1
|
Ito M, Yamauchi A, Urano M, Kato T, Matsuo M, Nakashima K, Saito K. Epidemiological investigation of spinal muscular atrophy in Japan. Brain Dev 2022; 44:2-16. [PMID: 34452804 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND International reporting of epidemiological surveys of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) in Japan has been limited to Shikoku, despite the epidemiology of the disease in countries worldwide becoming clearer. Treatments of 5q-SMA have been developed, and epidemiological studies are needed. PURPOSE This study aimed to conduct a nationwide epidemiological survey of SMA in Japan to clarify the actual situation of SMA in Japan. METHOD Patients with all clinical types of SMA, including neonates and adults, were selected from 1,005 medical facilities in Japan. RESULTS As of December 2017, the actual number of reported patients with SMA was 658 and the genetic testing rate was 79.5%. The estimated number of patients was 1,478 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1,122-1,834), with a prevalence of 1.17 (95%CI, 0.89-1.45) per 100,000 people and an incidence of 0.51 (95%CI, 0.32-0.71) per 10,000 live births. Incidence rates of 5q-SMA by clinical type were 0.27 (95%CI, 0.17-0.38) and 0.08 (95%CI, 0.04-0.11) per 10,000 live births for type 1 and 2, respectively, in cases with a definitive diagnosis by genetic testing. We found that 363 cases (82.7%) occurred less than 2 years and 88 (20.0%) occurred age of 2 months old or under. CONCLUSION This study clarifies the prevalence and incidence of SMA in Japan. As infantile onset accounts for most cases of SMA, newborn screening and subsequent treatment are important to save lives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Ito
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan
| | - Akemi Yamauchi
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan
| | - Mari Urano
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan
| | - Tamaki Kato
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan
| | - Mari Matsuo
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan
| | - Kenji Nakashima
- National Hospital Organization, Matsue Medical Center, Japan
| | - Kayoko Saito
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Edinoff AN, Nguyen LH, Odisho AS, Maxey BS, Pruitt JW, Girma B, Cornett EM, Kaye AM, Kaye AD. The Antisense Oligonucleotide Nusinersen for Treatment of Spinal Muscular Atrophy. Orthop Rev (Pavia) 2021; 13:24934. [PMID: 34745470 DOI: 10.52965/001c.24934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare, autosomal recessive neuromuscular degenerative disease characterized by loss of spinal cord motor neurons leading to progressive muscle wasting. The most common pathology results from a homozygous disruption in the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene on chromosome 5q13 via deletion, conversion, or mutation. SMN2 is a near duplicate of SMN1 that can produce full-length SMN mRNA transcripts, but its overall production capability of these mRNA transcripts is lower than that seen in SMN1. This leads to lower levels of functional SMN protein within motor neurons. The FDA approved nusinersen in December 2016 to treat SMA associated with SMN1 gene mutation. It is administered directly to the central nervous system by intrathecal injection. An antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) drug, nusinersen, provides an upcoming and promising treatment option for SMA and represents a novel pharmacological approach with a mechanism of action relevant for other neurodegenerative disorders. Nusinersen begins with four initial loading doses that are followed by three maintenance doses per year. Three major studies (CHERISH, ENDEAR, and NURTURE) have shown to improve motor function in early and late-onset individuals and reduce the chances of ventilator requirements in pre-symptomatic infants. Studies investigating the timing of drug delivery in mouse models of SMA report the best outcomes when drugs are delivered early before any significant motor function is lost. Nusinersen is a novel therapeutic approach with consistent results in all three studies and is proof of the novel concept for treating SMA and other neurodegenerative disorders in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Long H Nguyen
- Louisiana State University Health Science Center Shreveport
| | - Amira S Odisho
- Louisiana State University Health Science Center Shreveport
| | | | - John W Pruitt
- Louisiana State University Health Science Center Shreveport
| | - Brook Girma
- Louisiana State University Health Science Center Shreveport
| | | | - Adam M Kaye
- Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific
| | - Alan D Kaye
- Louisiana State University Health Science Center Shreveport
