiou
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Ioannina, POB 1186, Ioannina GR45110, Greece
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6
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Choi H, Moon G, Gil J, Lee JH, Kim Y, Son J, Jung Y. Developing Novel Lattice Mapping for Accurate and Efficient Charge Transport Modeling from Atomistic Morphology. J Chem Theory Comput 2025; 21:1941-1950. [PMID: 39916532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2025]
Abstract
This study focuses on numerical methods to compute charge carrier mobility in disordered materials, such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), based solely on molecular structures. The approach involves developing an ab initio method for calculating charge carrier mobility in organic materials using kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations. These simulations utilize Marcus rates derived from precise calculations of transfer integrals and site energies specific to the material's morphology. Going beyond the current approach to tackle a multicharge model system presents computational challenges, particularly in calculating site energies. To address this issue, a novel lattice mapping method was developed to efficiently determine transfer integrals and site energies from realistic morphologies while keeping computational costs manageable. Validation of the method was conducted by comparing mobility values computed using the KMC method with experimental data, showing a good agreement. Further insights into charge transport dynamics were gained through the analysis of charge carrier behavior using residence time calculations. Additionally, the model's applicability to multicharge systems was demonstrated by simulating exciton formation. In conclusion, the model has the potential to effectively and accurately simulate charge carrier trajectories in multicharge, multilayer models with minimal loss of information from realistic morphology, making it a valuable tool for designing and optimizing organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- HyeonSik Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Geongi Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Gil
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jay-Hak Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonki Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiho Son
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - YounJoon Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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7
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Zou S, Zhou S, Li C, Zhu F, Wang Y, Yan D. Bipolar Solid-Solution Hosts for Efficient Crystalline Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2025; 17:8084-8094. [PMID: 39841998 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c20265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2025]
Abstract
Crystalline organic semiconductors, recognized for their highly ordered structures and high carrier mobility, have emerged as a focal point in the field of high-performance optoelectronic devices. Nevertheless, the intrinsic unipolar properties, characterized by imbalanced hole and electron transport capabilities, have continuously represented a significant challenge in the advancement of high-performance crystalline thin-film organic light-emitting diodes (C-OLEDs). Here, a bipolar solid-solution thin film with a maintained crystal structure has been fabricated using 2-(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)-1(3,5-difluorophenyl)-1H-phenanthro [9,10-d]imidazole (2FPPICz) and 4-(1-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthrolin-2-yl)-N,N-diphenylaniline (2Fn) via a weak epitaxial growth (WEG) process, exhibiting nearly equivalent hole and electron mobilities (10-2-10-1 cm2 V-1 s-1). We have demonstrated a blue C-OLED that achieves high efficiency while maintaining low-efficiency roll-off, employing the bipolar solid-solution thin film as the crystalline host matrix and 4,4'-bis[2-(4-(N,N-diphenylamino)phenyl)vinyl]biphenyl (DPAVBi) as the doped emitter. This device achieves a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 4.6% with Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates lying around (0.15, 0.22). Among crystalline light-emitting devices utilizing carrier-balanced transport, this EQE stands as one of the highest recorded values. Notable advancements include enhanced photon emission capabilities, optimized driving voltage (4.0 V @ 1000 cd m-2), and a lower series resistance Joule heat loss ratio (11.8% @ 1000 cd m-2). This research marks a significant stride in modulating the inherent electrical properties of crystalline host materials, offering a novel and efficacious strategy for the advancement of high-performance crystalline OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Chenglong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Feng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Donghang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
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8
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Ryu H, Shin D, Yoon B, Bae WK, Kwak J, Lee H. Direct Evidence of Excessive Charge-Carrier-Induced Degradation in InP Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2025; 17:1408-1419. [PMID: 39716446 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2024]
Abstract
The limited operational lifetime of quantum-dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) poses a critical obstacle that must be addressed before their practical application. Specifically, cadmium-free InP-based QLEDs, which are environmentally benign, experience significant operational degradation due to challenges in charge-carrier confinement stemming from the composition of InP quantum dots (QDs). This study investigates the operational degradation of InP QLEDs and provides direct evidence of the degradation process. To facilitate degradation studies, a double-emission structure was designed. We employed transient electroluminescence and photoluminescence for nondestructive analysis of charge-carrier dynamics during device degradation. The time-resolved emission sequence revealed changes in carrier mobility within the QD layer as devices degraded. Furthermore, prolonged exposure of QDs to the charge-carrier population hindered their radiative recombination. Our observations indicate clear evidence of QLED degradation, characterized by ligand detachment from the QD surface and deterioration of the hole-transporting material due to excessive electrons. This comprehensive analysis of degradation mechanisms in InP QLEDs lays the groundwork for improving operational stability and longevity, serving as a benchmark for future research and development in the field of nanocrystal-based electroluminescent devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungsuk Ryu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyoon Shin
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Beomhee Yoon
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Ki Bae
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghun Kwak
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunho Lee
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
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9
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Farokhi A, Lipinski S, Cavinato LM, Shahroosvand H, Pashaei B, Karimi S, Bellani S, Bonaccorso F, Costa RD. Metal complex-based TADF: design, characterization, and lighting devices. Chem Soc Rev 2025; 54:266-340. [PMID: 39565044 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs01102j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2024]
Abstract
The development of novel, efficient and cost-effective emitters for solid-state lighting devices (SSLDs) is ubiquitous to meet the increasingly demanding needs of advanced lighting technologies. In this context, the emergence of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials has stunned the photonics community. In particular, inorganic TADF material-based compounds can be ad hoc engineered by chemical modification of the coordinated ligands and the type of metal centre, allowing control of their ultimate photo-/electroluminescence properties, while providing a viable emitter platform for enhancing the efficiency of state-of-the-art organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs). By presenting an overview of the state of the art of all metal complex-based TADF compounds, this review aims to provide a comprehensive, authoritative and critical reference for their design, characterization and device application, highlighting the advantages and drawbacks for the chemical, photonic and optoelectronic communities involved in this interdisciplinary research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Farokhi
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Advanced Functional Materials (GMA), Chemistry Department, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Sophia Lipinski
- Technical University of Munich, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Chair of Biogenic Functional Materials, Schulgasse 22, Straubing 94315, Germany.
| | - Luca M Cavinato
- Technical University of Munich, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Chair of Biogenic Functional Materials, Schulgasse 22, Straubing 94315, Germany.
| | - Hashem Shahroosvand
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Advanced Functional Materials (GMA), Chemistry Department, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Babak Pashaei
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Soheila Karimi
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Advanced Functional Materials (GMA), Chemistry Department, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Sebastiano Bellani
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
- BeDimensional Spa., 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
- BeDimensional Spa., 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Rubén D Costa
- Technical University of Munich, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Chair of Biogenic Functional Materials, Schulgasse 22, Straubing 94315, Germany.
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10
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Sreekumar A, Nair AR, Raksha C, Swayamprabha SS, Sivan A. An Intervention into the Diverse Utilities of Fluorenes: A Brobdingnagian Family. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2024; 383:4. [PMID: 39680345 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-024-00485-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2024] [Indexed: 12/17/2024]
Abstract
The keyword "Fluorene" search in SciFinder found more than 57,000 results, including high-impact journal articles, review articles, patents, books, proceedings, etc. Against this background, a detailed enquiry has been made by our group on various classes of fluorenes and their relevancy. For the past several decades, fluorene and its related compounds have experienced extensive studies, which are attributed to the vast range of applications they possess in various fields like sensors, polymers, OLED devices and even in the pharmaceutical industries. Since fluorene is an important member of the 'polyaromatic-hydrocarbon' family and has proved its relevancy in multidisciplinary areas, summarising those milestones might be worthwhile for future researchers. Here, we intend to highlight the key applications of fluorene derivatives in the form of a review article and have put much effort into consolidating some of their most imperative applications, including those in sensors and medicinal, optoelectronic and electrochemical fields. The manuscript divides the fluorene family into multiple subclasses, counting mono- and polyfluorenes, spirofluorenes, silicon-cored fluorenes, indenofluorenes, etc., based on their structure, and portrays all the critical properties of each class. Since fluorenes are globally accepted as outstanding candidates for numerous applications and practicalities, our effort may find crucial acceptance in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Sreekumar
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, 690525, India
| | - Ajil R Nair
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, 690525, India
| | - C Raksha
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, 690525, India
| | | | - Akhil Sivan
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, 690525, India.
