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Thöny B, Ng J, Kurian MA, Mills P, Martinez A. Mouse models for inherited monoamine neurotransmitter disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 2024; 47:533-550. [PMID: 38168036 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Several mouse models have been developed to study human defects of primary and secondary inherited monoamine neurotransmitter disorders (iMND). As the field continues to expand, current defects in corresponding mouse models include enzymes and a molecular co-chaperone involved in monoamine synthesis and metabolism (PAH, TH, PITX3, AADC, DBH, MAOA, DNAJC6), tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) cofactor synthesis and recycling (adGTPCH1/DRD, arGTPCH1, PTPS, SR, DHPR), and vitamin B6 cofactor deficiency (ALDH7A1), as well as defective monoamine neurotransmitter packaging (VMAT1, VMAT2) and reuptake (DAT). No mouse models are available for human DNAJC12 co-chaperone and PNPO-B6 deficiencies, disorders associated with recessive variants that result in decreased stability and function of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases and decreased neurotransmitter synthesis, respectively. More than one mutant mouse is available for some of these defects, which is invaluable as different variant-specific (knock-in) models may provide more insights into underlying mechanisms of disorders, while complete gene inactivation (knock-out) models often have limitations in terms of recapitulating complex human diseases. While these mouse models have common phenotypic traits also observed in patients, reflecting the defective homeostasis of the monoamine neurotransmitter pathways, they also present with disease-specific manifestations with toxic accumulation or deficiency of specific metabolites related to the specific gene affected. This review provides an overview of the currently available models and may give directions toward selecting existing models or generating new ones to investigate novel pathogenic mechanisms and precision therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Thöny
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Joanne Ng
- Genetic Therapy Accelerator Centre, University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Philippa Mills
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aurora Martinez
- Department of Biomedicine and Center for Translational Research in Parkinson's Disease, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Kiely C, Douglas KAA, Douglas VP, Miller JB, Lizano P. Overlap between ophthalmology and psychiatry - A narrative review focused on congenital and inherited conditions. Psychiatry Res 2024; 331:115629. [PMID: 38029629 PMCID: PMC10842794 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
A number of congenital and inherited diseases present with both ocular and psychiatric features. The genetic inheritance and phenotypic variants play a key role in disease severity. Early recognition of the signs and symptoms of those disorders is critical to earlier intervention and improved prognosis. Typically, the associations between these two medical subspecialties of ophthalmology and psychiatry are poorly understood by most practitioners so we hope to provide a narrative review to improve the identification and management of these disorders. We conducted a comprehensive review of the literature detailing the diseases with ophthalmic and psychiatric overlap that were more widely represented in the literature. Herein, we describe the clinical features, pathophysiology, molecular biology, diagnostic tests, and the most recent approaches for the treatment of these diseases. Recent studies have combined technologies for ocular and brain imaging such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and functional imaging with genetic testing to identify the genetic basis for eye-brain connections. Additional work is needed to further explore these potential biomarkers. Overall, accurate, efficient, widely distributed and non-invasive tests that can help with early recognition of these diseases will improve the management of these patients using a multidisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Kiely
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 75 Fenwood Rd, 612, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Konstantinos A A Douglas
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 75 Fenwood Rd, 612, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Retinal Imaging Lab, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - John B Miller
- Harvard Retinal Imaging Lab, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States; Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paulo Lizano
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 75 Fenwood Rd, 612, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Translational Neuroscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States.
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3
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Hoshijima H, Takeuchi R, Kikuchi K, Mizuta K. Anesthetic management in MAO-A and MAO-B deficiency: a case report. J Anesth 2020; 34:773-776. [DOI: 10.1007/s00540-020-02808-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Rodríguez-Muñoz A, García-García G, Menor F, Millán JM, Tomás-Vila M, Jaijo T. The importance of biochemical and genetic findings in the diagnosis of atypical Norrie disease. Clin Chem Lab Med 2019; 56:229-235. [PMID: 28742514 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2017-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norrie disease (ND) is a rare X-linked disorder characterized by bilateral congenital blindness. ND is caused by a mutation in the Norrie disease pseudoglioma (NDP) gene, which encodes a 133-amino acid protein called norrin. Intragenic deletions including NDP and adjacent genes have been identified in ND patients with a more severe neurologic phenotype. We report the biochemical, molecular, clinical and radiological features of two unrelated affected males with a deletion including NDP and MAO genes. METHODS Biochemical and genetic analyses were performed to understand the atypical phenotype and radiological findings. Biogenic amines in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The coding exons of NDP gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and chromosomal microarray were carried out on both affected males. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were performed on the two patients. RESULTS In one patient, the serotonin and catecholamine metabolite levels in CSF were virtually undetectable. In both patients, genetic studies revealed microdeletions in the Xp11.3 region, involving the NDP, MAOA and MAOB genes. Radiological examination demonstrated brain and cerebellar atrophy. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that alterations caused by MAO deficit may remain during the first years of life. Clinical phenotype, biochemical findings and neuroimaging can guide the genetic study in patients with atypical ND and help us to a better understanding of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rodríguez-Muñoz
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomedicina Molecular, Celular y Genómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gema García-García
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomedicina Molecular, Celular y Genómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Menor
- Radiología Infantil, Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - José M Millán
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomedicina Molecular, Celular y Genómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Tomás-Vila
- Neuropediatría, Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Jaijo
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomedicina Molecular, Celular y Genómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain.,Unidad de Genética y Diagnóstico Prenatal, Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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5
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Wang L, Biswas KH, Yoon BK, Kawakami LM, Park S, Groves JT, Li L, Huang W, Cho NJ. Membrane Reconstitution of Monoamine Oxidase Enzymes on Supported Lipid Bilayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:10764-10773. [PMID: 30049212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase A and B (MAO-A and B) are mitochondrial outer membrane enzymes that are implicated in a number of human diseases, and the pharmacological inhibition of these enzymes is a promising therapeutic strategy to alleviate disease symptoms. It has been suggested that optimal levels of enzymatic activity occur in the membrane-associated state, although details of the membrane association process remain to be understood. Herein, we have developed a supported lipid bilayer platform to study MAO-A and B binding and evaluate the effects of known pharmacological inhibitors on the membrane association process. By utilizing the quartz crystal microbalance-dissipation (QCM-D) technique, it was determined that both MAOs exhibit tight binding to negatively and positively charged bilayers with distinct concentration-dependent binding profiles while only transiently binding to neutral bilayers. Importantly, in the presence of known inhibitors, the MAOs showed increased binding to negatively charged bilayers, although there was no effect of inhibitor treatment on binding to positively charged bilayers. Taken together, our findings establish that the membrane association of MAOs is highly dependent on membrane surface charge, and we outline an experimental platform to support the in vitro reconstitution of monoamine oxidases on synthetic membranes, including the evaluation of pharmacological drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liulin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) , Nanjing 211816 , China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Kabir H Biswas
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Bo Kyeong Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Lisa M Kawakami
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Soohyun Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Jay T Groves
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States of America
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 637459 , Singapore
