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Lorer E, Verheyen K, Blondeel H, De Pauw K, Sanczuk P, De Frenne P, Landuyt D. Forest understorey flowering phenology responses to experimental warming and illumination. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1476-1491. [PMID: 38031641 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Species are altering their phenology to track warming temperatures. In forests, understorey plants experience tree canopy shading resulting in light and temperature conditions, which strongly deviate from open habitats. Yet, little is known about understorey phenology responses to forest microclimates. We recorded flowering onset, peak, end and duration of 10 temperate forest understorey plant species in two mesocosm experiments to understand how phenology is affected by sub-canopy warming and how this response is modulated by illumination, which is related to canopy change. Furthermore, we investigated whether phenological sensitivities can be explained by species' characteristics, such as thermal niche. We found a mean advance of flowering onset of 7.1 d per 1°C warming, more than previously reported in studies not accounting for microclimatic buffering. Warm-adapted species exhibited greater advances. Temperature sensitivity did not differ between early- and later-flowering species. Experimental illumination did not significantly affect species' phenological temperature sensitivities, but slightly delayed flowering phenology independent from warming. Our study suggests that integrating sub-canopy temperature and light availability will help us better understand future understorey phenology responses. Climate warming together with intensifying canopy disturbances will continue to drive phenological shifts and potentially disrupt understorey communities, thereby affecting forest biodiversity and functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Lorer
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, BE-9090, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Kris Verheyen
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, BE-9090, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Haben Blondeel
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, BE-9090, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Karen De Pauw
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, BE-9090, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Pieter Sanczuk
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, BE-9090, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Pieter De Frenne
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, BE-9090, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Dries Landuyt
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, BE-9090, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
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Shen X, Shen M, Wu C, Peñuelas J, Ciais P, Zhang J, Freeman C, Palmer PI, Liu B, Henderson M, Song Z, Sun S, Lu X, Jiang M. Critical role of water conditions in the responses of autumn phenology of marsh wetlands to climate change on the Tibetan Plateau. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17097. [PMID: 38273510 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The Tibetan Plateau, housing 20% of China's wetlands, plays a vital role in the regional carbon cycle. Examining the phenological dynamics of wetland vegetation in response to climate change is crucial for understanding its impact on the ecosystem. Despite this importance, the specific effects of climate change on wetland vegetation phenology in this region remain uncertain. In this study, we investigated the influence of climate change on the end of the growing season (EOS) of marsh wetland vegetation across the Tibetan Plateau, utilizing satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data and observational climate data. We observed that the regionally averaged EOS of marsh vegetation across the Tibetan Plateau was significantly (p < .05) delayed by 4.10 days/decade from 2001 to 2020. Warming preseason temperatures were found to be the primary driver behind the delay in the EOS of marsh vegetation, whereas preseason cumulative precipitation showed no significant impact. Interestingly, the responses of EOS to climate change varied spatially across the plateau, indicating a regulatory role for hydrological conditions in marsh phenology. In the humid and cold central regions, preseason daytime warming significantly delayed the EOS. However, areas with lower soil moisture exhibited a weaker or reversed delay effect, suggesting complex interplays between temperature, soil moisture, and EOS. Notably, in the arid southwestern regions of the plateau, increased preseason rainfall directly delayed the EOS, while higher daytime temperatures advanced it. Our results emphasize the critical role of hydrological conditions, specifically soil moisture, in shaping marsh EOS responses in different regions. Our findings underscore the need to incorporate hydrological factors into terrestrial ecosystem models, particularly in cold and dry regions, for accurate predictions of marsh vegetation phenological responses to climate change. This understanding is vital for informed conservation and management strategies in the face of current and future climate challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjin Shen
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Miaogen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoyang Wu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC- UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chris Freeman
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Paul I Palmer
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Binhui Liu
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Mark Henderson
- Mills College, Northeastern University, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Zhaoliang Song
