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Correa Brito L, Keselman A, Villegas F, Scaglia P, Esnaola Azcoiti M, Castro S, Sanguineti N, Izquierdo A, Maier M, Bergadá I, Arberas C, Rey RA, Ropelato MG. Case report: Novel SIN3A loss-of-function variant as causative for hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in Witteveen-Kolk syndrome. Front Genet 2024; 15:1354715. [PMID: 38528912 PMCID: PMC10961356 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1354715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Pubertal delay can be due to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), which may occur in association with anosmia or hyposmia and is known as Kallmann syndrome (OMIM #308700). Recently, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism has been suggested to overlap with Witteveen-Kolk syndrome (WITKOS, OMIM #613406) associated with 15q24 microdeletions encompassing SIN3A. Whether hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is due to haploinsufficiency of SIN3A or any of the other eight genes present in 15q24 is not known. We report the case of a female patient with delayed puberty associated with intellectual disability, behavior problems, dysmorphic facial features, and short stature, at the age of 14 years. Clinical, laboratory, and imaging assessments confirmed the diagnosis of Kallmann syndrome. Whole-exome sequencing identified a novel heterozygous frameshift variant, NM_001145358.2:c.3045_3046dup, NP_001138830.1:p.(Ile1016Argfs*6) in SIN3A, classified as pathogenic according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG/AMP) criteria. Reverse phenotyping led to the clinical diagnosis of WITKOS. No other variant was found in the 96 genes potentially related to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The analysis of the other contiguous seven genes to SIN3A in 15q24 did not reveal any clinically relevant variant. In conclusion, these findings point to SIN3A as the gene in 15q24 related to the reproductive phenotype in patients with overlapping WITKOS and Kallmann syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Correa Brito
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas “Dr. César Bergadá” (CEDIE), CONICET—FEI—División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Keselman
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas “Dr. César Bergadá” (CEDIE), CONICET—FEI—División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Villegas
- Sección Genética Médica, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Scaglia
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas “Dr. César Bergadá” (CEDIE), CONICET—FEI—División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Unidad de Medicina Traslacional, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Esnaola Azcoiti
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas “Dr. César Bergadá” (CEDIE), CONICET—FEI—División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Unidad de Medicina Traslacional, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Castro
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas “Dr. César Bergadá” (CEDIE), CONICET—FEI—División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora Sanguineti
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas “Dr. César Bergadá” (CEDIE), CONICET—FEI—División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustín Izquierdo
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas “Dr. César Bergadá” (CEDIE), CONICET—FEI—División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Unidad de Medicina Traslacional, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marianela Maier
- Sección Genética Médica, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Bergadá
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas “Dr. César Bergadá” (CEDIE), CONICET—FEI—División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Arberas
- Sección Genética Médica, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo A. Rey
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas “Dr. César Bergadá” (CEDIE), CONICET—FEI—División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Unidad de Medicina Traslacional, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Histología, Embriología y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Ropelato
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas “Dr. César Bergadá” (CEDIE), CONICET—FEI—División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Unidad de Medicina Traslacional, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Tenenbaum-Rakover Y, Admoni O, Elias-Assad G, London S, Noufi-Barhoum M, Ludar H, Almagor T, Zehavi Y, Sultan C, Bertalan R, Bashamboo A, McElreavey K. The evolving role of whole-exome sequencing in the management of disorders of sex development. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:620-629. [PMID: 34009138 PMCID: PMC8240709 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disorders of sex development (DSD) are defined as congenital conditions in which the development of chromosomal, gonadal and anatomical sex is atypical. Despite wide laboratory and imaging investigations, the etiology of DSD is unknown in over 50% of patients. METHODS We evaluated the etiology of DSD by whole-exome sequencing (WES) at a mean age of 10 years in nine patients for whom extensive evaluation, including hormonal, imaging and candidate gene approaches, had not identified an etiology. RESULTS The eight 46,XY patients presented with micropenis, cryptorchidism and hypospadias at birth and the 46,XX patient presented with labia majora fusion. In seven patients (78%), pathogenic variants were identified for RXFP2, HSD17B3, WT1, BMP4, POR, CHD7 and SIN3A. In two atients, no causative variants were found. Mutations in three genes were reported previously with different phenotypes: an 11-year-old boy with a novel de novo variant in BMP4; such variants are mainly associated with microphthalmia and in few cases with external genitalia anomalies in males, supporting the role of BMP4 in the development of male external genitalia; a 12-year-old boy with a known pathogenic variant in RXFP2, encoding insulin-like 3 hormone receptor, and previously reported in adult men with cryptorchidism; an 8-year-old boy with syndromic DSD had a de novo deletion in SIN3A. CONCLUSIONS Our findings of molecular etiologies for DSD in 78% of our patients indicate a major role for WES in early DSD diagnosis and management - and highlights the importance of rapid molecular diagnosis in early infancy for sex of rearing decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yardena Tenenbaum-Rakover
- Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Osnat Admoni
- Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Ghadir Elias-Assad
- Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shira London
- Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Marie Noufi-Barhoum
- Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan, Safed, Israel
| | - Hanna Ludar
- Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Tal Almagor
- Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Yoav Zehavi
- Pediatric Department, B, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Charles Sultan
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Gynecology Unit, CHU de Montpellier, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve et Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Ercoskun P, Yuce Kahraman C. Witteveen-Kolk syndrome: The first patient from Turkey. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 185:617-619. [PMID: 33142042 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Witteveen-Kolk syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by intellectual disability, developmental delay and dysmorphic facial features including a long face with prominent forehead, depressed nasal bridge, long-smooth philtrum and malformed ears. Skeletal abnormalities, microcephaly and malformation of the brain are other findings. This syndrome is caused by mutations in the SIN3A gene or microdeletions encompassing this gene. The protein encoded by SIN3A gene plays a regulatory role in the control of various developmental processes, especially cortical expansion and maturation. To date, 17 patients have been reported in the medical literature. In this article, we reported a patient with Witteveen-Kolk syndrome who had a retrognathia as an unusually finding. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first patient of Witteveen-Kolk syndrome reported from Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Ercoskun
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Yuce Kahraman
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Liu Y, Mapow B. Coexistence of urogenital malformations in a female fetus with de novo 15q24 microdeletion and a literature review. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1265. [PMID: 32400031 PMCID: PMC7336734 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 15q24 microdeletion is a relatively new syndrome caused by nonallelic homologous recombination (NAHR) between low‐copy repeats (LCRs) in the 15q24 chromosome region. This syndrome is characterized by a spectrum of clinical symptoms including global developmental delay, intellectual disability, facial dysmorphisms, and congenital malformations of the extremities, eye, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary system, and genitalia. Method Molecular cytogenetic analysis was performed using whole genome single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray analysis. Autopsy examination including gross and microscopic examination were performed. In addition, a thorough review of the literature on 15q24 microdeletion was completed and summarized in table format. Result Molecular cytogenetic analysis revealed a 3.88 MB interstitial deletion within 15q24.1 to 15q24.3 (74,353,735–78,228,485 bp) in our case. Autopsy examination showed congenital malformations within the genitourinary system and genitalia, including left kidney agenesis and uterus didelphys. After thorough literature review, we found a series of midline defects associated with 15q24 microdeletion syndrome. Conclusion We report the first case of coexistence of urogenital abnormalities, including left kidney agenesis and uterus didelphys, with 15q24 microdeletion syndrome, which is also associated with midline defects secondary to abnormal development. Since 15q24 microdeletion syndrome is a relatively new entity, fully characterizing its variation and severity requires additional examination of the genetics, molecular profile and structural and functional abnormalities in affected patients. Due to the limited data in the literature, statistical analysis of abnormalities in each organ system is not possible. However, we can predict that novel genetic pathways involving cell migration, adhesion, apoptosis, and embryo development might be discovered with the advanced study of 15q24 microdeletion syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaobin Liu
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Beth Mapow
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Jefferson Health New jersey, Cherry Hill, New Jersey, USA
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Jacoszek A, Pollak A, Płoski R, Ołdak M. Advances in genetic hearing loss: CIB2 gene. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 274:1791-1795. [PMID: 27771768 PMCID: PMC5340853 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-016-4330-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hearing plays a crucial role in human development. Receiving and processing sounds are essential for the advancement of the speech ability during the early childhood and for a proper functioning in the society. Hearing loss is one of the most frequent disabilities that affect human senses. It can be caused by genetic or environmental factors or both of them. Calcium- and integrin-binding protein 2 (CIB2) is one of the recently identified genes, involved in HI pathogenesis. CIB2 is widely expressed in various human and animal tissues, mainly in skeletal muscle, nervous tissue, inner ear, and retina. The CIB2 protein is responsible for maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis in cells and interacting with integrins-transmembrane receptors essential for cell adhesion, migration, and activation of signaling pathways. Calcium signaling pathway is crucial for signal transduction in the inner ear, and integrins regulate hair cell differentiation and maturation of the stereocilia. To date, mutations detected in CIB2 are causative for nonsyndromic hearing loss (DFNB48) or Usher syndrome type 1 J. Patients harboring biallelic CIB2 mutations suffer from bilateral, early onset, moderate to profound HI. In the paper, we summarize the current status of the research on CIB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Jacoszek
- Department of Medical Genetics, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pollak
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Mokra 17, Nadarzyn, Warsaw/Kajetany, 05-830, Poland.