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Bortolato M, Floris G, Shih JC. From aggression to autism: new perspectives on the behavioral sequelae of monoamine oxidase deficiency. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:1589-1599. [PMID: 29748850 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1888-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The two monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzymes, A and B, catalyze the metabolism of monoamine neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. The phenotypic outcomes of MAO congenital deficiency have been studied in humans and animal models, to explore the role of these enzymes in behavioral regulation. The clinical condition caused by MAOA deficiency, Brunner syndrome, was first described as a disorder characterized by overt antisocial and aggressive conduct. Building on this discovery, subsequent studies were focused on the characterization of the role of MAOA in the neurobiology of antisocial conduct. MAO A knockout mice were found to display high levels of intermale aggression; however, further analyses of these mutants unveiled additional behavioral abnormalities mimicking the core symptoms of autism-spectrum disorder. These findings were strikingly confirmed in newly reported cases of Brunner syndrome. The role of MAOB in behavioral regulation remains less well-understood, even though Maob-deficient mice have been found to exhibit greater behavioral disinhibition and risk-taking responses, supporting previous clinical studies showing associations between low MAO B activity and impulsivity. Furthermore, lack of MAOB was found to exacerbate the severity of psychopathological deficits induced by concurrent MAOA deficiency. Here, we summarize how the convergence of clinical reports and behavioral phenotyping in mutant mice has helped frame a complex picture of psychopathological features in MAO-deficient individuals, which encompass a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental problems. This emerging knowledge poses novel conceptual challenges towards the identification of the endophenotypes shared by autism-spectrum disorder, antisocial behavior and impulse-control problems, as well as their monoaminergic underpinnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, L.S. Skaggs Hall, 30 S 2000 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Gabriele Floris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, L.S. Skaggs Hall, 30 S 2000 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jean C Shih
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Cell and Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Hinds AM, Rosser E, Reddy MA. A case of exudative vitreoretinopathy and chorioretinal coloboma associated with microcephaly in a female with contiguous Xp11.3-11.4 deletion. Ophthalmic Genet 2018; 39:396-398. [PMID: 29617172 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2018.1443342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The constellation of signs including microcephaly, retinal colobomas, and exudative vitreo-retinopathy suggests a mutation of the KIF-11 gene on chromosome 10q. We report a female infant with these features but due, instead, to a contiguous gene deletion on chromosome Xp including the OMIM morbid genes CASK, KDM6A, NDP, MAOA, NYX, and DDX3X. The NDP deletion could account for the exudative retinopathy and the CASK deletion for the microcephaly, while CASK and KDM6A have both been associated with coloboma. This case highlights genetic heterogeneity for the clustering of these signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Hinds
- a Ophthalmology Department , The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust , London , UK
| | - Elisabeth Rosser
- b Clinical Genetics Department , Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children , London , UK
| | - M Ashwin Reddy
- a Ophthalmology Department , The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust , London , UK
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8
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Jia B, Huang L, Chen Y, Liu S, Chen C, Xiong K, Song L, Zhou Y, Yang X, Zhong M. A novel contiguous deletion involving NDP, MAOB and EFHC2 gene in a patient with familial Norrie disease: bilateral blindness and leucocoria without other deficits. J Genet 2018; 96:1015-1020. [PMID: 29321361 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-017-0869-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Contiguous microdeletions of the Norrie disease pseudoglioma (NDP) region on chromosome Xp11.3 have been widely confirmed as contributing to the typical clinical features of Norrie disease (ND). However, the precise relation between genotype and phenotype could vary. The contiguous deletion of NDP and its neighbouring genes, MAOA/B and EFHC2, reportedly leads to syndromic clinical features such as microcephaly, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. Herewe report a novel contiguous microdeletion of the NDP region containing the MAOB and EFHC2 genes,which causes eye defects but no cognitive disability.We detected a deletion of 494.6 kb atXp11.3 in both the proband and carrier mother. This deletionwas then used as the molecular marker in prenatal diagnosis for two subsequent pregnancies. The deletion was absent in one of the foetuses, who remain without any abnormalities at 2 years of age. The proband shows the typical ocular clinical features of ND including bilateral retinal detachment, microphthalmia, atrophic irides, corneal opacification, and cataracts, but no symptoms of microcephaly, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. This familial study demonstrates that a deficiency in one of two MAO genes may not lead to psychomotor delay, and deletion of EFHC2 may not cause epilepsy. Our observations provide new information on the genotype-phenotype relations of MAOA/B and EFHC2 genes involved in the contiguous deletions of ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Jia
- The Center for Prenatal and Hereditary DiseaseDiagnosis,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Andarva M, Jamshidi J, Ghaedi H, Daftarian N, Emamalizadeh B, Alehabib E, Taghavi S, Pouriran R, Darvish H. A novel c.240_241insGG mutation in NDP gene in a family with Norrie disease. Clin Exp Optom 2017; 101:255-259. [PMID: 28922694 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norrie disease (ND) is a rare, X-linked recessive disorder with the main characteristic of early childhood blindness. The aim of the present study was to identify the genetic cause of the disease and the phenotypic characteristics of the patients in an Iranian family with four affected males with ND. METHODS Norrie disease pseudoglioma (NDP) gene was sequenced and clinical examination was performed on patients. RESULTS A GG dinucleotide insertion in exon 3 (c.240_241insGG) of NDP was detected in all patients. The mutation caused a frameshift and an early stop codon (p.Phe81Glyfs*23). CONCLUSIONS A novel mutation was found in the NDP gene in the affected males of the family. As the mutation was absent in the normal male members of the family, it should be the genetic cause of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monavvar Andarva
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Jamshidi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Hamid Ghaedi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narsis Daftarian
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Emamalizadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Alehabib
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghyegh Taghavi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Pouriran
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Darvish
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Casas AI, Dao VTV, Daiber A, Maghzal GJ, Di Lisa F, Kaludercic N, Leach S, Cuadrado A, Jaquet V, Seredenina T, Krause KH, López MG, Stocker R, Ghezzi P, Schmidt HHHW. Reactive Oxygen-Related Diseases: Therapeutic Targets and Emerging Clinical Indications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:1171-85. [PMID: 26583264 PMCID: PMC4657512 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Enhanced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been associated with different disease states. Most attempts to validate and exploit these associations by chronic antioxidant therapies have provided disappointing results. Hence, the clinical relevance of ROS is still largely unclear. RECENT ADVANCES We are now beginning to understand the reasons for these failures, which reside in the many important physiological roles of ROS in cell signaling. To exploit ROS therapeutically, it would be essential to define and treat the disease-relevant ROS at the right moment and leave physiological ROS formation intact. This breakthrough seems now within reach. CRITICAL ISSUES Rather than antioxidants, a new generation of protein targets for classical pharmacological agents includes ROS-forming or toxifying enzymes or proteins that are oxidatively damaged and can be functionally repaired. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Linking these target proteins in future to specific disease states and providing in each case proof of principle will be essential for translating the oxidative stress concept into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Casas
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - V Thao-Vi Dao
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Daiber
- 2 2nd Medical Department, Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center , Mainz, Germany
| | - Ghassan J Maghzal
- 3 Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fabio Di Lisa
- 4 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova , Italy .,5 Neuroscience Institute , CNR, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Sonia Leach
- 6 Brighton and Sussex Medical School , Falmer, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- 7 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid , Madrid, Spain
| | - Vincent Jaquet
- 8 Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tamara Seredenina
- 8 Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karl H Krause
- 8 Department of Pathology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manuela G López
- 9 Teofilo Hernando Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine. Autonomous University of Madrid , Madrid, Spain
| | - Roland Stocker
- 3 Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pietro Ghezzi
- 6 Brighton and Sussex Medical School , Falmer, United Kingdom
| | - Harald H H W Schmidt
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Abstract
The monoamine neurotransmitter disorders are important genetic syndromes that cause disturbances in catecholamine (dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline) and serotonin homeostasis. These disorders result in aberrant monoamine synthesis, metabolism and transport. The clinical phenotypes are predominantly neurological, and symptoms resemble other childhood neurological disorders, such as dystonic or dyskinetic cerebral palsy, hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy and movement disorders. As a consequence, monoamine neurotransmitter disorders are under-recognized and often misdiagnosed. The diagnosis of monoamine neurotransmitter disorders requires detailed clinical assessment, cerebrospinal fluid neurotransmitter analysis and further supportive diagnostic investigations. Prompt and accurate diagnosis of neurotransmitter disorders is paramount, as many are responsive to treatment. The treatment is usually mechanism-based, with the aim to reverse disturbances of monoamine synthesis and/or metabolism. Therapeutic intervention can lead to complete resolution of motor symptoms in some conditions, and considerably improve quality of life in others. In this Review, we discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and management of monoamine neurotransmitter disorders, and consider novel concepts, the latest advances in research and future prospects for therapy.
