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Singh K, Lall M, Agarwal S, D Puri R. Translocation t(X;Y) characterized by chromosomal microarray and FISH in a phenotypic male with Microphthalmia and linear skin defects. Clin Dysmorphol 2024; 33:50-54. [PMID: 38038053 DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0000000000000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Singh
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, India
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Fedder J, Fagerberg C, Jørgensen MW, Gravholt CH, Berglund A, Knudsen UB, Skakkebæk A. Complete or partial loss of the Y chromosome in an unselected cohort of 865 non-vasectomized, azoospermic men. Basic Clin Androl 2023; 33:37. [PMID: 38093178 PMCID: PMC10720143 DOI: 10.1186/s12610-023-00212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Structural abnormalities as well as minor variations of the Y chromosome may cause disorders of sex differentiation or, more frequently, azoospermia. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of loss of Y chromosome material within the spectrum ranging from small microdeletions in the azoospermia factor region (AZF) to complete loss of the Y chromosome in azoospermic men. RESULTS Eleven of 865 azoospermic men (1.3%) collected from 1997 to 2022 were found to have a karyotype including a 45,X cell line. Two had a pure 45,X karyotype and nine had a 45,X/46,XY mosaic karyotype. The AZF region, or part of it, was deleted in eight of the nine men with a structural abnormal Y-chromosome. Seven men had a karyotype with a structural abnormal Y chromosome in a non-mosaic form. In addition, Y chromosome microdeletions were found in 34 men with a structural normal Y chromosome. No congenital malformations were detected by echocardiography and ultrasonography of the kidneys of the 11 men with a 45,X mosaic or non-mosaic cell line. CONCLUSIONS In men with azoospermia, Y chromosome loss ranging from small microdeletions to complete loss of the Y chromosome was found in 6.1% (53/865). Partial AZFb microdeletions may give a milder testicular phenotype compared to complete AZFb microdeletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fedder
- Centre of Andrology & Fertility Clinic, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 23, DK-5000, Odense, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
- Fertility Clinic, Horsens Hospital, Horsens, Denmark.
| | - C Fagerberg
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - M W Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - C H Gravholt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - A Berglund
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - U B Knudsen
- Fertility Clinic, Horsens Hospital, Horsens, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - A Skakkebæk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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3
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Liu S, Zheng J, Liu X, Lai Y, Zhang X, He T, Yang Y, Wang H, Zhang X. Comprehensive analysis of three female patients with different types of X/Y translocations and literature review. Mol Cytogenet 2023; 16:7. [PMID: 37202823 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-023-00639-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND X/Y translocations are highly heterogeneity in terms of clinical genetic effects, and most patients lack complete pedigree analysis for clinical and genetic characterization. RESULTS This study comprehensively analyzed the clinical and genetic characteristics of three new patients with X/Y translocations. Furthermore, cases with X/Y translocations reported in the literature and studies exploring the clinical genetic effects in patients with X/Y translocations were reviewed. All three female patients were carriers of X/Y translocations with different phenotypes. The karyotype for patient 1 was 46,X,der(X)t(X;Y)(p22.33;q12)mat, patient 2 was 46,X,der(X)t(X;Y)(q21.2;q11.2)dn, and patient 3 was 46,X,der(X)t(X;Y)(q28;q11.223)t(Y;Y)(q12;q11.223)mat. C-banding analysis of all three patients revealed a large heterochromatin region in the terminal region of the X chromosome. All patients underwent chromosomal microarray analysis, which revealed the precise copy number loss or gain. Data on 128 patients with X/Y translocations were retrieved from 81 studies; the phenotype of these patients was related to the breakpoint of the chromosome, size of the deleted region, and their sex. We reclassified the X/Y translocations into new types based on the breakpoints of the X and Y chromosomes. CONCLUSION X/Y translocations have substantial phenotypic diversity, and the genetic classification standards are not unified. With the development of molecular cytogenetics, it is necessary to combine multiple genetic methods to obtain an accurate and reasonable classification. Thus, clarifying their genetic causes and effects promptly will help in genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis, preimplantation genetic testing, and improvement in clinical treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanquan Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics & Prenatal Diagnosis Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No.20, South Section 3, Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children(Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiemei Zheng
- Department of Medical Genetics & Prenatal Diagnosis Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No.20, South Section 3, Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children(Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Xijing Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics & Prenatal Diagnosis Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No.20, South Section 3, Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children(Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Lai
- Department of Medical Genetics & Prenatal Diagnosis Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No.20, South Section 3, Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children(Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics & Prenatal Diagnosis Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No.20, South Section 3, Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children(Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Tiantian He
- Department of Medical Genetics & Prenatal Diagnosis Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No.20, South Section 3, Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children(Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics & Prenatal Diagnosis Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No.20, South Section 3, Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children(Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - He Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics & Prenatal Diagnosis Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No.20, South Section 3, Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children(Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics & Prenatal Diagnosis Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No.20, South Section 3, Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children(Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China.
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4
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Reimers R, High F, Kremen J, Wilkins-Haug L. Prenatal diagnosis of sex chromosome aneuploidy-What do we tell the prospective parents? Prenat Diagn 2023; 43:250-260. [PMID: 36316966 DOI: 10.1002/pd.6256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Sex chromosome aneuploidy (SCA) can be detected on prenatal diagnostic testing and cell free DNA screening (cfDNA). High risk cfDNA results should be confirmed with diagnostic testing. This summary article serves as an update for prenatal providers and assimilates data from neurodevelopmental, epidemiologic, and registry studies on the most common SCA. This information can be helpful for counseling after prenatal diagnosis of sex chromosome aneuploidy. Incidence estimates may be influenced by ascertainment bias and this article is not a substitute for interdisciplinary consultation and counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Reimers
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Frances High
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica Kremen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Maternal-Fetal Care Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Louise Wilkins-Haug
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Maternal-Fetal Care Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Chen CP, Chern SR, Chen SW, Wu FT, Lee CC, Chen WL, Chen YY, Wang W. Detection of mosaicism for 46,X,i(Y) (q10) in the blood lymphocytes in a phenotypically normal male neonate with prenatally detected 45,X/46, XY at amniocentesis and cytogenetic discrepancy in various tissues. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 61:873-875. [PMID: 36088059 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present detection of mosaicism for 46,X,i(Y) (q10) in the blood lymphocytes in a phenotypically normal male neonate with prenatally detected 45,X/46, XY at amniocentesis and cytogenetic discrepancy in various tissues. CASE REPORT A 35-year-old, gravida 2, para 1, woman underwent amniocentesis at 17 weeks of gestation because of advanced maternal age. Amniocentesis revealed a karyotype of 45,X [8]/46,XY [15]. Simultaneous array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) on uncultured amniocytes revealed the result of arr (Y) × 0-1 with 25.493-Mb mosaic deletion of chromosome Yp11.31-q11.23. Prenatal ultrasound findings were unremarkable. The fetus had normal male external genitalia on fetal ultrasound. Following genetic counseling, the pregnancy was carried to 38 weeks of gestation, and a phenotypically normal male baby was delivered without any abnormalities of the male external genitalia. The cord blood had a karyotypes of 46,X,i(Y) (q10)[8]/45,X[3]/46,XY [29], and placenta had a karyotypes of 45,X [25]/46,X,i(Y) (q10)[7]/46,XY [8]. When follow-up at age two months, the neonate was normal in development. The peripheral blood had a karyotypes of 46,X,i(Y) (q10)[8]/45,X[5]/46,XY [27]. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis on 101 buccal mucosal cells showed normal X and Y signals in 101/101 cells. CONCLUSION Fetuses with 45,X/46, XY at amniocentesis can be associated with mosaicism for 46,X,i(Y) (q10) in the blood lymphocytes, cytogenetic discrepancy in various tissues and a favorable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical and Community Health Nursing, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Schu-Rern Chern
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Wen Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Tzu Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chi Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Lin Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Yi Chen
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wayseen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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He Y, Guo L, Zheng L, Ren C, Wang T, Lu J. Clinical and molecular cytogenetic findings and pregnancy outcomes of fetuses with isochromosome Y. Mol Cytogenet 2022; 15:32. [PMID: 35927742 PMCID: PMC9351221 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-022-00611-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mosaic forms and clinical phenotypes of fetuses with isochromosome Y are difficult to predict. Therefore, we summarized the cases of nine fetuses with isochromosome Y identified in prenatal diagnosis with a combination of molecular cytogenetic techniques, providing clinical evidence for prenatal genetic counseling. METHODS The prenatal diagnosis and pregnancy outcomes of nine fetuses with isochromosome Y were obtained by a retrospective analysis. Isochromosome Y was identified prenatally by different approaches, such as conventional karyotyping, chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA), quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (QF-PCR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). RESULTS Seven idic(Y) fetuses and two i(Y) fetuses were identified. One fetus was complete for i(Y)(p10), and the rest with 45,X had mosaic forms. A break and fusion locus was identified in Yp11.3 in one fetus, in Yq11.22 in six fetuses and in Yp10 in two fetuses. The CMA results suggested that different deletions and duplications were found on the Y chromosome. The deletion fragments ranged from 4.7 Mb to the entire Y chromosome, and the duplication fragments ranged from 10.4 to 18.0 Mb. QF-PCR analysis suggested that the AZF region was intact in one fetus, four fetuses had AZFb+c+d deletion, one fetus had AZFa+b+c+d deletion, and one fetus had AZFc+d deletion. Finally, four healthy male neonates were delivered successfully, but the parents of the remaining five fetuses, including three healthy and two unhealthy fetuses, chose to terminate their pregnancies. CONCLUSION The fetus and neonate phenotype of prenatally detected isochromosome Y usually is that of a normally developed male, ascertained in the absence of other indicators of a fetal structural anomaly. Our study provides clinical reference materials for risk assessment and permits better prenatally counseling and preparation of parents facing the birth of isochromosome Y fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun He
- Prenatal Diagnosis Centre, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, 521-523 Xingnan Road, Guangzhou, 511442, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Guo
- Prenatal Diagnosis Centre, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, 521-523 Xingnan Road, Guangzhou, 511442, Guangdong, China
| | - Laiping Zheng
- Prenatal Diagnosis Centre, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, 521-523 Xingnan Road, Guangzhou, 511442, Guangdong, China
| | - Congmian Ren
- Prenatal Diagnosis Centre, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, 521-523 Xingnan Road, Guangzhou, 511442, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Centre, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, 521-523 Xingnan Road, Guangzhou, 511442, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Prenatal Diagnosis Centre, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, 521-523 Xingnan Road, Guangzhou, 511442, Guangdong, China.