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11
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Georgiopoulou Z, Verykios A, Soultati A, Chroneos A, Hiskia A, Aidinis K, Skandamis PN, Gounadaki AS, Karatasios I, Triantis TM, Argitis P, Palilis LC, Vasilopoulou M. Plasmonic enhanced OLED efficiency upon silver-polyoxometalate core-shell nanoparticle integration into the hole injection/transport layer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:28888. [PMID: 39572734 PMCID: PMC11582635 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-79977-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2024] [Accepted: 11/13/2024] [Indexed: 11/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Although organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are considered a mature technology, further enhancements in their efficiency are of paramount importance for advancing their incorporation in high-quality displays and flexible, wearable, electronic devices. In this regard, we propose an innovative approach, focusing on strategic modifications to the hole transport layer (HTL) through the integration of core-shell nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) encapsulated in a tungsten polyoxometalate compound (POM) are embedded within the prototype poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulphonate) (PEDOT:PSS) to form the modified HTL. Our work reveals the pivotal plasmonic role of Ag-NPs in enhancing OLED device performance based on commercially available conjugated polymers. Comprehensive analyses, including UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and electrical measurements, confirm the influence of the POM encapsulated Ag-NPs on improving the device efficiency. This is attributed to the synergistic influence of enhanced hole injection and conductivity and beneficial optical effects (i.e. the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) and, likely, light scattering of the POM-Ag NPs in the core-shell configuration, depending on their diameter), contributing to enhanced carrier balance and exciton recombination rate. Comparison with POM gold NPs (POM-Au NPs) highlights the distinct advantages of POM-Ag NPs. Our work reveals the potential of this innovative approach to contribute to the evolution of high-performance OLEDs, ensuring a visually compelling and efficient future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Georgiopoulou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', AgiaParaskevi 15341, Athens, Greece
- Solid State Physics Section, Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Athens, 15784, Zografos, Greece
| | - Apostolis Verykios
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', AgiaParaskevi 15341, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Soultati
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', AgiaParaskevi 15341, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander Chroneos
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Thessaly, Volos, 38221, Greece.
- Department of Materials, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Anastasia Hiskia
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', AgiaParaskevi 15341, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Aidinis
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajman University, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Panagiotis N Skandamis
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Agricultural University of Athens, IeraOdos 75, Athens, 11855, Greece
| | - Antonia S Gounadaki
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Agricultural University of Athens, IeraOdos 75, Athens, 11855, Greece
| | - Ioannis Karatasios
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', AgiaParaskevi 15341, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros M Triantis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', AgiaParaskevi 15341, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Argitis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', AgiaParaskevi 15341, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Maria Vasilopoulou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', AgiaParaskevi 15341, Athens, Greece.
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12
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Sun YF, Chen XL, Zhang DH, Huo P, Liu Z, Zhou L, Lin FL, Lu CZ. Efficient Deep-Blue Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Employing Doublet Sensitization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2408118. [PMID: 39252676 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202408118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Fast and efficient exciton utilization is a crucial solution and highly desirable for achieving high-performance blue organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, the rate and efficiency of exciton utilization in traditional OLEDs, which employ fully closed-shell materials as emitters, are inevitably limited by spin statistical limitations and transition prohibition. Herein, a new sensitization strategy, namely doublet-sensitized fluorescence (DSF), is proposed to realize high-performance deep-blue electroluminescence. In the DSF-OLED, a doublet-emitting cerium(III) complex, Ce-2, is utilized as sensitizer for multi-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitter ν-DABNA. Experimental results reveal that holes and electrons predominantly recombine on Ce-2 to form doublet excitons, which subsequently transfer energy to the singlet state of ν-DABNA via exceptionally fast (over 108 s-1) and efficient (≈100%) Förster resonance energy transfer for deep-blue emission. Due to the circumvention of spin-flip in the DSF mechanism, near-unit exciton utilization efficiency and remarkably short exciton residence time of 1.36 µs are achieved in the proof-of-concept deep-blue DSF-OLED, which achieves a Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage coordinate of (0.13, 0.14), a high external quantum efficiency of 30.0%, and small efficiency roll-off of 14.7% at a luminance of 1000 cd m-2. The DSF device exhibits significantly improved operational stability compared with unsensitized reference device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
- Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou, 341119, China
- School of Rare Earths, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xu-Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Dong-Hai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Peihao Huo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Active Display, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Active Display, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Fu-Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Can-Zhong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
- Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou, 341119, China
- School of Rare Earths, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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13
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Morinaka Y, Ito H, Fujimoto KJ, Yanai T, Ono Y, Tanaka T, Itami K. Nonplanar Nanographene: A Hydrocarbon Hole-Transporting Material That Competes with Triarylamines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202409619. [PMID: 39137131 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202409619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Hole-transporting materials (HTMs) are essential for optoelectronic devices, such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), dye-sensitized solar cells, and perovskite solar cells. Triarylamines have been employed as HTMs since they were introduced in 1987. However, heteroatoms or side chains embedded in the core skeleton of triarylamines can cause thermal and chemical stability problems. Herein, we report that hexabenzo[a,c,fg,j,l,op]tetracene (HBT), a small nonplanar nanographene, functions as a hydrocarbon HTM with hole transport properties that match those of triarylamine-based HTMs. X-ray structural analysis and theoretical calculations revealed effective multidirectional orbital interactions and transfer integrals for HBT. In-depth experimental and theoretical analyses revealed that the nonplanarity-inducing annulative π-extension can achieve not only a stable amorphous state in bulk films, but also a higher increase in the highest occupied molecular orbital level than conventional linear or cyclic π-extension. Furthermore, an in-house manufactured HBT-based OLED exhibited excellent performance, featuring superior curves for current density-voltage, external quantum efficiency-luminance, and lifetime compared to those of representative triarylamine-based OLEDs. A notable improvement in device lifetime was observed for the HBT-based OLED, highlighting the advantages of the hydrocarbon HTM. This study demonstrates the immense potential of small nonplanar nanographenes for optoelectronic device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Morinaka
- Tokyo Research Center, Organic Materials Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa, 252-1123, Japan
| | - Hideto Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- JST, ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro J Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yanai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yohei Ono
- Tokyo Research Center, Organic Materials Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa, 252-1123, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tanaka
- Tosoh Corporation Tokyo Midtown Yaesu, Yaesu Central Tower, 28th & 29th Floors, 2-2-1, Yaesu, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-8467, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- JST, ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Molecule Creation Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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14
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Park D, Won SM, Lee H. Enhanced Deoxygenation of Solvents via an Improved Inert Gas Bubbling Method with a Ventilation Pathway. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:42915-42922. [PMID: 39464442 PMCID: PMC11500370 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c05786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 09/28/2024] [Accepted: 10/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/29/2024]
Abstract
We introduce an improved inert gas bubbling method for solvent deoxygenation, featuring a ventilation path alongside the inert gas inlet to enhance the efficiency and reproducibility. While essential for life, oxygen's reactivity can disrupt scientific and industrial processes by forming unwanted intermediates and deactivating catalysts, necessitating efficient deoxygenation methods. Traditional methods like freeze-pump-thaw (FPT) are effective but time-consuming, require stringent safety measures, and have potential limitations for use with aqueous and biological samples. Our enhanced inert gas bubbling method retains the simplicity and safety of conventional bubbling while achieving FPT-like deoxygenation efficiency, demonstrated by photoluminescence intensity and lifetime measurements in acetonitrile (ACN) and toluene (TOL). Simulations using a simplified kinetic model and the Stern-Volmer equation reveal that the added ventilation pathway reduces oxygen contamination in Ar gas bubbles, improving the deoxygenation efficiency. This method is widely applicable in academic and industrial fields, requiring consistent and efficient solvent deoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongcheol Park
- Department
of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science
and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
- Innovative
Energy and Carbon Optimized Synthesis for Chemicals (Inn-ECOSysChem)
Research Center (ERC), 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Seong Min Won
- Department
of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science
and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
- Innovative
Energy and Carbon Optimized Synthesis for Chemicals (Inn-ECOSysChem)
Research Center (ERC), 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Hohjai Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science
and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
- Innovative
Energy and Carbon Optimized Synthesis for Chemicals (Inn-ECOSysChem)
Research Center (ERC), 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
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15
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Baharfar M, Hillier AC, Mao G. Charge-Transfer Complexes: Fundamentals and Advances in Catalysis, Sensing, and Optoelectronic Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2406083. [PMID: 39046077 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202406083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Supramolecular assemblies, formed through electronic charge transfer between two or more entities, represent a rich class of compounds dubbed as charge-transfer complexes (CTCs). Their distinctive formation pathway, rooted in charge-transfer processes at the interface of CTC-forming components, results in the delocalization of electronic charge along molecular stacks, rendering CTCs intrinsic molecular conductors. Since the discovery of CTCs, intensive research has explored their unique properties including magnetism, conductivity, and superconductivity. Their more recently recognized semiconducting functionality has inspired recent developments in applications requiring organic semiconductors. In this context, CTCs offer a tuneable energy gap, unique charge-transport properties, tailorable physicochemical interactions, photoresponsiveness, and the potential for scalable manufacturing. Here, an updated viewpoint on CTCs is provided, presenting them as emerging organic semiconductors. To this end, their electronic and chemical properties alongside their synthesis methods are reviewed. The unique properties of CTCs that benefit various related applications in the realms of organic optoelectronics, catalysts, and gas sensors are discussed. Insights for future developments and existing limitations are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahroo Baharfar
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Andrew C Hillier
- Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Ames Laboratory, U.S. DOE and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Guangzhao Mao
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
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16
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Yun JM, Park MH, Kim YB, Choi MJ, Kim S, Yi Y, Park S, Kang SJ. Improvement of the Stability of Quantum-Dot Light Emitting Diodes Using Inorganic HfO x Hole Transport Layer. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:4739. [PMID: 39410310 PMCID: PMC11477746 DOI: 10.3390/ma17194739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2024] [Revised: 09/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024]
Abstract
One of the major challenges in QLED research is improving the stability of the devices. In this study, we fabricated all inorganic quantum-dot light emitting diodes (QLEDs) using hafnium oxide (HfOx) as the hole transport layer (HTL), a material commonly used for insulator. Oxygen vacancies in HfOx create defect states below the Fermi level, providing a pathway for hole injection. The concentration of these oxygen vacancies can be controlled by the annealing temperature. We optimized the all-inorganic QLEDs with HfOx as the HTL by changing the annealing temperature. The optimized QLEDs with HfOx as the HTL showed a maximum luminance and current efficiency of 66,258 cd/m2 and 9.7 cd/A, respectively. The fabricated all-inorganic QLEDs exhibited remarkable stability, particularly when compared to devices using organic materials for the HTL. Under extended storage in ambient conditions, the all-inorganic device demonstrated a significantly enhanced operating lifetime (T50) of 5.5 h, which is 11 times longer than that of QLEDs using an organic HTL. These results indicate that the all-inorganic QLEDs structure, with ITO/MoO3/HfOx/QDs/ZnMgO/Al, exhibits superior stability compared to organic-inorganic hybrid QLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Yun
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (J.M.Y.); (M.H.P.); (Y.B.K.); (M.J.C.)
