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Miller CK, DeSilva JM. A review of the distal femur in Australopithecus. Evol Anthropol 2024; 33:e22012. [PMID: 38009942 DOI: 10.1002/evan.22012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
In 1938, the first distal femur of a fossil Australopithecus was discovered at Sterkfontein, South Africa. A decade later, another distal femur was discovered at the same locality. These two fossil femora were the subject of a foundational paper authored by Kingsbury Heiple and Owen Lovejoy in 1971. In this paper, the authors discussed functionally relevant anatomies of these two fossil femora and noted their strong affinity to the modern human condition. Here, we update this work by including eight more fossil Australopithecus distal femora, an expanded comparative dataset, as well as additional linear measurements. Just as Heiple and Lovejoy reported a half-century ago, we find strong overlap between modern humans and cercopithecoids, except for inferiorly flattened condyles and a high bicondylar angle, both of which characterize modern humans and Australopithecus and are directly related to striding bipedalism. All other measured aspects of the femora are by-products of these key morphological traits. Additional fossil material from the early Pliocene will help to inform the evolution of the hominin distal femur and its condition in the Pan-Homo common ancestor that preceded bipedal locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine K Miller
- Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Ecology, Evolution, Ecosystems, and Society Graduate Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jeremy M DeSilva
- Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Pintore R, Cornette R, Houssaye A, Allain R. Femora from an exceptionally large population of coeval ornithomimosaurs yield evidence of sexual dimorphism in extinct theropod dinosaurs. eLife 2023; 12:83413. [PMID: 37309177 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism is challenging to detect among fossils due to a lack of statistical representativeness. The Angeac-Charente Lagerstätte (France) represents a remarkable 'snapshot' from a Berriasian (Early Cretaceous) ecosystem and offers a unique opportunity to study intraspecific variation among a herd of at least 61 coeval ornithomimosaurs. Herein, we investigated the hindlimb variation across the best-preserved specimens from the herd through 3D Geometric Morphometrics and Gaussian Mixture Modeling. Our results based on complete and fragmented femora evidenced a dimorphism characterized by variations in the shaft curvature and the distal epiphysis width. Since the same features vary between sexes among modern avian dinosaurs, crocodilians, and more distant amniotes, we attributed this bimodal variation to sexual dimorphism based on the extant phylogenetic bracketing approach. Documenting sexual dimorphism in fossil dinosaurs allows a better characterization and accounting of intraspecific variations, which is particularly relevant to address ongoing taxonomical and ecological questions relative to dinosaur evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Pintore
- UMR 7179, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Évolution (MECADEV), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Raphaël Cornette
- UMR 7205, Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, UA, Paris, France, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Houssaye
- UMR 7179, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Évolution (MECADEV), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Ronan Allain
- UMR 7207, Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie - Paris (CR2P), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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Hunt KD, Dunevant SE, Yohler RM, Carlson KJ. Femoral Bicondylar Angles among Dry-Habitat Chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) Resemble Those of Humans: Implications for Knee Function, Australopith Sexual Dimorphism, and the Evolution of Bipedalism. JOURNAL OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1086/715398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Onor GI, Yalcin S, Kaar SG, Pace JL, Ferrua P, Farrow LD. The Evaluation of Trochlear Osseous Morphology: An Epidemiologic Study. Orthop J Sports Med 2021; 9:2325967121994548. [PMID: 33869646 PMCID: PMC8020235 DOI: 10.1177/2325967121994548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The femoral trochlea is considered the most significant osseous factor
affecting stability in the patellofemoral joint. The true prevalence of
trochlear dysplasia in the general population is largely unknown. Purpose/Hypothesis: To investigate the prevalence of trochlear dysplasia in the general
population. Our hypothesis was that, while trochlear dysplasia is not
uncommon, there is a low prevalence of severe dysplasia in the general
population. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Five observers were asked to evaluate 692 skeletally mature femoral specimens
from 359 skeletons for trochlear dysplasia at 2 time points. We further
subclassified the dysplastic trochlea in 62 femora with the highest rated
degree of dysplasia. Results: Sex (P = .11) and race (P = .2) had no
effect on the severity of dysplasia. Interobserver reliability was excellent
(0.906 and 0.904), and intraobserver reliability was good to excellent
(0.686 to 0.808). The percentages of trochlea graded as normal, mildly
dysplastic, moderately dysplastic, and severely dysplastic were 61.5%,
21.4%, 12.7%, and 4.4%, respectively, in the first evaluation, and 58.5%,
