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Braun S, Schwendener N, Kanz F, Lösch S, Milella M. What we see is what we touch? Sex estimation on the skull in virtual anthropology. Int J Legal Med 2024:10.1007/s00414-024-03244-w. [PMID: 38689177 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-024-03244-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increased use of virtual bone images in forensic anthropology requires a comprehensive study on the observational errors between dry bones and CT reconstructions. Here, we focus on the consistency of nonmetric sex estimation traits on the human skull. MATERIALS AND METHODS We scored nine nonmetric traits on dry crania and mandibles (n = 223) of archaeological origin and their CT reconstructions. Additionally, we 3D surface scanned a subsample (n = 50) and repeated our observations. Due to the intricate anatomy of the mental eminence, we split it into two separate traits: the bilateral mental tubercles and the midsagittal mental protuberance. We provide illustrations and descriptions for both these traits. RESULTS We obtained supreme consistency values between the CT and 3D surface modalities. The most consistent cranial traits were the glabella and the supraorbital margin, followed by the nuchal crest, zygomatic extension, mental tubercles, mental protuberance, mental eminence, mastoid process and ramus flexure, in descending order. The mental tubercles show higher consistency scores than the mental eminence and the mental protuberance. DISCUSSION The increased interchangeability of the virtual modalities with each other as compared to the dry bone modality could be due to the lack of tactility on both the CT and surface scans. Moreover, tactility appears less essential with experience than a precise trait description. Future studies could revolve around the most consistent cranial traits, combining them with pelvic traits from a previous study, to test for accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Braun
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 24-28, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Schwendener
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Imaging, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Kanz
- Forensic Anthropology Unit, Center for Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Lösch
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 24-28, 3008, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Marco Milella
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 24-28, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
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Granja R, Araújo AC, Lugli F, Silvestrini S, Silva AM, Gonçalves D. Unbalanced sex-ratio in the Neolithic individuals from the Escoural Cave (Montemor-o-Novo, Portugal) revealed by peptide analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19902. [PMID: 37964077 PMCID: PMC10646114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The sex profile estimation of pre-historic communities is often complicated by the commingled and scattered nature of skeletal assemblages. Demographic profiles are usually lacking and provide very truncated representations of these populations but proteomic analysis of sex-specific amelogenin peptides in tooth enamel brings new promise to these studies. The main objective was to obtain the sex profile of the human assemblage recovered from the Neolithic cave-necropolis of Escoural (Montemor-o-Novo, southern Portugal) through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The secondary objective was to analyse sex-specific linear enamel hypoplasias (LEH), and to test the reliability of canine odontometric sex estimation. Sex estimation through peptide analysis was carried out in 36 left permanent canines which were macroscopically examined for the presence of LEH. The canine buccolingual diameter was used for odontometric sex estimation. The obtained sex ratio (0.5:1, M:F) is biased to female individuals, probably due to cultural factors since the natural sex ratio of the human population falls between 0.95:1 and 1.02:1 (M:F). A high frequency of LEH was observed, but with no significant sexual differences (p = 0.554). The mean LEH age of onset occurred at 3 years of age, with no significant differences between the sexes (p = 0.116), and was possibly related to the weaning process. Odontometric sex estimation revealed a correct classification of 80%, with a high number of males mistakenly attributed to females. This study is one of the largest samples subjected to peptide analysis, and thus demonstrates its usefulness on the research of commingled and scattered skeletal assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Granja
- Laboratory of Archaeosciences (LARC/CIBIO/InBIO), Direção-Geral do Património Cultural, Calçada do Mirante à Ajuda n.º 10, 1300-418, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Centre for Archaeology, University of Lisbon (UNIARQ), Faculty of Humanities, University of Lisbon, Alameda da Universidade, 1600-214, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Ana Cristina Araújo
- Laboratory of Archaeosciences (LARC/CIBIO/InBIO), Direção-Geral do Património Cultural, Calçada do Mirante à Ajuda n.º 10, 1300-418, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Archaeology, University of Lisbon (UNIARQ), Faculty of Humanities, University of Lisbon, Alameda da Universidade, 1600-214, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Federico Lugli
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
- BONES Lab, Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via Degli Ariani 1, 48121, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Sara Silvestrini
- BONES Lab, Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via Degli Ariani 1, 48121, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Ana Maria Silva
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Archaeology, University of Lisbon (UNIARQ), Faculty of Humanities, University of Lisbon, Alameda da Universidade, 1600-214, Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Centre for Functional Ecology-Science for People & the Planet (CFE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - David Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Archaeosciences (LARC/CIBIO/InBIO), Direção-Geral do Património Cultural, Calçada do Mirante à Ajuda n.º 10, 1300-418, Lisbon, Portugal
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Centre for Functional Ecology-Science for People & the Planet (CFE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
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Toneva DH, Nikolova SY, Fileva NF, Zlatareva DK. Size and shape of human mandible: Sex differences and influence of age on sex estimation accuracy. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2023; 65:102322. [PMID: 37722156 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2023.102322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The degree of sexual dimorphism expressed by human bones is of primary importance for the development of accurate methods for sex estimation. The objective of the present study was to investigate sex differences in shape and size of the mandible using geometric morphometric methods. The study also aimed to examine the impact of age on the sex classification ability of the size and shape of the mandible. Computed tomography images of 190 Bulgarians (98 males and 92 females) were used in the study. Polygonal surface models of the skulls were generated and used for digitizing 45 landmarks located on the mandible. The raw three-dimensional coordinates of the landmarks were processed via generalized Procrustes superimposition. The sex differences in mandibular size and shape were evaluated for statistical significance. Multivariate regression was applied for correction of the allometric effect. Principal component analysis, discriminant analysis, and canonical variate analysis were also used in the study. Mandibular size differed significantly between males and females and achieved a sex classification accuracy of 87%. The significance of the sex differences in mandibular shape depended on the type of shape variables used in the analysis. The shape variables provided different classification accuracy: 78% using the Procrustes coordinates and 53% using the regression residuals. The male and female mandibles differed significantly in size and shape, including the allometric component. Mandibular size is a more effective sex indicator than shape. Age has an ambiguous effect on the classification accuracy of the size and shape variables of the mandible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana H Toneva
- Department of Anthropology and Anatomy, Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Silviya Y Nikolova
- Department of Anthropology and Anatomy, Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nevena F Fileva
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dora K Zlatareva
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Braun S, Schwendener N, Kanz F, Lösch S, Milella M. What we see is what we touch? Sex estimation on the pelvis in virtual anthropology. Int J Legal Med 2023; 137:1839-1852. [PMID: 37336820 PMCID: PMC10567926 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-03034-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Computed tomography (CT) scans are a convenient means to study 3D reconstructions of bones. However, errors associated with the different nature of the observation, e.g. visual and tactile (on dry bone) versus visual only (on a screen) have not been thoroughly investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS We quantified the errors between modalities for sex estimation protocols of nonmetric (categorical and ordinal) and metric data, using 200 dry pelves of archaeological origin and the CT reconstructions of the same bones. In addition, we 3D surface scanned a subsample of 39 pelves to compare observations with dry bone and CT data. We did not focus on the sex estimation accuracy but solely on the consistency of the scoring, hence, the interchangeability of the modalities. RESULTS Metric data yielded the most consistent results. Among the nonmetric protocols, ordinal data performed better than categorical data. We applied a slightly modified description for the trait with the highest errors and grouped the traits according to consistency and availability in good, intermediate, and poor. DISCUSSION The investigated modalities were interchangeable as long as the trait definition was not arbitrary. Dry bone (gold standard) performed well, and CT and 3D surface scans performed better. We recommend researchers test their affinity for using virtual modalities. Future studies could use our consistency analysis and combine the best traits, validating their accuracy on various modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Braun
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 24-28, 3008, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Nicole Schwendener
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Imaging, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Kanz
- Forensic Anthropology Unit, Center for Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Lösch
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 24-28, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marco Milella
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 24-28, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
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5
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Del Bove A, Menéndez L, Manzi G, Moggi-Cecchi J, Lorenzo C, Profico A. Mapping sexual dimorphism signal in the human cranium. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16847. [PMID: 37803023 PMCID: PMC10558540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of sexual dimorphism in human crania has important applications in the fields of human evolution and human osteology. Current, the identification of sex from cranial morphology relies on manual visual inspection of identifiable anatomical features, which can lead to bias due to user's expertise. We developed a landmark-based approach to automatically map the sexual dimorphism signal on the human cranium. We used a sex-known sample of 228 individuals from different geographical locations to identify which cranial regions are most sexually dimorphic taking into account shape, form and size. Our results, which align with standard protocols, show that glabellar and supraciliary regions, the mastoid process and the nasal region are the most sexually dimorphic traits (with an accuracy of 73%). The accuracy increased to 77% if they were considered together. Surprisingly the occipital external protuberance resulted to be not sexually dimorphic but mainly related to variations in size. Our approach here applied could be expanded to map other variable signals on skeletal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Del Bove
- Department of History and History of Arts, University Rovira i Virgli, Avinguda de Catalunya 35, 43002, Tarragona, Spain.