- Integrated Education Program for Frontier Materials (BK21 Four), Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ho Park
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (J.M.Y.); (M.H.P.); (Y.B.K.); (M.J.C.)
- Integrated Education Program for Frontier Materials (BK21 Four), Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Bin Kim
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (J.M.Y.); (M.H.P.); (Y.B.K.); (M.J.C.)
- Integrated Education Program for Frontier Materials (BK21 Four), Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Choi
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (J.M.Y.); (M.H.P.); (Y.B.K.); (M.J.C.)
- Integrated Education Program for Frontier Materials (BK21 Four), Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwan Kim
- Advanced Analysis and Data Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (S.P.)
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yeonjin Yi
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
| | - Soohyung Park
- Advanced Analysis and Data Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (S.P.)
- Division of Nanoscience & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jun Kang
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (J.M.Y.); (M.H.P.); (Y.B.K.); (M.J.C.)
- Integrated Education Program for Frontier Materials (BK21 Four), Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
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17
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Ly Duc M, Bilik P, Martinek R. Hybrid six sigma based on recursive kalman filter and weibull distribution to estimate the lifespan of Bulb LEDs. RESULTS IN ENGINEERING 2024; 23:102633. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2024.102633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2025]
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18
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Goto D, Mori H. Avoiding Photocyclized Degradation of Electrochromic Materials Based on Quantum Chemical Molecular Design. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:8205-8210. [PMID: 39102584 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Suppressing the photodegradation of organic electronic materials is crucial for their device applications. This study proposes a method to mitigate the photodegradation. With focus on the molecular design of triphenylamine derivatives commonly used in organic electronics, it was demonstrated that spin distributions of the derivatives would be a good quantum descriptor for predicting the photocyclization resistance to not give carbazole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Goto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
- Advanced Technology Research and Development Division, Ricoh Company, Limited, Ebina, Kanagawa 243-0460, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Mori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
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19
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Park S, Ryu JE, Kim TH, Kim HJ, Bu J, Seo SJ, Baek JH, Hong YJ, Ryu SW, Park Y, Lee MG, Jang HW. Advanced Mechanical Transfer of Micro-LEDs Enabled by Structurally Modified Wide Sapphire Nanomembranes through Thermal Reflow of Photoresist. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:42426-42434. [PMID: 39099087 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Micro light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) are pivotal in next-generation display technologies, driven by the need for high pixel density. This study introduces a novel methodology utilizing wide sapphire nanomembranes (W-SNM) as a dual-purpose template for high-quality epitaxial growth and the mechanical lift-off of individual micro-LEDs. Micro-LEDs grow individually on W-SNM, obviating the chip singulation process. By employing mechanical fracturing of the thin W-SNM, our method facilitates the transfer of micro-LEDs without the conventional laser lift-off (LLO) process. Previously introduced sapphire nanomembranes (SNM) have shown promise in enhancing epitaxial layer quality; however, they encountered challenges in managing micro-LED size variation and achieving efficient mechanical transfer. Here, we apply simple yet effective adjustments to the SNM structure, specifically, its elevation and widening. This strategic modification allows micro-LEDs to endure applied forces without incurring cracks or defects, ensuring that only the targeted W-SNM are selectively fractured. The mechanically transferred vertical 15 × 15 μm2 micro-LED device operates at an optimal turn-on voltage of 3.3 V. Finite element simulations validate the mechanical strain distribution between the W-SNM and GaN when pressure is applied, confirming the efficacy of our design approach. This pioneering methodology offers a streamlined, efficient pathway for the production and mechanical transfer of micro-LEDs, presenting new avenues for their integration into next-generation, high-performance displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyeon Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-El Ryu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tae-Hyun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Jin Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeewon Bu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jin Seo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Baek
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joon Hong
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Wan Ryu
- Department of Physics, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjo Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Gyu Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Won Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
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20
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Deng YH, Chiou CS, Tsai CY, Singh AK, Achtmann EAP, Peng BY, Lin TYM, Cheng HC, Chiang PC, Deng WP. Organic light-emitting diode therapy promotes longevity through the upregulation of SIRT1 in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 mice. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2024; 257:112957. [PMID: 38941921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.112957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Phototherapy has been extensively used to prevent and treat signs of aging and stimulate wound healing, and phototherapy through light-emitting diodes (LEDs). In contrast to LED, organic LED (OLED) devices are composed of organic semiconductors that possess novel characteristics. We investigated the regenerative potential of OLED for restoring cellular potential from senescence and thus delaying animal aging. Bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were isolated from the control and OLED- treated groups to evaluate their proliferation, migration, and differentiation potentials. Cellular senescence was evaluated using a senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity assay and gene expression biomarker assessment. OLED treatment significantly increased the cell proliferation, colony formation, and migration abilities of stem cells. SA-β-gal activity was significantly decreased in both ADSCs and BMSCs in the OLED-treated group. Gene expression biomarkers from treated mice indicated a significant upregulation of IGF-1 (insulin growthfactor-1). The upregulation of the SIRT1 gene inhibited the p16 and p19 genes then to downregulate the p53 expressions for regeneration of stem cells in the OLED-treated group. Our findings indicated that the survival rates of 10-month aging senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 mice were prolonged and that their gross appearance improved markedly after OLED treatment. Histological analysis of skin and brain tissue also indicated significantly greater collagen fibers density, which prevents ocular abnormalities and β-amyloid accumulation. Lordokyphosis and bone characteristics were observed to resemble those of younger mice after OLED treatment. In conclusion, OLED therapy reduced the signs of aging and enhanced stem-cell senescence recovery and then could be used for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Hua Deng
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan; Stem Cell Research Center, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Sheng Chiou
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11001, Taiwan; Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11001, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Tsai
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan; Stem Cell Research Center, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Abhinay Kumar Singh
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan; Stem Cell Research Center, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Edlin Anahi Pelaze Achtmann
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan; Stem Cell Research Center, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Bou-Yue Peng
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan; Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Tommy Yet-Min Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chung Cheng
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Chang Chiang
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan; Dental Department, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116081, Taiwan.
| | - Win-Ping Deng
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan; Stem Cell Research Center, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan.