| | - Rafał Płoski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Ołdak
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Mokra 17, Nadarzyn, Warsaw/Kajetany, 05-830, Poland
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Kim HS, Han JY, Kim MJ. De novointerstitial deletion of 15q22q23 with global developmental delay and hypotonia: the first Korean case. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2015; 58:313-6. [PMID: 26388897 PMCID: PMC4573446 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2015.58.8.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial deletions involving the chromosome band 15q22q24 are very rare and only nine cases have been previously reported. Here, we report on a 12-day-old patient with a de novo 15q22q23 interstitial deletion. He was born by elective cesarean section with a birth weight of 3,120 g at 41.3-week gestation. He presented with hypotonia, sensory and neural hearing loss, dysmorphism with frontal bossing, flat nasal bridge, microretrognathia with normal palate and uvula, thin upper lip in an inverted V-shape, a midline sacral dimple, severe calcanovalgus at admission, and severe global developmental delay at 18 months of age. Fluorescence in situ hybridization findings confirmed that the deleted regions contained at least 15q22. The chromosome analysis revealed a karyotype of 46,XY,del(15) (q22q23). Parental chromosome analysis was performed and results were normal. After reviewing the limited literature on interstitial 15q deletions, we believe that the presented case is the first description of mapping of an interstitial deletion involving the chromosome 15q22q23 segment in Korea. This report adds to the knowledge of the clinical phenotype associated with the 15q22q23 deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Su Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Jin-Yeong Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Myo-Jing Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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Gao X, Gotway G, Rathjen K, Johnston C, Sparagana S, Wise CA. Genomic Analyses of Patients With Unexplained Early-Onset Scoliosis. Spine Deform 2014; 2:324-332. [PMID: 27927329 PMCID: PMC4228381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jspd.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN To test for rare genetic mutations, a cohort of patients with unexplained early-onset scoliosis (EOS) was screened using high-density microarray genotyping. A cohort of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) was similarly screened and the results were compared. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Patients with scoliosis in infancy or early childhood (EOS) are at high risk for progressive deformity and associated problems including respiratory compromise. Early-onset scoliosis is frequently associated with genetic disorders but many patients present with nonspecific clinical features and without an associated diagnosis. The authors hypothesized that EOS in these patients may be caused by rare genetic mutations detectable by next-generation genomic methods. METHODS The researchers identified 24 patients with unexplained EOS from pediatric orthopedic clinics. They genotyped them, along with 39 connecting family members, using the Illumina OmniExpress-12, version 1.0 beadchip. Resulting genotypes were analyzed for chromosomal changes, specifically copy number variation and absence of heterozygosity. They screened 482 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients and 744 healthy controls, who were similarly genotyped with the same beadchip, for chromosomal changes identified in the EOS cohort. RESULTS Copy number variation and absence of heterozygosity analyses revealed a genetic diagnosis of chromosome 15q24 microdeletion syndrome in 1 patient and maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 14 in a second one. Prior genetic testing and clinical evaluations had been negative in both cases. A large novel chromosome 10 deletion was likely causal in a third EOS patient. These mutations identified in the EOS patients were absent in AIS patients and controls, and thus were not associated with AIS or found in asymptomatic individuals. CONCLUSIONS These data underscore the usefulness of updated genetic evaluations including high-density microarray-based genotyping and other next-generation methods in patients with unexplained EOS, even when prior genetic studies were negative. These data also suggest the intriguing possibility that other mutations detectable by whole genome sequencing, as well as epigenetic effects, await discovery in the EOS population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochong Gao
- Sarah M. and Charles E. Seay Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children. Dallas, TX
| | - Garrett Gotway
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Karl Rathjen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children. Dallas, TX,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Charles Johnston
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children. Dallas, TX,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Steven Sparagana
- Department of Neurology, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children. Dallas, TX,Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Carol A. Wise
- Sarah M. and Charles E. Seay Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children. Dallas, TX,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,To whom correspondence should be directed. Telephone: 214-559-7861 Fax: 214-559-7872
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Detection of recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities in acute lymphoblastic and myeloid leukemias using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Methods Mol Biol 2013. [PMID: 23666691 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-357-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Cytogenetic identification of clonal abnormalities present in leukemia is critical for accurate diagnosis of the disease and determination of specific therapeutic interventions for the patient. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies complement the diagnostic karyotype by providing a higher resolution of analysis with clarification of rearrangements observed by G-banding and identification of cryptic abnormalities not observed by the light microscope. This chapter will discuss FISH methodology as practiced in the cancer cytogenetic laboratory.
