1
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Evidence for nonhomologous meiotic coorientation in man. J Hum Genet 2023; 68:333-337. [PMID: 36694000 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-023-01123-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nonhomologous meiotic co-orientation (NMC) was postulated for humans a half of century ago to explain the association between the presence of a rearranged chromosome(s) and the occurrence of aneuploidy for an unrelated chromosome ("interchromosomal effect", ICE). However subsequent studies did not support meiotic nature of ICE phenomenon. At the same time, NMC model can be fruitful for solving a number of problems regarding the etiology of human aneuploidy. Published and own data on the offspring of 322 parental carrier of chromosomal abnormality were analyzed according to the carrier's gender. In families with transmission of der(21;21), among patients with maternally derived trisomy 21 (T21), there is a typical male-biased sex ratio (SR), with 33 males/28 females. Among patients with paternally derived T21, five-fold male prevalence is observed (16 males/3 females), p = 0.0373. In families with maternal balanced non-contributing rearrangement (Rea), SR was male-biased among T21 patients, both those inherited (42 males/30 females) and not inherited the Rea (17 males/11 females). However, in families with paternal balanced Rea, there is an impressive difference between T21 offspring with transmitted paternal Rea and those not inherited paternal Rea, 49 males/21 females vs 4 males/15 females, p = 0.0003. A female predominance is also observed among non-trisomic offspring of paternal carriers of gonadal mosaicism for T21 (2 males/12 females), but not in non-trisomic offspring of maternal carriers (19 males/16 females), p = 0.0253. Unusual sex ratios in offspring of male carriers are considered as the result of NMC of a chromosome abnormality with the X chromosome operating in spermatogenesis.
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Chien SC, Chen CP, Liou JD. Prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling of uniparental disomy. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 61:210-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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3
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Rei M, Ramalho C. Recurrent Medical Termination of Pregnancy, Not Always the Same Pathology. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2021; 40:271-280. [PMID: 31713443 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2019.1683917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recurrence of termination of pregnancy (TOP) due to fetal or maternal pathology is an uncommon event, and not always related to the same pathology. We aimed to evaluate the indications leading to recurrent TOP and associated risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective study of the recurrent cases of TOP conducted between January 2002 and December 2018. RESULTS A recurrence rate of 2.5% was found in a cohort of 693 women submitted to TOP (17/693). Among the paired cases of recurrent TOP, 65% (11/17) were consequent to a different indication, whereas 35% (6/17) were due to the same cause, mainly related to monogenic diseases. TOP related to chromosomopathy was significantly associated with higher maternal and gestational age. CONCLUSIONS Most of recurrent cases of TOP do not seem related to the same cause. The occurrence of a monogenic disease or polymalformative syndrome should raise the suspicion of recurrence due to the same pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Rei
- Center of Prenatal Diagnosis, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto
| | - Carla Ramalho
- Center of Prenatal Diagnosis, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto.,i3S Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto
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Atli EI, Atli E, Yalcintepe S, Gurkan H. A Rare Case of Mosaic Unbalanced Non-Robertsonian Translocation Involving Chromosomes 15 and 22 with Congenital Abnormalities in Monozygotic Twins. Mol Syndromol 2020; 10:320-326. [PMID: 32021606 DOI: 10.1159/000505004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Balanced de novo non-robertsonian translocations (non-RTs), which involve acrocentric chromosomes, are rare findings in clinical cytogenetics and may be associated with an abnormal phenotype. These translocations, detected by conventional karyotyping, are found in approximately 1:1,000 neonates. In most of these cases, one of the parents carries the same translocation. In this study, we report a rare non-RT involving chromosomes 15 and 22 defined as 45, XX, -22,der(15;22)t(15;22)/46, XX, der(15)t(15;22),der(22). To our knowledge, this is the first report of a non-RT t(15;22) with these breakpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine I Atli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Engin Atli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Sinem Yalcintepe
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Hakan Gurkan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