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21
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Ye GD, Ding R, Li SH, Ni L, Dai ST, Chen NK, Liu YF, Guo R, Wang L, Li XB, Xu B, Feng J. Single-crystalline hole-transporting layers for efficient and stable organic light-emitting devices. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:136. [PMID: 38849359 PMCID: PMC11161501 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01484-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Efficient charge-carrier injection and transport in organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) are essential to simultaneously achieving their high efficiency and long-term stability. However, the charge-transporting layers (CTLs) deposited by various vapor or solution processes are usually in amorphous forms, and their low charge-carrier mobilities, defect-induced high trap densities and inhomogeneous thickness with rough surface morphologies have been obstacles towards high-performance devices. Here, organic single-crystalline (SC) films were employed as the hole-transporting layers (HTLs) instead of the conventional amorphous films to fabricate highly efficient and stable OLEDs. The high-mobility and ultrasmooth morphology of the SC-HTLs facilitate superior interfacial characteristics of both HTL/electrode and HTL/emissive layer interfaces, resulting in a high Haacke's figure of merit (FoM) of the ultrathin top electrode and low series-resistance joule-heat loss ratio of the SC-OLEDs. Moreover, the thick and compact SC-HTL can function as a barrier layer against moisture and oxygen permeation. As a result, the SC-OLEDs show much improved efficiency and stability compared to the OLEDs based on amorphous or polycrystalline HTLs, suggesting a new strategy to developing advanced OLEDs with high efficiency and high stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Da Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Ran Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, 130012, Changchun, China.
| | - Su-Heng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Shu-Ting Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Supermolecular Structures and Materials, The Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Nian-Ke Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Yue-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Runda Guo
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian-Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supermolecular Structures and Materials, The Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, 130012, Changchun, China.
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22
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Mao M, Li H, Lo KW, Zhang D, Duan L, Xu S, Wan Q, Tan K, An P, Cheng G, Che CM. Color-Tunable Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Single Pt (O^N^C^N)-Dibenzofuran Emitter Exhibiting High External Quantum Efficiency of ≈30% and Superior Operational Lifetime. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311020. [PMID: 38511489 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Color-tunable organic light-emitting diodes (CT-OLEDs) have a large color-tuning range, high efficiency and operational stability at practical luminance, making them ideal for human-machine interactive terminals of wearable biomedical devices. However, the device operational lifetime of CT-OLEDs is currently far from reaching practical requirements. To address this problem, a tetradentate Pt(II) complex named tetra-Pt-dbf, which can emit efficiently in both monomer and aggregation states, is designed. This emitter has high Td of 508 °C and large intermolecular bonding energy of -52.0 kcal mol⁻1, which improve its thermal/chemical stability. This unique single-emitter CT-OLED essentially avoids the "color-aging issue" and achieves a large color-tuning span (red to yellowish green) and a high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of ≈30% at 1000 cd m-2 as well as an EQE of above 25% at 10000 cd m-2. A superior LT90 operational lifetime of 520,536 h at a functional luminance of 100 cd m-2, which is over 20 times longer than the state-of-the-art CT-OLEDs, is estimated. To demonstrate the potential application of such OLEDs in wearable biomedical devices, a simple electromyography (EMG)-visualization system is fabricated using the CT-OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518053, P. R. China
| | - Huiyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Kar-Wai Lo
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Key lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Lian Duan
- Key lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Qingyun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Kaixin Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Pengcheng An
- School of Design, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Gang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518053, P. R. China
- Hong Kong Quantum AI Lab Limited, Unit 909-915 of 17W Building, Science Park, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518053, P. R. China
- Hong Kong Quantum AI Lab Limited, Unit 909-915 of 17W Building, Science Park, NT, Hong Kong
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23
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Yao J, Wang Z, Huang Y, Xue J, Zhang D, Chen J, Chen X, Dong SC, Lu H. Efficient Green Spin Light-Emitting Diodes Enabled by Ultrafast Energy- and Spin-Funneling in Chiral Perovskites. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14157-14165. [PMID: 38727602 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Introducing molecular chirality into perovskite crystal structures has enabled the control of carrier spin states, giving rise to circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) in thin films and circularly polarized electroluminescence (CPEL) in LEDs. Spin-LEDs can be fabricated either through a spin-filtering layer enabled by chiral-induced spin selectivity or a chiral emissive layer. The former requires a high degree of spin polarization and a compatible spinterface for efficient spin injection, which might not be easily integrated into LEDs. Alternatively, a chiral emissive layer can also generate circularly polarized electroluminescence, but the efficiency remains low and the fundamental mechanism is elusive. In this work, we report an efficient green LED based on quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) chiral perovskites as the emitting layer (EML), where CPEL is directly produced without separate carrier spin injection. The optimized chiral perovskite thin films exhibited strong CPL at 535 nm with a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 91% and a photoluminescence dissymmetry factor (glum) of 8.6 × 10-2. Efficient green spin-LEDs were successfully demonstrated, with a large EL dissymmetry factor (gEL) of 7.8 × 10-2 and a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 13.5% at room temperature. Ultrafast transient absorption (TA) spectroscopic study shows that the CPEL is generated from a rapid energy transfer accompanied by spin transfer from 2D to 3D perovskites. Our study not only demonstrates a reliable approach to achieve high performance spin-LEDs but also reveals the fundamental mechanism of CPEL with an emissive layer of chiral perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Yao
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong (SAR), China
- Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong (SAR), China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Yuling Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jie Xue
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Dengliang Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Jiangshan Chen
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Xihan Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Shou-Cheng Dong
- Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong (SAR), China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Haipeng Lu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong (SAR), China
- Energy Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong (SAR), China
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24
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Ou P, Yang G, Lin H, Chen P, Wang D. Sample compensation method for injection electroluminescent display panels. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:17388-17399. [PMID: 38858923 DOI: 10.1364/oe.521825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Aiming at the problem of luminance uniformity for injection electroluminescent display panels, we present a new sample compensation method based on column-control according to successive scans theory. On the basis of our ideas, a small part of pixels of each column are selected as samples, and the column gating time calculated by sample average luminance value of corresponding column is written in hardware program. We adopt the 64 × 32 LEDs display panel as an example to expound the compensation method and obtain good result that the reduction in amplitude of luminance non-uniformity is 65.42% for the sample area, 58.67% for the non-sample area and 60.21% for the entire display panel.
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25
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Daskeviciute-Geguziene S, Daskeviciene M, Kantminienė K, Jankauskas V, Kamarauskas E, Gruodis A, Karazhanov S, Getautis V. Design, synthesis and theoretical simulations of novel spiroindane-based enamines as p-type semiconductors. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:232019. [PMID: 38721131 PMCID: PMC11076122 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.232019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The search for novel classes of hole-transporting materials (HTMs) is a very important task in advancing the commercialization of various photovoltaic devices. Meeting specific requirements, such as charge-carrier mobility, appropriate energy levels and thermal stability, is essential for determining the suitability of an HTM for a given application. In this work, two spirobisindane-based compounds, bearing terminating hole transporting enamine units, were strategically designed and synthesized using commercially available starting materials. The target compounds exhibit adequate thermal stability; they are amorphous and their glass-transition temperatures (>150°C) are high, which minimizes the probability of direct layer crystallization. V1476 stands out with the highest zero-field hole-drift mobility, approaching 1 × 10-5 cm2 V s-1. To assess the compatibility of the highest occupied molecular orbital energy levels of the spirobisindane-based HTMs in solar cells, the solid-state ionization potential (Ip) was measured by the electron photoemission in air of the thin-film method. The favourable morphological properties, energy levels and hole mobility in combination with a simple synthesis make V1476 and related compounds promising materials for HTM applications in antimony-based solar cells and triple-cation-based perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryte Daskeviciene
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas50254, Lithuania
| | - Kristina Kantminienė
- Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, 50254, Lithuania
| | - Vygintas Jankauskas
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, 10257, Lithuania
| | | | - Alytis Gruodis
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, 10257, Lithuania
| | | | - Vytautas Getautis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas50254, Lithuania
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26
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Gawale Y, Palanisamy P, Lee HS, Chandra A, Kim HU, Ansari R, Chae MY, Kwon JH. Structural Optimization of BODIPY Derivatives: Achieving Stable and Long-Lived Green Emission in Hyperfluorescent OLEDs. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:22274-22281. [PMID: 38650524 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) derivatives are widely studied as terminal emitters in organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) due to their narrow emission and high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). However, the strategy for precisely tuning their emission toward a high color purity is still challenging. Herein, we developed a new design strategy to regulate the emission of BODIPY derivatives by modifying the electronic and steric dominance using functionalities, such as nitrile, pentafluorophenyl, diethyl, and monobenzyl. These rational modifications yielded a series of four novel green BODIPY emitters, namely, tPN-BODIPY, tPPP-BODIPY, tPBn-BODIPY, and tPEN-BODIPY, each benefited with a tuned emissions range of 517 to 542 nm with a narrow fwhm of 25 nm and high photoluminescence quantum yield up to 96%. Among these synthesized BODIPYs, an unsymmetrical tPBn-BODIPY was chosen as a final dopant (FD) to explore its application in OLED devices. The fabricated TADF sensitized fluorescence-OLED (TSF-OLED) exhibits a narrow band pure green emission at 531 nm with corresponding CIE coordinates of (x, y) = (0.27, 0.68) and a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 20%. Furthermore, the TSF-OLED displayed an exceptionally prolonged device operational lifetime (LT90) of 210 h at an initial luminescence of 3000 cd m-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Gawale