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Mefford HC, Rosenfeld JA, Shur N, Slavotinek AM, Cox VA, Hennekam RC, Firth HV, Willatt L, Wheeler P, Morrow EM, Cook J, Sullivan R, Oh A, McDonald MT, Zonana J, Keller K, Hannibal MC, Ball S, Kussmann J, Gorski J, Zelewski S, Banks V, Smith W, Smith R, Paull L, Rosenbaum KN, Amor DJ, Silva J, Lamb A, Eichler EE. Further clinical and molecular delineation of the 15q24 microdeletion syndrome. J Med Genet 2011; 49:110-8. [PMID: 22180641 PMCID: PMC3261729 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2011-100499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Chromosome 15q24 microdeletion syndrome is a rare genomic disorder characterised by intellectual disability, growth retardation, unusual facial morphology and other anomalies. To date, 20 patients have been reported; 18 have had detailed breakpoint analysis. Aim To further delineate the features of the 15q24 microdeletion syndrome, the clinical and molecular characterisation of fifteen patients with deletions in the 15q24 region was performed, nearly doubling the number of reported patients. Methods Breakpoints were characterised using a custom, high-density array comparative hybridisation platform, and detailed phenotype information was collected for each patient. Results Nine distinct deletions with different breakpoints ranging in size from 266 kb to 3.75 Mb were identified. The majority of breakpoints lie within segmental duplication (SD) blocks. Low sequence identity and large intervals of unique sequence between SD blocks likely contribute to the rarity of 15q24 deletions, which occur 8–10 times less frequently than 1q21 or 15q13 microdeletions in our series. Two small, atypical deletions were identified within the region that help delineate the critical region for the core phenotype in the 15q24 microdeletion syndrome. Conclusion The molecular characterisation of these patients suggests that the core cognitive features of the 15q24 microdeletion syndrome, including developmental delays and severe speech problems, are largely due to deletion of genes in a 1.1–Mb critical region. However, genes just distal to the critical region also play an important role in cognition and in the development of characteristic facial features associated with 15q24 deletions. Clearly, deletions in the 15q24 region are variable in size and extent. Knowledge of the breakpoints and size of deletion combined with the natural history and medical problems of our patients provide insights that will inform management guidelines. Based on common phenotypic features, all patients with 15q24 microdeletions should receive a thorough neurodevelopmental evaluation, physical, occupational and speech therapies, and regular audiologic and ophthalmologic screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C Mefford
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC 98195, USA.