- Catalan Institute of Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution (IPHES-CERCA), Zona Educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Lumila Menéndez
- Department of Anthropology of the Americas, University of Bonn, Oxfordstraße 15, 53111, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giorgio Manzi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Jacopo Moggi-Cecchi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via del Proconsolo, 12, 50122, Florence, Italy
| | - Carlos Lorenzo
- Department of History and History of Arts, University Rovira i Virgli, Avinguda de Catalunya 35, 43002, Tarragona, Spain
- Catalan Institute of Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution (IPHES-CERCA), Zona Educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonio Profico
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Luca Ghini, 13, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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Hedrick BP. Dots on a screen: The past, present, and future of morphometrics in the study of nonavian dinosaurs. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023. [PMID: 36922704 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Using morphometrics to study nonavian dinosaur fossils is a practice that predates the origin of the word "dinosaur." By the 1970s, linear morphometrics had become established as a valuable tool for analyzing intra- and interspecific variation in nonavian dinosaurs. With the advent of more recent techniques such as geometric morphometrics and more advanced statistical approaches, morphometric analyses of nonavian dinosaurs have proliferated, granting unprecedented insight into many aspects of their biology and evolution. I outline the past, present, and future of morphometrics as applied to the study of nonavian dinosaurs zeroing in on five aspects of nonavian dinosaur paleobiology where morphometrics has been widely utilized to advance our knowledge: systematics, sexual dimorphism, locomotion, macroevolution, and trackways. Morphometric methods are especially susceptible to taphonomic distortion. As such, the impact of taphonomic distortion on original fossil shape is discussed as are current and future methods for quantifying and accounting for distortion with the goal of reducing the taphonomic noise to biological signal ratio. Finally, the future of morphometrics in nonavian dinosaur paleobiology is discussed as paleobiologists move into a "virtual paleobiology" framework, whereby digital renditions of fossils are captured via methods such as photogrammetry and computed tomography. These primary data form the basis for three-dimensional (3D) geometric morphometric analyses along with a slew of other forms of analyses. These 3D specimen data form part of the extended specimen and help to democratize paleobiology, unlocking the specimen from the physical museum and making the specimen available to researchers across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon P Hedrick
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Validation of the utilisation of automatic placement of anatomical and sliding landmarks on three-dimensional models for shape analysis of human pelves. FORENSIC IMAGING 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2023.200542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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8
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Olsen TB, García-Martínez D, Villa C. Testing different 3D techniques using geometric morphometrics: Implications for cranial fluctuating asymmetry in humans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2023; 180:224-234. [PMID: 36790697 PMCID: PMC10100329 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to test the performance of 3D digitizer, CT scanner, and surface scanner in detecting cranial fluctuating asymmetry. Sets of 32 landmarks (6 in the midline and 13 bilateral) were acquired from 14 archeological crania using a 3D digitizer, and from 3D models generated from a CT scanner and surface scanner using Viewbox 4. Levels of shape variation were analyzed in MorphoJ using Procrustes analysis of variance and Principal component analysis. Intra-observer error accounted for 1.7%, 1.8%, and 4.5% of total shape variation for 3D digitizer, CT scanner, and surface scanner respectively. Fluctuating asymmetry accounted for 15%-16% of total shape variation. Variation between techniques accounted for 18% of total shape variation. We found a higher level of missing landmarks in our surface scan data than for both 3D digitizer and CT scanner data, and both 3D model-based techniques sometimes obscured taphonomic damage. All three 3D techniques are appropriate for measuring cranial fluctuating asymmetry. We advise against combining data collected with different techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Bottos Olsen
- Laboratory of Advanced Imaging and 3D modelling, Section of Forensic Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel García-Martínez
- Physical Anthropology Unit, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology, and Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Burgos, Spain.,Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Chiara Villa
- Laboratory of Advanced Imaging and 3D modelling, Section of Forensic Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ajanović Z, Ajanović U, Dervišević L, Hot H, Voljevica A, Talović E, Dervišević E, Hašimbegović S, Sarač-Hadžihalilović A. A Geometric Morphometrics Approach for Sex Estimation Based on the Orbital Region of Human Skulls from Bosnian Population. SCANNING 2023; 2023:2223138. [PMID: 37089258 PMCID: PMC10121348 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2223138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Understanding the anatomy and morphological variability of the orbital region is of great importance in clinical practice, forensic medicine, and biological anthropology. Several methods are used to estimate sex based on the skeleton or parts of the skeleton: classic methods and the geometric morphometric method. The objective of this research was to analyse sex estimation of the orbital region on a sample of skulls from a Bosnian population using the geometric morphometric method. Materials and Methods The research was conducted on three-dimensional models of 211 human adult skulls (139 males and 72 females) from the Osteological Collection at the Faculty of Medicine in Sarajevo. The skulls were recorded using a laser scanner to obtain skull 3D models. We marked 12 landmarks on each model to analyse sexual dimorphism. Landmarks were marked using the program Landmark Editor. After marking the landmarks, we used the MorphoJ program to analyse the morphological variability between male and female orbital regions. Results After Procrustes superimposition, generating a covariant matrix, and introducing sex as a variable for classification, a discriminant functional analysis (DFA) was applied which determined the estimation for males with 86.33% accuracy and for females with 88.89% based on the form of the orbital region. The results of regression analysis showed that the size of the orbital region has a statistically significant effect on its shape's sexual dimorphism. After excluding the influence of size and providing DFA, we concluded that sex estimation was possible with 82.01% accuracy for males and 80.55% accuracy for females based on the shape of the orbital region in the examined sample. Conclusion Sex estimation based on the orbital region was possible with more than 80% accuracy for both sexes, which is a high percentage of correct estimation. Therefore, we recommend using the orbital region of the skull for sex estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zurifa Ajanović
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Uzeir Ajanović
- Department of Information Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Natural and Medical Sciences, International Burch University, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Lejla Dervišević
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Haris Hot
- Department of Information Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Natural and Medical Sciences, International Burch University, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Alma Voljevica
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Elvira Talović
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Emina Dervišević
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Selma Hašimbegović
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital Serbia, 71 123 East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Aida Sarač-Hadžihalilović
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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A Geometric Morphometric Study on Sexual Dimorphism in Viscerocranium. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091333. [PMID: 36138812 PMCID: PMC9495862 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The level of sexual dimorphism manifested by human bones is an important factor for development of effective sex estimation methods. The aim of the study was to investigate the sexual dimorphism in the size and shape of the viscerocranium using geometric morphometric techniques. It also aimed to explore the sex differences in distinct viscerocranial regions and to establish the most dimorphic region with regard to size and shape. Computed tomography images of 156 males and 184 females were used in the study. Three-dimensional coordinates of 31 landmarks were acquired. Five landmark configurations were constructed from the viscerocranium and its orbital, nasal, maxillary, and zygomatic region. Generalized Procrustes superimposition, principal component analysis, and discriminant analysis were applied to each configuration. The significance of the sex differences in size and shape was assessed and significant differences were found in all configurations. The highest accuracy was obtained from both shape and size of the whole viscerocranium. Based on size only, the highest accuracy was achieved by the nasal region. The accuracy based on shape was generally low for all configurations, but the highest result was attained by the orbital region. Hence, size is a better sex discriminator than shape.