23.7%, 12.7%, and 5.1% in the second evaluation. Of the 62 trochlea with the
highest scores for dysplasia, 36 had trochlear dysplasia without a
supratrochlear spur, 8 had trochlear dysplasia with medial femoral condyle
hypoplasia, and 18 had trochlear dysplasia with a supratrochlear spur. Conclusion: Observers with differing degrees of clinical experience had similar opinions
on the degree of trochlear dysplasia. Also, our cohort showed that moderate
to severe dysplasia is not uncommon, as it is present in approximately 17%
of knees in our cohort. Our findings also suggest that clinicians are
speaking the same language when identifying and describing trochlear
dysplasia on gross inspection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel I Onor
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Sercan Yalcin
- Cleveland Clinic Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Scott G Kaar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - J Lee Pace
- Elite Sports Medicine, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Paolo Ferrua
- Gaetano Pini Orthopaedic Institute, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lutul D Farrow
- Cleveland Clinic Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Pickering TR, Heaton JL, Clarke RJ, Stratford D, Heile A. Hominin lower limb bones from Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa (1998–2003 excavations). S AFR J SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2021/6758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe late Pliocene and early Pleistocene hominin fossils from Sterkfontein Caves (South Africa), including two femoral specimens, as well as a partial tibia and a partial fibula. The fossils are likely assignable to Australopithecus africanus and/or Australopithecus prometheus and the morphology of each corroborates previous interpretations of Sterkfontein hominins as at least facultative bipeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Rayne Pickering
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jason L. Heaton
- Department of Biology, Birmingham- Southern College, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ron J. Clarke
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Dominic Stratford
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - A.J. Heile
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Saers JPP, Ryan TM, Stock JT. Baby steps towards linking calcaneal trabecular bone ontogeny and the development of bipedal human gait. J Anat 2020; 236:474-492. [PMID: 31725189 PMCID: PMC7018636 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trabecular bone structure in adulthood is a product of a process of modelling during ontogeny and remodelling throughout life. Insight into ontogeny is essential to understand the functional significance of trabecular bone structural variation observed in adults. The complex shape and loading of the human calcaneus provides a natural experiment to test the relationship between trabecular morphology and locomotor development. We investigated the relationship between calcaneal trabecular bone structure and predicted changes in loading related to development of gait and body size in growing children. We sampled three main trabecular regions of the calcanei using micro-computed tomography scans of 35 individuals aged between neonate to adult from the Norris Farms #36 site (1300 AD, USA) and from Cambridge (1200-1500 AD, UK). Trabecular properties were calculated in volumes of interest placed beneath the calcaneocuboid joint, plantar ligaments, and posterior talar facet. At birth, thin trabecular struts are arranged in a dense and relatively isotropic structure. Bone volume fraction strongly decreases in the first year of life, whereas anisotropy and mean trabecular thickness increase. Dorsal compressive trabecular bands appear around the onset of bipedal walking, although plantar tensile bands develop prior to predicted propulsive toe-off. Bone volume fraction and anisotropy increase until the age of 8, when gait has largely matured. Connectivity density gradually reduces, whereas trabeculae gradually thicken from birth until adulthood. This study demonstrates that three different regions of the calcaneus develop into distinct adult morphologies through varying developmental trajectories. These results are similar to previous reports of ontogeny in human long bones and are suggestive of a relationship between the mechanical environment and trabecular bone architecture in the human calcaneus during growth. However, controlled experiments combined with more detailed biomechanical models of gait maturation are necessary to establish skeletal markers linking growth to loading. This has the potential to be a novel source of information for understanding loading levels, activity patterns, and perhaps life history in the fossil record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap P. P. Saers
- Department of ArchaeologyMcDonald Institute for Archaeological ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Timothy M. Ryan
- Department of AnthropologyPennsylvania State UniversityState CollegePAUSA
| | - Jay T. Stock
- Department of ArchaeologyMcDonald Institute for Archaeological ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONCanada
- Department of ArchaeologyMax Planck Institute for the Science of Human HistoryJenaGermany
