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Yamashita N, Flowers N, Fogaça MD. The effects of feeding frequency on jaw loading in two lemur species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 184:e24916. [PMID: 38441408 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies on oral processing are often snapshots of behaviors that examine feeding through individual bouts. In this study, we expand on our previous work comparing bite/chew variables per feeding bout to summed daily biting, chewing, and food intake to interpret loading that could have potential morphological effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS We observed sympatric Lemur catta and Propithecus verreauxi over two field seasons in the dry forest of Bezà Mahafaly Special Reserve in southwestern Madagascar. Bite and chew rates determined from videos filmed during observations were multiplied with time spent feeding on specific foods during focal follows to calculate daily values for each feeding bout. Food mechanical properties (FMPs) were tested on dietary items with a portable tester. We contrasted daily bite/chew numbers and intake with FMPs, species, season, and food shape. RESULTS Daily bite and chew numbers increased with maximum, but not average, food toughness. Daily intake decreased with average and maximum toughness. Season had a strong effect on daily bites and chews, but not on intake. Food shape influenced intake and total bite and chew numbers. The lemur species did not differ in our models. DISCUSSION Maximum food toughness impacted feeding behaviors and intake, which is consistent with higher loads having a greater effect on morphology. In contrast to feeding per bout, cumulative biting and chewing did not differ between species; taking feeding frequency into consideration affects interpretation of jaw loading. Finally, biting, as much as chewing, may generate strains that impact morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayuta Yamashita
- Institute of Population Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nina Flowers
- Institute of Population Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mariana Dutra Fogaça
- Institute of Population Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Neotropical Primates Research Group-NeoPRego, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Holmes MA, Terhune CE, Chalk-Wilayto J, Yoakum CB, Taylor P, Ramirez R, Solís MP, Polvadore TA, Ross CF, Taylor AB, Fogaca MD, Laird MF. Ontogenetic changes in jaw leverage and skull shape in tufted and untufted capuchins. J Morphol 2024; 285:e21705. [PMID: 38704727 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The ontogeny of feeding is characterized by shifting functional demands concurrent with changes in craniofacial anatomy; relationships between these factors will look different in primates with disparate feeding behaviors during development. This study examines the ontogeny of skull morphology and jaw leverage in tufted (Sapajus) and untufted (Cebus) capuchin monkeys. Unlike Cebus, Sapajus have a mechanically challenging diet and behavioral observations of juvenile Sapajus suggest these foods are exploited early in development. Landmarks were placed on three-dimensional surface models of an ontogenetic series of Sapajus and Cebus skulls (n = 53) and used to generate shape data and jaw-leverage estimates across the tooth row for three jaw-closing muscles (temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid) as well as a weighted combined estimate. Using geometric morphometric methods, we found that skull shape diverges early and shape is significantly different between Sapajus and Cebus throughout ontogeny. Additionally, jaw leverage varies with age and position on the tooth row and is greater in Sapajus compared to Cebus when calculated at the permanent dentition. We used two-block partial least squares analyses to identify covariance between skull shape and each of our jaw muscle leverage estimates. Sapajus, but not Cebus, has significant covariance between all leverage estimates at the anterior dentition. Our findings show that Sapajus and Cebus exhibit distinct craniofacial morphologies early in ontogeny and strong covariance between leverage estimates and craniofacial shape in Sapajus. These results are consistent with prior behavioral and comparative work suggesting these differences are a function of selection for exploiting mechanically challenging foods in Sapajus, and further emphasize that these differences appear quite early in ontogeny. This research builds on prior work that has highlighted the importance of understanding ontogeny for interpreting adult morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Holmes
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Claire E Terhune
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Janine Chalk-Wilayto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia, USA
| | - Caitlin B Yoakum
- Department of Anatomy, Arkansas College of Health Education, Fort Smith, Arkansas, USA
| | - Parker Taylor
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rocio Ramirez
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Megan P Solís
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Taylor A Polvadore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrea B Taylor
- Department of Foundational Biomedical Sciences, Touro University California, Vallejo, California, USA
| | | | - Myra F Laird