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Verhaart IEC, Robertson A, Wilson IJ, Aartsma-Rus A, Cameron S, Jones CC, Cook SF, Lochmüller H. Prevalence, incidence and carrier frequency of 5q-linked spinal muscular atrophy - a literature review. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2017; 12:124. [PMID: 28676062 PMCID: PMC5496354 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-017-0671-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy linked to chromosome 5q (SMA) is a recessive, progressive, neuromuscular disorder caused by bi-allelic mutations in the SMN1 gene, resulting in motor neuron degeneration and variable presentation in relation to onset and severity. A prevalence of approximately 1-2 per 100,000 persons and incidence around 1 in 10,000 live births have been estimated with SMA type I accounting for around 60% of all cases. Since SMA is a relatively rare condition, studies of its prevalence and incidence are challenging. Most published studies are outdated and therefore rely on clinical rather than genetic diagnosis. Furthermore they are performed in small cohorts in small geographical regions and only study European populations. In addition, the heterogeneity of the condition can lead to delays and difficulties in diagnosing the condition, especially outside of specialist clinics, and contributes to the challenges in understanding the epidemiology of the disease. The frequency of unaffected, heterozygous carriers of the SMN1 mutations appears to be higher among Caucasian and Asian populations compared to the Black (Sub-Saharan African ancestry) population. However, carrier frequencies cannot directly be translated into incidence and prevalence, as very severe (death in utero) and very mild (symptom free in adults) phenotypes carrying bi-allelic SMN1 mutations exist, and their frequency is unknown. More robust epidemiological data on SMA covering larger populations based on accurate genetic diagnosis or newborn screening would be helpful to support planning of clinical studies, provision of care and therapies and evaluation of outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid E. C. Verhaart
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Agata Robertson
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ian J. Wilson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Annemieke Aartsma-Rus
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Shona Cameron
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | - Hanns Lochmüller
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Neuromuscular disorders as a group are linked by anatomy with significant differences in pathogenetic mechanisms, clinical expression, and time course of disease. Each neuromuscular disease is relatively uncommon, yet causes a significant burden of disease socioeconomically. Epidemiologic studies in different global regions have demonstrated certain neuromuscular diseases have increased incidence and prevalence rates over time. Understanding differences in global epidemiologic trends will aid clinical research and policies focused on prevention of disease. There is a critical need to understand the global impact of neuromuscular diseases using metrics currently established for communicable and noncommunicable diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaydeep M Bhatt
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, 240 East 38th Street, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Parker GC, Carruthers NJ, Gratsch T, Caruso JA, Stemmer PM. Proteomic profile of embryonic stem cells with low survival motor neuron protein is consistent with developmental dysfunction. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 124:13-23. [PMID: 27145767 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1520-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy is an autosomal recessive motor neuron disease caused by a genetic defect carried by as many as one in 75 people. Unlike most neurological disorders, we know exactly what the genetic basis is of the disorder, but in spite of this, have little understanding of why the low levels of one protein, survival motor neuron protein, results in the specific progressive die back of only one cell type in the body, the motor neuron. Given the fact that all cells in the body of a patient with spinal muscular atrophy share the same low abundance of the protein throughout development, an appropriate approach is to ask how lower levels of survival motor neuron protein affects the proteome of embryonic stem cells prior to development. Convergent biostatistical analyses of a discovery proteomic analysis of these cells provide results that are consistent with the pathomechanistic fate of the developed motor neuron.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graham C Parker
- Carman and Ann Adam Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA.