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Narumi Y, Shiohara M, Wakui K, Hama A, Kojima S, Yoshikawa K, Amano Y, Kosho T, Fukushima Y. Myelodysplastic syndrome in a child with 15q24 deletion syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 158A:412-6. [PMID: 22140075 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
15q24 deletion syndrome is a recently-described chromosomal disorder, characterized by developmental delay, growth deficiency, distinct facial features, digital abnormalities, loose connective tissue, and genital malformations in males. To date, 19 patients have been reported. We report on a 13-year-old boy with this syndrome manifesting childhood myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). He had characteristic facial features, hypospadias, and mild developmental delay. He showed neutropenia and thrombocytopenia for several years. At age 13 years, bone marrow examination was performed, which showed a sign suggestive of childhood MDS: mild dysplasia in the myeloid, erythroid, and megakaryocytic cell lineages. Array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) revealed a de novo 3.4 Mb 15q24.1q24.3 deletion. Although MDS has not been described in patients with the syndrome, a boy was reported to have acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The development of MDS and hematological malignancy in the syndrome might be caused by the haploinsufficiency of deleted 15q24 segment either alone or in combination with other genetic abnormalities in hematopoietic cells. Further hematological investigation is recommended to be beneficial if physical and hematological examination results are suggestive of hematopoietic disturbance in patients with the syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Narumi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
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L Ng IS, Chin WH, P Lim EC, Tan EC. An additional case of the recurrent 15q24.1 microdeletion syndrome and review of the literature. Twin Res Hum Genet 2011; 14:333-9. [PMID: 21787116 DOI: 10.1375/twin.14.4.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We report a 9-year-old girl with 3 Mb interstitial deletion of chromosome 15q24 identified by oligonucleotide array comparative hybridization. She is of Chinese ancestry and shared some typical features of previously reported 15q24 deletion cases such as mild dysmorphism with developmental and speech delay. She also had mild hearing loss that was reported in one other case. We compared all 19 cases that are identified from array-CGH. The deletion occurred within an 8.3 Mb region from 15q23 to 15q24.3. The minimum overlapping deleted region is less than 0.5 Mb from 72.3 Mb to 72.7 Mb. The functions of the nine annotated genes within the region and how they might contribute to the microdeletion phenotype are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy S L Ng
- Genetics Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
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12
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Cukier HN, Salyakina D, Blankstein SF, Robinson JL, Sacharow S, Ma D, Wright HH, Abramson RK, Menon R, Williams SM, Haines JL, Cuccaro ML, Gilbert JR, Pericak-Vance MA. Microduplications in an autism multiplex family narrow the region of susceptibility for developmental disorders on 15q24 and implicate 7p21. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2011; 156B:493-501. [PMID: 21480499 PMCID: PMC5490366 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Copy number variations (CNVs) play a crucial role in the intricate genetics of autism spectrum disorders. A region on chromosome 15q24 vulnerable to both deletions and duplications has been previously implicated in a range of phenotypes including autism, Asperger's syndrome, delayed development, and mild to severe mental retardation. Prior studies have delineated a minimal critical region of approximately 1.33 Mb. In this study, a multiplex autism family was evaluated for CNVs using genotyping data from the Illumina 1 M BeadChip and analyzed with the PennCNV algorithm. Variants were then identified that co-segregate with autism features in this family. Here, we report autistic first cousins who carry two microduplications concordant with disease. Both duplications were inherited maternally and found to be identical by descent. The first is an approximately 10,000 base pair microduplication within the minimal region on 15q24 that falls across a single gene, ubiquitin-like 7. This is the smallest duplication in the region to result in a neuropsychiatric disorder, potentially narrowing the critical region for susceptibility to developmental and autism spectrum disorders. The second is a novel, 352 kb tandem duplication on 7p21 that replicates part of the neurexophilin 1 and islet cell autoantigen 1 genes. The breakpoint junction falls within the intronic regions of these genes and demonstrates a microhomology of four base pairs. Each of these microduplications may contribute to the complex etiology of autism spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly N. Cukier
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Daria Salyakina
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Sarah F. Blankstein
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Joycelyn L. Robinson
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Stephanie Sacharow
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Deqiong Ma
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Harry H. Wright
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Ruth K. Abramson
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Ramkumar Menon
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Scott M. Williams
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Michael L. Cuccaro
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - John R. Gilbert
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Margaret A. Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida,Correspondence to: Margaret A. Pericak-Vance, Ph.D., Associate Dean for Human Genomic Programs, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Professor of Human Genomics, Director, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, BRB-314 (M860), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136.