- Organic Optoelectronic Device Lab (OODL), Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Paramasivam Palanisamy
- Organic Optoelectronic Device Lab (OODL), Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seung Lee
- Organic Optoelectronic Device Lab (OODL), Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajeet Chandra
- Organic Optoelectronic Device Lab (OODL), Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Ung Kim
- Organic Optoelectronic Device Lab (OODL), Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Rasheeda Ansari
- Organic Optoelectronic Device Lab (OODL), Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Young Chae
- Organic Optoelectronic Device Lab (OODL), Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Hyuk Kwon
- Organic Optoelectronic Device Lab (OODL), Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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27
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Li M, Zhang Y, Yu N, Chen W, Gong H, Zheng Y, Ni M, Han Y, Sun N, Bai L, An X, Yang J, Lin Y, Huang W, Zhuo Z, Liang X, Wang L, Sun L, Xu M, Lin J, Huang W. Triphenylamine Spirofunctionalized Light-Emitting Conjugated Polymer with an Ultradeep-Blue Narrowband Emission for Large-Area Printed Display. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307605. [PMID: 38349697 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Emerging printed large-area polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) are essential for manufacturing flat-panel displays and solid lighting devices. However, it is challenging to obtain large-area and stable ultradeep-blue PLEDs because of the lack of light-emitting conjugated polymers (LCPs) with robust deep-blue emissions, excellent morphological stabilities, and high charging abilities. Here, a novel unsymmetrically substituted polydiarylfluorene (POPSAF) is obtained with stable narrowband emission for large-area printed displays via triphenylamine (TPA) spirofunctionalization of LCPs. POPSAF films show narrowband and stable ultradeep-blue emission with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 36 nm, associated with their intrachain excitonic behavior without obvious polaron formation. Compared to controlled poly[4-(octyloxy)-9,9-diphenylfluoren-2,7-diyl]-co-[5-(octyloxy)-9,9-diphenylfluoren-2,7-diyl] (PODPF), excellent charge transport is observed in the POPSAF films because of the intrinsic hole transport ability of the TPA units. Large-area PLEDs are fabricated via blade-coating with an emission area of 9 cm2, which exhibit uniform ultradeep-blue emission with an FWHM of 36 nm and corresponding Commission internationale de l'éclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.155, 0.072). These findings are attributed to the synergistic effects of robust emission, stable morphology, and printing capacity. Finally, preliminary printed passive matrix (PM) PLED displays with 20 × 20 pixels monochromes are fabricated, confirmed the effectiveness of spirofunctionalization in optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yahui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Ningning Yu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Wenyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Huaqiang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yingying Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Mingjian Ni
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yamin Han
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Ning Sun
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Lubing Bai
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xiang An
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yingru Lin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Wenxin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xinyu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Lizhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Lili Sun
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Man Xu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jinyi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
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28
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Zhang B, Wang Z, Wang J, Chen X. Recent Achievements for Flexible Encapsulation Films Based on Atomic/Molecular Layer Deposition. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:478. [PMID: 38675289 PMCID: PMC11051879 DOI: 10.3390/mi15040478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to review the research progress in the realization of the organic-inorganic hybrid thin-film packaging of flexible organic electroluminescent devices using the PEALD (plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition) and MLD (molecular layer deposition) techniques. Firstly, the importance and application prospect of organic electroluminescent devices in the field of flexible electronics are introduced. Subsequently, the principles, characteristics and applications of PEALD and MLD technologies in device packaging are described in detail. Then, the methods and process optimization strategies for the preparation of organic-inorganic hybrid thin-film encapsulation layers using PEALD and MLD technologies are reviewed. Further, the research results on the encapsulation effect, stability and reliability of organic-inorganic hybrid thin-film encapsulation layers in flexible organic electroluminescent devices are discussed. Finally, the current research progress is summarized, and the future research directions and development trends are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buyue Zhang
- School of Physics, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science & Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
| | - Jintao Wang
- School of Information Engineering, Yantai Institute of Technology, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- School of Physics, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130012, China
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29
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Zhang Q, Zhang D, Cao B, Poddar S, Mo X, Fan Z. Improving the Operational Lifetime of Metal-Halide Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes with Dimension Control and Ligand Engineering. ACS NANO 2024; 18:8557-8570. [PMID: 38482819 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Perovskite light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have emerged as one of the most propitious candidates for next-generation lighting and displays, with the highest external quantum efficiency (EQE) of perovskite LEDs already surpassing the 20% milestone. However, the further development of perovskite LEDs primarily relies on addressing operational instability issues. This Perspective examines some of the key factors that impact the lifetime of perovskite LED devices and some representative reports on recent advancements aimed at improving the lifetime. Our analysis underscores the significance of "nano" strategies in achieving long-term stable perovskite LEDs. Significant efforts must be directed toward proper device encapsulation, perovskite material passivation, interfacial treatment to address environment-induced material instability, bias-induced phase separation, and ion migration issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Electronic & Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Daquan Zhang
- Department of Electronic & Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bryan Cao
- Department of Electronic & Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Swapnadeep Poddar
- Department of Electronic & Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaoliang Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhiyong Fan
- Department of Electronic & Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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30
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Lebedeva IV, Jornet-Somoza J. Optical properties and exciton transfer between N-heterocyclic carbene iridium(III) complexes for blue light-emitting diode applications from first principles. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:084107. [PMID: 38391015 DOI: 10.1063/5.0193161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) iridium(III) complexes are considered as promising candidates for blue emitters in organic light-emitting diodes. They can play the roles of the emitter as well as of electron and hole transporters in the same emission layer. We investigate optical transitions in such complexes with account of geometry and electronic structure changes upon excitation or charging and exciton transfer between the complexes from first principles. It is shown that excitation of NHC iridium complexes is accompanied by a large reorganization energy ∼0.7 eV and a significant loss in the oscillator strength, which should lead to low exciton diffusion. Calculations with account of spin-orbit coupling reveal a small singlet-triplet splitting ∼0.1 eV, whereas the oscillator strength for triplet excitations is found to be an order of magnitude smaller than for the singlet ones. The contributions of the Förster and Dexter mechanisms are analyzed via the explicit integration of transition densities. It is shown that for typical distances between emitter complexes in the emission layer, the contribution of the Dexter mechanism should be negligible compared to the Förster mechanism. At the same time, the ideal dipole approximation, although giving the correct order of the exciton coupling, fails to reproduce the result taking into account spatial distribution of the transition density. For charged NHC complexes, we find a number of optical transitions close to the emission peak of the blue emitter with high exciton transfer rates that can be responsible for exciton-polaron quenching. The nature of these transitions is analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Lebedeva
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and ETSF, Universidad del País Vasco, CFM CSIC-UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Joaquim Jornet-Somoza
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and ETSF, Universidad del País Vasco, CFM CSIC-UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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31
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Tankelevičiūtė E, Samuel IDW, Zysman-Colman E. The Blue Problem: OLED Stability and Degradation Mechanisms. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:1034-1047. [PMID: 38259039 PMCID: PMC10839906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
OLED technology has revolutionized the display industry and is promising for lighting. Despite its maturity, there remain outstanding device and materials challenges to address. Particularly, achieving stable and highly efficient blue OLEDs is still proving to be difficult; the vast array of degradation mechanisms at play, coupled with the precise balance of device parameters needed for blue high-performance OLEDs, creates a unique set of challenges in the quest for a suitably stable yet high-performance device. Here, we discuss recent progress in the understanding of device degradation pathways and provide an overview of possible strategies to increase device lifetimes without a significant efficiency trade-off. Only careful consideration of all variables that go into OLED development, from the choice of materials to a deep understanding of which degradation mechanisms need to be suppressed for the particular structure, can lead to a meaningful positive change toward commercializable blue devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eglė Tankelevičiūtė
- Organic
Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, U.K., KY16 9ST
- Organic
Semiconductor Centre, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, U.K., KY16 9SS
| | - Ifor D. W. Samuel
- Organic
Semiconductor Centre, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, U.K., KY16 9SS
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic
Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, U.K., KY16 9ST
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32
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Guo Y, Zhao Z, Hua L, Liu Y, Xu B, Zhang Y, Yan S, Ren Z. Adjusting the Electron-Withdrawing Ability of Acceptors in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Conjugated Polymers for High-Performance OLEDs. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:1225-1233. [PMID: 38112452 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Constructing high-performance solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) conjugated polymers remains a challenging issue. The electron-withdrawing ability of acceptors in TADF units significantly affects the TADF properties of the conjugated polymers. Herein, we have designed three TADF conjugated polymers, in which phenoxazine donors and anthracen-9(10H)-one acceptors are incorporated into the polymeric backbones and side chains, respectively, and the carbazole derivative is copolymerized as the host. By incorporating different heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, with slightly different electronegativities into anthracen-9(10H)-one, the effect of the electron-withdrawing ability of the acceptor on the performance of conjugated TADF polymer-based OLEDs is thus systematically studied. It is found that the introduction of a nitrogen atom can enhance the spin-orbital coupling and RISC process due to the modulated energy levels and nature of the excited states. As a result, the solution-processed OLEDs based on the prepared polymer p-PXZ-XN display an excellent comprehensive performance with an EQEmax of 17.6%, a low turn-on voltage of 2.8 V, and a maximum brightness of 14750 cd m-2. Notably, the efficiency roll-off is quite low, maintaining 15.1% at 1000 cd m-2, 12.1% at 3000 cd m-2, and 6.1% at 10000 cd m-2, which ranks in the first tier among the reported TADF conjugated polymers. This work provides a guideline for constructing high-efficiency TADF polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhennan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lei Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Bowei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuzhuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shouke Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Zhongjie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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33