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Saito M, Yamagata T, Matsumoto A, Shiba Y, Nagashima M, Taniguchi S, Jimbo E, Momoi MY. MAOA/B deletion syndrome in male siblings with severe developmental delay and sudden loss of muscle tonus. Brain Dev 2014; 36:64-9. [PMID: 23414621 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Deletion of the monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A and MAO-B was detected in two male siblings and in their mother. The approximately 800-kb deletion, extending from about 43.0MB to 43.8MB, was detected by array comparative genomic hybridization analysis. The MAOA and MAOB genes were included in the deletion, but the adjacent Norrie disease gene, NDP, was not deleted. The boys had short stature, hypotonia, severe developmental delays, episodes of sudden loss of muscle tone, exiting behavior, lip-smacking and autistic features. The serotonin levels in their cerebrospinal fluid were extremely elevated. Another set of siblings with this deletion was reported previously. We propose recognition of MAOA/B deletion syndrome as a distinct disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Saito
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical Univiversity, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Takanori Yamagata
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical Univiversity, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Ayumi Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical Univiversity, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shiba
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical Univiversity, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Masako Nagashima
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical Univiversity, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Shuhei Taniguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical Univiversity, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Eriko Jimbo
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical Univiversity, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Mariko Y Momoi
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical Univiversity, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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Fox MA, Panessiti MG, Moya PR, Tolliver TJ, Chen K, Shih JC, Murphy DL. Mutations in monoamine oxidase (MAO) genes in mice lead to hypersensitivity to serotonin-enhancing drugs: implications for drug side effects in humans. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2013; 13:551-7. [PMID: 22964922 PMCID: PMC3562558 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2012.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A possible side effect of serotonin-enhancing drugs is the serotonin syndrome, which can be lethal. Here we examined possible hypersensitivity to two such drugs, the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan (5-HTP) and the atypical opioid tramadol, in mice lacking the genes for both monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and MAOB. MAOA/B-knockout (KO) mice displayed baseline serotonin syndrome behaviors, and these behavioral responses were highly exaggerated following 5-HTP or tramadol versus baseline and wild-type (WT) littermates. Compared with MAOA/B-WT mice, baseline tissue serotonin levels were increased ∼2.6-3.9-fold in MAOA/B-KO mice. Following 5-HTP, serotonin levels were further increased ∼4.5-6.2-fold in MAOA/B-KO mice. These exaggerated responses are in line with the exaggerated responses following serotonin-enhancing drugs that we previously observed in mice lacking the serotonin transporter (SERT). These findings provide a second genetic mouse model suggestive of possible human vulnerability to the serotonin syndrome in individuals with lesser-expressing MAO or SERT polymorphisms that confer serotonergic system changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- MA Fox
- Laboratory of Clinical Science (LCS), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - MG Panessiti
- Laboratory of Clinical Science (LCS), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - PR Moya
- Laboratory of Clinical Science (LCS), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - TJ Tolliver
- Laboratory of Clinical Science (LCS), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - K Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - JC Shih
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - DL Murphy
- Laboratory of Clinical Science (LCS), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Piton A, Poquet H, Redin C, Masurel A, Lauer J, Muller J, Thevenon J, Herenger Y, Chancenotte S, Bonnet M, Pinoit JM, Huet F, Thauvin-Robinet C, Jaeger AS, Le Gras S, Jost B, Gérard B, Peoc'h K, Launay JM, Faivre L, Mandel JL. 20 ans après: a second mutation in MAOA identified by targeted high-throughput sequencing in a family with altered behavior and cognition. Eur J Hum Genet 2013; 22:776-83. [PMID: 24169519 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) is characterized by an extraordinary genetic heterogeneity, with >250 genes that have been implicated in monogenic forms of ID. Because this complexity precluded systematic testing for mutations and because clinical features are often non-specific, for some of these genes only few cases or families have been unambiguously documented. It is the case of the X-linked gene encoding monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), for which only one nonsense mutation has been identified in Brunner syndrome, characterized in a single family by mild non-dysmorphic ID and impulsive, violent and aggressive behaviors. We have performed targeted high-throughput sequencing of 220 genes, including MAOA, in patients with undiagnosed ID. We identified a c.797_798delinsTT (p.C266F) missense mutation in MAOA in a boy with autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit and autoaggressive behavior. Two maternal uncles carry the mutation and have severe ID, with a history of maltreatment in early childhood. This novel missense mutation decreases MAOA enzymatic activity, leading to abnormal levels of urinary monoamines. The identification of this new point mutation confirms, for the first time since 1993, the monogenic implication of the MAOA gene in ID of various degrees, autism and behavioral disturbances. The variable expressivity of the mutation observed in male patients of this family may involve gene-environment interactions, and the identification of a perturbation in monoamine metabolism should be taken into account when prescribing psychoactive drugs in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Piton
- 1] IGBMC, CNRS UMR 7104/INSERM U964/University of Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France [2] Chaire de Génétique Humaine, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Poquet
- 1] Centre de génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs, Hôpital d'Enfants, Dijon, France [2] Service de Pédopsychiatrie, Hôpital d'Enfants, Dijon, France
| | - Claire Redin
- 1] IGBMC, CNRS UMR 7104/INSERM U964/University of Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France [2] Chaire de Génétique Humaine, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Alice Masurel
- Centre de génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs, Hôpital d'Enfants, Dijon, France
| | - Julia Lauer
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean Muller
- 1] IGBMC, CNRS UMR 7104/INSERM U964/University of Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France [2] Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France
| | - Julien Thevenon
- 1] Centre de génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs, Hôpital d'Enfants, Dijon, France [2] EA 4271 GAD, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Yvan Herenger
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France
| | - Sophie Chancenotte
- 1] Centre de génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs, Hôpital d'Enfants, Dijon, France [2] Centre Référent des Troubles du Langage et des Apprentissages, Hôpital d'Enfants, Dijon, France
| | - Marlène Bonnet
- Centre Référent des Troubles du Langage et des Apprentissages, Hôpital d'Enfants, Dijon, France
| | | | - Frédéric Huet
- Centre de génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs, Hôpital d'Enfants, Dijon, France
| | - Christel Thauvin-Robinet
- 1] Centre de génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs, Hôpital d'Enfants, Dijon, France [2] EA 4271 GAD, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Jaeger
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Bernard Jost
- IGBMC, Microarray and Sequencing Platform, Illkirch, France
| | - Bénédicte Gérard
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France
| | - Katell Peoc'h
- Service de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Louis Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Launay
- Service de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Louis Lariboisière Fernand-Widal, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Faivre
- 1] Centre de génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs, Hôpital d'Enfants, Dijon, France [2] EA 4271 GAD, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mandel
- 1] IGBMC, CNRS UMR 7104/INSERM U964/University of Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France [2] Chaire de Génétique Humaine, Collège de France, Paris, France [3] Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France
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15
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Piton A, Redin C, Mandel JL. XLID-causing mutations and associated genes challenged in light of data from large-scale human exome sequencing. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:368-83. [PMID: 23871722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the unbalanced sex ratio (1.3-1.4 to 1) observed in intellectual disability (ID) and the identification of large ID-affected families showing X-linked segregation, much attention has been focused on the genetics of X-linked ID (XLID). Mutations causing monogenic XLID have now been reported in over 100 genes, most of which are commonly included in XLID diagnostic gene panels. Nonetheless, the boundary between true mutations and rare non-disease-causing variants often remains elusive. The sequencing of a large number of control X chromosomes, required for avoiding false-positive results, was not systematically possible in the past. Such information is now available thanks to large-scale sequencing projects such as the National Heart, Lung, and Blood (NHLBI) Exome Sequencing Project, which provides variation information on 10,563 X chromosomes from the general population. We used this NHLBI cohort to systematically reassess the implication of 106 genes proposed to be involved in monogenic forms of XLID. We particularly question the implication in XLID of ten of them (AGTR2, MAGT1, ZNF674, SRPX2, ATP6AP2, ARHGEF6, NXF5, ZCCHC12, ZNF41, and ZNF81), in which truncating variants or previously published mutations are observed at a relatively high frequency within this cohort. We also highlight 15 other genes (CCDC22, CLIC2, CNKSR2, FRMPD4, HCFC1, IGBP1, KIAA2022, KLF8, MAOA, NAA10, NLGN3, RPL10, SHROOM4, ZDHHC15, and ZNF261) for which replication studies are warranted. We propose that similar reassessment of reported mutations (and genes) with the use of data from large-scale human exome sequencing would be relevant for a wide range of other genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Piton
- Department of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 964, University of Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France; Chaire de Génétique Humaine, Collège de France, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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16