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Chen CP, Chern SR, Wu PS, Chen SW, Wu FT, Lee CC, Pan CW, Chen YY, Wang W. High-level mosaicism for 45,X in 45,X/46, XY at amniocentesis in a pregnancy with a favorable fetal outcome and cytogenetic discrepancy in various tissues. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 61:695-699. [PMID: 35779924 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present prenatal diagnosis of high-level mosaicism for 45,X by amniocentesis in a pregnancy with a favorable fetal outcome. CASE REPORT A 35-year-old, gravida 2, para 1, woman underwent amniocentesis at 17 weeks of gestation because of advanced maternal age. Amniocentesis revealed a karyotype of 45,X[13]/46,XY[11]. Simultaneous array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) on uncultured amniocytes revealed the result of Yp11.3q11.21 × 0-1 [0.1], Yq11.21q11.23 × 0-1 [0.6]. At 19 weeks of gestation, she underwent the second amniocentesis which revealed a karyotype of 45,X[13]/46,XY[12], and aCGH and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) on uncultured amniocytes showed 37% mosaicism for Y-deleted cells. At 28 weeks of gestation, she underwent the third amniocentesis which revealed a karyotype of 45,X[25]/46,XY[25], and aCGH on uncultured amniocytes revealed the result of Yq11.21q11.23 × 0.5, Yq11.23q12 × 0.7. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis on uncultured amniocytes revealed that 16.67% (20/120 cells) were Y-deleted cells. The parental karyortypes and prenatal ultrasound were normal. At 37 weeks of gestation, a 2707-g phenotypically normal male baby was delivered with normal male external genitalia. The karyotypes of cord blood, umbilical cord and placenta were 45,X[25]/46,XY[15], 45,X[18]/46,XY[22] and 45,X[25]/46,XY[15], respectively. When follow-up at age five months, the neonate was normal in external genitalia and physical development. The peripheral blood had a karyotype of 45,X[29]/46,XY[11], and FISH analysis on 100 buccal mucosal cells showed no abnormal signals. When follow-up at age 11 months, the neonate was physically normal, and the peripheral blood had a karyotype of 45,X[17]/46,XY[23]. CONCLUSION High-level mosaicism for 45,X in 45,X/46, XY at amniocentesis can be associated with a favorable fetal outcome despite the presence of cytogenetic discrepancy in various tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical and Community Health Nursing, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Schu-Rern Chern
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Shin-Wen Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Tzu Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chi Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Wen Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Yi Chen
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wayseen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chen CP, Chern SR, Chen SW, Wu FT, Lee CC, Chen LF, Chen YY, Wang W. High-level mosaicism for 45,X in 45,X/46,X,idic(Y)(q11.2) at amniocentesis in a pregnancy with a favorable outcome and postnatal progressive decrease of the 45,X cell line. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 61:528-531. [PMID: 35595452 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2022.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present prenatal diagnosis of high-level mosaicism for 45,X in 45,X/46,X,idic(Y)(q11.2) at amniocentesis in a pregnancy with a favorable outcome and postnatal progressive decrease of the 45,X cell line. CASE REPORT A 36-year-old, gravida 4, para 3, woman underwent amniocentesis at 17 weeks of gestation because of advanced maternal age. Amniocentesis revealed a karyotype of 45,X[22]/46,X,idic(Y)(q11.2)[4]. Prenatal ultrasound was unremarkable, and the fetus had normal male external genitalia. Repeat amniocentesis was performed at 20 weeks of gestation, and the second amniocentesis revealed a karyotype of 45,X[24]/46,X,idic(Y)(q11.2)[3]. Simultaneous interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis on uncultured amniocytes revealed that 60% (62/103 cells) were Y-deleted cells. After genetic counseling, the parents decided to continue the pregnancy, and a 3020-g male baby was delivered with a body length of 52 cm, normal male genital organs and no phenotypic abnormalities. The karyotypes of cord blood, umbilical cord and placenta were 45,X[20]/46,X,idic(Y)(q11.2)[20], 45,X[31]/46,X,idic(Y)(q11.2)[9] and 45,X[40], respectively. At age one month, FISH analysis on urinary cells and buccal mucosal cells revealed 11.5% (7/61 cells) and 13.6% (16/118 cells), respectively for mosaicism for the Y-deleted cells. At age five month, the karyotype of peripheral blood was 45,X[9]/46,X,idic(Y)(q11.2)[31]. FISH analysis on buccal mucosal cells showed no abnormal Y-deleted cell (0/101 cells). At age 11 month, the karyotype of peripheral blood was 45,X[5]/46,X,idic(Y)(q11.2)[35]. FISH analysis on 102 buccal mucosal cells showed no abnormal signals. The infant was doing well with normal physical and psychomotor development. CONCLUSION High-level mosaicism for 45,X in 45,X/46,X,idic(Y)(q11.2) at amniocentesis can be associated with a favorable outcome and progressive decrease of the 45,X cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical and Community Health Nursing, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Schu-Rern Chern
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Wen Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Tzu Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chi Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Feng Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Yi Chen
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wayseen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chen CP, Wu CY, Chern SR, Chen SW, Wu FT, Lee CC, Chen YY, Chen LF, Wang W. Perinatal cytogenetic discrepancy in a pregnancy with mosaic 45,X/46, XY at amniocentesis and a favorable outcome. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 61:525-527. [PMID: 35595451 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2022.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present perinatal cytogenetic discrepancy in a pregnancy with mosaic 45,X/46, XY at amniocentesis and a favorable outcome. CASE REPORT A 38-year-old, primigravid woman underwent amniocentesis at 17 weeks of gestation because of advanced maternal age. Amniocentesis revealed a karyotype of 45,X[2]/46,XY[6]. Level II ultrasound at 20 weeks of gestation was unremarkable, and the fetus had normal male external genitalia. Following genetic counseling, the woman decided to continue the pregnancy. At 39 weeks of gestation, a healthy male baby was delivered with a body weight of 3410 g and a body length of 54.5 cm. The male external genital organs were normal. The cord blood had a karyotype of 46, XY (40/40 cells). The umbilical cord had a karyotype of 45,X[1]/46,XY[39]. During follow-up at age one month, his body weight was 4.4 Kg (15th-50th centile), and his body length was 56 cm (50th-85th centile). The infant was doing well. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis on 100 buccal mucosal cells revealed no abnormal Y-deletion cell, and all cells contained one Y signal. CONCLUSION Perinatal cytogenetic discrepancy may occur in the pregnancy with mosaic 45,X/46, XY at amniocentesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical and Community Health Nursing, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Yun Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Schu-Rern Chern
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Wen Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Tzu Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chi Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Yi Chen
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Feng Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wayseen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Qin S, Wang X, Wang J, Zhang Z, Chen X, Yin Y, Ye M, Li-Ling J. Verification of a cryptic t(Y;15) translocation in a male with an apparent 45,X karyotype. Mol Cytogenet 2022; 15:3. [PMID: 35164811 PMCID: PMC8842983 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-022-00581-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
A rare disease is that an individual with a non-chimeric karyotype of 45,X develops into a male. We explored the genetic aetiology of an infertile male with an apparent 45,X karyotype, which was subsequently verified as cryptic translocation between chromosomes Y and 15.
Methods
DNA was extracted from the patient's peripheral blood. A range of genetic testing was performed, including conventional chromosomal karyotyping, short tandem repeat (STR) analysis for azoospermia factor (AZF) region, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with specific probes groups of DXZ1/DYZ3, DYZ3/D15Z1/PML and SRY/D15Z1/PML, and chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) for genomic copy number variations (CNVs).
Results
The patient was found to have an apparent 45,X karyotype. STR analysis showed that he possessed a short arm of the Y chromosome, including the SRY gene; however, he was missing the long arm of the Y chromosome, including AZFa + b + c and Yqter. A FISH assay of DXZ1 and DYZ3 probes showed a green signal of the X centromere and a red of the Y centromeric signal on a D-group-sized chromosome. By FISH assaying with D15Z1 and DYZ3 probes, chromosomes 15 and Y centromeric signals appeared closely on a single chromosome, as the PML control probe ascertained. A further FISH assay with D15Z1 and SRY probes revealed a signal of the SRY gene at the end of one arm of chromosome 15. The result of the CMA indicated a deletion with an approximate size of 45.31 Mb spanning from Yq11 to Yter.