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13
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Berg JS, Potocki L, Bacino CA. Common recurrent microduplication syndromes: diagnosis and management in clinical practice. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:1066-78. [PMID: 20425813 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Details on the phenotypic consequences of genomic microdeletions and microduplications are rapidly emerging in the wake of increased utilization of high-resolution methods for the detection of genomic copy number variants (CNVs). Due to their recent discovery, the complete phenotypic characterization of these syndromes is still in progress. For practicing clinicians, this unprecedented molecular diagnostic capability has in many cases outpaced our ability to convey conclusive information regarding these conditions to patients and family members. In particular, genomic microduplication syndromes are frequently associated with variable phenotypes and incomplete penetrance, leading to difficulty in counseling regarding the potential future consequences of a given microduplication. In this review, we have attempted to provide an initial set of recommendations for the management of patients with recurrent microduplication syndromes. We summarize the clinical information for microduplications of 14 different genomic regions and provide a framework for clinical evaluation and anticipatory guidance in these conditions. It is our expectation that these preliminary guidelines will be revised further for each microduplication syndrome as more information becomes available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Berg
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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14
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Sing B, Song D, DeSandre G, Govindaswami B, Rosenthal S, Gunn S, Wallerstein R. Microdeletion of chromosome 15q24.3-25.2 and orofacial clefting. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2010; 48:596-600. [PMID: 20518684 DOI: 10.1597/09-077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a case of de novo microdeletion of 15q24.3-q25.2 in an infant with orofacial cleft and general hypotonia and suggest that this may be a critical region in orofacial development. In addition, this case highlights the usefulness of comparative genomic microarray in the evaluation of children with congenital anomalies with such defects.
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15
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Andrieux J, Dubourg C, Rio M, Attie-Bitach T, Delaby E, Mathieu M, Journel H, Copin H, Blondeel E, Doco-Fenzy M, Landais E, Delobel B, Odent S, Manouvrier-Hanu S, Holder-Espinasse M. Genotype-phenotype correlation in four 15q24 deleted patients identified by array-CGH. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 149A:2813-9. [PMID: 19921647 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microdeletion 15q24 is an emerging syndrome recently described, mainly due to increased use of array-CGH. Clinical features associate mild to moderate developmental delay, typical facial characteristics (high forehead and frontal hairline, broad eyebrows, downslanting palpebral features, long philtrum), hands (particularly proximal implanted thumbs) and genital anomalies (micropenis, hypospadias). We report here on four de novo cases having 2.5-6.1 Mb deletions involving 15q24: one 15q23q24.2 (Patient 1) and three 15q24.1q24.2 deletions (Patients 2-4). We correlate phenotype to genotype according to molecular boundaries of these deletions. Since bilateral iris coloboma and severe ano-rectal malformation were only present in Patient 1, we could link these anomalies to haploinsufficiency of 15q23 genes. Neither hypospadias nor micropenis were present in Patient 3 bearing the smallest deletion, therefore we could define 500 kb 15q24.1 region linked to these anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Andrieux
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, CHRU, Lille, France.
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16
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Xiang B, Zhu H, Shen Y, Miller DT, Lu K, Hu X, Andersson HC, Narumanchi TM, Wang Y, Martinez JE, Wu BL, Li P, Li MM, Chen TJ, Fan YS. Genome-wide oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization for etiological diagnosis of mental retardation: a multicenter experience of 1499 clinical cases. J Mol Diagn 2010; 12:204-12. [PMID: 20093387 DOI: 10.2353/jmoldx.2010.090115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the clinical utility of genome-wide oligonucleotide arrays in diagnosis of mental retardation and to address issues relating to interpretation of copy number changes (CNCs), we collected results on a total of 1499 proband patients from five academic diagnostic laboratories where the same 44K array platform has been used. Three of the five laboratories achieved a diagnostic yield of 14% and the other two had a yield of 11 and 7%, respectively. Approximately 80% of the abnormal cases had a single segment deletion or duplication, whereas the remaining 20% had a compound genomic imbalance involving two or more DNA segments. Deletion of 16p11.2 is a common microdeletion syndrome associated with mental retardation. We classified pathogenic CNCs into six groups according to the structural changes. Our data have demonstrated that the 44K platform provides a reasonable resolution for clinical use and a size of 300 kb can be used as a practical cutoff for further investigations of the clinical relevance of a CNC detected with this platform. We have discussed in depth the issues associated with the clinical use of array CGH and provided guidance for interpretation, reporting, and counseling of test results based on our experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bixia Xiang
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Mailman Center for Child Development, Room 7050, 1601 Northwest 12th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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17
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Masurel-Paulet A, Callier P, Thauvin-Robinet C, Chouchane M, Mejean N, Marle N, Mosca AL, Ben Salem D, Giroud M, Guibaud L, Huet F, Mugneret F, Faivre L. Multiple cysts of the corpus callosum and psychomotor delay in a patient with a 3.1 Mb 15q24.1q24.2 interstitial deletion identified by array-CGH. Am J Med Genet A 2009; 149A:1504-10. [PMID: 19533778 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Masurel-Paulet
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Anomalies du développement et syndromes malformatifs, Hôpital d'Enfants, Dijon, France.