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Balcarek P, Zimmermann F. Deepening trochleoplasty and medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction normalize patellotrochlear congruence in severe trochlear dysplasia. Bone Joint J 2019; 101-B:325-330. [PMID: 30813785 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.101b3.bjj-2018-0795.r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate cartilaginous patellotrochlear congruence and patellofemoral alignment parameters after deepening trochleoplasty in severe trochlear dysplasia. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study group comprised 20 patients (two male, 18 female; mean age 24 years (16 to 39)) who underwent deepening trochleoplasty and medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction for the treatment of recurrent lateral patellar dislocation due to severe trochlear dysplasia (Dejour type B to D). Pre- and postoperative MRI investigations of the study group were compared with MRI data of 20 age- and gender-matched control patients (two male, 18 female; mean age 27 years (18 to 44)) regarding the patellotrochlear contact ratio, patellotrochlear contact area, posterior patellar edge-trochlear groove ratio, and patellar tilt. RESULTS Preoperatively, all parameters in the study group indicated significant patellar malalignment, including a reduced patellotrochlear contact ratio (mean 0.38 (0.13 to 0.59) vs mean 0.67 (0.48 to 0.88); p < 0.001), reduced contact area (mean 128 mm2 (87 to 190) vs mean 183 mm2 (155 to 227); p < 0.001), increased patellar lateralization (mean 0.82 (0.55 to 1.0) vs mean 0.99 (0.93 to 1.1); p < 0.001) and increased patellar tilt (mean 25.8° (8.1° to 43.0°) vs mean 9.1° (0.5° to 16.8°); p < 0.001). Postoperatively, all parameters in the study group improved significantly and reached normal values compared with the control group. The patellotrochlear contact ratio increased to a mean of 0.63 (0.38 to 0.85) (p < 0.001), the contact area increased to a mean of 187 mm2 (101 to 255) (p < 0.001), the posterior patellar edge-trochlear groove ratio improved to a mean of 0.96 (0.83 to 0.91) (p < 0.001), and the patellar tilt decreased to a mean of 13.9° (8.1° to 22.1°) (p < 0.001) postoperatively. CONCLUSION Deepening trochleoplasty and MPFL reconstruction normalized the patellotrochlear congruence and patellofemoral alignment parameters. Modifying the dysplastic trochlea involves approximating the trochlear morphology to the shape of the patella rather than inducing a patella and trochlea mismatch. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:325-330.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Femoral trochlear dysplasia is a known risk factor for patellar instability. The growth pattern of the normal trochlea is known, but there have been no studies investigating the growth and development of the dysplastic trochlea. The purpose of this study was to assess the growth pattern of trochlear dysplasia in adolescents. METHODS In a retrospective analysis, magnetic resonance images of adolescents with patellar instability and trochlear dysplasia were evaluated. These images were measured for lateral and medial condylar height, trochlear height, cartilaginous and bony trochlear bump, and cartilaginous and bony sulcus angle. The type of trochlear dysplasia was classified as per Dejour classification. These measurements were plotted against age, and their growth patterns were evaluated using statistical methods. RESULTS Of 235 knees with patellar instability, trochlear dysplasia was present in 175 knees (74% knees) and these were further analyzed. With increasing age, the mean lateral and medial condylar heights and mean trochlear height showed statistically significant increase (P<0.01). Cartilaginous trochlear bump (slope=0.15, P=0.013) and bony trochlear bump (slope=0.22, P<0.01) increased with age, with some reaching the pathologic value by age of 15.1 years. After age 11 years, there were no significant changes for cartilaginous and bony sulcus angles (cartilage: slope=0.03, P=0.96; bony: slope=-0.90, P=0.11). The mean cartilaginous sulcus angle was significantly greater than the mean bony sulcus angle (P<0.01). All Dejour types of trochlear dysplasia were present across all age groups. CONCLUSIONS All linear measurements of trochlear dysplasia (condylar height, trochlear height, trochlear bump) increased with age. However, the shape of trochlear dysplasia, as reflected by sulcus angle and Dejour classification, did not change with increasing age. The shape of trochlear dysplasia is most likely a genetic predisposition and does not necessarily change during skeletal growth. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II-diagnostic, cross-sectional.
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Steinberg N, Stern M, Tenenbaum S, Blankstein A, Zeev A, Siev-Ner I. Ultrasonography and clinical examination of knee injuries in pre- and post- menarche dancers. Res Sports Med 2018. [PMID: 29519163 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2018.1447474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating whether the prevalence of knee injuries and morphological features are different among pre-and-post menarche dancers; Sixty-seven pre-and-post menarche dancers were screened for anthropometric parameters; knee laxity; patella femoral pain syndrome (PFPS), pathologies and anatomical structure of the knees. Both groups showed a high and similar prevalence of PFPS. The post-menarche dancers produced a significantly higher rate of Tanner stages 3-4 (p = .010), greater weight (p < .001) higher BMI (p = .003); and, higher prevalence of MCL pathology, pes planus, and scoliosis compared with pre-menarche dancers (p < .05). The pre-menarche dancers started dance practice earlier (p = .008); and, showed significantly higher prevalence of lateral laxity, patellar laxity, positive Lachman test and positive Drawer test compared with post-menarche dancers (p < .05). Interactions (menarche yes/no by PFPS no/one leg/both legs) were found for BMI (p = .044; η2 = .187), trochlear cartilage thickness (p = .020; η2 = 0.121) and tip of patella - trochlear groove distance (p = .024; η2 = .150). Pre-and-post-menarche female dancers demonstrated similar prevalence of knee injuries, with different body morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nili Steinberg