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11
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Rohmani A, Shafee MS, Ismail NAN, Hadi H, Nor FM. Sex estimation using the first lumbar vertebra by geometric morphometric analysis of 3D computed tomography in the Malaysian population. FORENSIC IMAGING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2022.200511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Oner Z, Secgin Y, Turan M, Oner S. Gender prediction with the parameters obtained from pelvis computed tomography images and machine learning algorithms. J ANAT SOC INDIA 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jasi.jasi_280_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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13
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Cao Y, Ma Y, Vieira DN, Guo Y, Wang Y, Deng K, Chen Y, Zhang J, Qin Z, Chen F, Huang P, Zhang J. A potential method for sex estimation of human skeletons using deep learning and three-dimensional surface scanning. Int J Legal Med 2021; 135:2409-2421. [PMID: 34459973 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02675-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Deep learning based on radiological methods has attracted considerable attention in forensic anthropology because of its superior classification capacities over human experts. However, radiological instruments are limited in their nature of high cost and immobility. Here, we integrated a deep learning algorithm and three-dimensional (3D) surface scanning technique into a portable system for pelvic sex estimation. Briefly, the images of the ventral pubis (VP), dorsal pubis (DP), and greater sciatic notch (GSN) were cropped from virtual pelvic samples reconstructed from CT scans of 1000 individuals; 80% of them were used to train and internally evaluate convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that were then evaluated externally with the remaining samples. An additional 105 real pelvises were documented virtually with a handheld 3D surface scanner, and the corresponding snapshots of the VP, DP, and GSN were predicted by the trained CNN models. The CNN models achieved excellent performance in the external testing using CT-based images, with accuracies of 98.0%, 98.5%, and 94.0% for VP, DP, and GSN, respectively. When the CT-based models were applied to 3D scanning images, they obtained satisfactory accuracies above 95% on the VP and DP images compared to the GSN with 73.3%. In a single-blind trial, a multiple design that combined the three CNN models yielded a superior accuracy of 97.1% with 3D surface scanning images over two anthropologists. Our study demonstrates the great potential of deep learning and 3D surface scanning for rapid and accurate sex estimation of skeletal remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Cao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonggang Ma
- Department of Medical Imaging, 3201 Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Hanzhong, Shannxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Duarte Nuno Vieira
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Yucheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yahui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaifei Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijiu Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ji Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Patra A, Singla RK, Mathur M, Chaudhary P, Singal A, Asghar A, Malhotra V. Morphological and Morphometric Analysis of the Orbital Aperture and Their Correlation With Age and Gender: A Retrospective Digital Radiographic Study. Cureus 2021; 13:e17739. [PMID: 34659952 PMCID: PMC8491795 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Precise knowledge about clinically observed bony orbital aging is needed for surgical planning for acceptable cosmetic results. The effect of age and gender on the facial skeleton and orbital aperture has been appreciated earlier, but its quantification remains ignored. The purpose of this study was to evaluate age- and sex-related changes in the shape of the orbital aperture and construct a reference data set for the aging phenomenon in Indians. Methods Two hundred digital radiographs (Water’s/frontal view) of the skull, obtained for various reasons, were evaluated. The radiographs comprised 107 males and 93 females aged between 10 and 60 years (10-59 years). Orbital shape, height/width, and interorbital/biorbital distances were noted, and orbital indices (OIs) were calculated. Orbital parameters thus obtained were compared between right and left sides and males and females. The relation of the parameters with age and gender was analyzed. Results Four types of orbits, round (33.5%), elliptical (30.5%), rectangular (27.5%), and square (9.5%), were noted in the study population. The average value of height and width of the right orbit was found to be higher than that of the left (p > 0.05). Male patients had higher (p > 0.05) and wider (p > 0.05) orbits than females. The right OI (81.55 ± 5.30) was higher than the left (80.75 ± 4.80) (p > 0.05). When comparatively evaluated between gender, both orbits were found to be of the microseme type with a mere difference (p > 0.05). The average interorbital/biorbital distance was 1.27 ± 2.11 and 9.78 ± 4.40 cm, respectively, without any gender difference. No significant relation was found between the age change and the parameters defined (p > 0.05), except in one age group (10-19 years). Conclusions Orbital dimensions showed no association with age and gender except in one age group (10-19 years); a pubertal growth spurt in females might be causing this phenomenon. The morphometric data may be useful in forensic anthropology and better planning for reconstructive surgeries in the orbito-maxillary region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurba Patra
- Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, IND
| | | | - Manoj Mathur
- Radiology, Government Medical College, Patiala, IND
| | - Priti Chaudhary
- Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, IND
| | - Anjali Singal
- Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, IND
| | - Adil Asghar
- Anatomy, Orthopaedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, IND
| | - Vishal Malhotra
- Family and Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Patiala, IND
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15
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Rohmani A, Shafie MS, Nor FM. Sex estimation using the human vertebra: a systematic review. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-021-00238-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The vertebral column has been used in forensic studies for its weight-bearing function and relative density. Sex estimation is one of the essential elements in an anthropological examination, as it may narrow down the possibility of a match by half. Hence, it is crucial to derive the population-specific reference data in each vertebra for sex estimation. This systematic review explored the most sexually dimorphic vertebra by using the conventional anthropometric analysis.
Main body
An electronic comprehensive search was conducted using databases such as Scopus, Web of Science (WOS) and EBSCO Medline for relevant studies between 2008 and 2020. The main inclusion criteria were studies in English, and studies on sex estimation by morphometric analysis of vertebra by CT scan or dry bone. Only studies related to human adult age and vertebra were analysed. Literature search identified 84 potentially relevant articles, in which 19 articles had fulfilled the inclusion criteria. This review included studies on the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae in different populations.
Conclusion
The vertebral spine has demonstrated significant sexual dimorphism with variable prediction accuracies, whereby the body of a vertebra was found to be sexually dimorphic. It was shown that high accuracy of sex classification was provided by the second cervical, twelfth thoracic and first lumbar vertebrae, especially when they were used in combination.