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Kovaleva NV. Homologous Robertsonian Translocations: Spectrum, Sex Ratios, and Reproductive Risks. RUSS J GENET+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795419010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Xue D, Cao DH, Mu K, Lv Y, Yang J. Mosaic male fetus of Turner syndrome with partial chromosome Y: A case report. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2018. [PMID: 29517175 DOI: 10.1111/jog.13617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xue
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound; The First Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
- Department of Ultrasound; No.202 Hospital of PLA; Shenyang China
| | - Dong-Hua Cao
- Genetic Disease Laboratory; Dalian Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital; Dalian China
| | - Kai Mu
- Genetic Disease Laboratory; Zibo Maternal and Child Health Hospital; Zibo China
| | - Yuan Lv
- Gynaecology and Obstetrics; Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound; The First Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
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Kovaleva NV. An overlooked phenomenon: Female-biased sex ratio among carriers of Robertsonian translocations detected in consecutive newborn studies. RUSS J GENET+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795417120067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Kovaleva NV, Cotter PD. Mosaicism for structural non-centromeric autosomal rearrangement in prenatal diagnoses: evidence for sex-specific selection against chromosomal abnormalities. Mol Cytogenet 2017; 10:45. [PMID: 29238403 PMCID: PMC5725842 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-017-0346-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mosaicism for chromosome rearrangements is common in preimplantation diagnoses, yet is rare in prenatal diagnoses as well as in other groups of patients referred to cytogenetic testing. Consequently, there is a lack of detailed studies on this kind of mosaicism in all groups of patients. Previous reports have identified a deficit of males among asymptomatic carriers of N/unbalanced Rea. Three mechanisms were proposed for explaining this phenomenon, including a high instability in the early female embryonic development, a male-specific selection against abnormal cells in the early embryo development, or a high intrauterine lethality of male carriers. To address these possibilities, we have performed a meta-analysis of male-to-female ratio (sex ratio, SR) in prenatally diagnosed and in spontaneously aborted carriers of mosaic Rea. Results One hundred and twenty one prenatally detected cases of normal cell line/autosome rearrangement mosaicism (N/Rea) with known carriers’ sex were identified from the literature. Carriers of N/unbalanced Rea presented with 38 abnormal and 28 normal/apparently normal outcomes while carriers of N/balanced Rea presented with 24 normal and 3 abnormal outcomes. 58% of carriers of N/unbalanced Rea with an abnormal outcome displayed a high proportion (> 50%) of amniocytes with the abnormality compared to 25% of carriers with normal/apparently normal outcome. More female carriers of N/unbalanced Rea were identified with an abnormal outcome (15 M/23F) in contrast to a notable male predominance (18 M/10F) among those with normal outcome. Additionally, among spontaneously aborted carriers of N/unbalanced Rea, there was a strong female predominance (7 M/23F). Conclusion Previous reports have identified a deficit of male among asymptomatic carriers of N/unbalanced Rea. The current data suggests a male-specific selection against chromosomal abnormalities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13039-017-0346-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Kovaleva
- Academy of Molecular Medicine, Mytniskaya str. 12/44, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Philip D Cotter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA.,ResearchDx Inc., Irvine, CA USA
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Magalhães M, Marques C, Ramos F, Jardim A, Franco S, Coelho F, Carreira I, Moura P. Why could a woman have three Trisomy 21 pregnancies? - a case report. Clin Case Rep 2017; 5:1222-1225. [PMID: 28781828 PMCID: PMC5538204 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosaicism, an important cause for recurrent T21, should be suspected in families with more than one affected child wishing to receive prenatal counseling. Fluorescence in-situ hybridization analysis in a large number of cells and in different tissue samples is critical for detecting low-level mosaicism and is a key prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Magalhães
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology A Serviço de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Cecília Marques
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology A Serviço de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Fabiana Ramos
- Department of Medical Genetics Hospital Pediátrico Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Ana Jardim
- European Clinical Laboratory Geneticist Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Sofia Franco
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology A Serviço de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Filomena Coelho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology A Serviço de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Isabel Carreira