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaobo Sun
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianguo Lu
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
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Liaqat W, Altaf MT, Barutçular C, Zayed EM, Hussain T. Drought and sorghum: a bibliometric analysis using VOS viewer. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37837436 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2269279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Drought has emerged as a significant global concern in recent years, leading to a proliferation of research on sorghum, an important drought resistant crop. Consequently, conducting a bibliometric analysis of said publications has the potential to yield insights into current areas of interest and potential avenues for future research. The present study utilized the Web of Science database to gather literature published between the years 2000 and 2022. The search terms 'drought' AND 'sorghum' was employed to identify relevant publications and as a result, 1731 publications were obtained. The bibliometric analysis of the obtained articles was conducted using VOSviewer software (1.6.19). The keyword 'sorghum' was found to have the highest frequency, with a total link strength of 4238. This keyword exhibited a strong association with the terms 'drought' and 'drought tolerance'. The average number of citations for the 100 most-cited articles was 509.2. The journal Crop Science attained the top position with 60 published articles and secured the highest number of citations with a count of 2795. The academic works of Graeme L. Hammer, comprising 40 articles affiliated with the University of Queensland (UQ), have garnered a total of 3612 citations. Similarly, the same university has produced 112 articles that have been cited 5551 times, thereby establishing it as the most frequently cited organization, with Hammer receiving the highest citation count. UQ had a total of 41 collaborators, with a cumulative link strength of 115. The USA has the highest number of articles pertaining to drought and sorghum. The published literature has focused on abiotic stress tolerance, genetic analysis, and physiological traits, among others. It is anticipated that there will be a substantial rise in the quantity of worldwide publications pertaining to drought and sorghum. The USA offered a significant contribution to this emerging field.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Liaqat
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Çukurova University, Adana, Türkiye
| | - Muhammad Tanveer Altaf
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Sivas University of Science and Technology, Sivas, Türkiye
| | - Celaleddin Barutçular
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Çukurova University, Adana, Türkiye
| | - Ehab M Zayed
- Cell Study Research Department, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Touseef Hussain
- Sevama AgriClinic and Laboratory, Matimate Agromart Pvt. Ltd, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
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Yu P, Meng P, Tong X, Zhang Y, Li J, Zhang J, Liu P. Temperature sensitivity of leaf flushing in 12 common woody species in eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 861:160337. [PMID: 36574556 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Leaf phenology is one of the most reliable indicators of global warming in temperate regions because it is highly sensitive to temperatures. Temperature sensitivity (ST) is defined as the values of changed days of leaf flushing date (LUD) per degree increase in temperatures. Climate warming substantially advanced LUD in the temperate region, but its effect on ST of LUD is still not clear. We used spring phenological records of 12 woody plants in eastern China in the years of 1983-2014 to explore temporal and spatial changes of LUD and ST. Furthermore, we compared the difference of ST and preseason temperatures in two periods (1983-1997 and 2000-2014), and explored the main factors regulating ST. The results showed that the average LUD significantly advanced (-2.7 days per decade). The mean LUD over the period 1983-2014 was in day of the year (DOY) 87 ± 7 across sites and species for the early leaf flushing species (EFS), and mean DOY 102 ± 5 for the late leaf flushing species (LFS). LUD was earlier in low latitude than that in high latitude. ST of Armeniaca vulgaris was the most sensitive to temperature across all sites (-3.66 d °C-1), while Firmiana simplex was the most insensitive (-2.37 d °C-1). LUD of EFS was more sensitive to temperature warming than that of LFS. At the same site, LUD of EFS would advance more obviously than that of LFS under global warming. For all species, ST decreased significantly with shorter preseason length and warmer temperatures at the preseason end. Our results had demonstrated a strong relationship between ST and the preseason length (mean temperature at the preseason end).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyang Yu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ping Meng
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xiaojuan Tong