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Trindade GF, Sul S, Kim J, Havelund R, Eyres A, Park S, Shin Y, Bae HJ, Sung YM, Matjacic L, Jung Y, Won J, Jeon WS, Choi H, Lee HS, Lee JC, Kim JH, Gilmore IS. Direct identification of interfacial degradation in blue OLEDs using nanoscale chemical depth profiling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8066. [PMID: 38052834 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43840-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the degradation mechanism of organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) is essential to improve device performance and stability. OLED failure, if not process-related, arises mostly from chemical instability. However, the challenges of sampling from nanoscale organic layers and interfaces with enough analytical information has hampered identification of degradation products and mechanisms. Here, we present a high-resolution diagnostic method of OLED degradation using an Orbitrap mass spectrometer equipped with a gas cluster ion beam to gently desorb nanometre levels of materials, providing unambiguous molecular information with 7-nm depth resolution. We chemically depth profile and analyse blue phosphorescent and thermally-activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) OLED devices at different degradation levels. For OLED devices with short operational lifetimes, dominant chemical degradation mainly relate to oxygen loss of molecules that occur at the interface between emission and electron transport layers (EML/ETL) where exciton distribution is maximised, confirmed by emission zone measurements. We also show approximately one order of magnitude increase in lifetime of devices with slightly modified host materials, which present minimal EML/ETL interfacial degradation and show the method can provide insight for future material and device architecture development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soohwan Sul
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonghyuk Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Rasmus Havelund
- National Physical Laboratory, NiCE-MSI, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Anya Eyres
- National Physical Laboratory, NiCE-MSI, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Sungjun Park
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsik Shin
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Bae
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mo Sung
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Lidija Matjacic
- National Physical Laboratory, NiCE-MSI, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Yongsik Jung
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungyeon Won
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Sung Jeon
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonho Choi
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Sug Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Cheol Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
- Korea Research Institute of Material Property Analysis (KRIMPA), 712, Nongseo-dong 455, Yongin, 17111, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ian S Gilmore
- National Physical Laboratory, NiCE-MSI, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK.
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34
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Kim J, Kim J, Kim Y, Son Y, Shin Y, Bae HJ, Kim JW, Nam S, Jung Y, Kim H, Kang S, Jung Y, Lee K, Choi H, Kim WY. Critical role of electrons in the short lifetime of blue OLEDs. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7508. [PMID: 37980350 PMCID: PMC10657374 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43408-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Designing robust blue organic light-emitting diodes is a long-standing challenge in the display industry. The highly energetic states of blue emitters cause various degradation paths, leading to collective luminance drops in a competitive manner. However, a key mechanism of the operational degradation of organic light-emitting diodes has yet to be elucidated. Here, we show that electron-induced degradation reactions play a critical role in the short lifetime of blue organic light-emitting diodes. Our control experiments demonstrate that the operational lifetime of a whole device can only be explained when excitons and electrons exist together. We examine the atomistic mechanisms of the electron-induced degradation reactions by analyzing their energetic profiles using computational methods. Mass spectrometric analysis of aged devices further confirm the key mechanisms. These results provide new insight into rational design of robust blue organic light-emitting diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonghyuk Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmok Son
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsik Shin
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Bae
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Whan Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungho Nam
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongsik Jung
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonsu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoo Kang
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Innovation Center, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 1 Samsungjeonja-ro, Hwasung-si, Gyeonggi-do, 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonsoo Jung
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonho Choi
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woo Youn Kim
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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35
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Kant C, Shukla A, McGregor SKM, Lo SC, Namdas EB, Katiyar M. Large area inkjet-printed OLED fabrication with solution-processed TADF ink. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7220. [PMID: 37940640 PMCID: PMC10632475 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This work demonstrates successful large area inkjet printing of a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) material as the emitting layer of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). TADF materials enable efficient light emission without relying on heavy metals such as platinum or iridium. However, low-cost manufacturing of large-scale TADF OLEDs has been restricted due to their incompatibility with solution processing techniques. In this study, we develop ink formulation for a TADF material and show successful ink jet printing of intricate patterns over a large area (6400 mm2) without the use of any lithography. The stable ink is successfully achieved using a non-chlorinated binary solvent mixture for a solution processable TADF material, 3-(9,9-dimethylacridin-10(9H)-yl)-9H-xanthen-9-one dispersed in 4,4'-bis-(N-carbazolyl)-1,1'-biphenyl host. Using this ink, large area ink jet printed OLEDs with performance comparable to the control spin coated OLEDs are successfully achieved. In this work, we also show the impact of ink viscosity, density, and surface tension on the droplet formation and film quality as well as its potential for large-area roll-to-roll printing on a flexible substrate. The results represent a major step towards the use of TADF materials for large-area OLEDs without employing any lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Kant
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
- National Centre for Flexible Electronics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Atul Shukla
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah K M McGregor
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shih-Chun Lo
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Ebinazar B Namdas
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Monica Katiyar
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India.
- National Centre for Flexible Electronics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India.
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36
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Woo JY, Park MH, Jeong SH, Kim YH, Kim B, Lee TW, Han TH. Advances in Solution-Processed OLEDs and their Prospects for Use in Displays. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207454. [PMID: 36300804 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This review outlines problems and progress in development of solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes (SOLEDs) in industry and academia. Solution processing has several advantages such as low consumption of materials, low-cost processing, and large-area manufacturing. However, use of a solution process entails complications, such as the need for solvent resistivity and solution-processable materials, and yields SOLEDs that have limited luminous efficiency, severe roll-off characteristics, and short lifetime compared to OLEDs fabricated using thermal evaporation. These demerits impede production of practical SOLED displays. This review outlines the industrial demands for commercial SOLEDs and the current status of SOLED development in industries and academia, and presents research guidelines for the development of SOLEDs that have high efficiency, long lifetime, and good processability to achieve commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Yoon Woo
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Park
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Soongsil University, 369 Sangdo-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hun Jeong
- Future Technology Research Center, LG Chem, Ltd., 30, Magokjunang 10-ro, Gangseo-gu, Seoul, 07794, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Kim
- Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungjae Kim
- Future Technology Research Center, LG Chem, Ltd., 30, Magokjunang 10-ro, Gangseo-gu, Seoul, 07794, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Woo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Engineering Research, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Soft Foundry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hee Han
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
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37
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Hajduk B, Jarka P, Bednarski H, Tański T. Variable Temperature Spectroscopic Ellipsometry as a Tool for Insight into the Optical Order in the P3HT:PC70BM and PC70BM Layers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3752. [PMID: 37765605 PMCID: PMC10535426 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Two combined ellipsometric techniques-variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE) and variable temperature spectroscopic ellipsometry (VTSE)-were used as tools to study the surface order and dielectric properties of thin films of a poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) mixture with a fullerene derivative (6,6-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester) (PC70BM). Under the influence of annealing, a layer of the ordered PC70BM phase was formed on the surface of the blend films. The dielectric function of the ordered PC70BM was determined for the first time and used in the ellipsometric modeling of the physical properties of the P3HT:PC70BM blend films, such as their dielectric function and thickness. The applied ellipsometric optical model of the polymer-fullerene blend treats the components of the blend as a mixture of optically ordered and disordered phases, using the effective medium approximation for this purpose. The results obtained using the constructed model showed that a layer of the ordered PC70BM phase was formed on the surface of the layer of the polymer and fullerene mixture. Namely, as a result of thermal annealing, the thickness of the layer of the ordered fullerene phase increased, while the thickness of the underlying material layer decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hajduk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Marie Curie-Skłodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Paweł Jarka
- Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (P.J.); (T.T.)
| | - Henryk Bednarski
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Marie Curie-Skłodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Tański
- Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (P.J.); (T.T.)