Conclusion
Our study enriched the karyotype-phenotype correlation of Y and 15 chromosomes translocation. It strengthened the critical roles of molecular genetic techniques in identifying the chromosomal breakpoints and regions involved. Genetic aetiology can guide early intervention in childhood and assisted reproduction in adulthood.
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Kehinde TA, Bhatia A, Olarewaju B, Shoaib MZ, Mousa J, Osundiji MA. Syndromic obesity with neurodevelopmental delay: Opportunities for targeted interventions. Eur J Med Genet 2022; 65:104443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Molecular Cytogenetic and Y Copy Number Analysis of a Reciprocal ECAY-ECA13 Translocation in a Stallion with Complete Meiotic Arrest. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121892. [PMID: 34946841 PMCID: PMC8701272 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a detailed molecular cytogenetic analysis of a reciprocal translocation between horse (ECA) chromosomes Y and 13 in a Friesian stallion with complete meiotic arrest and azoospermia. We use dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization with select ECAY and ECA13 markers and show that the translocation breakpoint in ECAY is in the multicopy region and in ECA13, at the centromere. One resulting derivative chromosome, Y;13p, comprises of ECAY heterochromatin (ETSTY7 array), a small single copy and partial Y multicopy region, and ECA13p. Another derivative chromosome 13q;Y comprises of ECA13q and most of the single copy ECAY, the pseudoautosomal region and a small part of the Y multicopy region. A copy number (CN) analysis of select ECAY multicopy genes shows that the Friesian stallion has significantly (p < 0.05) reduced CNs of TSPY, ETSTY1, and ETSTY5, suggesting that the translocation may not be completely balanced, and genetic material is lost. We discuss likely meiotic behavior of abnormal chromosomes and theorize about the possible effect of the aberration on Y regulation and the progression of meiosis. The study adds a unique case to equine clinical cytogenetics and contributes to understanding the role of the Y chromosome in male meiosis.
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Chen CP, Wang PT, Chern SR, Wu PS, Chen SW, Wu FT, Chen YY, Lee CC, Town DD, Wang W. Prenatal diagnosis of a familial Y long-arm and chromosome 15 short-arm translocation inherited from a mother carrier. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 60:781-783. [PMID: 34247826 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2021.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present prenatal diagnosis of a familial Y long-arm and chromosome 15 short-arm translocation inherited from a mother carrier. CASE REPORT A 34-year-old primigravid woman underwent amniocentesis at 20 weeks of gestation because of advanced maternal age. Amniocentesis revealed a derived chromosome 15 or 15p+ with an additional material on the short arm of chromosome 15. Cytogenetic analysis of the parents revealed that the phenotypically normal mother carried the same 15p+ variant, and the father had a karyotype of 46,XY. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis on the DNA extracted from cultured amniocytes revealed no genomic imbalance. Polymorphic DNA marker analysis using the DNAs extracted from cultured amniocytes and parental bloods excluded uniparental disomy (UPD) 15. C-banded preparations and metaphase fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis using a Yq12-specific probe showed a positive stain on the 15p+, indicating the origin of Yq on the short arm of the derivative chromosome 15. The karyotype of amniocentesis was 46,XX,der(15)t(Y;15)(q12;p13)mat. The mother had a karyotype of 46,XX,der(15) t(Y;15)(q12;p13). At 39 weeks of gestation, a 3006-g healthy female baby was delivered with no phenotypic abnormality. During follow-up at age six months, she manifested normal physical and psychomotor development. CONCLUSION Prenatal diagnosis of a 15p+ variant should include a differential diagnosis of genomic imbalance and UPD 15, and aCGH and polymorphic DNA marker analyses are useful under such a circumstance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical and Community Health Nursing, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Pu-Tsui Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Schu-Rern Chern
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Shin-Wen Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Tzu Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Yi Chen
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chi Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dai-Dyi Town
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wayseen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Structural and numerical Y chromosomal variations in elderly men identified through multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. J Hum Genet 2021; 66:1181-1184. [PMID: 34108640 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-021-00943-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Human Y chromosomes frequently acquire structural and numerical alterations. Known alterations include germline copy-number variations (CNVs) in the azoospermia factor (AZF) region and somatic mosaic loss of the Y chromosome (mLOY). Here, we explored Y chromosomal variations in 160 Japanese men aged 75-90 years. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) identified ten types of AZF-linked CNVs in 77 men and mLOY of various degrees in 37. Seventeen men carried both a CNV and mLOY. MLOY levels estimated by MLPA were closely correlated with those determined by droplet digital PCR. No association was found between AZF-linked CNVs and the frequency or levels of mLOY. These results emphasize the high frequency and large inter-individual variability of AZF-linked CNVs and mLOY, and demonstrate the usefulness of MLPA in the detection of these variations. More importantly, this study provides the first evidence that AZF-linked CNVs do not increase the risk of aging-related mLOY.
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Ravirajendran S, Palaniyandi V, Arora A, Ramanan V, Kumaresan N. Mullerian remnants presenting as a pelvic cyst in a young adult with 45X0/46XY mixed gonadal dysgenesis. Urol Ann 2021; 13:76-79. [PMID: 33897170 PMCID: PMC8052911 DOI: 10.4103/ua.ua_91_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 22-year-old known case of 45XO/46XY mixed gonadal dysgenesis, reared as a male, presented with complaints of suprapubic and left iliac fossa pain for the past 1 month. The patient underwent laparoscopic right orchidectomy (streak) + Mullerian remnant excision + left orchidopexy + first-stage hypospadias repair 10 years back. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed a large complex cyst in the left side of the pelvis and rectovesical space. Excision of the cystic structure was done along with left orchidectomy. Histopathological examination revealed features of Mullerian remnants (endometrial glands and cervix) in the cystic structure. The importance of this case report is to emphasize the fact that the Mullerian remnants tend to enlarge in size over time and become symptomatic and may require a surgical removal at a later date as in our case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Ravirajendran
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Velmurugan Palaniyandi
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anuj Arora
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkat Ramanan
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natarajan Kumaresan
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abstract
Infertility affects approximately 15% of couples. With infertility such a common problem in a generally healthy age group, complete evaluation is needed of both men and women. Infertility work up for men includes a semen analysis, the results of which suggest various supplemental studies, including karyotype. Karyotype is indicated when a patient has findings on history or physical exam concerning for chromosomal abnormalities, azoospermia, or severe oligospermia (count <5 million/mL). The most common chromosomal numerical abnormality found on karyotype is Klinefelter syndrome which is classified as redundant sex chromosomes, with the most common chromosomal arrangement being 47, XXY. If a patient is found to have a chromosomal abnormality such as Klinefelter’s, there is still a chance of fertility using testicular sperm extraction and in-vitro fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin D Stormont
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Christopher M Deibert
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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17
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Xie SY, Tao DC, Yang Y. Mosaic isodicentric Y chromosome harboring intact AZF region in a cryptozoospermic male with normal hormone levels. Asian J Androl 2021; 23:437-438. [PMID: 33106464 PMCID: PMC8269828 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_64_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yu Xie
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Da-Chang Tao
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Lüthgens K, Grati FR, Sinzel M, Häbig K, Kagan KO. Confirmation rate of cell free DNA screening for sex chromosomal abnormalities according to the method of confirmatory testing. Prenat Diagn 2020; 41:1258-1263. [PMID: 32804406 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the positive predictive value (PPV) of cfDNA screening for sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCA) in a large series of over 90 000 patients. METHODS Retrospective study based on samples that were sent to Cenata, a private laboratory which uses the Harmony Prenatal Test. The SCA high-risk results were stratified according to the method of diagnostic testing and according to karyotype result. RESULTS The study population consisted of 144 cases. The CfDNA test indicated monosomy X, XXX, XXY, and XYY in 62, 37, 40, and 5 cases, respectively. The overall PPV was 38.9% (30.9-47.4), 29.0% (18.2-42.9) for monosomy X, 29.7% (15.9-47.9) for 47,XXX, 57.5% (40.9-73.0) for 47,XXY, and 80.0% (28.4-99.5) for 47,XYY). A total of 112 (77.8%) women with a high-risk result for SCAs opted for prenatal karyotyping. In this group, there were significant differences in the PPV if the karyotype was assessed by amniocentesis or by CVS: 29.5% vs 50.0%. This significant difference was driven by the monosomy X result which shows a significantly higher PPV in CVS (54.6% (23.4-83.3) vs 17.1% (6.6-33.6)). For the other SCAs, the differences were not significant. CONCLUSION PPV of an abnormal cfDNA test for SCAs is low, particularly for monosomy X. The confirmation rate depends on the type of confirmatory test.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Romana Grati
- Research and Development, Cytogenetics and Medical Genetics Unit, TOMA Advanced Biomedical Assays S.p.A., Impact Lab Group, Busto Arsizio, Italy
| | | | | | - Karl Oliver Kagan
- Department of Women's Health, University Women's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
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Nonmosaic Isodicentric Y Chromosome: A Rare Cause of Azoospermia- From Genetics to Clinical Practice. Case Rep Endocrinol 2020; 2020:8828740. [PMID: 32774944 PMCID: PMC7399736 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8828740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Azoospermia is diagnosed when no spermatozoa can be detected after centrifugation of seminal fluid on at least two separate occasions. A number of genetic disorders can be related to nonobstructive azoospermia, and in up to 15% of azoospermic males, a genetic disorder is diagnosed. A 36-year-old male with nonobstructive azoospermia was referred to our department of diabetes and endocrinology due to an aberrant testicular biopsy. The biopsy showed a disrupted spermatogenesis with a maturation arrest at the spermatocyte level in most tubuli seminiferi while others showed a Sertoli cell-only syndrome. Screening for Y chromosome microdeletions on peripheral blood using molecular analysis detected a terminal deletion of AZFbc. The result of karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) described an isodicentric Y chromosome with karyotype 46,X,idic(Y)(q11.22). Based on this case and the current available literature, we conclude that performing a testicular biopsy in patients with a nonmosaic idic(Y)(q) is not meaningful and that the prognosis on infertility is poor. Biological fatherhood is extremely unlikely in these patients, and proper counselling should be provided.
