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Dean MC, Lim SY, Liversidge HM. Patterns of permanent incisor, canine and molar development in modern humans, great apes and early fossil hominins. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 143:105549. [PMID: 36167014 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to quantify the variation in coincident stages of incisor, canine and molar eruption and tooth formation in modern humans and great apes and then to ask if any early fossil hominins showed a dental development pattern beyond the human range and/or clearly typical of great apes. DESIGN Four stages of eruption and 18 stages of tooth development were defined and then scored for each developing tooth on radiographs of 159 once-free-living subadult great apes and on orthopantomographs of 4091 dental patients aged 1-23 years. From original observations, and from published images of eleven early fossil hominins, we then scored formation stages of permanent incisors when M1 was at root formation stage R¼-R½ and R¾-RC. RESULTS Incisor and canine eruption/development was delayed in great apes relative to molar development when compared with humans but there was overlap in almost all anterior tooth stages observed. Molar crown initiation was generally advanced in great apes and delayed in humans but again, we observed overlap in all stages in both samples. Only two fossil hominin specimens (L.H.-3 from Laetoli, Tanzania and KNM-KP 34725 from Kanapoi, Kenya) showed delayed incisor development relative to M1 beyond any individuals observed in the human sample. CONCLUSIONS For certain tooth types, the distribution of formation stages in our samples showed evidence of generally advanced or delayed development between taxa. However, it would rarely if ever be possible to allocate an individual to one taxon or another on this basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Christopher Dean
- Centre for Human Evolution Research, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Sing-Ying Lim
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Turner Street, London E1 2AD, UK
| | - Helen M Liversidge
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Turner Street, London E1 2AD, UK
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Vucic S, de Vries E, Eilers PH, Willemsen SP, Kuijpers MA, Prahl-Andersen B, Jaddoe VW, Hofman A, Wolvius EB, Ongkosuwito EM. Secular trend of dental development in Dutch children. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 155:91-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Strahinja Vucic
- The Generation R Study Group; ErasmusMC University Medical Center Rotterdam; The Netherlands
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery; Special Dental Care and Orthodontics, ErasmusMC University Medical Center Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Esther de Vries
- Department of Public Health; ErasmusMC University Medical Center Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Paul H.C. Eilers
- Department of Biostatistics; ErasmusMC University Medical Center Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Sten P. Willemsen
- Department of Biostatistics; ErasmusMC University Medical Center Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Mette A.R. Kuijpers
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Birte Prahl-Andersen
- Department of Orthodontics; Academic Center for Dentistry; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W.V. Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group; ErasmusMC University Medical Center Rotterdam; The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology; ErasmusMC University Medical Center Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology; ErasmusMC University Medical Center Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Eppo B. Wolvius
- The Generation R Study Group; ErasmusMC University Medical Center Rotterdam; The Netherlands
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery; Special Dental Care and Orthodontics, ErasmusMC University Medical Center Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Edwin M. Ongkosuwito
- The Generation R Study Group; ErasmusMC University Medical Center Rotterdam; The Netherlands
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery; Special Dental Care and Orthodontics, ErasmusMC University Medical Center Rotterdam; The Netherlands
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Abstract
Teeth preserve a record of the way they grow in the form of incremental markings in enamel, dentine and cementum. These make it possible to reconstruct cellular activity and the timing of dental development in living and fossil primates, including hominids. They also provide a way of exploring the mechanisms that underlie morphological change during evolution and the nature of the relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny. All living great apes are dentally mature by about 11 y, irrespective of their body mass. While the early period of root formation in living great apes is shorter than in modern humans, enamel takes approximately the same time to form, irrespective of how thick it is. In general, differences in the total time taken to form enamel seem not to be due to differences in the rate at which enamel and dentine are secreted, but rather to faster or slower rates of differentiation of ameloblasts and odontoblasts and therefore to the number of secretory cells active at any one time during tooth formation. Tooth size, especially height, may influence the sequence of appearance of tooth mineralisation stages. The space available in the jaws may also have an influence on both the timing of tooth bud/crypt appearance and the sequence of gingival emergence. When each of these potential influences on dental development are carefully considered, and incremental markings used to calibrate key events, the developing dentition can provide an estimate of the period of dental maturation in fossil hominoids. However, the influence of body mass on the period of dental development among primates remains unclear. The earliest hominoids, dated at around 18 Mya, may still have had modern monkey-like maturational profiles, and the earliest hominids, dated between 1.8 and 3.7 Mya, modern great ape-like maturational profiles. Exactly when the extended or prolonged modern human-like maturational profile first appeared remains debatable, but the most secure suggestion might be at the time of the appearance of the earliest archaic Homo sapiens, when brain size and body mass were finally both within the ranges known for modern humans. But at present we should not reject the hypothesis that an extended, modern human-like, maturational profile arose more than once during human evolution in parallel with an increase in brain size.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dean
- Evolutionary Anatomy Unit, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, UK.