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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DePasquale AN, Poirier AC, Mah MA, Villalobos Suarez C, Guadamuz A, Cheves Hernandez S, Lopez Navarro R, Hogan JD, Rothman JM, Nevo O, Melin AD. Picking pithy plants: Pith selectivity by wild white-faced capuchin monkeys, Cebus imitator. Am J Primatol 2023:e23549. [PMID: 37690098 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding diet selectivity is a longstanding goal in primate ecology. Deciphering when and why primates consume different resources can provide insights into their nutritional ecology as well as adaptations to food scarcity. Plant pith, the spongy interior of plant stems, is occasionally eaten by primates, but the context is poorly understood. We examine the ecological, mechanical, chemical, and nutritional basis of plant pith selection by a wild, frugivorous-omnivorous primate (Cebus imitator). We test the hypothesis that pith is a fallback food, that is, consumed when fruit is less abundant, and test for differences between plant species from which pith is eaten versus avoided. We collected 3.5 years of capuchin pith consumption data to document dietary species and analyzed "pith patch visits" in relation to fruit availability, visits to fruit patches, and climatic seasonality. We analyzed dietary and non-dietary species for relative pith quantity, mechanical hardness, odor composition, and macronutrient concentrations. Capuchins ate pith from 11 of ~300 plant species common in the dry forest, most commonly Bursera simaruba. We find that pith consumption is not directly related to fruit availability or fruit foraging but occurs most frequently (84% of patch visits) during the months of seasonal transition. Relative to common non-dietary species, dietary pith species have relatively higher pith quantity, have softer outer branches and pith, and contain more terpenoids, a class of bioactive compounds notable for their widespread medicinal properties. Our results suggest that greater pith quantity, lower hardness, and a more complex, terpenoid-rich odor profile contribute to species selectivity; further, as pith is likely to be consistently available throughout the year, the seasonality of pith foraging may point to zoopharmacognosy, as seasonal transitions typically introduce new parasites or pathogens. Our study furthers our understanding of how climatic seasonality impacts primate behavior and sheds new light on food choice by an omnivorous primate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allegra N DePasquale
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alice C Poirier
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Megan A Mah
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, CUNY Hunter College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Omer Nevo
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Amanda D Melin
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Flowers N, Fogaça MD, Razafindrabe Maminiaina HF, Razafimampiandra JC, Dolezal M, Yamashita N. Comparing effects of food mechanical properties on oral processing behaviors in two sympatric lemur species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2023; 182:45-58. [PMID: 37431971 PMCID: PMC10952892 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The link between diet and the masticatory apparatus in primates is complex. We investigated how food mechanical properties (FMPs) and food geometry affect feeding behaviors and subsequent jaw loading. We compared oral processing in two sympatric lemur species with distinct diets and mandibular morphologies. MATERIALS AND METHODS All-day focal follows of Lemur catta (Lc) and Propithecus verreauxi (Pv) were conducted in both the dry and wet seasons at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve. We collected activity budget data, filmed feeding bouts, and collected food items to measure their mechanical properties with an FLS-1 portable tester. Feeding videos for the top food items they spent the most time consuming were analyzed frame-by-frame to assess bite and chew numbers and rates. RESULTS Lc bite more and at a slower rate on tougher (maximum) foods, chew more for tougher (average) foods, and chew less for stiffer leaves. Pv initially increase chew number for tougher (average) foods, but their behavior is less affected as food toughness increases. Pv chew less and more slowly but spend more of the day feeding than Lc. Additionally, they have a tougher (maximum) diet than Lc. DISCUSSION Lc adjust their feeding behaviors depending on the FMPs of their top food items, while Pv feed more consistently. The more robust masticatory apparatus of Pv may not require them to adjust their feeding behaviors for more mechanically challenging foods. Furthermore, the two species show distinct differences in chewing. Exploring chewing on a daily scale could aid in understanding its impact on the loading of the masticatory apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Flowers
- Institute of Population GeneticsUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
| | - Mariana Dutra Fogaça
- Institute of Population GeneticsUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
- Neotropical Primate Research Group – NeoPReGoSão PauloBrazil
| | | | | | - Marlies Dolezal
- Platform for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
| | - Nayuta Yamashita
- Institute of Population GeneticsUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
- Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
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Cáceres N, Cerezer FO, Bubadué J. Size reduction and skull shape parallelism following the evolutionary forest‐to‐savanna transition in Platyrrhini monkeys. Am J Primatol 2022; 84:e23447. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nilton Cáceres
- Departamento de Ecologia e Evolução, CCNE Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Felipe O. Cerezer
- Programa de Pós‐Graduacão em Biodiversidade Animal, Departamento de Ecologia e Evolução, CCNE Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Jamile Bubadué