- a The Wingate College of physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Wingate Institute , Netanya , Israel
| | - Myriam Stern
- b Department of Radiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel hashomer, Israel. Affiliated to Sackler School of Medicine , Tel Aviv University , Israel
| | - Shay Tenenbaum
- c Department of orthopedic surgery, Chaim Sheba medical center Tel-Hashomer, affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Alexander Blankstein
- c Department of orthopedic surgery, Chaim Sheba medical center Tel-Hashomer, affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Aviva Zeev
- a The Wingate College of physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Wingate Institute , Netanya , Israel
| | - Itzhak Siev-Ner
- d Orthopedic Rehabilitation Dept ., Sheba Medical Center , Tel-Hashomer , Israel
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Vairamuthu T, Pfeiffer S. A juvenile with compromised osteogenesis provides insights into past hunter-gatherer lives. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2018; 20:1-9. [PMID: 29496206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Late Archaic in northeastern North America (4500-2800 B.P.) pre-dates reliance on pottery and domesticated plants. It is thought to reflect a highly mobile, seasonal migratory foraging/hunting regimen. A juvenile skeleton with pervasive bone wasting and fragile jaws from the Hind Site (AdHk-1), ca. 3000 B.P., southwestern Ontario, provides evidence of the social context of her family group, including aspects of mobility and food management. The well-preserved bones and teeth are considered in bioarchaeological context. Radiographic, osteometric and cross-sectional geometric approaches to assessing musculoskeletal function are presented, plus differential diagnosis of the bone wasting condition. All bones of the probable female (aged approx. 16yr) show stunting and wasting. Wedged lower vertebral bodies, porous trabeculae, undeveloped bicondylar angles (femur) and abnormally low cortical long bone mass are consistent with chronically reduced ambulation. Few teeth remain in the dramatically resorbed alveoli; slight tooth wear and substantial calculus suggest a modified (soft) diet. Osteogenesis imperfecta type IV is the most probable etiology. The extended survival of this juvenile who may never have walked reflects collective care. The case provides evidence of a past lifeway that appears to have been organized around logistic mobility, including occupational stability and food storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thivviya Vairamuthu
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, 19 Russell Street, Toronto M5S 2S2, Canada.
| | - Susan Pfeiffer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, 19 Russell Street, Toronto M5S 2S2, Canada; Research Associate, Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.
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Lequin M. Paleoanthropology's uses of the bipedal criterion. HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 40:7. [PMID: 29168074 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-017-0172-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bipedalism is one of the criteria that paleoanthropologists use in order to interpret the fossil record and to determine if a specimen belongs to the human lineage. In the context of such interpretations, bipedalism is considered to be a unique characteristic of this lineage that also marks its origin. This conception has largely remained unchallenged over the last decades, in spite of fossil discoveries that led to the emergence of bipedalism in the human lineage being shifted back by several millions of years. In this paper, I analyze the uses of this criterion in paleoanthropology and demonstrate that interpretative biases (such as underdetermined inferences and circular reasoning) are at play in interpretations of hominin remains. By discussing Darwin's hypotheses about the evolution of bipedalism, I identify major theoretical issues that need to be addressed in the current debates on hominin evolution. First, the assumption that "man alone has become a biped" (Darwin in The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex, John Murray, London, 1871) is analyzed in the light of recent empirical data. Three major issues are discussed: the definition of "man", i.e. "human", the uniqueness of human bipedalism, and the equivocal meaning of being a "biped". Then, I highlight some of Darwin's remarks that may be helpful for current debates in paleoanthropology, regarding natural selection in locomotor evolution, as well as taxonomic and phylogenetic significance of functional features. Finally, I analyze two examples of how fossil discoverers referred to Darwin in the recent years and discuss his role as an intellectual support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Lequin
- Equipe de Recherche sur les Rationalités Philosophiques et les Savoirs, Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, 5, allées Antonio Machado, 31058, Toulouse Cedex 9, France.