- iBio, 6135 Woodward Ave., Suite 2128 CURES H208, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
| | - Nicholas J Carruthers
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Theresa Gratsch
- Carman and Ann Adam Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
| | - Joseph A Caruso
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Paul M Stemmer
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Aton J, Hurst Davis R, Jordan KC, Scott CB, Swoboda KJ. Vitamin D intake is inadequate in spinal muscular atrophy type I cohort: correlations with bone health. J Child Neurol 2014; 29:374-80. [PMID: 23334077 PMCID: PMC4259287 DOI: 10.1177/0883073812471857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Children with type I spinal muscular atrophy commonly demonstrate reduced bone mineral density. Our objectives were to evaluate and assess adequacy of vitamin D intake, serum levels, and association with bone mineral density. Assessments were completed using 3-day food records and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry scans. The spinal muscular atrophy type I cohort included 22 males and 18 females (N = 40), with a mean age of 18.6 months. Data collection occurred from 2001 to 2011. Seventy-five percent of patients had inadequate intake of vitamin D at the initial visit. Using mixed-effects analyses, vitamin D and calcium intakes correlated positively with bone mineral density (r = 0.31 and r = 0.53, respectively). Increased vitamin D and calcium consumption were associated with an increase in bone mineral density (P = .04 and P = .01, respectively). Vitamin D intake correlated positively with serum levels (r = 0.65). Further study is needed to determine optimal intakes of vitamin D and calcium in the spinal muscular atrophy type I population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Hurst Davis
- Department of Neurology Pediatric Motor Disorders Research Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | | | - Kathryn J. Swoboda
- Department of Neurology Pediatric Motor Disorders Research Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lyahyai J, Sbiti A, Barkat A, Ratbi I, Sefiani A. Spinal muscular atrophy carrier frequency and estimated prevalence of the disease in Moroccan newborns. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2011; 16:215-8. [PMID: 21950724 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is one of the most common autosomal recessive diseases caused by homozygous deletion of exon 7 of the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene in approximately 95% of SMA patients. Carrier frequency studies of SMA have been reported for various populations. The aim of our study was to estimate the carrier frequency of the common SMN1 exon 7 deletion in the Moroccan population to achieve an insight into the prevalence of SMA in Morocco. In this study, we used a reliable quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay with SYBR Green I dye to determine the copy number of the SMN1 gene. Analysis of 150 Moroccan newborns predicts a carrier frequency of approximately 1:25, which would mean a calculated SMA prevalence of 1:1800 after correction due to consanguinity. These results show as expected that the SMA carrier frequency in Morocco is higher than in the European populations and is close to those of Middle Eastern countries. Genetic carrier testing for genetic counseling should be recommended particularly to families with a clear clinical history of SMA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaber Lyahyai
- Centre de Génomique Humaine, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, Université Mohamed V Souissi, Rabat, Morocco.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bueno KC, Gouvea SP, Genari AB, Funayama CA, Zanette DL, Silva WA, Oliveira AB, Scola RH, Werneck LC, Marques W. Detection of spinal muscular atrophy carriers in a sample of the Brazilian population. Neuroepidemiology 2011; 36:105-8. [PMID: 21335981 DOI: 10.1159/000324156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal muscular atrophy is a common autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the SMN1 gene. Identification of spinal muscular atrophy carriers has important implications for individuals with a family history of the disorder and for genetic counseling. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of carriers in a sample of the nonconsanguineous Brazilian population by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC). METHODS To validate the method, we initially determined the relative quantification of DHPLC in 28 affected patients (DHPLC values: 0.00) and 65 parents (DHPLC values: 0.49-0.69). Following quantification, we studied 150 unrelated nonconsanguineous healthy individuals from the general population. RESULTS Four of the 150 healthy individuals tested (with no family history of a neuromuscular disorder) presented a DHPLC value in the range of heterozygous carriers (0.6-0.68). CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, we estimated there is a carrier frequency of 2.7% in the nonconsanguineous Brazilian population, which is very similar to other areas of the world where consanguineous marriage is not common. This should be considered in the process of genetic counseling and risk calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K C Bueno