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18
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Redefined genomic architecture in 15q24 directed by patient deletion/duplication breakpoint mapping. Hum Genet 2009; 126:589-602. [PMID: 19557438 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-009-0706-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We report four new patients with a submicroscopic deletion in 15q24 manifesting developmental delay, short stature, hypotonia, digital abnormalities, joint laxity, genital abnormalities, and characteristic facial features. These clinical features are shared with six recently reported patients with a 15q24 microdeletion, supporting the notion that this is a recognizable syndrome. We describe a case of an ~2.6 Mb microduplication involving a portion of the minimal deletion critical region in a 15-year-old male with short stature, mild mental retardation, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Asperger syndrome, decreased joint mobility, digital abnormalities, and characteristic facial features. Some of these features are shared with a recently reported case with a 15q24 microduplication involving the minimal deletion critical region. We also report two siblings and their mother with duplication adjacent and distal to this region exhibiting mild developmental delay, hypotonia, tapering fingers, characteristic facial features, and prominent ears. The deletion and duplication breakpoints were mapped by array comparative genomic hybridization and the genomic structure in 15q24 was analyzed further. Surprisingly, in addition to the previously recognized three low-copy repeat clusters (BP1, BP2, and BP3), we identified two other paralogous low-copy repeat clusters that likely mediated the formation of alternative sized 15q24 genomic rearrangements via non-allelic homologous recombination.
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19
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Kiholm Lund AB, Hove HD, Kirchhoff M. A 15q24 microduplication, reciprocal to the recently described 15q24 microdeletion, in a boy sharing clinical features with 15q24 microdeletion syndrome patients. Eur J Med Genet 2008; 51:520-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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20
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Phadke SR, Sharda S. A report of a patient with interstitial deletion of 15q22: further delineation of a new micro deletion syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:1999-2000. [PMID: 18627036 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shubha R Phadke
- Medical Genetics Department, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
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21
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Klopocki E, Graul-Neumann LM, Grieben U, Tönnies H, Ropers HH, Horn D, Mundlos S, Ullmann R. A further case of the recurrent 15q24 microdeletion syndrome, detected by array CGH. Eur J Pediatr 2008; 167:903-8. [PMID: 17932688 PMCID: PMC2757600 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-007-0616-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report on a 10-year-old patient with developmental delay, craniofacial dysmorphism, digital and genital abnormalities. In addition, muscular hypotonia, strabism, and splenomegaly were observed; inguinal and umbilical hernias were surgically corrected. Mucopolysaccharidoses and CDG syndromes could not be found. Chromosome analysis revealed a normal male karyotype (46,XY). A more detailed investigation of the patient's genomic DNA by microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) detected an interstitial 3.7 Mb deletion ranging from 15q24.1 to 15q24.3 which was shown to be de novo. Interstitial deletions involving 15q24 are rare. Sharp et al. (Hum Mol Genet 16:567-572, 2007) recently characterized a recurrent 15q24 microdeletion syndrome with breakpoints in regions of segmental duplications. The de novo microdeletion described here colocalizes with the minimal deletion region of the 15q24 microdeletion syndrome. The distinct clinical phenotype associated with this novel microdeletion syndrome is similar to the phenotype of our patient with respect to specific facial features, developmental delay, microcephaly, digital abnormalities, and genital abnormalities in males. We present a genotype-phenotype correlation and comparison with patients from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Klopocki
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Luitgard M. Graul-Neumann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Grieben
- Department of Neuropaediatrics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Tönnies
- Institute of Human Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Hilger Ropers
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63, Berlin, Germany
| | - Denise Horn
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Mundlos
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany ,Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63, Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhard Ullmann
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63, Berlin, Germany
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22