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20
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Deng S, Zhang H, Liu X, Yue F, Jiang Y, Li S, Liu R, Xi Q. Cytogenetic and molecular detection of a rare unbalanced Y;3 translocation in an infertile male: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20863. [PMID: 32590788 PMCID: PMC7328960 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The infertile male individuals carrying the Y-autosome translocations are seldom reported in clinic. Herein, we described a severe oligozoospermic male with rare unbalanced Y;3 translocation transmitted through 3 generations. PATIENT CONCERNS A 33-year-old Chinese male was referred for infertility consultation in our center after 10 years' primary infertility. He was diagnosed as severe oligozoospermia according to the semen analysis. DIAGNOSIS G-banding analysis initially described the karyotype as 46, XY, add (3) (p26) for the patient, and his wife's karyotype was 46, XX. The chromosomal microarray analysis identified 3.81Mb and 0.29Mb duplications in Yq11.223q11.23 and Yq12, separately. No deletions were detected in azoospermia factors (AZF)a, AZFb and AZFc. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis further confirmed the existence of sex-determining region Y gene and verified that Yq12 was translocated to the terminal short arm of chromosome 3(3p26). INTERVENTIONS The couple chose intracytoplasmic sperm injection to get their offspring. The wife underwent amniocentesis for cytogenetic analysis but suffered termination of pregnancy due to premature rupture of membranes. OUTCOMES The karyotype of the patient was finally described as 46, X, der(3)t(Y;3)(q11.22;p26). His father and the aborted fetus showed the same karyotypes as the patient. CONCLUSION Our study not only enriched the karyotype-phenotype correlation of Y-autosome translocation, but also strengthened the critical roles of molecular genetic techniques in identifying the chromosomal breakpoints and regions involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Deng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongguo Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangyin Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fagui Yue
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuting Jiang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shibo Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Ruizhi Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qi Xi
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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21
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Takahashi K, Sato T, Nishiyama M, Sasaki A, Taniguchi K, Migita O, Wada S, Hata K, Sago H. Monochorionic diamniotic twins of discordant external genitalia with 45,X/46,XY mosaicism. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1382. [PMID: 32583967 PMCID: PMC7503087 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Monozygotic twins with 45,X/46,XY mosaicism, discordant for phenotypic sex, are extremely rare. Methods This report describes the clinical findings of a rare case of 45,X/46,XY mosaicism in monozygotic twins with different external genitalia. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis, performed by collecting DNA from each umbilical cord, showed identical SNPs in the autosomal chromosomes of both fetuses. Results Chorionic villus sampling of a 37‐year‐old primigravida carrying monozygotic twins revealed a 45,X/46,XY karyotype. Autopsy of the aborted fetuses revealed a penis and testes on one fetus and a vagina, uterus, and ovaries in the other fetus––which also had severe cystic hygroma. Cell counting using fluorescence in situ hybridization with XY probes (XY‐FISH) showed 20% and 80% abundance of 45,X cells in the internal genitalia, liver, heart, lung, adrenal gland, bone marrow, and spine of the male and female fetuses, respectively. Conclusion These results indicated that the fetuses were genetically monozygotic twins and their different degrees of mosaicism may have resulted in different genital phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Takahashi
- Center for Maternal-Fetal-Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taisuke Sato
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Nishiyama
- Center for Maternal-Fetal-Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aiko Sasaki
- Center for Maternal-Fetal-Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Taniguchi
- Center for Maternal-Fetal-Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ohsuke Migita
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Wada
- Center for Maternal-Fetal-Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Hata
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sago
- Center for Maternal-Fetal-Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Dai Y, Li H, Zhang X, Jia M, Gu X. A rare karyotype of nonmosaic isodicentric (Y) (p11.31) with azoospermia and short stature. Andrologia 2020; 52:e13536. [PMID: 32056260 DOI: 10.1111/and.13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome aberration is one of the common causes of male infertility. Isodicentric chromosome is a chromosomal aberration in which two arms of a chromosome are identical in morphology and genetics and connected by two centromeres. We firstly reported a case of infertile male with nonmosaic 46, X, idic (Y) (qter-p11.31::p11.31-qter) but with the sex-determining region Y (SRY). The broken site is the chromosome Y (p11.31). The patients' clinical phenotype was azoospermia and short stature. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), chromosomal microarray comparative genomic hybridisation (array CGH) and related molecular analysis were performed. Azoospermia of this case may be caused by the abnormal chromosome structure, which leads to abnormal chromosome synapsis in spermatogenesis. Loss of genes in PAR1 and gain of genes copies in azoospermia factor (AZF) region on the Y chromosome may also contribute to the pathogenesis of azoospermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwan Dai
- Institute of Reproductive Health/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Institute of Reproductive Health/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Wuhan Tongji Reproductive Medicine Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingzhu Jia
- Wuhan Tongji Reproductive Medicine Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiuli Gu
- Wuhan Tongji Reproductive Medicine Hospital, Wuhan, China
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23
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Guo X, Dai X, Zhou T, Wang H, Ni J, Xue J, Wang X. Mosaic loss of human Y chromosome: what, how and why. Hum Genet 2020; 139:421-446. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02114-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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24
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The Role of Number of Copies, Structure, Behavior and Copy Number Variations (CNV) of the Y Chromosome in Male Infertility. Genes (Basel) 2019; 11:genes11010040. [PMID: 31905733 PMCID: PMC7016774 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines infertility as the inability of a sexually active, non-contracepting couple to achieve spontaneous pregnancy within one year. Statistics show that the two sexes are equally at risk. Several causes may be responsible for male infertility; however, in 30–40% of cases a diagnosis of idiopathic male infertility is made in men with normal urogenital anatomy, no history of familial fertility-related diseases and a normal panel of values as for endocrine, genetic and biochemical markers. Idiopathic male infertility may be the result of gene/environment interactions, genetic and epigenetic abnormalities. Numerical and structural anomalies of the Y chromosome represent a minor yet significant proportion and are the topic discussed in this review. We searched the PubMed database and major search engines for reports about Y-linked male infertility. We present cases of Y-linked male infertility in terms of (i) anomalies of the Y chromosome structure/number; (ii) Y chromosome misbehavior in a normal genetic background; (iii) Y chromosome copy number variations (CNVs). We discuss possible explanations of male infertility caused by mutations, lower or higher number of copies of otherwise wild type, Y-linked sequences. Despite Y chromosome structural anomalies are not a major cause of male infertility, in case of negative results and of normal DNA sequencing of the ascertained genes causing infertility and mapping on this chromosome, we recommend an analysis of the karyotype integrity in all cases of idiopathic fertility impairment, with an emphasis on the structure and number of this chromosome.