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Wang CC, Billett E, Borchert A, Kuhn H, Ufer C. Monoamine oxidases in development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:599-630. [PMID: 22782111 PMCID: PMC11113580 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are flavoproteins of the outer mitochondrial membrane that catalyze the oxidative deamination of biogenic and xenobiotic amines. In mammals there are two isoforms (MAO-A and MAO-B) that can be distinguished on the basis of their substrate specificity and their sensitivity towards specific inhibitors. Both isoforms are expressed in most tissues, but their expression in the central nervous system and their ability to metabolize monoaminergic neurotransmitters have focused MAO research on the functionality of the mature brain. MAO activities have been related to neurodegenerative diseases as well as to neurological and psychiatric disorders. More recently evidence has been accumulating indicating that MAO isoforms are expressed not only in adult mammals, but also before birth, and that defective MAO expression induces developmental abnormalities in particular of the brain. This review is aimed at summarizing and critically evaluating the new findings on the developmental functions of MAO isoforms during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chiu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Shatin, Hong Kong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ellen Billett
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS UK
| | - Astrid Borchert
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Medicine Berlin-Charité, Oudenarder Str. 16, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartmut Kuhn
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Medicine Berlin-Charité, Oudenarder Str. 16, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Ufer
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Medicine Berlin-Charité, Oudenarder Str. 16, 13347 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Smith SE, Mullen TE, Graham D, Sims KB, Rehm HL. Norrie disease: Extraocular clinical manifestations in 56 patients. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:1909-17. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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O'Leary RE, Shih JC, Hyland K, Kramer N, Asher YJT, Graham JM. De novo microdeletion of Xp11.3 exclusively encompassing the monoamine oxidase A and B genes in a male infant with episodic hypotonia: a genomics approach to personalized medicine. Eur J Med Genet 2012; 55:349-53. [PMID: 22365943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase A and B (MAOA and MAOB) play key roles in deaminating neurotransmitters and various other biogenic amines. Patients deficient in one or both enzymes have distinct metabolic and neurologic profiles. MAOB deficient patients exhibit normal clinical characteristics and behavior, while MAOA deficient patients have borderline intellectual deficiency and impaired impulse control. Patients who lack both MAOA and MAOB have the most extreme laboratory values (urine, blood, and CSF serotonin 4-6 times normal, with elevated O-methylated amine metabolites and reduced deaminated metabolites) in addition to severe intellectual deficiency and behavioral problems. Mice lacking maoa and moab exhibit decreased proliferation of neural stem cells beginning in late gestation and persisting into adulthood. These mice show significantly increased monoamine levels, particularly serotonin, as well as anxiety-like behaviors as adults, suggesting that brain maturation in late embryonic development is adversely affected by elevated serotonin levels. We report the case of a male infant with a de novo Xp11.3 microdeletion exclusively encompassing the MAOA and MAOB genes. This newly recognized X-linked disorder is characterized by severe intellectual disability and unusual episodes of hypotonia, which resemble atonic seizures, but have no EEG correlate. A customized low dietary amine diet was implemented in an attempt to prevent the cardiovascular complications that can result from the excessive intake of these compounds. This is the second report of this deletion and the first attempt to maintain the patient's cardiovascular health through dietary manipulation. Even though a diet low in tyramine, phenylethylamine, and dopa/dopamine is necessary for long-term management, it will not rescue the abnormal monoamine profile seen in combined MAOA and MAOB deficiency. Our patient displays markedly elevated levels of serotonin in blood, serum, urine, and CSF while on this diet. Serotonin biosynthesis inhibitors like para-chlorophenylalanine and p-ethynylphenylalanine may be needed to lower serotonin levels in patients with absent monoamine oxidase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E O'Leary
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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19
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Waryah AM, Ahmed ZM, Bhinder MA, Binder MA, Choo DI, Sisk RA, Shahzad M, Khan SN, Friedman TB, Riazuddin S, Riazuddin S. Molecular and clinical studies of X-linked deafness among Pakistani families. J Hum Genet 2011; 56:534-40. [PMID: 21633365 PMCID: PMC3143270 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2011.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There are 68 sex-linked syndromes that include hearing loss as one feature and five sex-linked nonsyndromic deafness loci listed in the OMIM database. The possibility of additional such sex-linked loci was explored by ascertaining three unrelated Pakistani families (PKDF536, PKDF1132, PKDF740) segregating X-linked recessive deafness. Sequence analysis of POU3F4 (DFN3) in affected members of families PKDF536 and PKDF1132 revealed two novel nonsense mutations, p.Q136X and p.W114X, respectively. Family PKDF740 is segregating congenital blindness, mild to profound progressive hearing loss that is characteristic of Norrie disease (MIM#310600). Sequence analysis of NDP among affected members of this family revealed a novel single nucleotide deletion c.49delG causing a frameshift and premature truncation (p.V17fsX1) of the encoded protein. These mutations were not found in 150 normal DNA samples. Identification of pathogenic alleles causing X-linked recessive deafness will improve molecular diagnosis, genetic counseling, and molecular epidemiology of hearing loss among Pakistanis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Waryah
- National Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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20
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Bortolato M, Shih JC. Behavioral outcomes of monoamine oxidase deficiency: preclinical and clinical evidence. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2011; 100:13-42. [PMID: 21971001 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386467-3.00002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) isoenzymes A and B are mitochondrial-bound proteins, catalyzing the oxidative deamination of monoamine neurotransmitters as well as xenobiotic amines. Although they derive from a common ancestral progenitor gene, are located at X-chromosome and display 70% structural identity, their substrate preference, regional distribution, and physiological role are divergent. In fact, while MAO-A has high affinity for serotonin and norepinephrine, MAO-B primarily serves the catabolism of 2-phenylethylamine (PEA) and contributes to the degradation of other trace amines and dopamine. Convergent lines of preclinical and clinical evidence indicate that variations in MAO enzymatic activity--due to either genetic or environmental factors--can exert a profound influence on behavioral regulation and play a role in the pathophysiology of a large spectrum of mental and neurodegenerative disorders, ranging from antisocial personality disorder to Parkinson's disease. Over the past few years, numerous advances have been made in our understanding of the phenotypical variations associated with genetic polymorphisms and mutations of the genes encoding for both isoenzymes. In particular, novel findings on the phenotypes of MAO-deficient mice are highlighting novel potential implications of both isoenzymes in a broad spectrum of mental disorders, ranging from autism and anxiety to impulse-control disorders and ADHD. These studies will lay the foundation for future research on the neurobiological and neurochemical bases of these pathological conditions, as well as the role of gene × environment interactions in the vulnerability to several mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Whibley A, Urquhart J, Dore J, Willatt L, Parkin G, Gaunt L, Black G, Donnai D, Raymond FL. Deletion of MAOA and MAOB in a male patient causes severe developmental delay, intermittent hypotonia and stereotypical hand movements. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18:1095-9. [PMID: 20485326 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAO-A and MAO-B) have a key role in the degradation of amine neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin. We identified an inherited 240 kb deletion on Xp11.3-p11.4, which encompasses both monoamine oxidase genes but, unlike other published reports, does not affect the adjacent Norrie disease gene (NDP). The brothers who inherited the deletion, and thus have no monoamine oxidase function, presented with severe developmental delay, intermittent hypotonia and stereotypical hand movements. The clinical features accord with published reports of larger microdeletions and selective MAO-A and MAO-B deficiencies in humans and mouse models and suggest considerable functional compensation between MAO-A and MAO-B under normal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Whibley
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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22
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Bortolato M, Chen K, Shih JC. The Degradation of Serotonin: Role of MAO. HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-7339(10)70079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Pons R. The phenotypic spectrum of paediatric neurotransmitter diseases and infantile parkinsonism. J Inherit Metab Dis 2009; 32:321-32. [PMID: 19107571 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-008-1007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Paediatric neurotransmitter diseases are a group of inherited disorders attributable to a disturbance of neurotransmitter metabolism. The monoamines, catecholamines and serotonin, also called biogenic amines, are neurotransmitters with multiple roles including psychomotor function, hormone secretion, cardiovascular, respiratory and gastrointestinal control, sleep mechanisms, body temperature and pain. Given the multiple functions of monoamines, disorders of their metabolism comprise a wide spectrum of manifestations, with motor dysfunction being the most prominent clinical feature. The severity of the clinical manifestations ranges from mild to severe. Patients with severe and intermediate phenotypes may present with infantile parkinsonism that differs in a number of aspects from the parkinsonism in nigrostriatal degeneration. Analysis of monoamine metabolites and pterins in spinal fluid assists in the diagnosis of these disorders. Treatment options include tetrahydrobiopterin supplementation, L: -dopa, 5-hydroxytryptophan, and medications that potentiate monoamine transmission. Response to treatment is variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pons
- First Department of Paediatrics, Agia Sofia Hospital, Thivon & Papadiamantopoulou, Athens 115 27, Greece.