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jingru Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peirong Liu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Cui Y, Ouyang S, Zhao Y, Tie L, Shao C, Duan H. Plant responses to high temperature and drought: A bibliometrics analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1052660. [PMID: 36438139 PMCID: PMC9681914 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1052660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change is expected to further increase the frequency and severity of extreme events, such as high temperature/heat waves as well as drought in the future. Thus, how plant responds to high temperature and drought has become a key research topic. In this study, we extracted data from Web of Science Core Collections database, and synthesized plant responses to high temperature and drought based on bibliometric methods using software of R and VOSviewer. The results showed that a stabilized increasing trend of the publications (1199 papers) was found during the period of 2008 to 2014, and then showed a rapid increase (2583 papers) from year 2015 to 2021. Secondly, the top five dominant research fields of plant responses to high temperature and drought were Plant Science, Agroforestry Science, Environmental Science, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, respectively. The largest amount of published article has been found in the Frontiers in Plant Science journal, which has the highest global total citations and H-index. We also found that the journal of Plant Physiology has the highest local citations. From the most cited papers and references, the most important research focus was the improvement of crop yield and vegetation stress resistance. Furthermore, "drought" has been the most prominent keyword over the last 14 years, and more attention has been paid to "climate change" over the last 5 years. Under future climate change, how to regulate growth and development of food crops subjected to high temperature and drought stress may become a hotspot, and increasing research is critical to provide more insights into plant responses to high temperature and drought by linking plant above-below ground components. To summarize, this research will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the past, present, and future research on plant responses to high temperature and drought.
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Rodríguez-Calcerrada J, Chano V, Matías L, Hidalgo-Galvez MD, Cambrollé J, Pérez-Ramos IM. Three years of warming and rainfall reduction alter leaf physiology but not relative abundance of an annual species in a Mediterranean savanna. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 275:153761. [PMID: 35803049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Increasing air temperatures and decreasing rainfall can alter Mediterranean ecosystems, where summer heat and drought already limit plant regeneration. Manipulative field studies can help to understand and anticipate community responses to climate changes. In a Mediterranean oak wooded pasture, we have investigated the effects of warming (W, via open-top chambers increasing 1.4 °C mean air temperature), reduced rainfall (D, via gutters removing 33% of rainfall) and the combination of both factors (WD) on the winter-annual Geranium dissectum L. We measured reproductive phenology and output, leaf physiology during the reproductive phase, and plant relative abundance. Warming had a positive effect on plant height and little effects on leaf physiology. Rainfall reduction enhanced leaf water use efficiency. However, the most noticeable effects occurred in WD plants, which exhibited lower leaf predawn water potential and earlier flowering phenology in the first year of treatment, and a higher ratio of leaf dark respiration (R) to net CO2 assimilation (Pn) at comparable temperatures in the third year, compared to control plants. Leaf R at ambient temperature was similar across climatic treatments. The relative abundance of G. dissectum decreased by 23% over three years, but similarly across treatments. A short life cycle helps G. dissectum to escape severe late-spring heat and drought stress. Moreover, stomata closure and thermal acclimation of R can attenuate plant stress impact on reproduction. Adaptability of the short-lived annual G. dissectum could mitigate climate change impact on community composition over short periods (e.g. three years); however, a reduction in net carbon gain could eventually affect its reproductive success and persistence in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Rodríguez-Calcerrada
- Research Group Functioning of Forest Systems in a Changing Environment. Department of Natural Systems and Resources. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Víctor Chano
- Department of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Luis Matías
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Apdo.1095, 41080, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Hidalgo-Galvez
- Research group "Sistemas Forestales Mediterráneos", Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla. Dpto. Biogeoquímica, Ecología Vegetal y Microbiana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av. Reina Mercedes 10, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jesús Cambrollé
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Apdo.1095, 41080, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ignacio Manuel Pérez-Ramos
- Research group "Sistemas Forestales Mediterráneos", Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla. Dpto. Biogeoquímica, Ecología Vegetal y Microbiana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av. Reina Mercedes 10, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
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Brelsford CC, Trasser M, Paris T, Hartikainen SM, Robson TM. Understorey light quality affects leaf pigments and leaf phenology in different plant functional types. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13723. [PMID: 35606930 PMCID: PMC9328371 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Forest understorey plants receive most sunlight in springtime before canopy closure, and in autumn following leaf-fall. We hypothesised that plant species must adjust their phenological and photoprotective strategies in response to large changes in the spectral composition of the sunlight they receive. Here, we identified how plant species growing in northern deciduous and evergreen forest understoreys differ in their response to blue light and ultraviolet (UV) radiation according to their functional strategy. We installed filters in a forest understorey in southern Finland, to create the following treatments attenuating: UV radiation below 350 nm, all UV radiation (< 400 nm), all blue light and UV radiation (< 500 nm), and a transparent control. In eight species, representing different functional strategies, we assessed leaf optical properties, phenology, and epidermal flavonoid contents over two years. Blue light accelerated leaf senescence in all species measured in the understorey, apart from Quercus robur seedlings, whereas UV radiation only accelerated leaf senescence in Acer platanoides seedlings. More light-demanding species accumulated flavonols in response to seasonal changes in light quality compared to shade-tolerant and wintergreen species and were particularly responsive to blue light. Reduction of blue and UV radiation under shade reveals an important role for microclimatic effects on autumn phenology and leaf photoprotection. An extension of canopy cover under climate change, and its associated suppression of understorey blue light and UV radiation, may delay leaf senescence for understorey species with an autumn niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig C. Brelsford
- Yield SystemsEspooFinland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Marieke Trasser
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant BiologyViennaAustria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD ProgramDoctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Tom Paris
- EcodivNormandie Université, UNIROUENRouenFrance
| | - Saara M. Hartikainen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - T. Matthew Robson
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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Hupperts SF, Gerber S, Nilsson MC, Gundale MJ. Empirical and Earth system model estimates of boreal nitrogen fixation often differ: A pathway toward reconciliation. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:5711-5725. [PMID: 34382301 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of global environmental change on productivity in northern latitudes will be contingent on nitrogen (N) availability. In circumpolar boreal ecosystems, nonvascular plants (i.e., bryophytes) and associated N2 -fixing diazotrophs provide one of the largest known N inputs but are rarely accounted for in Earth system models. Instead, most models link N2 -fixation with the functioning of vascular plants. Neglecting nonvascular N2 -fixation may be contributing toward high uncertainty that currently hinders model predictions in northern latitudes, where nonvascular N2 -fixing plants are more common. Adequately accounting for nonvascular N2 -fixation and its drivers could subsequently improve predictions of future N availability and ultimately, productivity, in northern latitudes. Here, we review empirical evidence of boreal nonvascular N2 -fixation responses to global change factors (elevated CO2 , N deposition, warming, precipitation, and shading by vascular plants), and compare empirical findings with model predictions of N2 -fixation using nine Earth system models. The majority of empirical studies found positive effects of CO2 , warming, precipitation, or light on nonvascular N2 -fixation, but N deposition strongly downregulated N2 -fixation in most empirical studies. Furthermore, we found that the responses of N2 -fixation to elevated CO2 were generally consistent between models and very limited empirical data. In contrast, empirical-model comparisons suggest that all models we assessed, and particularly those that scale N2 -fixation with net primary productivity or evapotranspiration, may be overestimating N2 -fixation under increasing N deposition. Overestimations could generate erroneous predictions of future N stocks in boreal ecosystems unless models adequately account for the drivers of nonvascular N2 -fixation. Based on our comparisons, we recommend that models explicitly treat nonvascular N2 -fixation and that field studies include more targeted measurements to improve model structures and parameterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Hupperts
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stefan Gerber
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marie-Charlotte Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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Experimental warming increases ecosystem respiration by increasing above-ground respiration in alpine meadows of Western Himalaya. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2640. [PMID: 33514838 PMCID: PMC7846769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82065-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpine ecosystems in the Himalaya, despite low primary productivity, store considerable amount of organic carbon. However, these ecosystems are highly vulnerable to climate warming which may stimulate ecosystem carbon efflux leading to carbon-loss and positive feedback. We used open-top chambers to understand warming responses of ecosystem respiration (ER) and soil respiration (SR) in two types of alpine meadows viz., herbaceous meadow (HM) and sedge meadow (SM), in the Western Himalaya. Experimental warming increased ER by 33% and 28% at HM and SM, respectively. No significant effect on SR was observed under warming, suggesting that the increase in ER was primarily due to an increase in above-ground respiration. This was supported by the warming-induced increase in above-ground biomass and decrease in SR/ER ratio. Soil temperature was the dominant controlling factor of respiration rates and temperature sensitivity of both ER and SR increased under warming, indicating an increase in contribution from plant respiration. The findings of the study suggest that climate warming by 1.5-2 °C would promote ER via increase in above-ground respiration during the growing season. Moreover, net C uptake in the alpine meadows may increase due to enhanced plant growth and relatively resistant SR under warming.