- European Clinical Laboratory Geneticist Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra Coimbra Portugal.,CIMAGO Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra Coimbra Portugal.,Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Paulo Moura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology A Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra Coimbra Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
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Kovaleva NV, Cotter PD. Mosaicism for structural non-centromeric autosomal rearrangements in disease-defined carriers: sex differences in the rearrangements profile and maternal age distributions. Mol Cytogenet 2017; 10:18. [PMID: 28533817 PMCID: PMC5438540 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-017-0321-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mosaicism for an autosomal structural rearrangement (Rea) associated with clinical manifestation of chromosomal imbalance is rare. Consequently, there is a lack of basic epidemiological characterization of this kind of mosaicism, such as population rate, cytogenetic profile of Reas involved, maternal age distribution, and sex (male to female) ratio among Rea carriers. The objectives of the present study were: (i) determination of the Rea profile in clinically affected individuals, (ii) comparative analysis of the cytogenetic profile and involvement of single chromosomes to rearrangements in affected and previously reported asymptomatic carriers, (iii) analysis of the male/female ratio in carriers of various types of Rea, and, (iv) examination of parental ages distributions according to carriers’ sex. Results Two hundred and forty six disease-defined cases of mosaicism for autosomal non-centromeric Rea with a normal cell line of known sex were identified from the literature. There was a significant difference in single chromosome involvements compared to structural rearrangements between affected and asymptomatic carriers of unbalanced Rea, p =0.0030. In affected carriers, chromosome 18 was most frequently involved in structural rearrangements (12.6% of 246 instances). The least frequently rearranged were chromosomes 16 and 21 (0.8% and 1.2%, respectively). In asymptomatic carriers, the most frequently rearranged were chromosomes 5 and 21 (13% of 51 instances each). Among carriers of “loss” or “gain/loss” of genomic material, a female predominance was observed (50 M/89 F, different from population ratio of 1.06 at p = 0.0002). Carriers of either “gain” or balanced Rea demonstrated typical male predominance (41 M/30 F and 18 M/16 F), not different from 1.06. Maternal and paternal ages were reported in 129 and in 109 cases, respectively. There was a significant difference in maternal age distribution between male and female carriers, with mean maternal age of 25.2 years vs 28.3 years (p = 0.032). However, there was no difference in paternal age, with mean paternal age of 29.4 in both groups. Conclusion The data suggested that structural rearrangements of certain chromosomes involved in mosaicism may not be tolerated by the embryo, while others have higher survival prospects. Maternal age appears to be a risk factor for somatic mosaicism of structural Rea in female offspring or might cause an adverse effect on male embryo viability. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13039-017-0321-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Kovaleva
- Academy of Molecular Medicine, Mytniskaya str. 12/44, St. Petersburg, 191144 Russian Federation
| | - Philip D Cotter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA.,ResearchDx Inc., Irvine, CA USA
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11
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Kovaleva NV, Cotter PD. Somatic/gonadal mosaicism for structural autosomal rearrangements: female predominance among carriers of gonadal mosaicism for unbalanced rearrangements. Mol Cytogenet 2016; 9:8. [PMID: 26823686 PMCID: PMC4730740 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-015-0211-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mosaicism for chromosomal structural rearrangements (Rea) is rare and the timing and mechanisms of mosaic Rea formation, maintenance, and clinical manifestation are poorly understood. To date, there are no published data on the cytogenetic profile of mosaic Reas. The question as to whether the proportion of abnormal cells in the carrier’s cultured blood is clinically significant remains unanswered. A previous study showed a strong female preponderance among carriers of mosaicism for Rea with pericentromeric breaks, indicating female-specific instability in early embryos. However, there is no corresponding study on male to female sex ratio (SR) among carriers of somatic and/or gonadal mosaicism for non-centromeric Rea. Population rates of mosaic Rea carriers calculated from consecutive series of patients referred for various reasons and from prenatal samples have not been established. Therefore the objectives of the present study were several-fold: (1) a study on profiles of Rea involved, (2) comparative analysis of the proportion of cells with unbalanced Rea in blood cultures from