- Programa de Pós‐Graduacão em Biodiversidade Animal, Departamento de Ecologia e Evolução, CCNE Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, CBB, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro Campos dos Goytacazes Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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One Genus or Two? Evaluating Whether Gracile and Robust Capuchin Monkeys are Validly Classified as Separate Genera Based on Craniofacial Shape. INT J PRIMATOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-022-00300-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAssessments of whether closely related species should be classified into more than one genus have been a longstanding source of controversy in primatology. For example, researchers hold differing opinions about whether cebine species should be classified into one or two genera. In this study, we investigated whether craniofacial shape is a reliable taxonomic indicator among cebines and statistically evaluated whether the magnitude of craniofacial shape differences observed among gracile and robust capuchin species is consistent with a two-genus taxonomic framework. We quantify craniofacial shape using 3D landmark data taken from 72 surface models, representing five cebine species (Cebus albifrons, C. capucinus, C. olivaceus, C. (Sapajus) libidinosus, and C. (S.) macrocephalus). We find that although statistically significant shape differences exist between gracile and robust capuchins in all four craniofacial regions investigated (face and palate, basicranium, calvarium, and frontal region of the calvarium), the magnitude of shape differences between species pairs does not support gracile and robust species being classified into separate genera. The shape of the frontal region of the calvarium and the face and palate show the highest magnitude of shape differences between the gracile and robust capuchin groups, and both regions are good taxonomic predictors, showing correct classification rates of 97% and 96%, respectively. At the species-level, face and palate shape is the only craniofacial measure that consistently shows high classification rates among species (84-97% for combined-sex analyses). Our findings suggest that robust capuchin species that are often assigned to Sapajus may be more appropriately considered as Cebus under a single-genus framework for cebines based on craniofacial shape evidence.
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Laird MF, Punjani Z, Oshay RR, Wright BW, Fogaça MD, Casteren A, Izar P, Visalberghi E, Fragazy D, Strait DS, Ross CF, Wright KA. Feeding postural behaviors and food geometric and material properties in bearded capuchin monkeys (
Sapajus libidinosus
). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022. [PMCID: PMC9305483 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Foods that are geometrically and mechanically challenging to eat have been associated with specializations in feeding behavior and craniodental morphology across primates, and many of these foods are embedded, requiring a variety of positional behaviors during feeding. However, variation in positional behaviors in response to food properties is not well understood. Here, we examine differences in feeding postural behaviors across feeding events in relation to substrate and food geometric and material properties in a species of extractive foragers, bearded capuchins (Sapajus libidinosus). Methods and materials We coded over 1400 co‐occurring postural and feeding behaviors, their durations, and relative sizes of substrate and food from videos recorded at Fazenda Boa Vista in Gilbués, Piauí, Brazil. Food material properties were measured from foods collected at the time of the video recordings. Results Our results suggest that bearded capuchin feeding postures significantly differ across the feeding sequence, with substrate size, and between foods of high and low toughness and elastic modulus. Feeding postures were less variable for highly mechanically challenging foods. Food size also had a significant effect on postural behaviors. Large foods were more likely to be associated with suspended postures and small foods with sitting and squatting. Feeding postural behaviors were best explained by a combination of substrate and food variables. Conclusions Our results indicate that food geometric and mechanical properties have a significant influence on feeding postural behaviors in bearded capuchins. We posit that feeding postural behaviors reflect a combination of substrate variables and food properties, and large, mechanically challenging foods have a limiting effect on postural variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra F. Laird
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Zeenia Punjani
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Rachel R. Oshay
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Barth W. Wright
- Department of Surgery University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City Kansas USA
| | - Mariana Dutra Fogaça
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Institute of Population Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Austria
- Neotropical Primates Research Group – NeoPReGo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Adam Casteren
- Department of Human Evolution Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany
| | - Patrícia Izar
- Department of Experimental Psychology University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Elisabetta Visalberghi
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (CNR) Rome Italy
| | - Dorothy Fragazy
- Department of Psychology University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
| | - David S. Strait
- Department of Anthropology Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
- Palaeo‐Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Cnr Kingsway and University Road Auckland Park Auckland Park South Africa
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Kristin A. Wright
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine Kansas City Missouri USA