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Siddiqui I, Kumar S, Tsai YF, Gautam P, Shahnawaz, Kesavan K, Lin JT, Khai L, Chou KH, Choudhury A, Grigalevicius S, Jou JH. Status and Challenges of Blue OLEDs: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2521. [PMID: 37764550 PMCID: PMC10536903 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have outperformed conventional display technologies in smartphones, smartwatches, tablets, and televisions while gradually growing to cover a sizable fraction of the solid-state lighting industry. Blue emission is a crucial chromatic component for realizing high-quality red, green, blue, and yellow (RGBY) and RGB white display technologies and solid-state lighting sources. For consumer products with desirable lifetimes and efficiency, deep blue emissions with much higher power efficiency and operation time are necessary prerequisites. This article reviews over 700 papers covering various factors, namely, the crucial role of blue emission for full-color displays and solid-state lighting, the performance status of blue OLEDs, and the systematic development of fluorescent, phosphorescent, and thermally activated delayed fluorescence blue emitters. In addition, various challenges concerning deep blue efficiency, lifetime, and approaches to realizing deeper blue emission and higher efficacy for blue OLED devices are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Siddiqui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yi-Fang Tsai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Prakalp Gautam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shahnawaz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kiran Kesavan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Ting Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Luke Khai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsien Chou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Abhijeet Choudhury
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Saulius Grigalevicius
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jwo-Huei Jou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Beresneviciute R, Gautam P, Nagar MR, Krucaite G, Tavgeniene D, Jou JH, Grigalevicius S. Naphtalimide-Based Bipolar Derivatives Enabling High-Efficiency OLEDs. Molecules 2023; 28:6027. [PMID: 37630279 PMCID: PMC10458866 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have revolutionized the world of technology, making significant contributions to enhancing our everyday lives. With their exceptional display and lighting capabilities, OLEDs have become indispensable in various industries such as smartphones, tablets, televisions, and automotives. They have emerged as a dominant technology, inspiring continuous advancements, and improvements. Taking inspiration from the remarkable advancements in OLED advancements, we have successfully developed naphtalimide-based compounds, namely RB-08, RB-09, RB-10, and RB-11. These compounds exhibit desirable characteristics such as a wide bandgap, high decomposition temperatures (306-366 °C), and very high glass transition temperatures (133-179 °C). Leveraging these exceptional properties, we have harnessed these compounds as green emitters in the aforementioned devices. Among the various fabricated OLEDs, the one incorporating the RB-11 emitter has exhibited superior performance. This specific configuration achieved maximum power efficacy of 7.7 lm/W, current efficacy of 7.9 cd/A, and external quantum efficiency of 3.3%. These results highlight the outstanding capabilities of our synthesized emitter and its potential for further advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raminta Beresneviciute
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Plentas 19, LT50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Prakalp Gautam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Guangfu Rd., East District, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Mangey Ram Nagar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Guangfu Rd., East District, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Gintare Krucaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Plentas 19, LT50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Daiva Tavgeniene
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Plentas 19, LT50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jwo-Huei Jou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Guangfu Rd., East District, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Saulius Grigalevicius
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Plentas 19, LT50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Park SW, Kim D, Rhee YM. Overcoming the Limitation of Spin Statistics in Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs): Hot Exciton Mechanism and Its Characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12362. [PMID: 37569740 PMCID: PMC10418923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Triplet harvesting processes are essential for enhancing efficiencies of fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes. Besides more conventional thermally activated delayed fluorescence and triplet-triplet annihilation, the hot exciton mechanism has been recently noticed because it helps reduce the efficiency roll-off and improve device stability. Hot exciton materials enable the conversion of triplet excitons to singlet ones via reverse inter-system crossing from high-lying triplet states and thereby the depopulation of long-lived triplet excitons that are prone to chemical and/or efficiency degradation. Although their anti-Kasha characteristics have not been clearly explained, numerous molecules with behaviors assigned to the hot exciton mechanism have been reported. Indeed, the related developments appear to have just passed the stage of infancy now, and there will likely be more roles that computational elucidations can play. With this perspective in mind, we review some selected experimental studies on the mechanism and the related designs and then on computational studies. On the computational side, we examine what has been found and what is still missing with regard to properly understanding this interesting mechanism. We further discuss potential future points of computational interests toward aiming for eventually presenting in silico design guides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Wan Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Rhee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Steponaitis M, Jankauskas V, Kamarauskas E, Malinauskienė V, Karazhanov S, Malinauskas T, Getautis V. Investigation of biphenyl enamines for applications as p-type semiconductors. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230260. [PMID: 37501661 PMCID: PMC10369019 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Due to the ease of synthesis and the ability to easily tune properties, organic semiconductors are widely researched and used in many optoelectronic applications. Requirements such as thermal stability, appropriate energy levels and charge-carrier mobility have to be met in order to consider the suitability of an organic semiconductor for a specific application. Balancing of said properties is not a trivial task; often one characteristic is sacrificed to improve the other and therefore a search for well-balanced materials is necessary. Herein, seven new charge-transporting biphenyl-based enamine molecules are reported. The new materials were synthesized using a simple one-step reaction without the use of expensive transition metal catalysts. It was observed that subtle variations in the structure lead to notable changes in the properties. Materials exhibited high thermal stability and relatively high carrier drift mobility, reaching 2 × 10-2 cm2V-1 s-1 (for BE3) at strong electric fields. Based on the results, three materials show the potential to be applied in organic light emitting diodes and solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matas Steponaitis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, 50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vygintas Jankauskas
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 9, 10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Egidijus Kamarauskas
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 9, 10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vida Malinauskienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, 50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Smagul Karazhanov
- Institute for Energy Technology (IFE), P.O Box 40, NO 2027, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Tadas Malinauskas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, 50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Getautis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, 50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Yang Y, Zhao H, Zhou W, Zeng Q, Zhang Z, Jiang J, Gong Y, Miao Y, Guo S, Liu Y. Two Novel Neutral Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes Based on 10,11,12,13-Tetrahydrodibenzo[a,c]phenazine for Efficient Red Electroluminescence. Molecules 2023; 28:4865. [PMID: 37375420 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Two novel neutral phosphorescent iridium(III) complexes (Ir1 and Ir2) were rationally designed and synthesized with high yields using 10,11,12,13-tetrahydrodibenzo[a,c]phenazine as the main ligand. The two complexes showed bright-red phosphorescence (625 nm for Ir1, and 620 nm for Ir2, in CH2Cl2), high-luminescence quantum efficiency (0.32 for Ir1, and 0.35 for Ir2), obvious solvatochromism and good thermostability. Then, they were used to fabricate high-efficiency red OLEDs via vacuum evaporation; the maximum current efficiency, power efficiency, and external quantum efficiency of the red devices based on Ir1 and Ir2 are 13.47/15.22 cd/A, 10.35/12.26 lm/W, and 10.08/7.48%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Han Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Weiqiao Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Qin Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zihao Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Junjie Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yongyang Gong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yanqin Miao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Song Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yuanli Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
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Yang JG, Feng X, Li N, Li J, Song XF, Li MD, Cui G, Zhang J, Jiang C, Yang C, Li K. Highly efficient and stable thermally activated delayed fluorescent palladium(II) complexes for organic light-emitting diodes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh0198. [PMID: 37315147 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal complexes exhibiting thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) remain underdeveloped for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Here, we describe a design of TADF Pd(II) complexes featuring metal-perturbed intraligand charge-transfer excited states. Two orange- and red-emitting complexes with efficiencies of 82 and 89% and lifetimes of 2.19 and 0.97 μs have been developed. Combined transient spectroscopic and theoretical studies on one complex reveal a metal-perturbed fast intersystem crossing process. OLEDs using the Pd(II) complexes show maximum external quantum efficiencies of 27.5 to 31.4% and small roll-offs down to 1% at 1000 cd m-2. Moreover, the Pd(II) complexes show exceptional operational stability with LT95 values over 220 hours at 1000 cd m-2, benefiting from the use of strong σ-donating ligands and the presence of multiple intramolecular noncovalent interactions beside their short emission lifetimes. This study demonstrates a promising approach for developing efficient and robust luminescent complexes without using the third-row transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Gong Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Feng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Nengquan Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jiayu Li
- Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Department of Chemistry, Shantou University, Shantou 515031, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Fang Song
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ming-De Li
- Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Department of Chemistry, Shantou University, Shantou 515031, P. R. China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Jingling Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Chenglin Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Chuluo Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Kai Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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Meng G, Dai H, Wang Q, Zhou J, Fan T, Zeng X, Wang X, Zhang Y, Yang D, Ma D, Zhang D, Duan L. High-efficiency and stable short-delayed fluorescence emitters with hybrid long- and short-range charge-transfer excitations. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2394. [PMID: 37100785 PMCID: PMC10133342 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The pursuit of ideal short-delayed thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters is hampered by the mutual exclusion of a small singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔEST) and a large oscillator strength (f). Here, by attaching an multiresonance-acceptor onto a sterically-uncrowded donor, we report TADF emitters bearing hybrid electronic excitations with a main donor-to-acceptor long-range (LR) and an auxiliary bridge-phenyl short-range (SR) charge-transfer characters, balancing a small ΔEST and a large f. Moreover, the incorporation of dual equivalent multiresonance-acceptors is found to double the f value without affecting the ΔEST. A large radiative decay rate over an order of magnitude higher than the intersystem crossing (ISC) rate, and a decent reverse ISC rate of >106 s-1 are simultaneously obtained in one emitter, leading to a short delayed-lifetime of ~0.88 μs. The corresponding organic light-emitting diode exhibits a record-high maximum external quantum efficiency of 40.4% with alleviated efficiency roll-off and extended lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Hengyi Dai
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Tianjiao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yuewei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Dezhi Yang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Dongge Ma
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.
| | - Lian Duan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.