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24
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Hayashi S, Mizuno S, Migita O, Okuyama T, Makita Y, Hata A, Imoto I, Inazawa J. TheCASKgene harbored in a deletion detected by array-CGH as a potential candidate for a gene causative of X-linked dominant mental retardation. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:2145-51. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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Froyen G, Van Esch H, Bauters M, Hollanders K, Frints SGM, Vermeesch JR, Devriendt K, Fryns JP, Marynen P. Detection of genomic copy number changes in patients with idiopathic mental retardation by high-resolution X-array-CGH: important role for increased gene dosage of XLMR genes. Hum Mutat 2007; 28:1034-42. [PMID: 17546640 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A tiling X-chromosome-specific genomic array with a theoretical resolution of 80 kb was developed to screen patients with idiopathic mental retardation (MR) for submicroscopic copy number differences. Four patients with aberrations previously detected at lower resolution were first analyzed. This facilitated delineation of the location and extent of the aberration at high resolution and subsequently, more precise genotype-phenotype analyses. A cohort of 108 patients was screened, 57 of which were suspected of X-linked mental retardation (XLMR), 26 were probands of brother pairs, and 25 were sporadic cases. A total of 15 copy number changes in 14 patients (13%) were detected, which included two deletions and 13 duplications ranging from 0.1 to 2.7 Mb. The aberrations are associated with the phenotype in five patients (4.6%), based on the following criteria: de novo aberration; involvement of a known or candidate X-linked nonsyndromic(syndromic) MR (MRX(S)) gene; segregation with the disease in the family; absence in control individuals; and skewed X-inactivation in carrier females. These include deletions that contain the MRX(S) genes CDKL5, OPHN1, and CASK, and duplications harboring CDKL5, NXF5, MECP2, and GDI1. In addition, seven imbalances were apparent novel polymorphic regions because they do not fulfill the proposed criteria. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that not only deletions but also duplications on the X chromosome contribute to the phenotype more often than expected, supporting the increased gene dosage mechanism for deregulation of normal cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Froyen
- Human Genome Laboratory, Department for Molecular and Developmental Genetics, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.
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26
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Fowler JS, Logan J, Volkow ND, Wang GJ. Translational neuroimaging: positron emission tomography studies of monoamine oxidase. Mol Imaging Biol 2006; 7:377-87. [PMID: 16265597 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-005-0016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) using radiotracers with high molecular specificity is an important scientific tool in studies of monoamine oxidase (MAO), an important enzyme in the regulation of the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin as well as the dietary amine, tyramine. MAO occurs in two different subtypes, MAO A and MAO B, which have different substrate and inhibitor specificity and which are different gene products. The highly variable subtype distribution with different species makes human studies of special value. MAO A and B can be imaged in the human brain and certain peripheral organs using PET and carbon-11 (half-life 20.4 minutes) labeled mechanism-based irreversible inhibitors, clorgyline and L -deprenyl, respectively. In this article we introduce MAO and describe the development of these radiotracers and their translation from preclinical studies to the investigation of variables affecting MAO in the human brain and peripheral organs.
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Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU), the most frequent inborn error of metabolism (1/15,000 live births), is an autosomal recessive condition caused by phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency. Despite early and strict dietary control, some PKU children still exhibit behavioral and cognitive difficulties suggestive of a partly prenatal brain injury. The reported variability between the cognitive and clinical phenotypes within the same family raises the question of modifying genes in PKU. We suggest here that monoamine oxidase type B, MAOB, an enzyme degrading phenylethylamine, a very toxic metabolite of phenylalanine, could act as a modifying gene since a variant enzymatic activity of MAOB in PKU patients with similar phenylalanine levels would result in different phenylethylamine levels and different clinical outcomes. Finally the report of low MAOB, and consequently expectedly high phenylethylamine levels in neonates is consistent with a phenylethylamine-mediated brain injury possibly causing irreversible damages in PKU newborns prior to onset of the low protein diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Ghozlan
- Inserm U.393, Handicaps génétiques de l'enfant, Tour Lavoisier, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris 15, France.