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Mwakikunga A, Katundu K, Msamati B, Adefolaju AG, Schepartz L. An anatomical and osteometric study of the femoral sulcus angle in adult Malawians. Afr Health Sci 2016; 16:1182-1187. [PMID: 28479913 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v16i4.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Femoral sulcus angle is particularly important in clinical evaluation of patellofemoral joint. Individuals show considerable differences in asymmetrical dimensions of the femur. OBJECTIVES To determine the size of femoral sulcus angles in adult black Malawians using the skeletal collection in the department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and assess their gender differences; to compare femoral sulcus angles of Malawians with other ethnic groups. METHODS A cross sectional study was done in which femoral sulcus angles of dry bones were measured using a goniometer. RESULTS There is no significant difference in the mean sulcus angles between right and left femora in males (p=0.8100) and females (p=0.0742); between all males combined and females combined (p=0.8845). There is a significant difference in the mean between all left femora combined and all right femora combined (p=0.0260). CONCLUSION This study has provided the mean size of the femoral sulcus angle of adult Malawians. These findings suggest that the size of the sulcus angle cannot determine gender among adult black Malawians suggesting the interpretation that femora asymmetric dimensions are population specific, which should be considered in the patellofemoral joint evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Mwakikunga
- School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Kondwani Katundu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Boniface Msamati
- Department of Anatomy, Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Lynne Schepartz
- School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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13
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Waxenbaum EB, Stock MK. Variation in the human bicondylar angle. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 160:334-40. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin B. Waxenbaum
- Department of Anthropology; Northwestern University; Evanston IL 60208
| | - Michala K. Stock
- Department of Anthropology; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32610
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Parikh SN, Lykissas MG. Classification of Lateral Patellar Instability in Children and Adolescents. Orthop Clin North Am 2016; 47:145-52. [PMID: 26614929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ocl.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
There is significant heterogeneity in the literature related to the causes and treatment of patellar instability. To address the multifactorial issue of patellar instability, the first task is to classify the instability pattern. Once a classification system is developed, future studies can differentiate between treatment recommendations and outcomes for each instability pattern. Existing classification systems do not include the entire spectrum of patellar instability patterns. The aim of this article is to review the nomenclature and existing patellar instability classification systems and analyze the different patterns into a comprehensive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shital N Parikh
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Marios G Lykissas
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Dompoli 30, Ioannina, PC 45110, Greece
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Pujol A, Rissech C, Ventura J, Turbón D. Ontogeny of the male femur: Geometric morphometric analysis applied to a contemporary Spanish population. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 159:146-63. [PMID: 26331786 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the morphological changes of the male femur during the adolescent growth spurt and to compare the pattern obtained with that reported previously for females. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two hundred and forty males from a Spanish population aged between 9 and 16 years were analysed, based on telemetries. Size and shape variation of the femur was quantified by 22 2D-landmarks and analysed using geometric morphometric methods. Likewise, the variation of neck-shaft and bicondylar angles were also determined and evaluated by Student's t-test. Sexual differences were analysed by comparing results here obtained on boys with those corresponding to girls reported in a previous study. RESULTS In males, both size and shape varied significantly with age, with males having larger dimensions than females. In general terms, these changes are generally characterised by an increase in robustness of the femur and shape modifications in the epiphyses. During growth, the neck-shaft angle decreases and the size of the greater and lesser trochanters increase. A significant increase of distal epiphyseal dimensions was recorded, mainly in the medial condyle. The angular remodeling of both the neck and the bicondylar regions of the male femur continues until 16 and 15 years, respectively. Female and male femur each followed divergent growth trajectories. Males showed a greater variability in neck-shaft and bicondylar angles than females. DISCUSSION The timing, morphology and growth trajectories provided on the femur during development can be very helpful in anthropological, paleoanthropological and evolution studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniol Pujol
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia, Unitat d'Antropologia Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Rissech
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia, Unitat d'Antropologia Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacint Ventura
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Unitat de Zoologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Turbón