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Yang Y, Hao W. Clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular findings of isodicentric Y chromosomes. Mol Cytogenet 2019; 12:55. [PMID: 31890035 PMCID: PMC6935080 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-019-0465-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Isodicentric Y chromosomes [idic(Y)] are one of the most common structural abnormalities of the Y chromosome. The prenatal diagnosis of isodicentric Y chromosomes is of vital importance, and the postnatal phenotypes vary widely. Therefore, we present six patients prenatally diagnosed with isodicentric Y chromosomes and review the literature concerning the genotype-phenotype correlations. Method The clinical materials of six patients were obtained. Cytogenetic and molecular approaches were carried out for these six patients. Results Isodicentric Y chromosomes were found in all sixpatients. Among them, four patients presented with a mosaic 45,X karyotype, one patient had a 46,XY cell line, and one patient was nonmosaic. Five of these six isodicentric Y chromosomes had a breakpoint in Yq11.2, and the other had a breakpoint in Yp11.3. The molecular analysis demonstrated different duplications and deletions of the Y chromosome. Finally, three patients chose to terminate the pregnancy, two patients gave birth to normal-appearing males, and one patient was lost to follow-up. Conclusion The incorporation of multiple cytogenetic and molecular techniques would offer a more comprehensive understanding of this structural chromosomal abnormality for genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Hangzhou Maternity and Child Care Hospital, #369 Kunpeng Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310008 Zhejiang China
| | - Wang Hao
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Hangzhou Maternity and Child Care Hospital, #369 Kunpeng Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310008 Zhejiang China.,2Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
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Jiang Y, Yue F, Wang R, Zhang H, Li L, Li L, Li S, Liu R. Molecular cytogenetic characterization of an isodicentric Yq and a neocentric isochromosome Yp in an azoospermic male. Mol Med Rep 2019; 21:918-926. [PMID: 31974623 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Isodicentric Y chromosomes are considered one of the most common structural abnormalities of the Y chromosome. Neocentric marker chromosomes, with neocentromeres, have drawn increasing attention in recent years. The present study reported an azoospermic male with a neocentric isochromosome Yp, neo(Yp), and an isodicentric Yq, idic(Yq). The karyotype was analyzed using G‑banding, chromosome microarray analysis (CMA), and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with various detection probes, including sex‑determining region on the Y chromosome (SRY) and Y centromeric, applied at the same time. G‑banding initially revealed the karyotype 47,X,i(Y)(q10),+mar. CMA indicated the presence of an extra Y chromosome, seemingly equivalent to 47,XYY males. FISH delineated the existence of two centromeres on the idic(Yq). For the marker chromosome, two SRY signals were detected instead of the Y‑specific centromere signal, and a visual centromere was observed. This indicated the possible existence of a neocentromere in the marker chromosome, located in the connected region in Yp11.2 band. Finally, the patient's karyotype was established as 47,X,idic(Y)(p11.2), neo(Y)(pter→Yp11.2::Yp11.2→pter). The findings suggested that both idic(Yq) and neo(Yp) could be the main causes of the patient's azoospermia, despite the fact that the partial disomy of Ypter to Yp11.2 did not lead to any major malformations. The present study not only improves the understanding of karyotype/phenotype relationships between neocentric marker Y chromosomes and male infertility, but also supports the hypothesis that the combined application of molecular cytogenetic analysis could aid in reliably confirming breakpoints, origins, and the constitution of the marker chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Jiang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Fagui Yue
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Ruixue Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Hongguo Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Leilei Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Shibo Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Ruizhi Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Ljubicic ML, Jørgensen A, Acerini C, Andrade J, Balsamo A, Bertelloni S, Cools M, Cuccaro RT, Darendeliler F, Flück CE, Grinspon RP, Maciel-Guerra A, Guran T, Hannema SE, Lucas-Herald AK, Hiort O, Holterhus PM, Lichiardopol C, Looijenga LHJ, Ortolano R, Riedl S, Ahmed SF, Juul A. Clinical but Not Histological Outcomes in Males With 45,X/46,XY Mosaicism Vary Depending on Reason for Diagnosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:4366-4381. [PMID: 31127831 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-02752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Larger studies on outcomes in males with 45,X/46,XY mosaicism are rare. OBJECTIVE To compare health outcomes in males with 45,X/46,XY diagnosed as a result of either genital abnormalities at birth or nongenital reasons later in life. DESIGN A retrospective, multicenter study. SETTING Sixteen tertiary centers. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Sixty-three males older than 13 years with 45,X/46,XY mosaicism. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Health outcomes, such as genital phenotype, gonadal function, growth, comorbidities, fertility, and gonadal histology, including risk of neoplasia. RESULTS Thirty-five patients were in the genital group and 28 in the nongenital. Eighty percent of all patients experienced spontaneous pubertal onset, significantly more in the nongenital group (P = 0.023). Patients were significantly shorter in the genital group with median adult heights of 156.7 cm and 164.5 cm, respectively (P = 0.016). Twenty-seven percent of patients received recombinant human GH. Forty-four patients had gonadal histology evaluated. Germ cells were detected in 42%. Neoplasia in situ was found in five patients. Twenty-five percent had focal spermatogenesis, and another 25.0% had arrested spermatogenesis. Fourteen out of 17 (82%) with semen analyses were azoospermic; three had motile sperm. CONCLUSION Patients diagnosed as a result of genital abnormalities have poorer health outcomes than those diagnosed as a result of nongenital reasons. Most patients, however, have relatively good endocrine gonadal function, but most are also short statured. Patients have a risk of gonadal neoplasia, and most are azoospermic, but almost one-half of patients has germ cells present histologically and up to one-quarter has focal spermatogenesis, providing hope for fertility treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lindhardt Ljubicic
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Jørgensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carlo Acerini
- Department of Paediatrics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Juliana Andrade
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Genetics, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Balsamo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Rare Endocrine Conditions, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvano Bertelloni
- Dipartimento Materno-Infantile Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Martine Cools
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital Ghent, and Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rieko Tadokoro Cuccaro
- Department of Paediatrics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christa E Flück
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of BioMedical Research, Bern University Children's Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Romina P Grinspon
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) - Fundación de Endocrinología Infantil (FEI) - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Maciel-Guerra
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Genetics, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tulay Guran
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sabine E Hannema
- Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Angela K Lucas-Herald
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Olaf Hiort
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Paul Martin Holterhus
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Corina Lichiardopol
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, University Emergency Hospital, Craiova, Romania
| | - Leendert H J Looijenga
- Laboratory for Experimental Patho-Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, and Princess Maxima Center for Paediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rita Ortolano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Rare Endocrine Conditions, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefan Riedl
- Pediatric Endocrinology, St. Anna Children´s Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Faisal Ahmed
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anders Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Gaudino R, Maines E, Guizzardi F, Vezzoli V, Krausz C, Cavarzere P, Piacentini G, Antoniazzi F, Bonomi M. 45,X/46,X,i(Yp): Importance of Assessment and Support during Puberty and Adolescence. Sex Dev 2019; 13:118-124. [PMID: 31266049 DOI: 10.1159/000501377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The Y-chromosome genes are primarily involved in sex determination, stature control, spermatogenesis, and fertility. Among structural rearrangements of the Y chromosome, the isochromosome of Yp, i(Yp), appears to be the most uncommon. We describe a detailed evolution of puberty in a boy with 45,X/46,X,i(Yp). Array CGH found 2 cell lines, one with i(Yp) and the other with monosomy X. Genetic analysis of currently known genes involved in Kallmann syndrome/normosomic central hypogonadotropic hypogonadism showed no abnormality. The patient presented with a pubertal course suggestive of a delayed puberty with gynecomastia, reduced growth rate, and infertility that need testosterone treatment to induce the appearance of the secondary sex characteristics. This patient shows the potential effects of i(Yp) and emphasizes the importance of appropriate management of puberty in people with 45,X/46,X,i(Yp). Early hormone treatment, concerns regarding fertility, emotional support, and a successful transition to adult care may help improve the physical and psychosocial well-being of affected patients.
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Berklite L, Witchel SF, Yatsenko SA, Schneck FX, Reyes-Múgica M. Early Bilateral Gonadoblastoma Associated With 45,X/46,XY Mosaicism: The Spectrum of Undifferentiated Gonadal Tissue and Gonadoblastoma in the First Months of Life. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2019; 22:380-385. [PMID: 30646821 DOI: 10.1177/1093526618824469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
45,X/46,XY mosaicism is one of a heterogenous group of congenital conditions known as differences (disorders) of sex development (DSD) that results in abnormal development of internal and external genitalia. Patients with DSD, particularly those with segments of the Y chromosome, are at increased risk for germ cell tumors including gonadoblastoma. Gonadoblastoma is a neoplasm comprised of a mixture of germ cells and elements resembling immature granulosa or Sertoli cells with or without Leydig cells or lutein-type cells in an ovarian type stroma. Gonadoblastoma has an increased prevalence of 15% to 40% in patients with 45,X/46,XY mosaicism and has been previously reported in patients as young as 5 months of age with that karyotype. Herein, we describe a 3-month-old child with 45,X/46,XY karyotype who was referred for the evaluation of asymmetric labia majora. Additional evaluation revealed left streak gonad and right dysplastic/dysgenetic testis. Both gonads contained foci of cells typical for gonadoblastoma as well as undifferentiated gonadal tissue, underscoring the potential for very early infantile gonadoblastoma and the spectrum of developmental anomalies associated with this karyotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Berklite
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Selma F Witchel
- 2 Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Svetlana A Yatsenko
- 3 Magee Womens Hospital, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Francis X Schneck
- 2 Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Miguel Reyes-Múgica
- 2 Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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45,X/46,XY Mosaicism and Normozoospermia in a Patient with Male Phenotype. Case Rep Med 2019; 2019:2529080. [PMID: 30805004 PMCID: PMC6360613 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2529080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic spectrum of 45,X/46,XY mosaic males varies greatly. Previous reports have only described cases with either oligozoospermia, growth retardation, or elevated gonadotropins. However, the present case presented with normozoospermia, and normal height, sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI), and gonadotropins. The male and his spouse were referred to The Fertility Clinic, Skive Regional Hospital, due to 2 years of infertility. After failure of several attempts of assisted reproductive treatment (ART), the male underwent genetic analysis. Conventional karyotyping in peripheral lymphocytes yielded a low-grade 45,X/46,XY mosaicism, confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) showing 6% 45,X cells. A FISH test performed on interphase nuclei from buccal mucosal cells yielded one cell with only one X-signal (0.6%), explaining the normal phenotype of the patient, but not the infertility. FISH test for sperm aneuploidy showed normal range parameters, except for a 10-fold elevated gonosomal nullisomy rate (2.1%). Hence, germinal mosaicism may be an explanation of the infertility of the case. Increased sex nullisomy levels may reflect an aberrant testicular environment compromising fertility even though sperm euploidy rates and other sperm parameters do not preclude a successful treatment with ART. Based on these results, the couple decided to use donor semen for their subsequent intrauterine insemination treatment and obtained a successful pregnancy.