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16
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Sternum as an indicator for sex and age estimation using multidetector computed tomography in an Egyptian population. FORENSIC IMAGING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2021.200457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Wilson JD, Zapata LV, Barone ML, Cotoras DD, Poy D, Ramírez MJ. Geometric morphometrics reveal sister species in sympatry and a cline in genital morphology in a ghost spider genus. ZOOL SCR 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D. Wilson
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Lorena V. Zapata
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Mariana L. Barone
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Darko D. Cotoras
- Department of Entomology California Academy of Sciences San Francisco California
| | - Dante Poy
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Martín J. Ramírez
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Buenos Aires Argentina
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18
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Milella M, Franklin D, Belcastro MG, Cardini A. Sexual differences in human cranial morphology: Is one sex more variable or one region more dimorphic? Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 304:2789-2810. [PMID: 33773067 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The quantification of cranial sexual dimorphism (CSD) among modern humans is relevant in evolutionary studies of morphological variation and in a forensic context. Despite the abundance of quantitative studies of CSD, few have specifically examined intra-sex variability. Here we quantify CSD in a geographically homogeneous sample of adult crania, which includes Italian individuals from the 19th and 20th centuries. Cranial morphology is described with 92 3D landmarks analyzed using Procrustean geometric morphometrics (PGMM). Size and shape variables are used to compare morphological variance between sexes in the whole cranium and four individual regions. The same variables, plus Procrustes form, are used to quantify average sex differences and explore classification accuracy. Our results indicate that: (a) as predicted by Wainer's rule, males present overall more variance in size and shape, albeit this is statistically significant only for total cranial size; (b) differences between sexes are dominated by size and to a lesser extent by Procrustes form; (c) shape only accounts for a minor proportion of variance; (d) the cranial base shows almost no dimorphism for shape; and (e) facial Procrustes form is the most accurate predictor of skeletal sex. Overall, this study suggests developmental factors underlying differences in CSD among cranial regions; stresses the need for population-specific models that describe craniofacial variation as the basis for models that facilitate the estimation of sex in unidentified skeletal remains; and provides one of the first confirmations of "Wainer's rule" in relation to sexual dimorphism in mammals specific to the human cranium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Milella
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Franklin
- Centre for Forensic Anthropology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Maria Giovanna Belcastro
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Cardini
- Centre for Forensic Anthropology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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19
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Virtual morphometric method using seven cervical vertebrae for sex estimation on the Turkish population. Int J Legal Med 2021; 135:1953-1964. [PMID: 33544176 PMCID: PMC8354927 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sex estimation from skeletal remains is crucial for the estimation of the biological profile of an individual. Although the most commonly used bones for means of sex estimation are the pelvis and the skull, research has shown that acceptable accuracy rates might be achieved by using other skeletal elements such as vertebrae. This study aims to contribute to the development of sex estimation standards from a Turkish population through the examination of CT scans from the seven cervical vertebrae. A total of 294 individuals were included in this study. The CT scans were obtained from patients attending the Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital (Turkey) and the data was collected retrospectively by virtually taking measurements from each cervical vertebrae. The full database was divided into a training set (N = 210) and a validation set (N = 84) to test the fit of the models. Observer error was assessed through technical error of measurement and sex differences were explored using parametric and non-parametric approaches. Logistic regression was applied in order to explore different combinations of vertebral parameters. The results showed low intra- and inter-observer errors. All parameters presented statistically significant differences between the sexes and a total of 15 univariate and multivariate models were generated producing accuracies ranging from a minimum of 83.30% to a maximum of 91.40% for a model including three parameters collected from four vertebrae. This study presents a virtual method using cervical vertebrae for sex estimation on the Turkish population providing error rates comparable to other metric studies conducted on the postcranial skeleton. The presented results contribute not only to the development of population-specific standards but also to the generation of virtual methods that can be tested, validated, and further examined in future forensic cases.
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20
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Roussos P, Mitsea A, Halazonetis D, Sifakakis I. Craniofacial shape in patients with beta thalassaemia: a geometric morphometric analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1686. [PMID: 33462286 PMCID: PMC7814138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80234-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The shape of the craniofacial complex of patients with beta thalassaemia was evaluated using geometric morphometrics on lateral cephalometric radiographs and was compared with matched controls. The beta thalassaemia group consisted of 40 patients (16 females, 24 males, mean age 33.4). Each patient was matched by age and gender to two controls (32 females, 48 males, mean age 33.1). The 120 lateral cephalometric radiographs were digitized and traced with 15 curves, 10 landmarks and 117 sliding semi-landmarks. These landmarks were subjected to Procrustes superimposition and principal component analysis in order to describe shape variability of the cranial base, maxilla and mandible, as well as of the entire craniofacial complex for each sex. The first 4 principal components accounted for 50% of the total sample's variability. The beta thalassaemia group was significantly different in overall shape to the control group for both sexes. Similar findings were noted for the maxilla, the mandible and the cranial base. The main differences were related to smaller mandibular body for the thalassaemia group, midface protrusion and decrease in posterior face height. The shape of the craniofacial complex in these patients is prone to be more convex and hyperdivergent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Roussos
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2, Thivon Str., 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Mitsea
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Radiology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Demetrios Halazonetis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2, Thivon Str., 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Iosif Sifakakis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2, Thivon Str., 11527, Athens, Greece.
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21
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Del Bove A, Profico A, Riga A, Bucchi A, Lorenzo C. A geometric morphometric approach to the study of sexual dimorphism in the modern human frontal bone. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 173:643-654. [PMID: 33025582 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We analyzed the main anatomical traits found in the human frontal bone by using a geometric morphometric approach. The objectives of this study are to explore how the frontal bone morphology varies between the sexes and to detect which part of the frontal bone are sexually dimorphic. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sample is composed of 161 skulls of European and North American individuals of known sex. For each cranium, we collected 3D landmarks and semilandmarks on the frontal bone, to examine the entire morphology and separate modules (frontal squama, supraorbital ridges, glabellar region, temporal lines, and mid-sagittal profile). We used Procrustes ANOVAs and LDAs (linear discriminant analyses) to evaluate the relation between frontal bone morphology and sexual dimorphism and to calculate precision and accuracy in the classification of sex. RESULTS All the frontal bone traits are influenced by sexual dimorphism, though each in a different manner. Variation in shape and size differs between the sexes, and this study confirmed that the supraorbital ridges and glabella are the most important regions for sex determination, although there is no covariation between them. The variable size does not contribute significantly to the discrimination between sexes. Thanks to a geometric morphometric analysis, it was found that the size variable is not an important element for the determination of sex in the frontal bone. CONCLUSION The usage of geometric morphometrics in analyzing the frontal bone has led to new knowledge on the morphological variations due to sexual dimorphism. The proposed protocol permits to quantify morphological covariation between modules, to calculate the shape variations related to sexual dimorphism including or omitting the variable size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Del Bove
- Àrea de Prehistòria, Facultat de Lletres, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Catalan Institute of Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution IPHES, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonio Profico
- PalaeoHub-Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Alessandro Riga
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Laboratory of Archaeoanthropology, SABAP-FI, Scandicci, Italy
| | - Ana Bucchi
- Àrea de Prehistòria, Facultat de Lletres, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Catalan Institute of Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution IPHES, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Carlos Lorenzo
- Àrea de Prehistòria, Facultat de Lletres, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Catalan Institute of Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution IPHES, Tarragona, Spain
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22
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Imaizumi K, Bermejo E, Taniguchi K, Ogawa Y, Nagata T, Kaga K, Hayakawa H, Shiotani S. Development of a sex estimation method for skulls using machine learning on three-dimensional shapes of skulls and skull parts. FORENSIC IMAGING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2020.200393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Outline analysis of sex and population variation in greater sciatic notch and obturator foramen morphology with implications for sex estimation. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 314:110346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Data mining for sex estimation based on cranial measurements. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 315:110441. [PMID: 32781389 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to develop effective and understandable classification models for sex estimation and to identify the most dimorphic linear measurements in adult crania by means of data mining techniques. Furthermore, machine learning models and models developed through logistic regression analysis are compared in terms of performance. Computed tomography scans of 393 adult individuals were used in the study. A landmark-based approach was applied to collect the metric data. The three-dimensional coordinates of 47 landmarks were acquired and used for calculation of linear measurements. Two datasets of cranial measurements were assembled, including 37standard measurements and 1081 interlandmark distances, respectively. Three data mining algorithms were applied: the rule induction algorithms JRIP and Ridor, and the decision tree algorithm J48. Two advanced attribute selection methods (Weka BestFirst and Weka GeneticSearch) were also used. The best accuracy result (91.9 %) was achieved by a set of rules learnt by the JRIP algorithm from the dataset constructed by application of the GeneticSearch selection algorithm to the dataset of standard cranial measurements. The set consisted of five rules including seven cranial measurements. Its accuracy was even better than the classification rates achieved by the logistic regression models. Concerning the second dataset of nonstandard measurements, the best accuracy (88.3 %) was obtained by using classification models learnt by two algorithms - JRIP with a dataset preprocessed by the BestFirst selection algorithm and Ridor with preprocessing by the GeneticSearch selection algorithm. Our experiments show that for the two datasets mentioned above the rule-based models contain smaller sets of rules with shorter lists of measurements and achieve better classification accuracy results in comparison with decision tree-based models.