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Chen K, Holschneider DP, Wu W, Rebrin I, Shih JC. A spontaneous point mutation produces monoamine oxidase A/B knock-out mice with greatly elevated monoamines and anxiety-like behavior. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:39645-52. [PMID: 15272015 PMCID: PMC2861902 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405550200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A spontaneous monoamine oxidase A (MAO A) mutation (A863T) in exon 8 introduced a premature stop codon, which produced MAO A/B double knock-out (KO) mice in a MAO B KO mouse colony. This mutation caused a nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and resulted in the absence of MAO A transcript, protein, and catalytic activity and abrogates a DraI restriction site. The MAO A/B KO mice showed reduced body weight compared with wild type mice. Brain levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and phenylethylamine increased, and serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels decreased, to a much greater degree than in either MAO A or B single KO mice. Observed chase/escape and anxiety-like behavior in the MAO A/B KO mice, different from MAO A or B single KO mice, suggest that varying monoamine levels result in both a unique biochemical and behavioral phenotype. These mice will be useful models for studying the molecular basis of disorders associated with abnormal monoamine neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Chen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California 90089-9121
| | - Daniel P. Holschneider
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, BMT 401, Los Angeles, California 90089-9112
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, BMT 401, Los Angeles, California 90089-9112
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, BMT 401, Los Angeles, California 90089-9112
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 90073
| | - Weihua Wu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California 90089-9121
| | - Igor Rebrin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California 90089-9121
| | - Jean C. Shih
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California 90089-9121
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, BMT 401, Los Angeles, California 90089-9112
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Ave., Rm. 528, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9121. Fax: 323-442-3229;
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Murphy DL, Uhl GR, Holmes A, Ren-Patterson R, Hall FS, Sora I, Detera-Wadleigh S, Lesch KP. Experimental gene interaction studies with SERT mutant mice as models for human polygenic and epistatic traits and disorders. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2004; 2:350-64. [PMID: 14653307 DOI: 10.1046/j.1601-1848.2003.00049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Current evidence indicates that virtually all neuropsychiatric disorders, like many other common medical disorders, are genetically complex, with combined influences from multiple interacting genes, as well as from the environment. However, additive or epistatic gene interactions have proved quite difficult to detect and evaluate in human studies. Mouse phenotypes, including behaviors and drug responses, can provide relevant models for human disorders. Studies of gene-gene interactions in mice could thus help efforts to understand the molecular genetic bases of complex human disorders. The serotonin transporter (SERT, 5-HTT, SLC6A4) provides a relevant model for studying such interactions for several reasons: human variants in SERT have been associated with several neuropsychiatric and other medical disorders and quantitative traits; SERT blockers are effective treatments for a number of neuropsychiatric disorders; there is a good initial understanding of the phenotypic features of heterozygous and homozygous SERT knockout mice; and there is an expanding understanding of the interactions between variations in SERT expression and variations in the expression of a number of other genes of interest for neuropsychiatry and neuropharmacology. This paper provides examples of experimentally-obtained interactions between quantitative variations in SERT gene expression and variations in the expression of five other mouse genes: DAT, NET, MAOA, 5-HT(1B) and BDNF. In humans, all six of these genes possess polymorphisms that have been independently investigated as candidates for neuropsychiatric and other disorders in a total of > 500 reports. In the experimental studies in mice reviewed here, gene-gene interactions resulted in either synergistic, antagonistic (including 'rescue' or 'complementation') or more complex, quantitative alterations. These were identified in comparisons of the behavioral, physiological and neurochemical phenotypes of wildtype mice vs. mice with single allele or single gene targeted disruptions and mice with partial or complete disruptions of multiple genes. Several of the descriptive phenotypes could be best understood on the basis of intermediate, quantitative alterations such as brain serotonin differences. We discuss the ways in which these interactions could provide models for studies of gene-gene interactions in complex human neuropsychiatric and other disorders to which SERT may contribute, including developmental disorders, obesity, polysubstance abuse and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Murphy
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, Building 10, Room 3D41, 10 Center Drive, NIMH, NIH/ DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-1264, USA.
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Abstract
The dopamine system is implicated in several neurological and psychiatric disorders. Genetic mutations or variations that affect dopamine system functions either directly cause or contribute to these disorders, even though other genetic and environmental factors may contribute significantly to some of these disorders as well. Transgenic mice increasingly become important tools in revealing functions of genes that are essential components of the dopamine system as well as in modeling human genetic disorders. We have reviewed a comprehensive list of those genes and compared genetic mutations/variations in humans and transgenic mouse models. The significance and limitations of these animal models as well as future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linan Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Physiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Abstract
Neurotransmitter disorders constitute a spectrum of neurologic conditions that share several clinical features depending on the severity and pattern of neurotransmitter deficiency or excess. These uncommon conditions can be suspected based on their clinical features, and several can be confirmed by cerebrospinal fluid analysis of neurotransmitters and their metabolites. Certain disorders, such as autosomal dominant dopa-responsive dystonia caused by GTP cyclohydrolase deficiency, or Segawa syndrome, respond dramatically to medical therapy. This article summarizes current knowledge regarding the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of these important disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Swoboda
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Primary Children's Medical Center, Division of Pediatric Neurology, 100 North Medical Drive, Suite 2700, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA.
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Mejia JM, Ervin FR, Baker GB, Palmour RM. Monoamine oxidase inhibition during brain development induces pathological aggressive behavior in mice. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 52:811-21. [PMID: 12372653 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01418-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is historically a focus of concern in research on impulsive and aggressive behavior. Recent studies in a single kindred with a point mutation in the MAO-A gene, together with phenotypic evaluations of MAO-A knockout mice, have sharpened this interest. The goal of this study was to investigate the behavioral consequences of MAO inhibition during brain development and to determine the extent to which specific effects could be attributed to MAO- A versus MAO-B. METHODS MAO-A and B inhibitors were administered, separately or in combination, during gestation and lactation. Behavioral evaluations included neurologic testing, delay of rewarded response, and the resident-intruder aggression paradigm, conducted before and after an acute pharmacologic challenge. RESULTS Total prenatal MAO inhibition produced a pervasive increase in aggressive behavior, whereas MAO-B inhibited mice demonstrated a similar pattern of lower intensity. Aggression was elevated in MAO-A inhibited mice only after acute pharmacologic challenge, suggesting prenatal sensitization. CONCLUSIONS Developmental inhibition of MAO activity engenders behavioral effects that parallel those observed in animals with genetic ablation of MAO function. These data underscore the importance of neurochemical changes during development and provide a possible model for disinhibited aggression, common in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Maria Mejia
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1033 Pine Avenue West, Montréal, Québec H3A 1A1, Canada
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33
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Excessive activation of serotonin (5-HT) 1B receptors disrupts the formation of sensory maps in monoamine oxidase a and 5-ht transporter knock-out mice. J Neurosci 2001. [PMID: 11157075 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.21-03-00884.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency in the monoamine degradation enzyme monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) or prenatal exposure to the monoamine uptake inhibitor cocaine alters behavior in humans and rodents, but the mechanisms are unclear. In MAOA knock-out mice, inhibiting serotonin synthesis during development can prevent abnormal segregation of axons in the retinogeniculate and somatosensory thalamocortical systems. To investigate this effect, we crossed MAOA knock-outs with mice lacking the serotonin transporter 5-HTT or the 5-HT1B receptor, two molecules present in developing sensory projections. Segregation was abnormal in 5-HTT knock-outs and MAOA/5-HTT double knock-outs but was normalized in MAOA/5-HT1B double knock-outs and MAOA/5-HTT/5-HT1B triple knock-outs. This demonstrates that the 5-HT1B receptor is a key factor in abnormal segregation of sensory projections and suggests that serotonergic drugs represent a risk for the development of these projections. We also found that the 5-HT1B receptor has an adverse developmental impact on beam-walking behavior in MAOA knock-outs. Finally, because the 5-HT1B receptor inhibits glutamate release, our results suggest that visual and somatosensory projections must release glutamate for proper segregation.
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Abstract
Cloning of MAO (monoamine oxidase) A and B has demonstrated unequivocally that these enzymes are made up of different polypeptides, and our understanding of MAO structure, regulation, and function has been significantly advanced by studies using their cDNA. MAO A and B genes are located on the X-chromosome (Xp11.23) and comprise 15 exons with identical intron-exon organization, which suggests that they are derived from the same ancestral gene. MAO A and B knock-out mice exhibit distinct differences in neurotransmitter metabolism and behavior. MAO A knock-out mice have elevated brain levels of serotonin, norephinephrine, and dopamine and manifest aggressive behavior similar to human males with a deletion of MAO A. In contrast, MAO B knock-out mice do not exhibit aggression and only levels of phenylethylamine are increased. Mice lacking MAO B are resistant to the Parkinsongenic neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetra-hydropyridine. Both MAO A and B knock-out mice show increased reactivity to stress. These knock-out mice are valuable models for investigating the role of monoamines in psychoses and neurodegenerative and stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Shih
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, USA.