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Zheng J, Yang X, Lu H, Guan Y, Yang F, Xu M, Li M, Ji X, Wang Y, Hu P, Zhou Y. Prenatal diagnosis of sex chromosome mosaicism with two marker chromosomes in three cell lines and a review of the literature. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:1791-1796. [PMID: 30592288 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study described the diagnosis of a fetus with sex chromosome mosaicism in three cell lines and two marker chromosomes. A 24‑year‑old woman underwent amniocentesis at 21 weeks and 4 days of gestation due to noninvasive prenatal testing identifying that the fetus had sex chromosome abnormalities. Amniotic cell culture revealed a karyotype of 45,X[13]/46,X,+mar1[6]/46,X,+mar2[9], and prenatal ultrasound was unremarkable. The woman underwent repeat amniocentesis at 23 weeks and 4 days of gestation for molecular detection. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray analysis on uncultured amniocytes revealed that the fetus had two Y chromosomes and 7.8‑Mb deletions in Yq11.222q12. The deletion regions included DAZ, RBMY and PRY genes, which could cause spermatogenesis obstacle and sterility. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using centromeric probes DXZ1/DYZ3/D18Z1 was performed on uncultured amniocytes to verify the two marker chromosomes to be Y chromosome derivatives. According to these examinations, the mar1 was identified as a derivative of the Y chromosome with a deletion in Yq11.222q12, and the mar2 was identified as a dicentric derivative of the Y chromosome. The molecular karyotype was therefore 45,X,ish(DXZ1+, DYZ3‑,D18Z1++)[5]/46,X,del(Y)(q11.222),ish(DXZ1+,DYZ3+,D18Z1++)[11]/46, X,idic(Y)(q11.222),ish(DXZ1+,DYZ3++,D18Z1++)[14]. The comprehensive use of cytogenetic, SNP array and FISH detections was advantageous for accurately identifying the karyotype, identifying the origin of the marker chromosome and preparing effective genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Zheng
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Laboratory of Clinical Genetics, Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Clinical Reproductive Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Lu
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Laboratory of Clinical Genetics, Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China
| | - Yongjuan Guan
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Laboratory of Clinical Genetics, Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China
| | - Fangfang Yang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Laboratory of Clinical Genetics, Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China
| | - Mengjun Xu
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Laboratory of Clinical Genetics, Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Laboratory of Clinical Genetics, Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China
| | - Xiuqing Ji
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, P.R. China
| | - Ping Hu
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, P.R. China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Laboratory of Clinical Genetics, Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China
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Barnabas LC, Sumathy A, Indumathi MA, Varma TR, Shetty S, Kadandale JS, Kar B. Localization of the SRY Gene on Chromosome 3 in a Patient with Azoospermia and a Complex Karyotype 45,X/46,X,i(Y)(q10)/46,XX/ 47,XX,i(Y)(q10). Cytogenet Genome Res 2018; 156:134-139. [DOI: 10.1159/000494464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the cause of azoospermia in a 38-year-old infertile man who was referred for genetic testing. Cytogenetic evaluation was performed by G-banding, C-banding, and FISH using centromeric probes for chromosomes X and Y and showed the presence of a monocentric isochromosome Y with a complex, mosaic karyotype 45,X/46,X,i(Y)(q10)/46,XX/47,XX,i(Y)(q10). Multiplex PCR for the commonly deleted genes in the AZFa, AZFb, and AZFc regions of the Y chromosome was performed and indicated the presence of all 3 regions. Further, PCR amplification followed by DNA sequencing of the SRY gene was done, which ruled out mutations in that gene. To identify the position of the SRY gene, FISH using a locus-specific probe was used and showed that the gene had been translocated to chromosome 3. Subtelomere FISH for 3q and Yp evidenced that the subtelomeric region of the Y chromosome was found on the terminal region of 3q. The clinical symptoms of the patient can be attributed to this abnormal genotype. The importance of genetic testing in infertile patients and the need for genetic counselling to prevent the transmission of the defect are emphasized.
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Dumeige L, Chatelais L, Bouvattier C, De Kerdanet M, Hyon C, Esteva B, Samara-Boustani D, Zenaty D, Nicolino M, Baron S, Metz-Blond C, Naud-Saudreau C, Dupuis C, Léger J, Siffroi JP, Donadille B, Christin-Maitre S, Carel JC, Coutant R, Martinerie L. Should 45,X/46,XY boys with no or mild anomaly of external genitalia be investigated and followed up? Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 179:181-190. [PMID: 29973376 DOI: 10.1530/eje-18-0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few studies of patients with a 45,X/46,XY mosaicism have considered those with normal male phenotype. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of 45,X/46,XY boys born with normal or minor abnormalities of external genitalia, notably in terms of growth and pubertal development. METHODS Retrospective longitudinal study of 40 patients followed between 1982 and 2017 in France. RESULTS Twenty patients had a prenatal diagnosis, whereas 20 patients had a postnatal diagnosis, mainly for short stature. Most patients had stunted growth, with abnormal growth spurt during puberty and a mean adult height of 158 ± 7.6 cm, i.e. -2.3 DS with correction for target height. Seventy percent of patients presented Turner-like syndrome features including cardiac (6/23 patients investigated) and renal malformations (3/19 patients investigated). Twenty-two patients had minor abnormalities of external genitalia. One patient developed a testicular embryonic carcinoma, suggesting evidence of partial gonadal dysgenesis. Moreover, puberty occurred spontaneously in 93% of patients but 71% (n = 5) of those evaluated at the end of puberty presented signs of declined Sertoli cell function (low inhibin B levels and increased FSH levels). CONCLUSION This study emphasizes the need to identify and follow-up 45,X/46,XY patients born with normal male phenotype until adulthood, as they present similar prognosis than those born with severe genital anomalies. Currently, most patients are diagnosed in adulthood with azoospermia, consistent with our observations of decreased testicular function at the end of puberty. Early management of these patients may lead to fertility preservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Dumeige
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, CHU Robert Debré, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris and Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR-S1185, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Claire Bouvattier
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, CHU Bicêtre, Centre de Référence des Anomalies du Développement Génital, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Capucine Hyon
- Genetic Department, CHU Armand Trousseau, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Blandine Esteva
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, CHU Armand Trousseau, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Dinane Samara-Boustani
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Zenaty
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, CHU Robert Debré, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris and Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marc Nicolino
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, CHU Lyon, Centre de Référence des Anomalies du Développement Génital, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Juliane Léger
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, CHU Robert Debré, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris and Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Siffroi
- Genetic Department, CHU Armand Trousseau, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Donadille
- Endocrinology Department, CHU St-Antoine, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Christin-Maitre
- Endocrinology Department, CHU St-Antoine, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Carel
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, CHU Robert Debré, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris and Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Laetitia Martinerie
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, CHU Robert Debré, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris and Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR-S1185, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
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34
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An infertile azoospermic male with 45,X karyotype and a unique complex (Y;14); (Y;22) translocation: cytogenetic and molecular characterization. J Assist Reprod Genet 2018; 35:1503-1508. [PMID: 29860576 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-018-1211-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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35
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Lin SY, Lee CN, Peng AY, Yuan TJ, Lee DJ, Lin WH, Ma GC, Chen M. Application of molecular cytogenetic techniques to characterize the aberrant Y chromosome arising de novo in a male fetus with mosaic 45,X and solve the discrepancy between karyotyping, chromosome microarray, and multiplex ligation dependent probe amplification. J Formos Med Assoc 2018; 117:1027-1031. [PMID: 29752043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a rare male fetus with karyotype of mosaic 45,X that comprises two types of aberrant Y chromosomes arising de novo (Yq12 deletion and isodicentric Yq11.22). Both types of the aberrant Y chromosomes lack the AZFc region which are expected to result in oligospermia but unaffected male external genitalia. Genetic analyses by karyotyping, chromosome microarray (CMA), and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) for the fetus revealed conflicting results. Additional molecular cytogenetics tools including fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and multicolor banding (mBAND) were performed, which help resolving the discrepancy and delineated the composition of the aberrant Y chromosomes. This report highlighted the importance of incorporating multiple genetic technologies for accurate characterization of complex chromosomal rearrangements, which aid in the prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Yu Lin
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Nan Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Ying Peng
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ti-Jia Yuan
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Jay Lee
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan; Department of Genomic Science and Technology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan; Laboratory of Genetics, Development, and Systems Biology, Department of Medical Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan; Department of Genomic Science and Technology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Chin Ma
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan; Department of Genomic Science and Technology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan; Laboratory of Genetics, Development, and Systems Biology, Department of Medical Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Genomic Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan; Department of Genomic Science and Technology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan; Laboratory of Genetics, Development, and Systems Biology, Department of Medical Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan; Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioresources, Dayeh University, Changhua, Taiwan.