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Winkler LA, Schwartz JH, Swindler DR. Development of the orangutan permanent dentition: assessing patterns and variation in tooth development. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1996; 99:205-20. [PMID: 8928721 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199601)99:1<205::aid-ajpa12>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study examines dental formation and alveolar emergence in a large cross-sectional sample composed primarily of wild-reared orangutans (N = 89) in order to provide information on the development of the permanent dentition in this hominoid and to address questions of variation in individual tooth formation, between teeth and between individuals. All specimens have been radiographed in lateral aspect and stages of crown and root formation recorded for all teeth. The ranges of crown and root formation of I1(1), C1(1), P4(4), M2(2), and M3(3) have been calculated relative to the stage of M1(1) development within a specific tooth quadrant. Then, for each specimen, BMDP scatterplot and nonparametric statistics have been used to graph changes in stages of these teeth relative to M1(1) stages and to examine relationships between pairs of upper and lower dental counterparts and between teeth of each jaw. Results indicate 1) high correlations between upper and lower tooth pairs and between many of the permanent teeth within individuals, 2) a relatively large range of variability in individual tooth development (multistage ranges relative to M1(1)), 3) greater variation in root development at emergence than earlier reports, and 4) evidence of variability within the sequence emergence pattern of the orangutan.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Winkler
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Titusville, Pennsylvania 16354, USA
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Anemone RL, Mooney MP, Siegel MI. Longitudinal study of dental development in chimpanzees of known chronological age: implications for understanding the age at death of Plio-Pleistocene hominids. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1996; 99:119-33. [PMID: 8928715 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199601)99:1<119::aid-ajpa7>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Reconstruction of life history variables of fossil hominids on the basis of dental development requires understanding of and comparison with the pattern and timing of dental development among both living humans and pongids. Whether dental development among living apes or humans provides a better model for comparison with that of Plio-Pleistocene hominids of the genus Australopithecus remains a contentious point. This paper presents new data on chimpanzees documenting developmental differences in the dentitions of modern humans and apes and discusses their significance in light of recent controversies over the human or pongid nature of australopithecine dental development. Longitudinal analysis of 299 lateral head radiographs from 33 lab-reared chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) of known chronological age allows estimation of means and standard deviations for the age at first appearance of 8 developmental stages in the mandibular molar dentition. Results are compared with published studies of dental development among apes and with published standards for humans. Chimpanzees are distinctly different from humans in two important aspects of dental development. Relative to humans, chimpanzees show advanced molar development vis a vis anterior tooth development, and chimpanzees are characterized by temporal overlap in the calcification of adjacent molar crowns, while humans show moderate to long temporal gaps between the calcification of adjacent molar crowns. In combination with recent work on enamel incremental markers and CAT scans of developing dentitions of Plio-Pleistocene hominids, this evidence supports an interpretation of a rapid, essentially "apelike" ontogeny among australopithecines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Anemone
- Department of Anthropology, State University of New York, Geneseo 14454, USA
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Smith BH. Patterns of dental development in Homo, Australopithecus, Pan, and Gorilla. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1994; 94:307-25. [PMID: 7943188 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330940303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Smith ([1986] Nature 323:327-330) distinguished patterns of development of teeth of juvenile fossil hominids as being "more like humans" or "more like apes" based on statistical similarity to group standards. Here, this central tendency discrimination (CTD) is tested for its ability to recognize ape and human patterns of dental development in 789 subadult hominoids. Tooth development of a modern human sample (665 black southern Africans) was scored entirely by an outside investigator; pongid and fossil hominid samples (59 Pan, 50 Gorilla, and 14 fossil hominids) were scored by the author. The claim of Lampl et al. ([1993] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 90:113-127) that Smith's 1986 method succeeds in only 8% of human cases was not sustained. Figures for overall success of classification (87% humans, 68% apes) mask important effects of teeth sampled and age class. For humans, the power of CTD varied between 53% and 92% depending on the number and kind of teeth available--nearly that of a coin toss when data described only two nearby teeth, but quite successful with more teeth or distant teeth. For apes, only age class affected accuracy: "Infant" apes (M1 development < or = root cleft complete, unemerged) were usually classed as humans, probably because the present developmental standard for great apes is in substantial error under 3 years of age. "Juvenile" apes (M1 > or = root 1/4), however, were correctly discriminated in 87% of cases. Overall, CTD can be considered reliable (accuracy of 92% for humans and 88% for apes) when data contrast development of distant dental fields and subjects are juveniles (not infants). Restricting analysis of fossils to specimens satisfying these criteria, patterns of dental development of gracile australopithecines and Homo habilis remain classified with African apes. Those of Homo erectus and Neanderthals are classified with humans, suggesting that patterns of growth evolved substantially in the Hominidae. To standardize future research, the computer program that operationalizes CTD is now available.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Smith
- Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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Smith BH. Sequence of emergence of the permanent teeth inMacaca,Pan,Homo, andAustralopithecus: Its evolutionary significance. Am J Hum Biol 1994; 6:61-76. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.1310060110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/1992] [Accepted: 05/26/1993] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Conroy GC, Vannier MW. Dental development in South African australopithecines. Part II: Dental stage assessment. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330860205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Anemone RL, Watts ES, Swindler DR. Dental development of known-age chimpanzees,Pan troglodytes (primates, pongidae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330860211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Simpson SW, Lovejoy CO, Meindl RS. Relative dental development in hominoids and its failure to predict somatic growth velocity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330860203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Smith BH. Dental development and the evolution of life history in Hominidae. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330860206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mann A, Lampl M, Monge J. Patterns of ontogeny in human evolution: Evidence from dental development. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330330507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
New studies on the jaws of hominids, based on incremental growth markings in teeth, can now provide an absolute timescale with which to calibrate dental developmental events such as tooth emergence. These new estimates of crown-formation times and the observed sequences of dental development are different in the hominids Australopithecus and Paranthropus. Early hominids evidently had shorter periods of dental development than modern humans and therefore a less prolonged infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Beynon
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental School, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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Conroy GC. Alleged synapomorphy of the M1/I1 eruption pattern in robust australopithecines and Homo: evidence from high-resolution computed tomography. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1988; 75:487-92. [PMID: 3133949 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330750406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ever since Broom and Robinson (1951) published their claim that the eruption pattern of permanent incisors in robust australopithecines was most similar to that of modern man and different from that of gracile australopithecines and apes, the accuracy of this observation has been the subject of periodic debate (e.g., Wallace: Ph.D. thesis, 1972; Dean: Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 67:251-257, 1985; Grine: Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 72:353-359, 1987). Part of the problem is that the developing incisors in one of the specimens most crucial to this argument (SK61) are difficult to visualize clearly by conventional radiographic techniques because of the heavy mineralization in the fossil. This study reanalyzes SK 61 by high-resolution computed tomography in order to contribute to the final resolution of its incisor development. Grine's (op. cit.) assessment of the incisors as the deciduous ones, not the permanent ones, is fully confirmed. This fact, in conjunction with the observation that permanent incisor root formation had only just commenced in this specimen, further weakens the argument of M1/I1 eruption pattern synapomorphy between Homo and robust australopithecines.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Conroy
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology/Anthropology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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Abstract
Just over 60 years ago, Dart's description and analysis of the Taung child's skull triggered an intellectual revolution about human origins. Recently, several authors have suggested that one of the most significant hominid-like traits of australopithecines, delayed maturation, may not after all be valid. This is a radical departure from Mann's classic study of australopithecine maturation and palaeodemography based on dental eruption patterns. The resolution of this debate has important implications for the history of the biological and social evolution of the human species. In view of the controversies generated by recent studies, and particularly because the Taung skull is the type specimen of Australopithecus africanus, we have investigated the relevant anatomy of the Taung 'child' using computerized tomography. We conclude that the Taung 'child' shows some important dental maturational affinities with great apes, although as Dart noted, other hominid-like features are clearly present.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Conroy
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology/Anthropology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110
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