asymptomatic and affected carriers, (3) comparative analysis of SR in carriers of mosaicism for balanced and unbalanced Rea, and (4) determination of the population frequency of mosaicism for autosomal Rea. Results One hundred and three cases of mosaicism for autosomal non-centromeric Rea (N/Rea; normal line/structural rearrangement) in which the sex of the carrier had been specified were identified in the literature. Among balanced Rea, there was a prevalence of reciprocal translocations (89 %) over inversions (11 %). Among unbalanced Rea, deletions were the most frequent (40 %), followed by duplications (25 %) and rings (16 %). Derivatives and other chromosome abnormalities were less frequent (9 and 10 %). Eight of eleven (73 %) affected carriers of unbalanced Rea displayed a high proportion (>50 %) of abnormal cells compared to 4/37 (11 %) in asymptomatic carriers, p < 0.0001. Among carriers of mosaicism for balanced Rea there was a slight male predominance, 24 M/22 F, unlike the strong female predominance among carriers of mosaicism for unbalanced Rea, 11 M/46 F, p < 0.0001. Among ten carriers of unbalanced Rea with reproductive failure, only one was a male with infertility, and one was a partner of a woman experiencing recurrent spontaneous abortion. Population rates of mosaics for reciprocal translocaton (N/rcp), inversion (N/inv), and unbalanced Rea (N/unbal Rea) calculated from published data on consecutive series of patients with reproductive failures were 0.02 ‰, 0.005 ‰, and 0.002 ‰, correspondingly. Among 30,376 infertile patients three carriers of mosaicism for balanced Rea were identified (two cases of N/rcp and one case of N/inv), whereas among 26,384 patients with habitual abortion seven carriers were detected (five N/rcp and two N/inv). Among all 56,760 tested patients with reproductive failures only one was found to be a carrier of mosaicism for an unbalanced Rea (N/del, mosaicism for deletion). Conclusions A high proportion of Rea cells (>50 %) detected in cultured T-lymphocytes is associated with clinical manifestation of chromosomal imbalance. A strong female prevalence among carriers of mosaicism for unbalanced Rea suggests male-specific selection against abnormal cells rather than impairment of male gametogenesis, as the latter suggests a better prognosis for male fetuses. These findings should be taken into consideration when genetic counseling of patients referred after a diagnosis of mosaicism for an unbalanced rearrangement in a fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Kovaleva
- Department of Inherited Diseases, The Turner's Scientific and Research Orthopaedic Institute for Children, Parkovaya Str. 64-68, St. Petersburg, 196603 Russian Federation
| | - Philip D Cotter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA ; ResearchDx Inc., Irvine, CA 92618 USA
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Zhao WW, Wu M, Chen F, Jiang S, Su H, Liang J, Deng C, Hu C, Yu S. Robertsonian translocations: an overview of 872 Robertsonian translocations identified in a diagnostic laboratory in China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122647. [PMID: 25932913 PMCID: PMC4416705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Robertsonian translocations (ROBs) have an estimated incidence rate of 1/1000 births, making this type of rearrangement the most common structural chromosomal abnormalities seen in the general population. In this study, we reports 872 cases of ROBs from 205,001 specimens karyotyped postnatally in a single accredited laboratory in China, including 583 balanced ROBs, 264 unbalanced ROBs, 9 mosaic ROBs, and 18 complex ROBs. Ninety-three percent of the balanced ROBs observed were adults with infertility, miscarriage, or offspring(s) with known chromosomal abnormalities. Significant excess of females were found to be carriers of balanced ROBs with an adjusted male/female ratio of 0.77. Ninety-eight percent of the unbalanced ROBs observed were children with variable referral reasons. Almost all of the unbalanced ROBs involved chromosome 21 except a single ROB with [46,XX,der(13;14),+13] identified in a newborn girl with multiple congenital anomalies. Multiple novel ROB karyotypes were reported in this report. This study represents the largest collections of ROBs in Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Zhao
- KingMed Genome Diagnostic Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Menghua Wu
- KingMed Genome Diagnostic Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Chen
- KingMed Genome Diagnostic Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- KingMed Genome Diagnostic Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Su
- KingMed Genome Diagnostic Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianfen Liang
- KingMed Genome Diagnostic Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhua Deng
- KingMed Genome Diagnostic Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaohui Hu
- KingMed Genome Diagnostic Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihui Yu