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10
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Rice KE, Montgomery RA, Stefanski A, Rich RL, Reich PB. Species-specific flowering phenology responses to experimental warming and drought alter herbaceous plant species overlap in a temperate-boreal forest community. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:203-211. [PMID: 32853366 PMCID: PMC7789104 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Warmer temperatures and altered precipitation patterns are expected to continue to occur as the climate changes. How these changes will impact the flowering phenology of herbaceous perennials in northern forests is poorly understood but could have consequences for forest functioning and species interactions. Here, we examine the flowering phenology responses of five herbaceous perennials to experimental warming and reduced summer rainfall over 3 years. METHODS This study is part of the B4WarmED experiment located at two sites in northern Minnesota, USA. Three levels of warming (ambient, +1.6 °C and +3.1 °C) were crossed with two rainfall manipulations (ambient and 27 % reduced growing season rainfall). KEY RESULTS We observed species-specific responses to the experimental treatments. Warming alone advanced flowering for four species. Most notably, the two autumn blooming species showed the strongest advance of flowering to warming. Reduced rainfall alone advanced flowering for one autumn blooming species and delayed flowering for the other, with no significant impact on the three early blooming species. Only one species, Solidago spp., showed an interactive response to warming and rainfall manipulation by advancing in +1.6 °C warming (regardless of rainfall manipulation) but not advancing in the warmest, driest treatment. Species-specific responses led to changes in temporal overlap between species. Most notably, the two autumn blooming species diverged significantly in their flowering timing. In ambient conditions, these two species flowered within the same week. In the warmest, driest treatment, flowering occurred over a month apart. CONCLUSIONS Herbaceous species may differ in how they respond to future climate conditions. Changes to phenology may lead to fewer resources for insects or a mismatch between plants and pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Rice
- University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, St. Paul, MN USA
- University of Florida Extension Education, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | | | - Artur Stefanski
- University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, St. Paul, MN USA
| | - Roy L Rich
- University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, St. Paul, MN USA
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA
| | - Peter B Reich
- University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, St. Paul, MN USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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11
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Phenological responses of temperate and boreal trees to warming depend on ambient spring temperatures, leaf habit, and geographic range. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:10397-10405. [PMID: 32341148 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917508117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in plant phenology associated with climate change have been observed globally. What is poorly known is whether and how phenological responses to climate warming will differ from year to year, season to season, habitat to habitat, or species to species. Here, we present 5 y of phenological responses to experimental warming for 10 subboreal tree species. Research took place in the open-air B4WarmED experiment in Minnesota. The design is a two habitat (understory and open) × three warming treatments (ambient, +1.7 °C, +3.4 °C) factorial at two sites. Phenology was measured twice weekly during the growing seasons of 2009 through 2013. We found significant interannual variation in the effect of warming and differences among species in response to warming that relate to geographic origin and plant functional group. Moreover, responses to experimental temperature variation were similar to responses to natural temperature variation. Warming advanced the date of budburst more in early compared to late springs, suggesting that to simulate interannual variability in climate sensitivity of phenology, models should employ process-based or continuous development approaches. Differences among species in timing of budburst were also greater in early compared to late springs. Our results suggest that climate change-which will make most springs relatively "early"-could lead to a future with more variable phenology among years and among species, with consequences including greater risk of inappropriately early leafing and altered interactions among species.