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia, Unitat d'Antropologia Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Frosch S, Brodkorb T, Schüttrumpf JP, Wachowski MM, Walde TA, Stürmer KM, Balcarek P. Characteristics of femorotibial joint geometry in the trochlear dysplastic femur. J Anat 2014; 225:367-73. [PMID: 25040233 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial and lateral tibia plateau geometry has been linked with the severity of trochlear dysplasia. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the tibial slope and the femoral posterior condylar offset in a cohort of consecutive subjects with a trochlear dysplastic femur to investigate whether the condylar offset correlates with, and thus potentially compensates for, tibial slope asymmetry. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess the severity of trochlear dysplasia as well as the tibial slope and posterior offset of the femoral condyles separately for the medial and lateral compartment of the knee joint in 98 subjects with a trochlear dysplastic femur and 88 control subjects. A significant positive correlation was found for the medial tibial slope and the medial posterior condylar offset in the study group (r(2) = 0.1566; P < 0.001). This relationship was significant for all subtypes of trochlear dysplasia and was most pronounced in the severe trochlear dysplastic femur (Dejour type D) (r(2) = 0.3734; P = 0.04). No correlation was found for the lateral condylar offset and the lateral tibial slope in the study group or for the condylar offset and the tibial slope on both sides in the control group. The positive correlation between the medial femoral condylar offset and the medial tibial slope, that is, a greater degree of the medial tibial slope indicated a larger offset of the medial femoral condyle, appears to represent a general anthropomorphic characteristic of distal femur geometry in patients with a trochlear dysplastic femur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Frosch
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Centre, Göttingen, Germany
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Tardieu C, Bonneau N, Hecquet J, Boulay C, Marty C, Legaye J, Duval-Beaupère G. How is sagittal balance acquired during bipedal gait acquisition? Comparison of neonatal and adult pelves in three dimensions. Evolutionary implications. J Hum Evol 2013; 65:209-22. [PMID: 23838060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We compare adult and intact neonatal pelves, using a pelvic sagittal variable, the angle of sacral incidence, which presents significant correlations with vertebral curvature in adults and plays an important role in sagittal balance of the trunk on the lower limbs. Since the lumbar curvature develops in the child in association with gait acquisition, we expect a change in this angle during growth which could contribute to the acquisition of sagittal balance. To understand the mechanisms underlying the sagittal balance in the evolution of human bipedalism, we also measure the angle of incidence of hominid fossils. Fourty-seven landmarks were digitized on 50 adult and 19 intact neonatal pelves. We used a three-dimensional model of the pelvis (DE-VISU program) which calculates the angle of sacral incidence and related functional variables. Cross-sectional data from newborns and adults show that the angle of sacral incidence increases and becomes negatively correlated with the sacro-acetabular distance. During ontogeny the sacrum becomes curved, tends to sink down between the iliac blades as a wedge and moves backward in the sagittal plane relative to the acetabula, thus contributing to the backwards displacement of the center of gravity of the trunk. A chain of correlations links the degree of the sacral slope and of the angle of incidence, which is tightly linked with the lumbar lordosis. We sketch a model showing the coordinated changes occurring in the pelvis and vertebral column during the acquisition of bipedalism in infancy. In the australopithecine pelves, Sts 14 and AL 288-1, and in the Homo erectus Gona pelvis the angle of sacral incidence reaches the mean values of humans. Discussing the incomplete pelves of Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus sediba and the Nariokotome Boy, we suggest how the functional linkage between pelvis and spine, observed in humans, could have emerged during hominid evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Tardieu
- U.M.R. 7179 CNRS, Mécanismes adaptatifs: des organismes aux communautés, Pavillon d'Anatomie Comparée, M.N.H.N., 55 rue Buffon, 75 005 Paris, France.
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DeSilva JM, Holt KG, Churchill SE, Carlson KJ, Walker CS, Zipfel B, Berger LR. The Lower Limb and Mechanics of Walking in Australopithecus sediba. Science 2013; 340:1232999. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1232999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Influence of tibial slope asymmetry on femoral rotation in patients with lateral patellar instability. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2013; 21:2155-63. [PMID: 23096490 PMCID: PMC3751338 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-012-2247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The geometry of the tibial plateau and its influence on the biomechanics of the tibiofemoral joint has gained increased significance. However, no quantitative data are available regarding the inclination of the medial and lateral tibial slope in patients with patellar instability. It was therefore the purpose of this study to evaluate tibial slope characteristics in patients with patellar dislocations and to assess the biomechanical effect of medial-to-lateral tibial slope asymmetry on lateral patellar instability. METHODS Medial and lateral tibial slope was measured on knee magnetic resonance images in 107 patients and in 83 controls. The medial-to-lateral tibial slope asymmetry was assessed as the intra-individual difference between the medial and lateral tibial plateau inclination considering severity of trochlear dysplasia. The effect of tibial slope asymmetry on femoral rotation was calculated by means of radian measure. RESULTS Severity of trochlear dysplasia was significantly associated with an asymmetric inclination of the tibial plateau. Whereas the medial tibial slope showed identical values between controls and study patients (n.s.), lateral tibial plateau inclination becomes flatter with increasing severity of trochlear dysplasia (p < 0.01). Consequently, the intra-individual tibial slope asymmetry increased steadily (p < 0.01) and increased internal femoral rotation in 20° and 90° of knee flexion angles in patients with severe trochlear dysplasia (p < 0.01). In addition, the extreme values of internal femoral rotation were more pronounced in patients with patellar instability, whereas the extreme values of external femoral rotation were more pronounced in control subjects (p = 0.024). CONCLUSION Data of this study indicate an association between tibial plateau configuration and internal femoral rotation in patients with lateral patellar instability and underlying trochlear dysplasia. Thereby, medial-to-lateral tibial slope asymmetry increased internal femoral rotation during knee flexion and therefore might aggravate the effect of femoral antetorsion in patients with patellar instability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Sylvester AD, Pfisterer T. Quantifying lateral femoral condyle ellipticalness in chimpanzees, gorillas, and humans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2012; 149:458-67. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chan EF, Harjanto R, Asahara H, Inoue N, Masuda K, Bugbee WD, Firestein GS, Hosalkar HS, Lotz MK, Sah RL. Structural and functional maturation of distal femoral cartilage and bone during postnatal development and growth in humans and mice. Orthop Clin North Am 2012; 43:173-85, v. [PMID: 22480467 PMCID: PMC3321216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ocl.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The size and shape of joints markedly affect their biomechanical properties, but the macroscopic 3-dimensional (3-D) mechanism and extent of cartilage and joint maturation during normal growth are largely unknown. This study qualitatively illustrates the development of the bone-cartilage interface in the knee during postnatal growth in humans and C57BL/6 wild-type mice, quantitatively defines the 3-D shape using statistical shape modeling, and assesses growth strain rates in the mouse distal femur. Accurate quantification of the cartilage-bone interface geometry is imperative for furthering the understanding of the macroscopic mechanisms of cartilage maturation and overall joint development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine F. Chan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California – San Diego, CA