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Häger M, Bigotti MG, Meszaros R, Carmignac V, Holmberg J, Allamand V, Akerlund M, Kalamajski S, Brancaccio A, Mayer U, Durbeej M. Cib2 binds integrin alpha7Bbeta1D and is reduced in laminin alpha2 chain-deficient muscular dystrophy. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:24760-9. [PMID: 18611855 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801166200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding laminin alpha2 chain cause congenital muscular dystrophy type 1A. In skeletal muscle, laminin alpha2 chain binds at least two receptor complexes: the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex and integrin alpha7beta1. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying this disorder, we performed gene expression profiling of laminin alpha2 chain-deficient mouse limb muscle. One of the down-regulated genes encodes a protein called Cib2 (calcium- and integrin-binding protein 2) whose expression and function is unknown. However, the closely related Cib1 has been reported to bind integrin alphaIIb and may be involved in outside-in-signaling in platelets. Since Cib2 might be a novel integrin alpha7beta1-binding protein in muscle, we have studied Cib2 expression in the developing and adult mouse. Cib2 mRNA is mainly expressed in the developing central nervous system and in developing and adult skeletal muscle. In skeletal muscle, Cib2 colocalizes with the integrin alpha7B subunit at the sarcolemma and at the neuromuscular and myotendinous junctions. Finally, we demonstrate that Cib2 is a calcium-binding protein that interacts with integrin alpha7Bbeta1D. Thus, our data suggest a role for Cib2 as a cytoplasmic effector of integrin alpha7Bbeta1D signaling in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Häger
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Division for Cell and Matrix Biology, University of Lund, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
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23
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Slavotinek AM. Novel microdeletion syndromes detected by chromosome microarrays. Hum Genet 2008; 124:1-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-008-0513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Schluth-Bolard C, Till M, Edery P, Sanlaville D. [New chromosomal syndromes]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 56:380-7. [PMID: 18467039 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mental retardation occurs in 2-3% of the general population either in isolation or in combination with facial dysmorphism and/or malformations. Chromosomal abnormalities are a most common etiology. Karyotype displays chromosome aberrations in about 10% of patients but it has a limited resolution (5 Mb). Recently, the development of new molecular cytogenetic tools, especially array CGH, allowed to detect smaller abnormalities and increased the diagnosis capability of 15-20%. Among these newly detected rearrangements, some of them are recurrent and define new recognized syndromes. We will first briefly explain the non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) mechanism that underlines the origin of recurrent microdeletions and microduplications. Then we will describe eight new syndromes, four microdeletions (del 17q21.31, del 3q29, del 15q24, del 2q32.3q33) and four microduplications (dup 22q11.2, dup 7q11.23, dup 17p11.2, duplication of MECP2). A better knowledge of these new recurrent chromosomal syndromes will allow to improve care for patients, to develop targeted chromosomal diagnosis and to identify genes involved in neurocognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schluth-Bolard
- Service de cytogénétique constitutionnelle, hospices civils de Lyon, centre de biologie et de pathologie Est, 59, boulevard Pinel, 69677 Bron, cedex, France
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25
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Sharp AJ, Selzer RR, Veltman JA, Gimelli S, Gimelli G, Striano P, Coppola A, Regan R, Price SM, Knoers NV, Eis PS, Brunner HG, Hennekam RC, Knight SJL, de Vries BBA, Zuffardi O, Eichler EE. Characterization of a recurrent 15q24 microdeletion syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16:567-72. [PMID: 17360722 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe multiple individuals with mental retardation and overlapping de novo submicroscopic deletions of 15q24 (1.7-3.9 Mb in size). High-resolution analysis showed that in three patients both proximal and distal breakpoints co-localized to highly identical segmental duplications (>51 kb in length, > 94% identity), suggesting non-allelic homologous recombination as the likely mechanism of origin. Sequencing studies in a fourth individual provided base pair resolution and showed that both breakpoints in this case were located in unique sequence. Despite the differences in the size and location of the deletions, all four individuals share several major features (growth retardation, microcephaly, digital abnormalities, hypospadias and loose connective tissue) and resemble one another facially (high anterior hair line, broad medial eyebrows, hypertelorism, downslanted palpebral fissures, broad nasal base, long smooth philtrum and full lower lip), indicating that this represents a novel syndrome caused by haploinsufficiency of one or more dosage-sensitive genes in the minimal deletion region. Our results define microdeletion of 15q24 as a novel recurrent genomic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Sharp
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1705 NE Pacific Street Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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