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35
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Murphy DL, Sims K, Eisenhofer G, Greenberg BD, George T, Berlin F, Zametkin A, Ernst M, Breakefield XO. Are MAO-A deficiency states in the general population and in putative high-risk populations highly uncommon? JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION. SUPPLEMENTUM 1998; 52:29-38. [PMID: 9564605 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6499-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lack of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) due to either Xp chromosomal deletions or alterations in the coding sequence of the gene for this enzyme are associated with marked changes in monoamine metabolism and appear to be associated with variable cognitive deficits and behavioral changes in humans and in transgenic mice. In mice, some of the most marked behavioral changes are ameliorated by pharmacologically-induced reductions in serotonin synthesis during early development, raising the question of possible therapeutic interventions in humans with MAO deficiency states. At the present time, only one multi-generational family and a few other individuals with marked MAO-A deficiency states have been identified and studied in detail. Although MAO deficiency states associated with Xp chromosomal deletions were identified by distinct symptoms (including blindness in infancy) produced by the contiguous Norrie disease gene, the primarily behavioral phenotype of individuals with the MAO mutation is less obvious. This paper reports a sequential research design and preliminary results from screening several hundred volunteers in the general population and from putative high-risk groups for possible MAO deficiency states. These preliminary results suggest that marked MAO deficiency states are very rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Murphy
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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36
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Grimsby J, Toth M, Chen K, Kumazawa T, Klaidman L, Adams JD, Karoum F, Gal J, Shih JC. Increased stress response and beta-phenylethylamine in MAOB-deficient mice. Nat Genet 1997; 17:206-10. [PMID: 9326944 DOI: 10.1038/ng1097-206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
MAOA and MAOB are key iso-enzymes that degrade biogenic and dietary amines. MAOA preferentially oxidizes serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE), whereas MAOB preferentially oxidizes beta-phenylethylamine (PEA). Both forms can oxidize dopamine (DA). A mutation in MAOA results in a clinical phenotype characterized by borderline mental retardation and impaired impulse control. X-chromosomal deletions which include MAOB were found in patients suffering from atypical Norrie's disease, which is characterized by blindness and impaired hearing. Reduced MAOB activity has been found in type-II alcoholism and in cigarette smokers. Because most alcoholics smoke, the effects of alcohol on MAOB activity remain to be determined. Here we show that targetted inactivation of MAOB in mice increases levels of PEA but not those of 5-HT, NE and DA, demonstrating a primary role for MAOB in the metabolism of PEA. PEA has been implicated in modulating mood and affect. Indeed, MAOB-deficient mice showed an increased reactivity to stress. In addition, mutant mice were resistant to the neurodegenerative effects of MPTP, a toxin that induces a condition reminiscent of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Grimsby
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, USA
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37
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Schroeter S, Blakely RD. Drug targets in the embryo. Studies on the cocaine- and antidepressant-sensitive serotonin transporter. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 801:239-55. [PMID: 8959038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb17446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Schroeter
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, USA
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38
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Tivol EA, Shalish C, Schuback DE, Hsu YP, Breakefield XO. Mutational analysis of the human MAOA gene. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1996; 67:92-7. [PMID: 8678123 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19960216)67:1<92::aid-ajmg16>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The monoamine oxidases (MAO-A and MAO-B) are the enzymes primarily responsible for the degradation of amine neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. Wide variations in activity of these isozymes have been reported in control humans. The MAOA and MAOB genes are located next to each other in the p11.3-11.4 region of the human X chromosome. Our recent documentation of an MAO-A-deficiency state, apparently associated with impulsive aggressive behavior in males, has focused attention of genetic variations in the MAOA gene. In the present study variations in the coding sequence of the MAOA gene were evaluated by RT-PCR, SSCP, and sequencing a mRNA or genomic DNA in 40 control males with > 100-fold variations of MAO-A activity, as measured in cultured skin fibroblasts. Remarkable conservation of the coding sequence was found with only 5 polymorphisms observed. All but one of these were in the third codon position and thus did not alter the deduced amino acid sequence. The one amino acid alteration observed, lys --> arg, was neutral and should not affect the structure of the protein. This study demonstrates high conservation of coding sequence in the human MAOA gene in control males, and provides primer sets which can be used to search genomic DNA for mutations in this gene in males with neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Tivol
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown 02129, USA
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39
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Lenders JW, Eisenhofer G, Abeling NG, Berger W, Murphy DL, Konings CH, Wagemakers LM, Kopin IJ, Karoum F, van Gennip AH, Brunner HG. Specific genetic deficiencies of the A and B isoenzymes of monoamine oxidase are characterized by distinct neurochemical and clinical phenotypes. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:1010-9. [PMID: 8613523 PMCID: PMC507147 DOI: 10.1172/jci118492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) exists as two isoenzymes and plays a central role in the metabolism of monoamine neurotransmitters. In this study we compared the neurochemical phenotypes of previously described subjects with genetically determined selective lack of MAO-A or a lack of both MAO-A and MAO-B with those of two subjects with a previously described X chromosome microdeletion in whom we now demonstrate selective MAO-B deficiency. Mapping of the distal deletion breakpoint demonstrates its location in intron 5 of the MAO-B gene, with the deletion extending proximally into the Norrie disease gene. In contrast to the borderline mental retardation and abnormal behavioral phenotype in subjects with selective MAO-A deficiency and the severe mental retardation in patients with combined MAO-A/MAO-B deficiency and Norrie disease, the MAO-B-deficient subjects exhibit neither abnormal behavior nor mental retardation. Distinct neurochemical profiles characterize the three groups of MAO-deficient patients. In MAO-A-deficient subjects, there is a marked decrease in deaminated catecholamine metabolites and a concomitant marked elevation of O-methylated amine metabolites. These neurochemical changes are only slightly exaggerated in patients with combined lack of MAO-A and MAO-B. In contrast, the only biochemical abnormalities detected in subjects with the MAO-B gene deletion are a complete absence of platelet MAO-B activity and an increased urinary excretion of phenylethylamine. The differences in neurochemical profiles indicate that, under normal conditions, MAO-A is considerably more important than MAO-B in the metabolism of biogenic amines, a factor likely to contribute to the different clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Lenders
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, St. Radboud University Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Lim LC, Powell J, Sham P, Castle D, Hunt N, Murray R, Gill M. Evidence for a genetic association between alleles of monoamine oxidase A gene and bipolar affective disorder. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1995; 60:325-31. [PMID: 7485270 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320600413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We present evidence of a genetic association between bipolar disorder and alleles at 3 monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) markers, but not with alleles of a monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) polymorphism. The 3 MAOA markers, including one associated with low MAOA activity, show strong allelic association with each other but surprisingly not with MAOB. Our results are significant only for females, though the number of males in our sample is too small to draw any definite conclusions. Our data is consistent with recent reports of reduced MAOA activity in patients with abnormal behavioral phenotypes. The strength of the association is weak, but significant, which suggests that alleles at the MAOA locus contribute to susceptibility to bipolar disorder rather than being a major determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Lim
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
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Cases O, Seif I, Grimsby J, Gaspar P, Chen K, Pournin S, Müller U, Aguet M, Babinet C, Shih JC. Aggressive behavior and altered amounts of brain serotonin and norepinephrine in mice lacking MAOA. Science 1995; 268:1763-6. [PMID: 7792602 PMCID: PMC2844866 DOI: 10.1126/science.7792602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 808] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency in monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), an enzyme that degrades serotonin and norepinephrine, has recently been shown to be associated with aggressive behavior in men of a Dutch family. A line of transgenic mice was isolated in which transgene integration caused a deletion in the gene encoding MAOA, providing an animal model of MAOA deficiency. In pup brains, serotonin concentrations were increased up to ninefold, and serotonin-like immunoreactivity was present in catecholaminergic neurons. In pup and adult brains, norepinephrine concentrations were increased up to twofold, and cytoarchitectural changes were observed in the somatosensory cortex. Pup behavioral alterations, including trembling, difficulty in righting, and fearfulness were reversed by the serotonin synthesis inhibitor parachlorophenylalanine. Adults manifested a distinct behavioral syndrome, including enhanced aggression in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Cases
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de Recherche Associée (URA), Institut Curie, Orsay, France
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Abstract