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36
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Kumar P, Jain M, Kalsi AK, Halder A. Molecular characterisation of a case of dicentric Y presented as nonobstructive azoospermia with testicular early maturation arrest. Andrologia 2017; 50. [PMID: 28836280 DOI: 10.1111/and.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The dicentric Y chromosome is the most common cytogenetically visible structural abnormality of Y chromosome. The sites of break and fusion of dicentric Y are variable, but break and fusion at Yq12 (proximal to the pseudoautosomal region 2/PAR 2) is very rare. Dicentric Y chromosome is unstable during cell division and likely to generate chromosomal mosaicism. Here, we report a case of infertile male with nonmosaic 46,XY where chromosome Y was dicentric with break and fusion at Yq12 (proximal to PAR 2). Clinical presentation of the case was nonobstructive azoospermia due to early maturation arrest at the primary spermatocyte stage. Various molecular techniques such as FISH, STS-PCR and DNA microarray were carried out to characterise genetic defect leading to testicular maturation arrest in the patient. The break and fusion was found at Yq12 (proximal to PAR 2) and resulted in near total duplication of Y chromosome (excluding PAR 2). The reason for maturation arrest seems due to CNVs of PARs (gain in PAR 1 and loss of PAR 2) and azoospermia factors (gain).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kumar
- Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - M Jain
- Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - A K Kalsi
- Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - A Halder
- Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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37
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Chen PY, Yen JH, Cheng CF, Chen PC, Li YS, Li TY, Yeh CN, Fang JS. Prenatal diagnosis of the maternal derivative chromosome der(15)t(Y;15)(q12;p13) in a dizygotic twin pregnancy. Tzu Chi Med J 2017; 28:176-179. [PMID: 28757753 PMCID: PMC5442907 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcmj.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex chromosome translocations are unique and must be considered separately from translocations between autosomes. Here, we describe the first prenatal case of one twin fetus with an unbalanced translocation between chromosome Y and chromosome 15, presenting a 46,XY,der(15)t(Y;15) karyotype. The other twin had a normal 46,XY karyotype. Cytogenetic analysis of the parental chromosomes revealed that the father had a normal 46,XY karyotype, whereas the mother exhibited a 46,XX,der(15) t(Y;15) karyotype. Thus, the proband inherited this translocation from the mother. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses demonstrated that the breakpoint on chromosome Y involved a heterochromatin region (Yq12), while that on chromosome 15 involved a p-arm region (15p13). At 37 gestational weeks, healthy twins were delivered vaginally. We conclude that accurate identification of der(15) chromosomal content can facilitate not only prenatal diagnosis of a chromosomal aberration in one twin, but also prediction of the fetal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yi Chen
- Center of Medical Genetics, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hung Yen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pao Chu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shian Li
- Center of Medical Genetics, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ying Li
- Center of Medical Genetics, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Nan Yeh
- Center of Medical Genetics, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jye-Siung Fang
- Center of Medical Genetics, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Corresponding author. Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, 701, Section 3, Chung-Yang Road, Hualien, Taiwan. Tel.: +886 38565301x1792; fax: +886 38563092. E-mail address: (J.-S. Fang)
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38
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Jiang Y, Wang R, Li L, Xue L, Deng S, Liu R. Molecular‑cytogenetic study of de novo mosaic karyotype 45,X/46,X,i(Yq)/46,X,idic(Yq) in an azoospermic male: Case report and literature review. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3433-3438. [PMID: 28713994 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes a 36‑year‑old male with the 45,X/46,X,i(Yq)/46,X,idic(Yq) karyotype, who suffered from azoospermia attributed to maturation arrest of the primary spermatocyte. To the best of our knowledge, this rare karyotype has not yet been reported in the literature. The results of detailed molecular‑cytogenetic studies of isodicentric (idic)Y chromosomes and isochromosome (iso)Y, which are identified in patient with complex mosaic karyotypes, are presented. The presence of mosaicism of the three cell lines 45,X, 46,X,i(Yq) and 46,X,idic(Yq) may be a contributing factor for spermatogenic failure, in addition to the instability of iso/idic Y chromosomes to pass the spermatogenesis process. Possible mechanisms of the formation of the mosaic karyotype and karyotype‑phenotype correlations are discussed. The current study highlights that routine karyotype analysis and fluorescent in situ hybridization‑based technology are more useful in detecting mosaic chromosomal abnormality, predicting the clinical features of patients during genetic counseling and improving artificial reproductive technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Jiang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Prenatal Diagnosis First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Ruixue Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Prenatal Diagnosis First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Prenatal Diagnosis First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Lintao Xue
- Reproductive Medical and Genetic Center, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 520021, P.R. China
| | - Shu Deng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Prenatal Diagnosis First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Ruizhi Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Prenatal Diagnosis First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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39
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Li G, Iqbal F, Wang L, Xu Z, Che X, Yu W, Shi L, Guo T, Zhou G, Jiang X, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Yu D. Meiotic defects and decreased expression of genes located around the chromosomal breakpoint in the testis of a patient with a novel 46,X,t(Y;1)(p11.3;p31) translocation. Int J Mol Med 2017. [PMID: 28627638 PMCID: PMC5504999 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Balanced translocations are known to be associated with infertility, spontaneous abortions and birth defects in mammals. Spermatocyte spreading and immunostaining were applied to detect meiotic prophase I progression, homologous chromosome pairing, synapsis and recombination in an azoospermic reciprocal translocation 46,X,t(Y;1)(p11.3;p31) carrier. Histological examination of testicular sections revealed a severely reduced number of germ cells with no spermatids or sperm in the carrier. A significant reduction in XY recombination was observed in the patient. The number of MLH1 foci on autosomes that are not involved in the translocation per cell was also significantly decreased in our patient as compared to the controls, which indicates an inter-chromosomal effect (ICE) of the translocation on recombination. An increase in leptotene (P<0.001) and zygotene (P<0.001) and a decrease in pachytene spermatocytes (P<0.001) were observed in the carrier when compared with the controls, indicating disturbed meiotic progression in the patient. Increased RAD51 foci during pachytene (P=0.02) in the spermatocytes of the patient were noted. A decreased expression of the genes (USP1, INSL5, LEPR and MSH4) critical for meiosis/spermatogenesis and located around the breakpoint region of chromosome 1 was observed in the 46,X,t(Y;1) carrier, which may further exacerbate the meiotic failure such as reduced recombination on autosomes and ultimately cause spermatogenesis arrest. In summary, we report a series of events that may have caused infertility in our 46,X,t(Y;1) carrier. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report shedding light on how, possibly, a reciprocal translocation affects meiosis at the molecular level in azoospermia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyuan Li
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Furhan Iqbal
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Liu Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Che
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Wen Yu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Liang Shi
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Tonghang Guo
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Guixiang Zhou
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Yuanwei Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Dexin Yu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
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40
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Flannigan R, Schlegel PN. Genetic diagnostics of male infertility in clinical practice. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2017; 44:26-37. [PMID: 28601348 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 15% of couples are infertile. Male factors contribute to infertility in over 50% of cases. Identifiable genetic abnormalities contribute to 15%-20% of the most severe forms of male infertility, azoospermia. In this chapter, we explore known genetic causes of male infertility such as Klinefelter syndrome, XYY men, Kallmann syndrome, y-microdeletions, Robertsonian translocations, autosomal inversions, mixed gonadal dysgenesis, x-linked and autosomal gene mutations, and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator abnormalities. We also briefly comment on novel biomarkers for male infertility.
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41
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Y chromosome palindromes and gene conversion. Hum Genet 2017; 136:605-619. [PMID: 28303348 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-017-1777-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The presence of large and near-identical inverted repeat sequences (called palindromes) is a common feature of the constitutively haploid sex chromosomes of different species. Despite the fact palindromes originated in a non-recombining context, they have evolved a strong recombinational activity in the form of abundant arm-to-arm gene conversion. Their independent appearance in different species suggests they can have a profound biological significance that has yet to be fully clarified. It has been theorized that natural selection may have favored palindromic organization of male-specific genes and that the establishment of intra-palindrome gene conversion has strong adaptive significance. Arm-to-arm gene conversion allows the efficient removal of deleterious mutations, increases the fixation rate of beneficial mutations and has played an important role in modulating the equilibrium between gene loss and acquisition during Y chromosome evolution. Additionally, a palindromic organization of duplicates could favor the formation of unusual chromatin structures and could optimize the use of gene conversion as a mechanism to maintain the structural integrity of male-specific genes. In this review, we describe the structural features of palindromes on mammalian sex chromosomes and summarize different hypotheses regarding palindrome evolution and the functional benefits of arm-to-arm gene conversion on the unique haploid portion of the nuclear genome.