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Gautam P, Shahnawaz, Siddiqui I, Blazevicius D, Krucaite G, Tavgeniene D, Jou JH, Grigalevicius S. Bifunctional Bicarbazole-Benzophenone-Based Twisted Donor-Acceptor-Donor Derivatives for Deep-Blue and Green OLEDs. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1408. [PMID: 37110993 PMCID: PMC10146648 DOI: 10.3390/nano13081408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have played a vital role in showing tremendous technological advancements for a better lifestyle, due to their display and lighting technologies in smartphones, tablets, television, and automotive industries. Undoubtedly, OLED is a mainstream technology and, inspired by its advancements, we have designed and synthesized the bicarbazole-benzophenone-based twisted donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) derivatives, namely DB13, DB24, DB34, and DB43, as bi-functional materials. These materials possess high decomposition temperatures (>360 °C) and glass transition temperatures (~125 °C), a high photoluminescence quantum yield (>60%), wide bandgap (>3.2 eV), and short decay time. Owing to their properties, the materials were utilized as blue emitters as well as host materials for deep-blue and green OLEDs, respectively. In terms of the blue OLEDs, the emitter DB13-based device outperformed others by showing a maximum EQE of 4.0%, which is close to the theoretical limit of fluorescent materials for a deep-blue emission (CIEy = 0.09). The same material also displayed a maximum power efficacy of 45 lm/W as a host material doped with a phosphorescent emitter Ir(ppy)3. Furthermore, the materials were also utilized as hosts with a TADF green emitter (4CzIPN) and the device based on DB34 displayed a maximum EQE of 11%, which may be attributed to the high quantum yield (69%) of the host DB34. Therefore, the bi-functional materials that are easily synthesized, economical, and possess excellent characteristics are expected to be useful in various cost-effective and high-performance OLED applications, especially in displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakalp Gautam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Guangfu Rd., East District, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shahnawaz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Guangfu Rd., East District, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Iram Siddiqui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Guangfu Rd., East District, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Dovydas Blazevicius
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Plentas 19, LT50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Gintare Krucaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Plentas 19, LT50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Daiva Tavgeniene
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Plentas 19, LT50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jwo-Huei Jou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Guangfu Rd., East District, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Saulius Grigalevicius
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Plentas 19, LT50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Sun F, Jiang H, Wang H, Zhong Y, Xu Y, Xing Y, Yu M, Feng LW, Tang Z, Liu J, Sun H, Wang H, Wang G, Zhu M. Soft Fiber Electronics Based on Semiconducting Polymer. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4693-4763. [PMID: 36753731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Fibers, originating from nature and mastered by human, have woven their way throughout the entire history of human civilization. Recent developments in semiconducting polymer materials have further endowed fibers and textiles with various electronic functions, which are attractive in applications such as information interfacing, personalized medicine, and clean energy. Owing to their ability to be easily integrated into daily life, soft fiber electronics based on semiconducting polymers have gained popularity recently for wearable and implantable applications. Herein, we present a review of the previous and current progress in semiconducting polymer-based fiber electronics, particularly focusing on smart-wearable and implantable areas. First, we provide a brief overview of semiconducting polymers from the viewpoint of materials based on the basic concepts and functionality requirements of different devices. Then we analyze the existing applications and associated devices such as information interfaces, healthcare and medicine, and energy conversion and storage. The working principle and performance of semiconducting polymer-based fiber devices are summarized. Furthermore, we focus on the fabrication techniques of fiber devices. Based on the continuous fabrication of one-dimensional fiber and yarn, we introduce two- and three-dimensional fabric fabricating methods. Finally, we review challenges and relevant perspectives and potential solutions to address the related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yueheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yiman Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yi Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Muhuo Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Structural Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Liang-Wen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zheng Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jun Liu
- National Key Laboratory on Electromagnetic Environment Effects and Electro-Optical Engineering, Nanjing 210007, China
| | - Hengda Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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Wong CY, Lai SL, Leung MY, Tang MC, Li LK, Chan MY, Yam VWW. Realization of Long Operational Lifetimes in Vacuum-Deposited Organic Light-Emitting Devices Based on para-Substituted Pyridine Carbazolylgold(III) C^C^N Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2638-2646. [PMID: 36633557 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A new series of robust C^C^N carbazolylgold(III) complexes is designed and synthesized through the introduction of inert and sterically bulky oligophenyl substituents on the pyridyl moiety of the cyclometalating ligand. High photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 96% are recorded with these complexes doped in solid-state thin films, and short excited-state lifetimes of 0.3 μs or less in the solid state at room temperature are found. Promising electroluminescence (EL) performances are shown by the vacuum-deposited organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) based on this series of gold(III) complexes. High external quantum efficiencies of up to 19.5% with efficiency roll-offs of down to 10% at a practical luminance brightness level of 1000 cd m-2 are achieved. More importantly, record-long operational lifetimes (LT50) of up to 470,700 h at 100 cd m-2 are realized, which is currently the highest value among all classes of gold(III) complexes with tridentate pincer ligands. Particularly, by introducing a sterically bulky terphenyl moiety on the reactive site of the pyridine ring, the LT50 value is shown to attain ∼7 times longer half-lifetime than that based on the unsubstituted complex. These unprecedented EL performances and the simple synthetic route in a mercury-free fashion make them promising emitting materials for practical OLEDs toward commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yin Wong
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Shiu-Lun Lai
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Yi Leung
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China.,Hong Kong Quantum AI Lab Limited, 17 Science Park West Avenue, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Man-Chung Tang
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Lok-Kwan Li
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Mei-Yee Chan
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China.,Hong Kong Quantum AI Lab Limited, 17 Science Park West Avenue, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China.,Hong Kong Quantum AI Lab Limited, 17 Science Park West Avenue, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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48
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Photonic properties and applications of multi-functional organo-lanthanide complexes: Recent advances. J RARE EARTH 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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49
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Saito Y, Sasabe H, Tsuneyama H, Abe S, Matsuya M, Kawano T, Kori Y, Hanayama T, Kido J. Quinoline-Modified Phenanthroline Electron-Transporters as n-Type Exciplex Partners for Highly Efficient and Stable Deep-Red OLEDs. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2023. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20220297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Saito
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hisahiro Sasabe
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
- Research Center of Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
- Frontier Center for Organic Materials (FROM), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hisaki Tsuneyama
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Shoki Abe
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Misaki Matsuya
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kawano
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yuma Kori
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Takanori Hanayama
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Junji Kido
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
- Research Center of Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
- Frontier Center for Organic Materials (FROM), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
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50
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Nagamura N, Sasabe H, Sato H, Ito N, Abe S, Sukegawa Y, Yokoyama D, Kaji H, Kido J. Robust Spirobifluorene Core Based Hole Transporters with High Mobility for Long-Life Green Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Devices. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202636. [PMID: 36173978 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Using a tailored high triplet energy hole transport layer (HTL) is a suitable way to improve the efficiency and extend the lifetime of organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs), which can use all molecular excitons of singlets and triplets. In this study, dibenzofuran (DBF)-end-capped and spirobifluorene (SBF) core-based HTLs referred as TDBFSBF1 and TDBFSBF2 were effectively developed. TDBFSBF1 exhibited a high glass transition temperature of 178 °C and triplet energy of 2.5 eV. Moreover, a high external quantum efficiency of 22.0 %, long operational lifetime at 50 % of the initial luminance of 89,000 h, and low driving voltage at 1000 cd m-2 of 2.95 V were achieved in green phosphorescent OLEDs using TDBFSBF1. Further, a high-hole mobility μh value of 1.9×10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 was recorded in TDBFSBF2. A multiscale simulation successfully reproduced the experimental μh values and indicated that the reorganization energy was the primary factor in determining the mobility differences among these SBF core based HTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuo Nagamura
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hisahiro Sasabe
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan.,Research Center of Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan.,Frontier Center for Organic Materials (FROM), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Nozomi Ito
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Shoki Abe
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Sukegawa
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yokoyama
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan.,Research Center of Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hironori Kaji
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Junji Kido
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan.,Research Center of Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan.,Frontier Center for Organic Materials (FROM), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
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