- Departments of Neurosciences and Behavior Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Glanzman AM, McDermott MP, Montes J, Martens WB, Flickinger J, Riley S, Quigley J, Dunaway S, O'Hagen J, Deng L, Chung WK, Tawil R, Darras BT, Yang M, Sproule D, De Vivo DC, Kaufmann P, Finkel RS. Validation of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Infant Test of Neuromuscular Disorders (CHOP INTEND). Pediatr Phys Ther 2011; 23:322-6. [PMID: 22090068 DOI: 10.1097/pep.0b013e3182351f04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Preliminary validation of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Infant Test of Neuromuscular Disorders (CHOP INTEND) for motor skill assessment in spinal muscular atrophy type I. METHODS A total of 27 subjects 3 to 260 months old (mean = 49, SD = 69) with spinal muscular atrophy-I were evaluated with the CHOP INTEND. Subjects were evaluated as part of a multicenter natural history study. RESULTS CHOP INTEND scores and age were significantly correlated (r = -0.51, P = .007; 2 survival of the motor neuron [SMN] 2 gene copies, n = 16, r = -0.60, 3 SMN2 gene copies, n = 9, r = -0.83). Respiratory support and CHOP INTEND scores were correlated (r = -0.74, P < .0001, n = 26). The CHOP INTEND and age regression in patients with 2 copies versus 3 copies of SMN2 approached significance (P = .0711, n = 25). Subjects who required respiratory support scored significantly lower (mean = 15.5, SD = 10.2 vs mean = 31.2, SD = 4.2, P < .0001, n = 27). Correlation with motor unit number estimation and combined motor unit activation were not significant. CONCLUSION The CHOP INTEND reflects measures of disease severity and supports continued exploration of the CHOP INTEND.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allan M Glanzman
- Department of Physical Therapy, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Acsadi G, Li X, Murphy KJ, Swoboda KJ, Parker GC. Alpha-synuclein loss in spinal muscular atrophy. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 43:275-83. [PMID: 20640532 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9422-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy, the most prevalent hereditary motor neuron disease, is caused by mutations in the survival motor neuron (SMN) 1 gene. A significant reduction in the encoded SMN protein leads to the degeneration of motor neurons. However, the molecular events leading to this process are not well understood. The present study uses a previously developed neuronal cell culture model of spinal muscular atrophy for a multiplex transcriptome analysis. Furthermore, gene expression analysis was performed on in vitro cell cultures, as well as tissue samples of spinal muscular atrophy patients and transgenic mice. RNA and subsequent Western blot protein analyses suggest that low SMN levels are associated with significantly lower alpha-synuclein expression. Examination of two genes related to vesicular transport showed a similar though less dramatic decrease in expression. The 140-amino acid protein alpha-synuclein, dominant mutations of which have previously been associated with an autosomal dominant form of Parkinson's disease, is strongly expressed in select neurons of the brain. Although not well understood, the physiologic functions of alpha-synuclein have been linked to synaptic vesicular neurotransmitter release and neuroprotection, suggesting a possible contribution to Smn-deficient motor neuron pathology. Furthermore, alpha-synuclein may be a genetic modifier or biomarker of spinal muscular atrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gyula Acsadi
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sukenik-Halevy R, Pesso R, Garbian N, Magal N, Shohat M. Large-Scale Population Carrier Screening for Spinal Muscular Atrophy in Israel—Effect of Ethnicity on the False-Negative Rate. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2010; 14:319-24. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2009.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rivka Sukenik-Halevy
- Rabin Medical Center, Recanati Institute of Medical Genetics, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Rachel Pesso
- Genetic Institute of Maccabi Health Insurance, Mega-Lab, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noa Garbian
- Genetic Institute of Maccabi Health Insurance, Mega-Lab, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nurit Magal
- Rabin Medical Center, Recanati Institute of Medical Genetics, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Mordechai Shohat
- Rabin Medical Center, Recanati Institute of Medical Genetics, Petach Tikva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Iannaccone ST, Hynan LS, Morton A, Buchanan R, Limbers CA, Varni JW. The PedsQL in pediatric patients with Spinal Muscular Atrophy: feasibility, reliability, and validity of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Generic Core Scales and Neuromuscular Module. Neuromuscul Disord 2009; 19:805-12. [PMID: 19846309 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
For Phase II and III clinical trials in children with Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), reliable and valid outcome measures are necessary. Since 2000, the American Spinal Muscular Atrophy Randomized Trials (AmSMART) group has established reliability and validity for measures of strength, lung function, and motor function in the population from age 2 years to 18 years. The PedsQL (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory) Measurement Model was designed to integrate the relative merits of generic and disease-specific approaches, with disease-specific modules. The PedsQL 3.0 Neuromuscular Module was designed to measure HRQOL dimensions specific to children ages 2-18 years with neuromuscular disorders, including SMA. One hundred seventy-six children with SMA and their parents completed the PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales and PedsQL 3.0 Neuromuscular Module. The PedsQL demonstrated feasibility, reliability, and validity in the SMA population. Consistent with the conceptualization of disease-specific symptoms as causal indicators of generic HRQOL, the majority of intercorrelations among the Neuromuscular Module Scales and the Generic Core Scales were in the medium to large range, supporting construct validity. For the purposes of a clinical trial, the PedsQL Neuromuscular Module and Generic Core Scales provide an integrated measurement model with the advantages of both generic and condition-specific instruments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan T Iannaccone