- KingMed Genome Diagnostic Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine and Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dynamics of response to asynapsis and meiotic silencing in spermatocytes from Robertsonian translocation carriers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75970. [PMID: 24066189 PMCID: PMC3774740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure of homologous synapsis during meiotic prophase triggers transcriptional repression. Asynapsis of the X and Y chromosomes and their consequent silencing is essential for spermatogenesis. However, asynapsis of portions of autosomes in heterozygous translocation carriers may be detrimental for meiotic progression. In fact, a wide range of phenotypic outcomes from meiotic arrest to normal spermatogenesis have been described and the causes of such a variation remain elusive. To better understand the consequences of asynapsis in male carriers of Robertsonian translocations, we focused on the dynamics of recruitment of markers of asynapsis and meiotic silencing at unsynapsed autosomal trivalents in the spermatocytes of Robertsonian translocation carrier mice. Here we report that the enrichment of breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and histone γH2AX at unsynapsed trivalents declines during the pachytene stage of meiosis and differs from that observed in the sex body. Furthermore, histone variant H3.3S31, which associates with the sex chromosomes in metaphase I/anaphase I spermatocytes, localizes to autosomes in 12% and 31% of nuclei from carriers of one and three translocations, respectively. These data suggest that the proportion of spermatocytes with markers of meiotic silencing of unsynapsed chromatin (MSUC) at trivalents depends on both, the stage of meiosis and the number of translocations. This may explain some of the variability in phenotypic outcomes associated with Robertsonian translocations. In addition our data suggest that the dynamics of response to asynapsis in Robertsonian translocations differs from the response to sex chromosomal asynapsis in the male germ line.
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Kovaleva NV, Tahmasebi-Hesari M, Verlinskaya DK. Grandmaternal ages at birth of parents of children with down syndrome in St. Petersburg. CYTOL GENET+ 2010. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452710050075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kovaleva NV. Germ-line transmission of trisomy 21: Data from 80 families suggest an implication of grandmaternal age and a high frequency of female-specific trisomy rescue. Mol Cytogenet 2010; 3:7. [PMID: 20298592 PMCID: PMC2857837 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-3-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trisomy of chromosome 21 (T21; Down syndrome, DS) is the most common aneuploidy in live births. Though its etiology has been intensively studied for a half of century, there are surprisingly many problems awaiting their elucidation. Some of the open questions are related directly to germ line mosaicism for T21, other problems include the prevalence of males with non-mosaic trisomy over females (skewed sex ratio, SR), the genetic predisposition to non-disjunction, etc. Studies in families of gonadal mosaicism (GM) carriers might help resolving some of these problems. Results 80 families of carriers of GM, in which the sex of the offspring had been specified, were identified in the literature and in logbooks of two local genetic units. Mothers in these families were relatively young: only 8% of mothers were 35 years old and older at the time of delivery of their first affected offspring while the proportion of grandmothers on the GM carrier's side aged 35 years old and older was significantly higher (39%). Postzygotic rescue of T21 due to error in the meiosis I had been proposed as a mechanism of parental GM formation in 78% of the families with known origin of the T21. For the other 22%, rescue of errors in the meiosis II or postzygotic mitotic non-disjunction was assumed. Mosaicism for T21 in successive generations was reported in at least 12 families. The proportion of mosaics among affected female offspring (14%) is significantly higher compared to that among affected male offspring (0%). Male preponderance (SR = 1.5) is found in non mosaic liveborn offspring with either maternally- or paternally transmitted T21. Among unaffected offspring of male carriers of GM there is a notable excess of females (SR = 0.27). Conclusion Both direct (results of cytogenetic and molecular study of the origin of trisomic line) and indirect (advanced grandmaternal age on the side of GM carrier) evidences allow to assume that significant proportion of the mosaic parents had been conceived as trisomics. Female-specific trisomy rescue and genetic predisposition to postzygotic non-disjunction has been suggested as mechanisms of formation of both GM and somatic mosaicism. Typical male preponderance in affected non mosaic offspring with either maternally- or paternally transmitted trisomy 21, indicates than meiotic events are not responsible for the skewed sex ratio in DS. However a female excess among unaffected offspring of male carriers of GM might be the result of meiotic non homologous co-orientation of chromosomes 21 and X in spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Kovaleva
- Scientific Research Centre at Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical Academy under the Federal Agency of Health Care and Social Development, St Petersburg, Russian Federation.