We report our experience to date in mutation identification in the Norrie disease (ND) gene. We carried out mutational analysis in 26 kindreds in an attempt to identify regions presumed critical to protein function and potentially correlated with generation of the disease phenotype. All coding exons, as well as noncoding regions of exons 1 and 2, 636 nucleotides in the noncoding region of exon 3, and 197 nucleotides of 5' flanking sequence, were analyzed for single-strand conformation polymorphisms (SSCP) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of genomic DNA. DNA fragments that showed altered SSCP band mobilities were sequenced to locate the specific mutations. In addition to three previously described submicroscopic deletions encompassing the entire ND gene, we have now identified 6 intragenic deletions, 8 missense (seven point mutations, one 9-bp deletion), 6 nonsense (three point mutations, three single bp deletions/frameshift) and one 10-bp insertion, creating an expanded repeat in the 5' noncoding region of exon 1. Thus, mutations have been identified in a total of 24 of 26 (92%) of the kindreds we have studied to date. With the exception of two different mutations, each found in two apparently unrelated kindreds, these mutations are unique and expand the genotype database. Localization of the majority of point mutations at or near cysteine residues, potentially critical in protein tertiary structure, supports a previous protein model for norrin as member of a cystine knot growth factor family (Meitinger et al., 1993). Genotype-phenotype correlations were not evident with the limited clinical data available, except in the cases of larger submicroscopic deletions associated with a more severe neurologic syndrome.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Schuback
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital East, Boston 02129, USA
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43
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Abstract
There has been remarkable progress in the identification of mutations in genes that cause inherited neurological disorders. Abnormalities in the genes for Huntington disease, neurofibromatosis types 1 and 2, one form of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, fragile X syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, Kennedy syndrome, Menkes disease, and several forms of retinitis pigmentosa have been elucidated. Rare disorders of neuronal migration such as Kallmann syndrome, Miller-Dieker syndrome, and Norrie disease have been shown to be due to specific gene defects. Several muscle disorders characterized by abnormal membrane excitability have been defined as mutations of the muscle sodium or chloride channels. These advances provide opportunity for accurate molecular diagnosis of at-risk individuals and are the harbinger of new approaches to therapy of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Martin
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, 94143-0402
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44
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Brunner HG, Nelen M, Breakefield XO, Ropers HH, van Oost BA. Abnormal behavior associated with a point mutation in the structural gene for monoamine oxidase A. Science 1993; 262:578-80. [PMID: 8211186 DOI: 10.1126/science.8211186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 869] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Genetic and metabolic studies have been done on a large kindred in which several males are affected by a syndrome of borderline mental retardation and abnormal behavior. The types of behavior that occurred include impulsive aggression, arson, attempted rape, and exhibitionism. Analysis of 24-hour urine samples indicated markedly disturbed monoamine metabolism. This syndrome was associated with a complete and selective deficiency of enzymatic activity of monoamine oxidase A (MAOA). In each of five affected males, a point mutation was identified in the eighth exon of the MAOA structural gene, which changes a glutamine to a termination codon. Thus, isolated complete MAOA deficiency in this family is associated with a recognizable behavioral phenotype that includes disturbed regulation of impulsive aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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45
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Shastry BS. Recent developments in certain X-linked genetic eye disorders. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1182:119-27. [PMID: 8357842 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4439(93)90131-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, genetic diseases of the ocular system have become very active and fast-growing research areas in the vision field. The rapid development of the recombinant DNA techniques together with somatic cell genetics, during the last two decades has fueled this progress. As a result, many genetic disease genes have been localized in the human chromosome and several of them have been isolated and characterized. These and other studies have profoundly enriched our basic understanding of genetic eye disorders. Although gene replacement therapy, prenatal diagnosis and carrier detection have not been extensively tried for genetic eye diseases, such attempts will now be feasible. Molecular analyses made it clear that there are many challenging problems that need attention. This report highlights some of these initial developments, particularly on the X-linked major genetic eye diseases. In order to help the beginners and general audience, a brief description of the clinical pathology and the molecular probes used to locate the genetic defects of certain disorders are presented. Disorders are arranged according to their linkage from telomere to telomere on the chromosome to give a coherent structure. It is hoped that this information is useful and of general interest for the beginners, established investigators and ophthalmologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Shastry
- Eye Research Institute of Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309-4401
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46
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Tommerup N. Mendelian cytogenetics. Chromosome rearrangements associated with mendelian disorders. J Med Genet 1993; 30:713-27. [PMID: 8411066 PMCID: PMC1016528 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.30.9.713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Tommerup
- Danish Centre for Human Genome Research, John F Kennedy Institute, Glostrup, Denmark
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47
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Pettenati MJ, Rao PN, Weaver RG, Thomas IT, McMahan MR. Inversion (X)(p11.4q22) associated with Norrie disease in a four generation family. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1993; 45:577-80. [PMID: 8456827 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320450511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We report on a 4-generation family in which Norrie disease occurs together with a pericentric inversion of the X chromosome in all affected males and carrier females. The breakpoint in the short arm of the X chromosome appears to be at the purported location of the Norrie disease gene. This is the second report of an association between Norrie disease and a chromosome aberration involving Xp11, and the first report of a specific gene disruption, thus physical gene location, due to a pericentric chromosome inversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Pettenati
- Department of Pediatrics, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
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48
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Abstract
The term biogenic amine is an umbrella term that encompasses all amines with an origin in biological processes. This review will be restricted to the biogenic amine abnormalities that affect the metabolism of serotonin and the catecholamines. The synthesis and catabolism of these neurotransmitters are outlined, and a summary is given of the neurological details, biochemical features, and treatment of the inborn errors that primarily affect their metabolism. An idea is also developed that proposes that abnormalities of biogenic amine metabolism are far more common than is currently considered, and that the search for these problems may be appropriate in any neonate or infant who presents with neurological problems of unknown origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hyland
- Metabolic Disease Center, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75226
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49
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Wolff G, Mayerová A, Wienker TF, Atalianis P, Ioannou P, Warburg M. Clinical reinvestigation and linkage analysis in the family with Episkopi blindness (Norrie disease). J Med Genet 1992; 29:816-9. [PMID: 1453434 PMCID: PMC1016179 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.29.11.816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We present the results of a clinical and genetic reinvestigation of the Cypriot family affected by an X chromosomally inherited eye disease originally published by Taylor et al, who coined the term Episkopi blindness. The pedigree was extended to 160 members, including 16 affected males out of 48 males at risk for the disease, most of whom were seen by one of us (PA). Affected males are blind with no associated symptoms and apparently are not mentally retarded. Thirty-nine family members agreed to blood sampling for genetic investigations. RFLP analysis was performed using probes from the region known to be deleted in some Norrie patients and polymorphic markers (DXS77, DXS7, MAOA, DXS255) from the proximal short arm of the X chromosome. There was no deletion for any of the probes in the affected males. Linkage analysis yielded positive lod scores for all informative markers (Z (DXS255, theta = 0) = 6.54, Z (MAOA, theta = 0) = 2.23, Z (DXS7, theta = 0) = 2.13). Thus, the conclusion that Episkopi blindness and Norrie disease (NDP, MIM *310600) are the same entity based on clinical evidence is now reinforced by gene mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wolff
- Institut für Humangenetik, Freiburg, Germany
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50
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Chen ZY, Powell JF, Hsu YP, Breakefield XO, Craig IW. Organization of the human monoamine oxidase genes and long-range physical mapping around them. Genomics 1992; 14:75-82. [PMID: 1427833 DOI: 10.1016/s0888-7543(05)80286-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A 265-kb yeast artificial chromosome containing sequences for human monoamine oxidase A and B (MAO-A and MAO-B) genes has been characterized. These two genes are localized within a region of about 240 kb and are arranged in a tail-to-tail configuration, with the 3' coding sequences separated by about 50 kb. A region about 2.5 Mb around the MAO loci was mapped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Comparisons between the restriction maps derived from the YAC and the long-range map derived from genomic digestions were in general agreement. The important features identified include a CpG island at the 5' end of the MAO-A and MAO-B genes, respectively. The combined information supports the order of markers within this region to be DXS77-DXS7-MAOA-MAOB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Y Chen
- Genetics Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Oxford, United Kingdom
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