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42
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Demirhan O, Yilmaz MB, Tanriverdi N, Kocaturk-Sel S, Erkoc MA, Oksuz H. Identification of the short arm of the Y chromosome by cytogenetic and molecular analyses. CYTOL GENET+ 2017. [DOI: 10.3103/s009545271701011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Gao M, Pang H, Zhao YH, Hua J, Tong D, Zhao H, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Zhang M, Yan XJ, Chen H, Ma HP, Jin TY, Dong SL. Karyotype analysis in large sample cases from Shenyang Women's and Children's hospital: a study of 16,294 male infertility patients. Andrologia 2016; 49. [PMID: 27397756 DOI: 10.1111/and.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore that it is necessary to routinely detect chromosomes in infertile patients, we investigated peripheral blood lymphocyte karyotype in 16,294 male infertile patients in the north-east of China and analysed the incidence and type of chromosomal anomaly and polymorphism. G-banding karyotype analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes was performed in 16,294 cases. Semen analysis was performed three times in all the men. PCR and FISH confirmed the presence of the SRY gene. The rate of chromosomal anomaly in the 16,294 male infertile patients was 4.15% (677/16,294). The rates of chromosomal anomaly were 0.24% in normal semen group, 12.6% in light oligoasthenospermia group, 4.7% in moderate-to-severe oligoasthenospermia group and 9.59% in azoospermia group. There are two male infertile patients with 45,X chromosome karyotype. One X male patient had confirmed the presence of the SRY gene and FISH analysis demonstrated its location on the p arm of chromosome 13. The other X male patient had not found SRY gene in its whole-genome DNA. Meanwhile, sperm motility is slightly oligo-asthenozoospermic at the age of 35-39 and nearly azoospermic at the age of 40-45. As the rates of chromosomal anomaly are 0.24% and 12.6% even in normal semen group and light oligoasthenospermia group, the rates of chromosomal polymorphism are 5.36% and 25.51% in normal semen group and light oligoasthenospermia group, respectively; it is necessary to explore peripheral blood lymphocyte karyotype in all infertile couples. We mentioned that Y, 1, 2, 9 and 12 chromosomes were quite important about male infertility. These findings demonstrate that autosomal retention of SRY can be submicroscopic and emphasise the importance of PCR and FISH in the genetic workup of the monosomic X male. At the same time, it suggested that male infertility might be related to meiotic disturbances with spermatogenetic arrest in Y-autosome translocations, which could result in infertility by reduction of sperm production. Last but not least, ageing is one of the factors that could reduce sperm motility and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gao
- Department of Genetics, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - H Pang
- Department of Genetics, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Y-H Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - J Hua
- Department of Genetics, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - D Tong
- Department of Genetics, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - H Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Genetics, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Y Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - M Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - X-J Yan
- Department of Genetics, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - H Chen
- Department of Genetics, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - H-P Ma
- Department of Genetics, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - T-Y Jin
- Department of Genetics, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - S-L Dong
- Outpatient Department of Male Infertility, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
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44
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Kagan KO, Hoopmann M, Singer S, Schaeferhoff K, Dufke A, Mau-Holzmann UA. Discordance between ultrasound and cell free DNA screening for monosomy X. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2016; 294:219-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-016-4077-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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45
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Kamel AK, Abd El-Ghany HM, Mekkawy MK, Makhlouf MM, Mazen IM, El Dessouky N, Mahmoud W, Abd El Kader SA. Sex Chromosome Mosaicism in the Gonads of DSD Patients: A Karyotype/Phenotype Correlation. Sex Dev 2015; 9:279-88. [PMID: 26656938 DOI: 10.1159/000442332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex chromosome mosaicism results in a large clinical spectrum of disorders of sexual development (DSD). The percentage of 45,X cells in the developing gonad plays a major role in sex determination. However, few reports on the gonadal mosaic status have been published, and the phenotype is usually correlated with peripheral lymphocyte karyotypes, which makes the phenotype prediction imprecise. This study was conducted on 7 Egyptian DSD patients to demonstrate the effect of sex chromosome constitution of both blood lymphocytes and gonadal tissues on the phenotypic manifestations. Conventional cytogenetic and FISH analyses of blood lymphocytes were conducted, and laparoscopy with gonadal biopsy was performed for histopathologic examination and FISH analysis. Gonosomal mosaicism was detected in 3 patients who had a non-mosaic chromosome pattern in blood lymphocytes. Two patients showed the same type of sex chromosome mosaicism in both the blood and gonadal tissues but with different distributions. Two other patients revealed a non-mosaic pattern in both tissues. The present study elucidates the importance of examining sex chromosome mosaicism in gonadal tissues of DSD patients and highlights the critical role of 45,X mosaicism which can lead to serious effects during early gonadal organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa K Kamel
- Department of Human Cytogenetics, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
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46
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Bertelloni S, Baroncelli GI, Massart F, Toschi B. Growth in Boys with 45,X/46,XY Mosaicism: Effect of Growth Hormone Treatment on Statural Growth. Sex Dev 2015; 9:183-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000441342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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47
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Hipp LE, Mohnach LH, Wei S, Thomas IH, Elhassan ME, Sandberg DE, Quint EH, Keegan CE. Isodicentric Y mosaicism involving a 46, XX cell line: Implications for management. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 170A:233-8. [PMID: 26407917 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Carriers of isodicentric Y (idicY) mosaicism exhibit a wide range of clinical features, including short stature, gonadal abnormalities, and external genital anomalies. However, the phenotypic spectrum for individuals carrying an idicY and a 46, XX cell line is less clearly defined. A more complete description of the phenotype related to idicY is thus essential to guide management related to pubertal development, fertility, and gonadoblastoma risk in mosaic carriers. Findings from the evaluation of twin females with an abnormal karyotype, 48, XX, +idic(Yq) x2/47, XX, +idic(Yq)/46, XX, are presented to highlight the importance of interdisciplinary care in the management of multifaceted disorders of sex development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Hipp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular Medicine & Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lauren H Mohnach
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sainan Wei
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Inas H Thomas
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Maha E Elhassan
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David E Sandberg
- Division of Pediatric Psychology and Child Health Evaluation & Research (CHEAR) Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Elisabeth H Quint
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Catherine E Keegan
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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48
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Mennuti MT, Chandrasekaran S, Khalek N, Dugoff L. Cell-free DNA screening and sex chromosome aneuploidies. Prenat Diagn 2015; 35:980-5. [PMID: 26088741 DOI: 10.1002/pd.4639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) testing is increasingly being used to screen pregnant women for fetal aneuploidies. This technology may also identify fetal sex and can be used to screen for sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs). Physicians offering this screening will need to be prepared to offer comprehensive prenatal counseling about these disorders to an increasing number of patients. The purpose of this article is to consider the source of information to use for counseling, factors in parental decision-making, and the performance characteristics of cfDNA testing in screening for SCAs. Discordance between ultrasound examination and cfDNA results regarding fetal sex is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Mennuti
- Department of OB/GYN, Divisions of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Reproductive Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Suchitra Chandrasekaran
- Department of OB/GYN, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nahla Khalek
- Department of Pediatric General, Thoracic and Fetal Surgery, Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lorraine Dugoff
- Department of OB/GYN, Divisions of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Reproductive Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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49
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Genomic Copy Number Variation Affecting Genes Involved in the Cell Cycle Pathway: Implications for Somatic Mosaicism. Int J Genomics 2015; 2015:757680. [PMID: 26421275 PMCID: PMC4569762 DOI: 10.1155/2015/757680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic genome variations (mosaicism) seem to represent a common mechanism for human intercellular/interindividual diversity in health and disease. However, origins and mechanisms of somatic mosaicism remain a matter of conjecture. Recently, it has been hypothesized that zygotic genomic variation naturally occurring in humans is likely to predispose to nonheritable genetic changes (aneuploidy) acquired during the lifetime through affecting cell cycle regulation, genome stability maintenance, and related pathways. Here, we have evaluated genomic copy number variation (CNV) in genes implicated in the cell cycle pathway (according to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes/KEGG) within a cohort of patients with intellectual disability, autism, and/or epilepsy, in which the phenotype was not associated with genomic rearrangements altering this pathway. Benign CNVs affecting 20 genes of the cell cycle pathway were detected in 161 out of 255 patients (71.6%). Among them, 62 individuals exhibited >2 CNVs affecting the cell cycle pathway. Taking into account the number of individuals demonstrating CNV of these genes, a support for this hypothesis appears to be presented. Accordingly, we speculate that further studies of CNV burden across the genes implicated in related pathways might clarify whether zygotic genomic variation generates somatic mosaicism in health and disease.
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50
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Achermann JC, Domenice S, Bachega TASS, Nishi MY, Mendonca BB. Disorders of sex development: effect of molecular diagnostics. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2015; 11:478-88. [PMID: 25942653 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Disorders of sex development (DSDs) are a diverse group of conditions that can be challenging to diagnose accurately using standard phenotypic and biochemical approaches. Obtaining a specific diagnosis can be important for identifying potentially life-threatening associated disorders, as well as providing information to guide parents in deciding on the most appropriate management for their child. Within the past 5 years, advances in molecular methodologies have helped to identify several novel causes of DSDs; molecular tests to aid diagnosis and genetic counselling have now been adopted into clinical practice. Occasionally, genetic profiling of embryos prior to implantation as an adjunct to assisted reproduction, prenatal diagnosis of at-risk pregnancies and confirmatory testing of positive results found during newborn biochemical screening are performed. Of the available genetic tests, the candidate gene approach is the most popular. New high-throughput DNA analysis could enable a genetic diagnosis to be made when the aetiology is unknown or many differential diagnoses are possible. Nonetheless, concerns exist about the use of genetic tests. For instance, a diagnosis is not always possible even using new molecular approaches (which can be worrying for the parents) and incidental information obtained during the test might cause anxiety. Careful selection of the genetic test indicated for each condition remains important for good clinical practice. The purpose of this Review is to describe advances in molecular biological techniques for diagnosing DSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Achermann
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Sorahia Domenice
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av Dr Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 155, PAMB, 2 andar, Bloco 6, 05403-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tania A S S Bachega
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av Dr Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 155, PAMB, 2 andar, Bloco 6, 05403-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirian Y Nishi
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av Dr Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 155, PAMB, 2 andar, Bloco 6, 05403-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Berenice B Mendonca
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av Dr Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 155, PAMB, 2 andar, Bloco 6, 05403-900 São Paulo, Brazil
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