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25
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Sorrentino R, Belcastro MG, Figus C, Stephens NB, Turley K, Harcourt-Smith W, Ryan TM, Benazzi S. Exploring sexual dimorphism of the modern human talus through geometric morphometric methods. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229255. [PMID: 32059040 PMCID: PMC7021319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex determination is a pivotal step in forensic and bioarchaeological fields. Generally, scholars focus on metric or qualitative morphological features, but in the last few years several contributions have applied geometric-morphometric (GM) techniques to overcome limitations of traditional approaches. In this study, we explore sexual dimorphism in modern human tali from three early 20th century populations (Sassari and Bologna, Italy; New York, USA) at intra- and interspecific population levels using geometric morphometric (GM) methods. Statistical analyses were performed using shape, form, and size variables. Our results do not show significant differences in shape between males and females, either considering the pooled sample or the individual populations. Differences in talar morphology due to sexual dimorphism are mainly related to allometry, i.e. size-related changes of morphological traits. Discriminant function analysis using form space Principal Components and centroid size correctly classify between 87.7% and 97.2% of the individuals. The result is similar using the pooled sample or the individual population, except for a diminished outcome for the New York group (from 73.9% to 78.2%). Finally, a talus from the Bologna sample (not included in the previous analysis) with known sex was selected to run a virtual resection, followed by two digital reconstructions based on the mean shape of both the pooled sample and the Bologna sample, respectively. The reconstructed talus was correctly classified with a Ppost between 99.9% and 100%, demonstrating that GM is a valuable tool to cope with fragmentary tali, which is a common occurrence in forensic and bioarchaeological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Sorrentino
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Belcastro
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- ADES, UMR 7268 CNRS/Aix-Marseille Université/EFS, Aix-Marseille Université, Bd Pierre Dramard, France
| | - Carla Figus
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Nicholas B. Stephens
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States of America
| | - Kevin Turley
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States of America
| | - William Harcourt-Smith
- Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, Lehman College, New York, NY, United States of America
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Timothy M. Ryan
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States of America
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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26
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Yang W, Zhou M, Zhang P, Geng G, Liu X, Zhang H. Skull Sex Estimation Based on Wavelet Transform and Fourier Transform. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8608209. [PMID: 32420376 PMCID: PMC7201841 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8608209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Skull sex estimation is one of the hot research topics in forensic anthropology, and has important research value in the fields of criminal investigation, archeology, anthropology, and so on. Sex estimation of skull is crucial in forensic investigations, whether in legal situations that involve living people or to identify mortal remains. The aim of this study is to establish a skull-based sex estimation model in Chinese population, providing a scientific reference for the practical application of forensic medicine and anthropology. We take the superior orbital margin and frontal bone of the skull as the research object and proposed a technology of objective sex estimation of the skull using wavelet transform and Fourier transform. Firstly, the supraorbital margin and frontal bone were quantified by wavelet transform and Fourier transform, and then the extracted features were classified by SVM, and the model was tested. The experimental results show that the accuracy rate of male and female sex discrimination is 90.9% and 94.4%, respectively, which is higher than that of morphological and measurement methods. Compared with the traditional methods, the method has more theoretical basis and objectivity, and the correct rate is higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mingquan Zhou
- College of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guohua Geng
- College of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoning Liu
- College of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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27
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Nuzzolese E, Randolph-Quinney P, Randolph-Quinney J, Di Vella G. Geometric morphometric analysis of sexual dimorphism in the mandible from panoramic X-ray images. THE JOURNAL OF FORENSIC ODONTO-STOMATOLOGY 2019; 37:35-44. [PMID: 31589594 PMCID: PMC6981353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The human mandible is routinely utilised as part of the assessment of biological identity in forensic anthropological and odontological practice. The research introduces a novel geometric morphometric technique to investigate and quantify shape variation in the morphology of the mandibular corpus and ascending ramus and consequently highlights the potential for forensic purposes. Human mandibles from digital clinical orthopantomogram X-ray images, based on a sample of 50 male and 50 female adults from a modern Italian population, were examined. Three fixed landmarks were applied to the symphysis and condyle and 50 semi-landmarks re-sampled along the inferior corpus and the posterior ramus. Symmetrical reflection was applied yielding 200 configurations of 53 landmarks. Shape analyses were undertaken via: Procrustes superimposition; principal components analysis to investigate patterns of variation; classification using linear discriminant analysis with leave-one-out cross-validation; partial least squares (PLS) to test for structural modularity; and finally, retitle page sampling and re-analysis following PLS to optimize shape classification criteria. Stepwise re-sampling of landmarks reached an optimum cross-validated classification of 94.0% based on 25 landmarks; the results are strongly significant and suggest that the shape relationship between the mandibular corpus and ramus offers significant potential for forensic identification purposes using this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nuzzolese
- Human Identification Laboratory, University of Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - G Di Vella
- Human Identification Laboratory, University of Turin, Italy
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28
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Dhingra N, Bonati LM, Wang EB, Chou M, Jagdeo J. Medical and aesthetic procedural dermatology recommendations for transgender patients undergoing transition. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019; 80:1712-1721. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.05.1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Assessment of Craniometric Sexual Dimorphism Using Multidetector Computed Tomographic Imaging in a Sample of Egyptian Population. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2018; 40:19-26. [PMID: 30407939 DOI: 10.1097/paf.0000000000000439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sex determination is an initial and essential component of any medicolegal investigations. However, sometimes only cranial remains are available. The objective of this study was to determine sex using 12 craniofacial measurements in multidetector computed tomographic images of 150 Egyptian subjects (80 men and 70 women), with age ranging from 18 to 60 years. The results revealed a significant increase in the mean of all craniofacial measurements in men in comparison with women (P < 0.05). Bizygomatic breadth was the single most discriminant dimorphic parameter with an accuracy of 74%. Multiple discriminant functional analysis for sex prediction showed increased accuracy to 78.7% in all cases. Using multiple stepwise discriminants, functional analysis showed that the most predictive variables selected were maximal cranial breadth, minimal frontal breadth, bizygomatic breadth, orbital height, bimastoidale, and basion-prosthion length, which showed an accuracy of 80%. On the basis of this study, it is concluded that the cranial measurements obtained from multidetector computed tomographic images could be useful for forensic sex determination in Egyptians, especially in cases of skeletal remains.