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Montes J, Gordon AM, Pandya S, De Vivo DC, Kaufmann P. Clinical outcome measures in spinal muscular atrophy. J Child Neurol 2009; 24:968-78. [PMID: 19509409 DOI: 10.1177/0883073809332702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy is one of the most devastating neurological diseases of childhood. Affected infants and children suffer from often severe muscle weakness caused by degeneration of lower motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem. Identification of the causative genetic mutation in most cases has resulted in development of potential treatment strategies. To test these new drugs, clinically feasible outcomes are needed. Several different assessments, validated in spinal muscular atrophy or similar disorders, are being used by national and international research groups; however, their sensitivity to detect change is unknown. Acceptance of a few standardized, easily administered, and functionally meaningful outcomes, applicable to the phenotypic spectrum of spinal muscular atrophy, is needed. Consensus is imperative to facilitate collaboration and explore the ability of these measures to identify the therapeutic effect of disease-modifying agents. Following is an evidence-based review of available clinical outcome measures in spinal muscular atrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Montes
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hasanzad M, Azad M, Kahrizi K, Saffar BS, Nafisi S, Keyhanidoust Z, Azimian M, Refah AA, Also E, Urtizberea JA, Tizzano EF, Najmabadi H. Carrier frequency of SMA by quantitative analysis of the SMN1 deletion in the Iranian population. Eur J Neurol 2009; 17:160-2. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
15
|
Schroth MK. Special considerations in the respiratory management of spinal muscular atrophy. Pediatrics 2009; 123 Suppl 4:S245-9. [PMID: 19420154 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-2952k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a summary of the presentation on special considerations in the respiratory management of spinal muscular atrophy, presented as part of the program on pulmonary management of patients with pediatric neuromuscular disorders at the 30th annual Carrell-Krusen Neuromuscular Symposium on February 20, 2008.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Schroth
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Pediatrics, 600 Highland Ave, K4/938 CSC, Madison, WI 53792-9988, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
McWhorter ML, Boon KL, Horan ES, Burghes AH, Beattie CE. The SMN binding protein gemin2 is not involved in motor axon outgrowth. Dev Neurobiol 2008; 68:182-94. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
17
|
Roe AM, Shur N. From new screens to discovered genes: the successful past and promising present of single gene disorders. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2007; 145C:77-86. [PMID: 17315238 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal screening for single gene disorders, which include over 10,000 diverse diseases, presents a great challenge. The major approach to identifying high-risk groups for diseases, from Tay Sachs Disease to sickle cell disease, has historically centered on ethnic-based screening. A major concern in an ethnic-based approach is that carriers belonging to less-traditionally considered populations will be missed. In the United States, the paradigm for a more modern pan-ethnic approach has become exemplified by cystic fibrosis (CF), although considerable debate about future directions remains. CF screening brings several additional issues to the forefront, including that the largest molecular prenatal genetic screening program is based on a single gene disorder that is not necessarily severely disabling. On the other hand, several devastating disorders where screening is indeed available remain relatively inaccessible to prenatal patients in the general population. Future candidates to consider for broad-based screening programs include spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), fragile X, and inborn errors of metabolism. As prenatal screening for single gene disorders expands, issues to consider include inclusion criteria and risk versus benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Roe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zaldívar T, Montejo Y, Acevedo AM, Guerra R, Vargas J, Garofalo N, Alvarez R, Alvarez MA, Hardiman O. Evidence of reduced frequency of spinal muscular atrophy type I in the Cuban population. Neurology 2006; 65:636-8. [PMID: 16116135 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000172860.41953.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors reviewed all cases of type I spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) in Cuba over a 6-year period. The incidence of SMA type I was 3.53 per 100,000 livebirths. When the population was classified according to self-reported ethnicity, the incidence was eight per 100,000 for whites; 0.89 per 100,000 for blacks, and 0.96 per 100,000 for those of mixed ethnicity. Type 1 SMA may occur less frequently in individuals of African ancestry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Zaldívar
- Cuban Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Havana, Cuba.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Somerville MJ, Hunter AGW, Aubry HL, Korneluk RG, MacKenzie AE, Surh LC. Clinical application of the molecular diagnosis of spinal muscular atrophy: Deletions of neuronal apoptosis inhibitor protein and survival motor neuron genes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19970317)69:2<159::aid-ajmg8>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|