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De la Fuente-Cortés BE, Cerda-Flores RM, Dávila-Rodríguez MI, García-Vielma C, De la Rosa Alvarado RM, Cortés-Gutiérrez EI. Chromosomal abnormalities and polymorphic variants in couples with repeated miscarriage in Mexico. Reprod Biomed Online 2009; 18:543-8. [DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kovaleva NV. Parental mosaicism for trisomy 21: problems with its detection and an approach to determining its population rate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 11:341-4. [PMID: 17949298 DOI: 10.1089/gte.2006.0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Kovaleva
- St. Petersburg Medical Academy of Postgraduate Studies under the Federal Agency of Health Care and Social Development, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.
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Kovaleva NV. Nonmosaic balanced homologous translocations of major clinical significance: some may be mosaic. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:2843-50. [PMID: 17975800 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The main mechanism proposed for formation of homologous translocations/isochromosomes is mitotic and if this occurs in a chromosomally normal conceptus, mosaicism would be expected to be seen. The lack of mosaicism in published cases of rearrangement (REA) of mitotic origin might be explained by under-detection due to the low level mosaicism for a normal line. Recently it was reported that sex-specific centromere instability in early embryogenesis leads to a female prevalence among individuals with mosaicism for pericentromeric rearrangements. To determine whether carriers of apparent non-mosaic homologous REA could be mosaics for a normal cell line, the sex ratio (male to female ratio) among carriers of balanced and unbalanced homologous translocations/isochromosomes was studied. This ratio was determined to establish if there is a female predominance similar to that seen in carriers of REA with mosaicism. In reviewing the literature, a female prevalence among fetuses with balanced homologous REA and among carriers of unbalanced homologous REA detected prenatally, postnatally and in miscarriages was found. Overall, there were 48 males and 72 females in the collected sample, and this ratio differed significantly from the expected sex ratio of 1.06 (P = 0.0075). There is not a male prevalence among miscarried fetuses, there is no evidence of selection against males in the collected material of this study. The analysis of sex ratios in different variants of trisomy 13 with respect to ascertainment (prenatal diagnosis, miscarriages, liveborn) also does not support an intrauterine selection against males as a cause of a female prevalence among carriers of homologous REA. Thus the data presented in this paper suggests that a proportion of the carriers of balanced homologous REA may have mosaicism for a normal line. Since low level mosaicism for a normal line in a translocation carrier would alter his/her reproductive options, it can be recommended that molecular polymorphic analysis be applied to these cases. This would allow those resulting from meiotic formation to be distinguished from those resulting from postzygotic formation. This latter mechanism may indicate the presence of a mosaicism for a normal line, making further intensive karyotypic analysis advisable. However, additional studies of healthy carriers of homologous REA of chromosome 14 or 15 should not be done. (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Kovaleva
- St. Petersburg Center for Medical Genetics, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.