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30
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Ji Y, Lai C, Gu L, Fan X. Measurement of Intra-Orbital Structures in Normal Chinese Adults Based on a Three-Dimensional Coordinate System. Curr Eye Res 2018; 43:1477-1483. [PMID: 30118614 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1510013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY This study was to establish a three-dimensional (3D) coordinate system and to study the normal dimensions of intra-orbital structures in Chinese adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and forty-five adult Chinese were selected from patients who had undergone cranio-facial computed tomography scans with diagnosis other than orbital or ocular abnormality. An orbital 3D coordinate system was built on the basis of the scans. Morphological variables of intra-orbital structures were measured in this coordinate system. Bilateral symmetry, sexual dimorphism, and correlations between variables were investigated. RESULTS No evident laterality was found in bilateral intra-orbital structures. The distance from the center of the eyeball to the prechiasmatic groove, the length of the optic nerve, and the thickness of rectus extraocular muscles were larger in males than in females. No sex-related difference was observed in the anteroposterior diameter of the eyeball or the exophthalmometric value. The exophthalmometric value was found to be related to the anteroposterior diameter of the eyeball, whereas the y-coordinate of the center of the eyeball had no correlation with the anteroposterior diameter of the eyeball. The optic nerve length was closely correlated to the distance from the center of the eyeball to the prechiasmatic groove. CONCLUSIONS The 3D coordinate system and measurement method established in this study can be applied to the standardization of orbital morphometry. The measurements obtained from normal Chinese adults may provide reference values for the morphology of intra-orbital structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongrong Ji
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology , Shanghai , China
| | - Changxin Lai
- c School of Biomedical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Lixu Gu
- c School of Biomedical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Xianqun Fan
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology , Shanghai , China
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Morphometric analysis of the humerus in an adult South African cadaveric sample. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 289:451.e1-451.e9. [PMID: 29895429 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies using geometric morphometrics have shown that estimations of demographic parameters can be made using skeletal elements previously not thought useful for such purposes. This study used geometric morphometrics to assess humeral morphological variation in an adult South African sample, and evaluated the accuracy of sex and ancestry estimations based on this variation. Humeri of 1046 adult South African individuals (464 females, 582 males) were digitized. Data sets were rotated and scaled to a common centroid using Generalized Procrustes Analysis. Mean centroid sizes between groups were compared using parametric tests, while morphological variation was evaluated using multivariate analyses. Discriminant Function Analysis coupled with leave-one-out cross-validation tests were used to assess the reliability of sex and ancestry classifications based on this variation. Male humeri were relatively larger and presented with morphological features indicative of larger muscle mass and smaller carrying angles than females. White individuals had relatively larger but morphologically less robust humeri than Black or Coloured individuals, likely a reflection of both genetic and socio-economic differences between the groups as enforced under Apartheid law. When sex and ancestry were assessed together, similar variations were detected than when either parameter was individually assessed. Classification accuracy was relatively low when sex was independently assessed (73.3%), but increased when considered in conjunction with ancestry, indicating greater variation between-groups (ancestry) than within-groups. Ancestry estimation accuracies exceeded 80%, even for the highly diverse Coloured group. Classification accuracies of sex-ancestry groups all exceeded 76%. These results show that humerus morphological variation is present and may be used to estimate parameters, such as sex and ancestry, even in complex groups such as the Coloured sample of this study.
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Small C, Schepartz L, Hemingway J, Brits D. Three-dimensionally derived interlandmark distances for sex estimation in intact and fragmentary crania. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 287:127-135. [PMID: 29655098 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The skull is the element most frequently presented to forensic anthropologists for analysis yet weathering, corpse maiming, and scavenger activity often result in damage and fragmentation. This fragmentation results in a reduction in the number of traditional calliper derived measurements that can be obtained and subjected to discriminant based analyses for sex estimation. In this investigation, we employed three-dimensional geometric morphometric methods to derive novel interlandmark distance measures across six regions of the cranium including the basicranium, basipalate, zygoma, orbits and the cranium globally to create functions to discriminate sex with high efficacy, even in the event of fragmentation. Forty-five homologous landmarks were digitised across each of 227 (114 males and 113 females) South African crania of European descent (white) sampled from the Raymond A Dart Collection of Human Skeletons, housed in the School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa. A total of 990 interlandmark distances (ILDs) were mathematically derived using Pythagorean geometry. These ILDs were then filtered by region and subjected to both direct and stepwise discriminant function analyses. Discriminant equations where derived for each region and achieved the following average cross-validated sex estimation accuracies: basicranium-74%; basipalate-80.2%; zygomatic-82.4; orbits-71.8%; nasomaxilla-83.7%; global cranium-88.2%. A large number of the ILDs used to derive the discriminant functions are novel, demonstrating the efficacy of geometric morphometric methods and illustrating the need to reassess old methods of data collection using modern methods to determine whether they best capture biological differences. The results of this study provide an invaluable contribution to forensic anthropology in South Africa as it provides an accurate, practical means of assessing sex using fragmentary material that may otherwise have been disregarded. These will undeniable aid in accurate sex estimation and ultimately, victim identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Small
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Human Variation and Identification Research Unit (HVIRU), Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
| | - Lynne Schepartz
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Human Variation and Identification Research Unit (HVIRU), Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
| | - Jason Hemingway
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Human Variation and Identification Research Unit (HVIRU), Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
| | - Desiré Brits
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Human Variation and Identification Research Unit (HVIRU), Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
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Schlager S, Rüdell A. Sexual Dimorphism and Population Affinity in the Human Zygomatic Structure-Comparing Surface to Outline Data. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:226-237. [PMID: 28000405 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The human zygomatic structure, consisting of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, is an essential part of the masticatory apparatus and has been shown to reflect population history and sexual dimorphism to varying degrees. In this study, we analyzed the predictive value of the outlines vs. the complete surface shape of the zygomatic bone in a sample of 98 Chinese (50 ♀, 48 ♂) and 96 Germans (49 ♀, 47 ♂). We first applied a surface registration process based on statistical shape modeling. A dense set of 1,480 pseudo-landmarks was then sampled automatically from the surface of the pooled mean shape and three curves were digitized manually along the outlines of the zygomatic bone. Both sets of pseudo-landmarks were automatically transferred to all specimens. Analysis of sex and population affinity showed both factors to be independently significant, but the interaction between them was not. Population affinity could be predicted quite accurately with correct classification of 97.9% using the surface data and 93.3% with the curve data. Sexual dimorphism was less distinct with 89.2% correct sex determination when using surface information compared with 77.8% when using the curve data. Population-related shape differences were captured primarily in the outlines, while sexual dimorphism is distributed more uniformly throughout the entire surface of the zygomatic structure. Anat Rec, 300:226-237, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schlager
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat Freiburg Medizinische Fakultat, Biological Anthropology, Hebelstr. 29, Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, 79104, Germany
| | - Alexandra Rüdell
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat Freiburg Medizinische Fakultat, Biological Anthropology, Hebelstr. 29, Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, 79104, Germany
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Sexual dimorphism and regional variation in human frontal bone inclination measured via digital 3D models. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2017; 29:53-61. [PMID: 29073532 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The frontal bone is one of the most sexually dimorphic elements of the human skull, due to features such as the glabella, frontal eminences, and frontal inclination. While glabella is frequently evaluated in procedures to estimate sex in unknown human skeletal remains, frontal inclination has received less attention. In this study we present a straightforward, quick, and reproducible method for measuring frontal inclination angles from glabella and supraglabella. Using a sample of 413 human crania from four different populations (U.S. Whites, U.S. Blacks, Portuguese, and Chinese), we test the usefulness of the inclination angles for sex estimation and compare their performance to traditional methods of frontal inclination assessment. Accuracy rates in the range 75-81% were achieved for the U.S. White, U.S. Black, and Portuguese groups. For Chinese the overall accuracy was lower, i.e. 66%. Although some regional variation was observed, a cut-off value of 78.2° for glabellar inclination angles separates female and male crania from all studied populations with good accuracy. As inclination angles measured from glabella captures two sexually dimorphic features (i.e. glabellar prominence and frontal inclination) in a single measure, the observed clear male/female difference is not unexpected. Being continuous variables, inclination angles are suitable for use in statistical methods for sex estimations.