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Stefanski A, Bermudez R, Sendall KM, Montgomery RA, Reich PB. Surprising lack of sensitivity of biochemical limitation of photosynthesis of nine tree species to open-air experimental warming and reduced rainfall in a southern boreal forest. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:746-759. [PMID: 31437334 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic biochemical limitation parameters (i.e., Vcmax , Jmax and Jmax :Vcmax ratio) are sensitive to temperature and water availability, but whether these parameters in cold climate species at biome ecotones are positively or negatively influenced by projected changes in global temperature and water availability remains uncertain. Prior exploration of this question has largely involved greenhouse based short-term manipulative studies with mixed results in terms of direction and magnitude of responses. To address this question in a more realistic context, we examined the effects of increased temperature and rainfall reduction on the biochemical limitations of photosynthesis using a long-term chamber-less manipulative experiment located in northern Minnesota, USA. Nine tree species from the boreal-temperate ecotone were grown in natural neighborhoods under ambient and elevated (+3.4°C) growing season temperatures and ambient or reduced (≈40% of rainfall removed) summer rainfall. Apparent rubisco carboxylation and RuBP regeneration standardized to 25°C (Vcmax25°C and Jmax25°C , respectively) were estimated based on ACi curves measured in situ over three growing seasons. Our primary objective was to test whether species would downregulate Vcmax25°C and Jmax25°C in response to warming and reduced rainfall, with such responses expected to be greatest in species with the coldest and most humid native ranges, respectively. These hypotheses were not supported, as there were no overall main treatment effects on Vcmax25°C or Jmax25°C (p > .14). However, Jmax :Vcmax ratio decreased significantly with warming (p = .0178), whereas interactions between warming and rainfall reduction on the Jmax25°C to Vcmax25°C ratio were not significant. The insensitivity of photosynthetic parameters to warming contrasts with many prior studies done under larger temperature differentials and often fixed daytime temperatures. In sum, plants growing in relatively realistic conditions under naturally varying temperatures and soil moisture levels were remarkably insensitive in terms of their Jmax25°C and Vcmax25°C when grown at elevated temperatures, reduced rainfall, or both combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Stefanski
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Raimundo Bermudez
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Kerrie M Sendall
- Department of Biology, Behavioral Neuroscience, and Health Sciences, Rider University, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | | | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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Tessier JT. Early spring warming may hasten leaf emergence in Erythronium americanum. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:1392-1396. [PMID: 31553817 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Climate change is making spring arrive earlier than in the past, causing some species to alter the timing of their spring activities. This study addressed whether Erythronium americanum Ker Gawl. (trout lily), a common spring ephemeral, can emerge earlier if exposed to early spring warming. METHODS I collected corms of Erythronium americanum in the fall, overwintered them in soil, and exposed them to warming in either mid (early treatment) or late (late treatment) February. The timing of leaf emergence was monitored and compared between treatments. RESULTS Leaves exposed to early warming emerged earlier than those in the late treatment. Bud break happened closer to date of exposure to warming in the late treatment than in the early treatment. CONCLUSIONS Spring ephemerals may be able to produce leaves early in response to early spring warming induced by climate change. Risk of late frost and eventual shading by the canopy may limit the duration of a potentially extended growing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T Tessier
- State University of New York at Delhi, 454 Delhi Dr., Delhi, New York, 13753, USA
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MacKenzie CM, Johnston J, Miller-Rushing AJ, Sheehan W, Pinette R, Primack R. Advancing Leaf-Out and Flowering Phenology is Not Matched by Migratory Bird Arrivals Recorded in Hunting Guide's Journal in Aroostook County, Maine. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2019. [DOI: 10.1656/045.026.0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason Johnston
- Department of Biology, University of Maine at Presque Isle, 181 Main Street, Presque Isle, ME 04769
| | | | | | - Robert Pinette
- Professor Emeritus, University of Maine at Presque Isle, 18 Melden Drive, Brunswick, ME 04011
| | - Richard Primack
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215
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