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Di Renzo GC, Rosati A, Sarti RD, Cruciani L, Cutuli AM. Does fetal sex affect pregnancy outcome? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 4:19-30. [PMID: 17584623 DOI: 10.1016/s1550-8579(07)80004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In maternal fetal medicine, gender differences in outcome are often observed. OBJECTIVE This article reviews the fetal sex-dependent differences found in many aspects of pregnancy, from conception through birth. METHODS The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Current Contents databases were searched, for the years 1985 to 2006, using the following Medical Subject Headings and text words: fetal gender, finale, female, sex ratio at birth, pregnancy outcome, preterm birth, and stillbirth. The search was not limited by language. In addition, the bibliographies of known relevant articles were examined to capture any reports not already identified in the electronic search. All reports that provided information on gender differences in pregnancy outcome were included for review. RESULTS An extremely high male-to-female ratio was found in fetuses born after very short-duration pregnancy; this level declined around the 20th week and stabilized at term. In the absence of manipulation, both the sex ratio at birth and the population sex ratio have been found to remain consistent. A higher incidence of preterm birth and premature preterm rupture of membranes has been observed in different populations among mothers of male newborns compared with mothers of females. It has been speculated that this higher incidence may be linked to the relatively greater weight at lower gestational age of male newborns versus females. Women carrying male fetuses had higher rates of gestational diabetes mellitus, fetal macrosomia, failure to progress during the first and second stages of labor, cord prolapse, nuchal cord, and true umbilical cord knots. Cesarean sections were also more frequently found among male neonates compared with females. CONCLUSIONS Male sex is an independent risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcome. Evidence suggests that females have an advantage over males, with a better outcome in the perinatal period, particularly after preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Carlo Di Renzo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Center for Perinatal and Reproductive Medicine, Univesity of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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Wu HH, Lee TH, Chen CD, Yeh KT, Chen M. Delineation of an isodicentric Y chromosome in a mosaic 45,X/46,X,idic(Y)(qter-p11.3::p11.3-qter) fetus by SRY sequencing, G-banding, FISH, SKY and study of distribution in different tissues. J Formos Med Assoc 2007; 106:403-10. [PMID: 17561477 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-6646(09)60327-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many factors such as genetic, developmental and hormonal are involved in mammalian sex determination. The relative importance and the mutual interactions among those factors are obscure. Study of cytogenetic mosaicism involving sex chromosomes may help to further unravel the mysterious process. We report a fetus with a mosaic karyotype, 45,X/46,X,idic(Y)(qter-p11.3::p11.3-qter), with unambiguous male external genitalia and a defect in the interventricular septum of the heart. Genotype of this fetus was extensively studied by technologies including sequencing of SRY (sex-determining region on the Y chromosome) gene, G-banding, FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) and SKY (spectral karyotyping). A markedly higher percentage of Y-containing cells was observed in the gonads (55%) than in the amniotic fluid (17%) and placental villi (11%), which was considered to be the major reason why the fetus did not have ambiguous genitalia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Hsuan Wu
- Center for Health Promotion and Department of Family Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kang PB, Krishnamoorthy KS, Jones RM, Shapiro FD, Darras BT. Atypical presentations of spinal muscular atrophy type III (Kugelberg-Welander disease). Neuromuscul Disord 2006; 16:492-4. [PMID: 16797181 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Revised: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy type III (SMA III, Kugelberg-Welander disease) typically presents with symmetric proximal weakness, areflexia, and hypotonia. We present four children with spinal muscular atrophy type III who had atypical phenotypes. Three patients clearly had asymmetric weakness at presentation and two had upper motor neuron signs in the lower extremities (one patient had both features). Two of the patients had prolonged evaluations before the diagnosis was made. All patients had Gowers signs and two had pes planus. In patients with proximal muscle weakness the presence of asymmetrical weakness, upper motor neuron signs, or both, may be compatible with spinal muscular atrophy type III. The diagnosis of spinal muscular atrophy should be considered when other possibilities have been excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Kang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Fegan 11, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Current awareness in prenatal diagnosis. Prenat Diagn 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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