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Fernández-Montraveta C, Marugán-Lobón J. Geometric morphometrics reveals sex-differential shape allometry in a spider. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3617. [PMID: 28761795 PMCID: PMC5533156 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Common scientific wisdom assumes that spider sexual dimorphism (SD) mostly results from sexual selection operating on males. However, testing predictions from this hypothesis, particularly male size hyperallometry, has been restricted by methodological constraints. Here, using geometric morphometrics (GMM) we studied for the first time sex-differential shape allometry in a spider (Donacosa merlini, Araneae: Lycosidae) known to exhibit the reverse pattern (i.e., male-biased) of spider sexual size dimorphism. GMM reveals previously undetected sex-differential shape allometry and sex-related shape differences that are size independent (i.e., associated to the y-intercept, and not to size scaling). Sexual shape dimorphism affects both the relative carapace-to-opisthosoma size and the carapace geometry, arguably resulting from sex differences in both reproductive roles (female egg load and male competition) and life styles (wandering males and burrowing females). Our results demonstrate that body portions may vary modularly in response to different selection pressures, giving rise to sex differences in shape, which reconciles previously considered mutually exclusive interpretations about the origins of spider SD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesús Marugán-Lobón
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Casado AM. Quantifying Sexual Dimorphism in the Human Cranium: A Preliminary Analysis of a Novel Method. J Forensic Sci 2017; 62:1259-1265. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Casado
- Department of Anthropology; The Ohio State University; 4034 Smith Laboratory, 174 West 18th Avenue Columbus OH 43210
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Cavaignac E, Li K, Faruch M, Savall F, Chiron P, Huang W, Telmon N. Three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis reveals ethnic dimorphism in the shape of the femur. J Exp Orthop 2017; 4:13. [PMID: 28466436 PMCID: PMC5413466 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-017-0088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ethnic dimorphism in the distal femur has never been studied in a three-dimensional analysis focused on shape instead of size. Yet, this dimorphism has direct implications in orthopedic surgery and in anthropology. The goal of this study was to show that differences in distal femur shape related to ethnic dimorphism could be identified, visualized, and quantified using 3D geometric morphometric analysis. Methods CT scans of the distal femur were taken from 482 patients who were free of any bone-related pathology: 240 patients were European (E) and 242 were Asian (A). Ten osteometric landmarks based on standard bone landmarks used in anthropometry were placed on these scans. Geometric morphometric analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), canonical variates analysis (CVA), and other discriminant analyses (Goodall’s F-test and Mahalanobis distance) were performed. A cross-validation analysis was carried out to determine the percentage of cases in which the ethnicity was correctly estimated. Results The shape of the E and A distal femur differed significantly (Goodall’s F = 94.43, P < 0.001 and Mahalanobis D2 distance = 1.85, P < 0.001). PCA identified a difference in distal femur shape between A and E. The CVA revealed that correct ethnicity was assigned in 82% of cases and the cross-validation revealed a 75% rate of correct ethnic group estimation. Conclusion The distal femur exhibits ethnic dimorphism. 3D geometric morphometric analysis made it possible to demonstrate these differences. The large number of subjects studied has helped modernize the references for certain bone measurements, with direct implication for orthopedic surgery and anthropology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Cavaignac
- Laboratoire AMIS, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 37 allée Jules Guesdes, 31000, Toulouse, France. .,Institut de l'appareil locomoteur, Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Toulouse, CHU, France.
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Marie Faruch
- Laboratoire AMIS, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 37 allée Jules Guesdes, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Frederic Savall
- Laboratoire AMIS, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 37 allée Jules Guesdes, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Chiron
- Institut de l'appareil locomoteur, Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Toulouse, CHU, France
| | - W Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Norbert Telmon
- Laboratoire AMIS, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 37 allée Jules Guesdes, 31000, Toulouse, France
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Rmoutilová R, Dupej J, Velemínská J, Brůžek J. Geometric morphometric and traditional methods for sex assessment using the posterior ilium. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2017; 26:52-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Lynch JJ, Cross P, Heaton V. Sexual Dimorphism of the First Rib: A Comparative Approach Using Metric and Geometric Morphometric Analyses. J Forensic Sci 2017; 62:1251-1258. [PMID: 28168691 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This research investigated the sexual dimorphism of the first human rib using geometric morphometric and metric approaches on a sample of 285 specimens containing European Americans and African Americans from the Hamann-Todd collection. Metric measurements were investigated for sexual dimorphism and ancestral differences using univariate statistics. Four type II landmarks and 40 sliding semi-landmarks were placed outlining the dorsal and ventral curvatures of the ribs. Landmark data were processed using Generalized Procrustes Analyses with Procrustes distance sliding, and the subsequent coordinates were investigated for sexual dimorphism and ancestral differences using Procrustes ANOVAs. Both geometric morphometric and metric data were analyzed using cross-validated discriminant function analyses to test the hypothesis that variables from both approaches can be combined to increase sex classification rate. European Americans had sex correctly classified as high as 88.05% and African Americans as high as 70.86% using a combination of metric and geometric morphometric variables.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Cross
- School of Forensic and Applied Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Maudland Building, Room 137, Preston, PR1 2HR, UK
| | - Vivienne Heaton
- School of Physical and Geographical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
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San-Millán M, Rissech C, Turbón D. Shape variability of the adult human acetabulum and acetabular fossa related to sex and age by geometric morphometrics. Implications for adult age estimation. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 272:50-63. [PMID: 28113134 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to explore shape variability of the acetabulum during the human adult life span, in relation to sex and age. The human acetabular shape was analysed in 682 os coxae from three different documented skeletal collections from the Iberian Peninsula. Two landmarks and thirty-two sliding semi-landmarks were used for the geometric morphometric procedures and a clock-wise standard was used for orientation. The 180° meridian (6:00) line was positioned over the midpoint of the acetabular notch and 36 reference points in 10° increments along the rim were marked. Data showed that size, sex and age significantly influence acetabular shape variation. Sex differences were significant in individuals younger than 65 years old and were characterised by males exhibiting relatively extended acetabular rim profiles from 10:00 to 1:00, narrower acetabular notches, and reduced acetabular fossae. In addition, three main age-related changes occurred to the acetabular shape in both sexes: outer acetabular profile modification, with extension from 10:00 to 1:00 and reduction from 7:00 to 9:00, acetabular notch narrowing, and acetabular fossa reduction. The age-related changes that were observed are shared by both sexes and seem to be related to bone production associated with age. Specifically, age appears to affect the entire border of the lunate surface: the acetabular rim, both acetabular horns, and the outer edge of the acetabular fossa. Furthermore, shape data confirmed the clover-leaf shape of the acetabular fossa in both males and females. These results improve our understanding of acetabular shape, and assist in refining age-estimation methods and enhancing hip surgery and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta San-Millán
- Secció de Zoologia i Antropologia, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Rissech
- Secció de Zoologia i Antropologia, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Daniel Turbón
- Secció de Zoologia i Antropologia, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Márquez S, Pagano AS, Schwartz JH, Curtis A, Delman BN, Lawson W, Laitman JT. Toward Understanding the Mammalian Zygoma: Insights From Comparative Anatomy, Growth and Development, and Morphometric Analysis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 300:76-151. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Márquez
- Department of Cell Biology; SUNY Downstate Medical Center; New York New York
- Department of Otolaryngology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Anthony S. Pagano
- Department of Cell Biology; New York University School of Medicine; New York New York
| | - Jeffrey H. Schwartz
- Department of Anthropology; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Abigail Curtis
- Department of Mammalogy; American Museum of Natural History; New York New York
| | - Bradley N. Delman
- Department of Radiology; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York
| | - William Lawson
- Department of Otolaryngology; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York
| | - Jeffrey T. Laitman
- Department of Otolaryngology; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York
- Center of Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Department of Medical Education, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Austin D, King RE. The Biological Profile of Unidentified Human Remains in a Forensic Context. Acad Forensic Pathol 2016; 6:370-390. [PMID: 31239913 DOI: 10.23907/2016.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Estimation of the biological profile of unidentified human remains is a critical component of an anthropologic evaluation of unidentified human remains. The profile is used to search for missing persons that may match the decedent. The individual components of sex, ancestry, stature, and age at death require reliable methods to ensure accurate recording of these biological markers. This article showcases an unidentified skeleton that was misclassified as a female when the original evaluation was done in 1963. The revaluation in 2004 quickly led to resolution of the identity. Methods used today to evaluate the components of the biological profile are reviewed along with a limited review of the historic literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Austin
- Tarrant County Medical Examiner - Anthropology