| | - Ricky Harjanto
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California – San Diego, CA
| | - Hiroshi Asahara
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Nozomu Inoue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Koichi Masuda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California – San Diego, CA
| | | | | | - Harish S. Hosalkar
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA
| | - Martin K. Lotz
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Robert L. Sah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California – San Diego, CA,Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California – San Diego, CA,Corresponding author: Department of Bioengineering, Mail Code 0412, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA, Tel.: 858-534-0821, Fax: 858-822-1614,
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Bonneau N, Simonis C, Seringe R, Tardieu C. Study of femoral torsion during prenatal growth: interpretations associated with the effects of intrauterine pressure. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2011; 145:438-45. [PMID: 21541926 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The developing fetus is protected from external environmental influences by maternal tissues. However, these structures have a limited elasticity, such that the fetus must grow in a confined space, constraining its size at the end of pregnancy. Can these constraints modify the morphology of the fetal skeleton? The intensity of these constraints increases between 5 months and birth, making it the most appropriate period to address this question. A sample of 89 fetal femora was analyzed, and results provide evidence that during this period, the torsion of the femoral shaft (quantified by means of a new three-dimensional method) increases gradually. Two explanations were considered: this increase could signal effects of constraints induced by the intrauterine cavity, developmental patterning, or some combination of these two. Different arguments tend to support the biomechanical explanation, rather than a programming pattern formation. Indeed, the identification of the femur as a first degree lever, created by the hyperflexion of the fetal lower limbs on the pelvis, could explain the increase in femoral shaft torsion during prenatal life. A comparison with femora of infants is in accordance with this mechanical interpretation, which is possible through bone modeling/remodeling. Although genetic and epigenetic mechanisms may regulate timing of fetal development, our data suggest that at birth, the fetal skeleton also has an intrauterine mechanical history through adaptive bone plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Bonneau
- UMR CNRS-Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.
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Tardieu C. Development of the human hind limb and its importance for the evolution of bipedalism. Evol Anthropol 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/evan.20276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Balcarek P, Walde TA, Frosch S, Schüttrumpf JP, Wachowski MM, Stürmer KM, Frosch KH. Patellar dislocations in children, adolescents and adults: a comparative MRI study of medial patellofemoral ligament injury patterns and trochlear groove anatomy. Eur J Radiol 2010; 79:415-20. [PMID: 20638212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2010.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 06/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The first aim was to compare medial patellofemoral ligament injury patterns in children and adolescents after first-time lateral patellar dislocations with the injury patterns in adults. The second aim was to evaluate the trochlear groove anatomy at different developmental stages of the growing knee joint. MATERIALS AND METHODS Knee magnetic resonance (MR) images were collected from 22 patients after first-time patellar dislocations. The patients were aged 14.2 years (a range of 11-15 years). The injury pattern of the medial patellofemoral ligament was analysed, and trochlear dysplasia was evaluated with regard to sulcus angle, trochlear depth and trochlear asymmetry. The control data consisted of MR images from 21 adult patients who were treated for first-time lateral patellar dislocation. RESULTS After patellar dislocation, injury to the medial patellofemoral ligament was found in 90.2% of the children and in 100% of the adult patients. Injury patterns of the medial patellofemoral ligament were similar between the study group and the control group with regard to injury at the patellar attachment site (Type I), to the midsubstance (Type II) and to injury at the femoral origin (Type III) (all p>0.05). Combined lesions (Type IV) were significantly less frequently observed in adults when compared to the study group (p=0.02). The magnitude of trochlear dysplasia was similar in children, adolescents and adults with regard to all three of the measured parameter-values (all p>0.05). In addition, the articular cartilage had a significant effect on the distal femur geometry in both paediatrics and adults. CONCLUSION First, the data from our study indicated that the paediatric medial patellofemoral ligament injury patterns, as seen on MR images, were similar to those in adults. Second, the trochlear groove anatomy and the magnitude of trochlear dysplasia, respectively, did not differ between adults and paediatrics with patellar instability. Thus, physicians are confronted with similar anatomical risk factors and similar injuries to the medial soft-tissue restraints in children when compared to adults with patellar instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Balcarek
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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Kimbel WH, Delezene LK. “Lucy” redux: A review of research on Australopithecus afarensis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2009; 140 Suppl 49:2-48. [PMID: 19890859 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William H Kimbel
- Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4101, USA.