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Candelas González N, Rascón Pérez J, Chamero B, Cambra-Moo O, González Martín A. Geometric morphometrics reveals restrictions on the shape of the female os coxae. J Anat 2016; 230:66-74. [PMID: 27485947 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The methodology for sex determination in human skeletal remains depends on the different bone morphologies presented by men and women. Due to their direct implications in reproduction, the whole pelvis, particularly the os coxae, shows different characteristics in either sex. The sacrum and the os coxae constitute the birth canal. In this research study, the os coxae shape is analyzed using geometric morphometrics, providing information on morphology, regardless of size or any other factor beyond the geometry itself. A total of 46 adult ossa coxae from a Spanish archaeological collection were studied using geometric morphometrics. The results show that there is a restriction on the shape of female os coxae. In contrast, male os coxae presents a greater range of variation. The biological reason for this difference is the obstetrical dilemma; a concept defined as the anatomical conflict between bipedalism and the full-term birth of a neonate whose large head requires greater dimensions in the pelvic cavity. Our experimental data reinforce the validity of the obstetrical dilemma as source of the restriction on the shape of female ossa coxae. Additionally, according to the results obtained, size itself does not represent a condition for belonging to one sex or another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Candelas González
- Laboratorio de Poblaciones del Pasado (LAPP), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefina Rascón Pérez
- Laboratorio de Poblaciones del Pasado (LAPP), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Oscar Cambra-Moo
- Laboratorio de Poblaciones del Pasado (LAPP), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Armando González Martín
- Laboratorio de Poblaciones del Pasado (LAPP), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Chovalopoulou ME, Valakos ED, Manolis SK. Sex determination by three-dimensional geometric morphometrics of the vault and midsagittal curve of the neurocranium in a modern Greek population sample. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2016; 67:173-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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45
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Krishan K, Chatterjee PM, Kanchan T, Kaur S, Baryah N, Singh RK. A review of sex estimation techniques during examination of skeletal remains in forensic anthropology casework. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 261:165.e1-8. [PMID: 26926105 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sex estimation is considered as one of the essential parameters in forensic anthropology casework, and requires foremost consideration in the examination of skeletal remains. Forensic anthropologists frequently employ morphologic and metric methods for sex estimation of human remains. These methods are still very imperative in identification process in spite of the advent and accomplishment of molecular techniques. A constant boost in the use of imaging techniques in forensic anthropology research has facilitated to derive as well as revise the available population data. These methods however, are less reliable owing to high variance and indistinct landmark details. The present review discusses the reliability and reproducibility of various analytical approaches; morphological, metric, molecular and radiographic methods in sex estimation of skeletal remains. Numerous studies have shown a higher reliability and reproducibility of measurements taken directly on the bones and hence, such direct methods of sex estimation are considered to be more reliable than the other methods. Geometric morphometric (GM) method and Diagnose Sexuelle Probabiliste (DSP) method are emerging as valid methods and widely used techniques in forensic anthropology in terms of accuracy and reliability. Besides, the newer 3D methods are shown to exhibit specific sexual dimorphism patterns not readily revealed by traditional methods. Development of newer and better methodologies for sex estimation as well as re-evaluation of the existing ones will continue in the endeavour of forensic researchers for more accurate results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewal Krishan
- Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
| | | | - Tanuj Kanchan
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College (Affiliated to Manipal University), Mangalore, India
| | - Sandeep Kaur
- Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neha Baryah
- Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - R K Singh
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Pt. J.N.M. Medical College, Raipur, Government of Chhattisgarh, India
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Cavaignac E, Savall F, Faruch M, Reina N, Chiron P, Telmon N. Geometric morphometric analysis reveals sexual dimorphism in the distal femur. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 259:246.e1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Franklin D, O'Higgins P, Oxnard CE, Dadour I. Sexual dimorphism and population variation in the adult mandible : Forensic applications of geometric morphometrics. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2015; 3:15-22. [PMID: 25868885 DOI: 10.1385/fsmp:3:1:15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This article forms part of an ongoing series of investigations designed to apply three-dimensional (3D) technology to problems in forensic anthropology. We report here on new morphometric data examining sexual dimorphism and population variation in the adult human mandible. The material is sourced from dissection hall subjects of South African and American origin consequently the sex and a statement of age are known for each individual. Thirty-eight bilateral 3D landmarks were designed and acquired using a Microscribe G2X portable digitizer. The shape analysis software morphologika (www.york.ac.uk/res/fme) is used to analyze the 3D coordinates of the landmarks. A selection of multivariate statistics is applied to visualize the pattern, and assess the significance of, shape variation between the sexes and populations. The determination of sex and identification of population affinity are two important aspects of forensic investigation. Our results indicate that the adult mandible can be used to identify both sex and population affinity with increased sensitivity and objectivity compared to standard analytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Franklin
- Centre for Forensic Science, The University of Western Australia, M420, 35 Stirling Highway, 6009, Crawley, Western Australia,
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48
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Hayashizaki Y, Usui A, Hosokai Y, Sakai J, Funayama M. Sex determination of the pelvis using Fourier analysis of postmortem CT images. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 246:122.e1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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49
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Pujol A, Rissech C, Ventura J, Badosa J, Turbón D. Ontogeny of the female femur: geometric morphometric analysis applied on current living individuals of a Spanish population. J Anat 2014; 225:346-57. [PMID: 24975495 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we describe the development of the female femur based on the analysis of high-resolution radiographic images by means of geometric morphometrics, while assessing the usefulness of this method in these kinds of studies. The material analysed consisted of digital images in DICOM format (telemetries), corresponding to 184 left femora in anterior view, obtained from the database of the Hospital Sant Joan de Déu of Barcelona (Spain). Bones analysed corresponded to individuals from 9 to 14 years old. Size and shape variation of the entire femur was quantified by 22 two-dimensional landmarks. Landmark digitisation errors were assessed using Procrustes anova test. Centroid size (CS) variation with age was evaluated by an anova test. Shape variation was assessed by principal component analysis. A mancova test between the first five principal components and age, using the CS as covariable, was applied. Results indicated that both size and shape vary significantly with age. Several age-related shape changes remained significant after removing the allometric effect. In general, an increase in the robustness of the bone and noticeable phenotypic changes in certain areas of the femur were observed. During growth in the proximal region of the femur, the collo-diaphyseal angle decreases, the neck of the femur widens and the fovea moves to a lower position, standing more in line with the plane of the neck. Likewise, the size of the greater and lesser trochanters increase. In the distal region, a significant increase of epiphyseal dimensions was recorded, mainly in the medial condyle. The angular remodelling of the neck and the bicondylar region of the femur in females continues until 13 years old. The information provided in the present study increases our knowledge on the timing and morphology of the femur during development, and in particular the morphology of the different femoral ossification centres during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniol Pujol
- Unitat d'Antropologia Física, Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Urbanová P, Hejna P, Zátopková L, Šafr M. What is the appropriate approach in sex determination of hyoid bones? J Forensic Leg Med 2013; 20:996-1003. [PMID: 24237807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The hyoid bone is characterized by sexually dimorphic features, enabling it to occasionally be used in the sex determination aspect of establishing the biological profile in skeletal remains. Based on a sample of 298 fused and non-fused hyoid bones, the present paper compares several methodological approaches to sexing human hyoid bones in order to test the legitimacy of osteometrics-based linear discriminant equations and to explore the potentials of symbolic regression and methods of geometric morphometrics. In addition, two sets of published predictive models, one of which originated in an indigenous population, were validated on the studied sample. The results showed that the hyoid shape itself is a moderate sex predictor and a combination of linear measurements is a better representation of sex-related differences. The symbolic regression was shown to exceed the predictive powers of linear discriminant function analysis when two models based on a logistic and step regression reached 96% of correctly classified cases. There was a positive correlation between discriminant scores and an individual's age as the sex assessment was highly skewed in favour of males. This suggests that the human hyoid undergoes age-related modifications which facilitates determination of male bones and complicates determination of females in older individuals. The validation of discriminant equations by Komenda and Černý (1990) and Kindschud et al. (2010) revealed that there are marked inter-population and inter-sample differences which lessened the power to correctly determine female hyoid bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Urbanová
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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