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Toms AP, Cahir J, Swift L, Donell ST. Imaging the femoral sulcus with ultrasound, CT, and MRI: reliability and generalizability in patients with patellar instability. Skeletal Radiol 2009; 38:329-38. [PMID: 19183987 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-008-0639-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent advances in surgical intervention for patellar instability have led to a need for long-term radiological monitoring. The aim of this study is to determine whether or not magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasound (US) can replace computed tomography (CT) as the standard of care for the evaluation of the femoral sulcus. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a prospective study comparing the reliability of CT, magnetic resonance (MR), and US for measuring the femoral sulcus in patients with patellar instability. Twenty-four patients were recruited to undergo a CT, MR, and US examination of each knee. Two observers independently measured femoral sulcus angles from subchondral bone and hyaline cartilage on two occasions. Intraclass correlations and generalizability coefficients were calculated to measure the reliability of each of the techniques. Thereafter, two observers measured the femoral sulcus angle from ultrasound images recorded by two independent operators to estimate interobserver and interoperator reliability. RESULTS Forty-seven knees were examined with CT and US and 44 with MRI. The sulcus angle was consistently smaller when measured from subchondral bone compared to cartilage (5-7 degrees ). Interobserver reliability for CT, MR, and US measurements from subchondral bone were 0.87, 0.80, and 0.82 and from cartilage 0.80, 0.81, and 0.50. Generalizability coefficients of measurements from subchondral bone for CT, MR, and US were 0.87, 0.76, and 0.81 and for cartilage 0.76, 0.73, and 0.05. Most of the variability in the US occurred at image acquisition rather than measurement. CONCLUSION In patients with patellar instability, CT and MR are reliable techniques for measuring the femoral sulcus angle but US, particularly of the articular cartilage, is not. MR is therefore the most suitable tool for longitudinal studies of the femoral sulcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andoni P Toms
- Departments of Radiology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Colney Lane, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UY, UK.
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Ruff C. Body size prediction from juvenile skeletal remains. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2007; 133:698-716. [PMID: 17295297 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There are currently no methods for predicting body mass from juvenile skeletal remains and only a very limited number for predicting stature. In this study, stature and body mass prediction equations are generated for each year from 1 to 17 years of age using a subset of the Denver Growth Study sample, followed longitudinally (n = 20 individuals, 340 observations). Radiographic measurements of femoral distal metaphyseal and head breadth are used to predict body mass and long bone lengths are used to predict stature. In addition, pelvic bi-iliac breadth and long bone lengths are used to predict body mass in older adolescents. Relative prediction errors are equal to or smaller than those associated with similar adult estimation formulae. Body proportions change continuously throughout growth, necessitating age-specific formulae. Adult formulae overestimate stature and body mass in younger juveniles, but work well in 17-year-olds from the sample, indicating that in terms of body proportions they are representative of the general population. To illustrate use of the techniques, they are applied to the juvenile Homo erectus (ergaster) KNM-WT 15000 skeleton. New body mass and stature estimates for this specimen are similar to previous estimates derived using other methods. Body mass estimates range from 50 to 53 kg, and stature was probably slightly under 157 cm, although a precise stature estimate is difficult to determine due to differences in linear body proportions between KNM-WT 15000 and the Denver reference sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ruff
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Ryan TM, Krovitz GE. Trabecular bone ontogeny in the human proximal femur. J Hum Evol 2006; 51:591-602. [PMID: 16963108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Revised: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ontogenetic changes in the human femur associated with the acquisition of bipedal locomotion, especially the development of the bicondylar angle, have been well documented. The purpose of this study is to quantify changes in the three-dimensional structure of trabecular bone in the human proximal femur in relation to changing functional and external loading patterns with age. High-resolution X-ray computed tomography scan data were collected for 15 juvenile femoral specimens ranging in age from prenatal to approximately nine years of age. Serial slices were collected for the entire proximal femur of each individual with voxel resolutions ranging from 0.017 to 0.046 mm depending on the size of the specimen. Spherical volumes of interest were defined within the proximal femur, and the bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness, trabecular number, and fabric anisotropy were calculated in three dimensions. Bone volume fraction, trabecular number, and degree of anisotropy decrease between the age of 6 months and 12 months, with the lowest values for these parameters occurring in individuals near 12 months of age. By age 2-3 years, the bone volume, thickness, and degree of anisotropy increase slightly, and regions in the femoral neck become more anisotropic corresponding to the thickening of the inferior cortical bone of the neck. These results suggest that trabecular structure in the proximal femur reflects the shift in external loading patterns associated with the initiation of unassisted walking in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Ryan
- Department of Anthropology and Center for Quantitative Imaging, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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