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Hogg RT, Elokda A. Quantification of enamel decussation in gracile and robust capuchins (Cebus, Sapajus, Cebidae, Platyrrhini). Am J Primatol 2021; 83:e23246. [PMID: 33638563 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Multiple behavioral and biomechanical analyses have demonstrated that capuchin monkeys (Cebus and Sapajus) are specialized for breaking down hard-object foods as compared to other cebid monkeys. In addition to a complex suite of craniodental adaptations, it has specifically been demonstrated that capuchins possess highly complex dental enamel, with extensive Hunter-Schreger banding and other decussation, that likely serve as an adaptation to resist crack propagation during hard-object feeding. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that robust capuchins (Sapajus spp., formerly Cebus apella) demonstrate further adaptation for hard-object feeding than other capuchins, routinely breaking down extremely mechanically challenging foods. However, there has been no comparison of dental enamel complexity in robust versus gracile capuchins, to assess whether the dental enamel in Sapajus follows this same pattern of further specialization. Therefore, this study compares dental enamel complexity in images of dental thin sections from a sample of robust versus gracile capuchins using image compression ratio (ICR) analysis. ICR is a variable that correlates with enamel complexity, such that higher ICR values are indicative of increased complexity in the form of enamel decussation. We found no significant difference between robust and gracile capuchins when assessing all teeth in our sample together, however, we did find that robust capuchins have significantly higher ICR values than gracile capuchins for canine teeth, specifically. Our results support prior studies suggesting that robust capuchins are specialized to generate increased masticatory loads with their anterior dentition, specifically, as compared to gracile species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell T Hogg
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida, USA
| | - Abdallah Elokda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida, USA
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Ingestive behaviors in bearded capuchins (Sapajus libidinosus). Sci Rep 2020; 10:20850. [PMID: 33257755 PMCID: PMC7705727 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77797-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The biomechanical and adaptive significance of variation in craniodental and mandibular morphology in fossil hominins is not always clear, at least in part because of a poor understanding of how different feeding behaviors impact feeding system design (form–function relationships). While laboratory studies suggest that ingestive behaviors produce variable loading, stress, and strain regimes in the cranium and mandible, understanding the relative importance of these behaviors for feeding system design requires data on their use in wild populations. Here we assess the frequencies and durations of manual, ingestive, and masticatory behaviors from more than 1400 observations of feeding behaviors video-recorded in a wild population of bearded capuchins (Sapajus libidinosus) at Fazenda Boa Vista in Piauí, Brazil. Our results suggest that ingestive behaviors in wild Sapajus libidinosus were used for a range of food material properties and typically performed using the anterior dentition. Coupled with previous laboratory work indicating that ingestive behaviors are associated with higher mandibular strain magnitudes than mastication, these results suggest that ingestive behaviors may play an important role in craniodental and mandibular design in capuchins and may be reflected in robust adaptations in fossil hominins.
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Reitsema LJ, Jones CE, Gilbert HR, Fragaszy D, Izar P. Isotopic and elemental corroborates for wild bearded capuchin (Sapajus libidinosus) omnivorous dietary adaptation at Fazenda Boa Vista, Brazil. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8856. [PMID: 32526804 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE This study analyzes variability in the diets of wild bearded capuchin monkeys, Sapajus libidinosus, by analyzing stable carbon (δ13 C) and nitrogen (δ15 N) isotope ratios and elemental concentrations (%C and %N) of fecal samples and food items. Developing isotopic and elemental correlates for diets of habituated subjects is a necessary step towards applying similar methods to interpret diets of unhabituated or cryptic subjects. METHODS Fecal samples from wild capuchins and their foods were collected at Fazenda Boa Vista, Brazil. Fecal samples from laboratory-housed Sapajus spp. and their foods were analyzed to establish diet-feces offsets for δ13 C, δ15 N, %C, and %N. Samples were dried, powdered, and measured for isotopic and elemental values. A Bayesian mixing model commutes isotopic and elemental data from wild capuchins into likely proportions of different food categories. RESULTS The captive study shows small diet-feces spaces for Sapajus spp. of -0.8 ± 0.7‰ for δ13 C, -0.2 ± 0.4‰ for δ15 N, -6.1 ± 1.7% for %C, and -1.0 ± 0.6% for %N. The wild study shows omnivorous diets based on C3 , C4 , and CAM plants, and fauna. Subject diets are highly varied within and between days. Fecal data show age-related differences in diet and crop-raiding. There is no consistent isotopic or elemental difference between mothers and infants. CONCLUSIONS Fecal stable isotope and elemental evidence employed in a Bayesian mixing model reflects the highly varied diets of capuchin monkeys in an isotopically heterogeneous environment. The isotopic and elemental variability reported here will aid similar diet reconstructions among unhabituated subjects in the future, but precludes tracking weaning isotopically among capuchins in this environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline E Jones
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hannah R Gilbert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Dorothy Fragaszy
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Patrícia Izar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, BRAZIL
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Valenta K, Daegling DJ, Nevo O, Ledogar J, Sarkar D, Kalbitzer U, Bortolamiol S, Omeja P, Chapman CA, Ayasse M, Kay R, Williams B. Fruit Selectivity in Anthropoid Primates: Size Matters. INT J PRIMATOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-020-00158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wright BW, Wright KA, Strait DS, Ross CF, Laird MF, van Casteren A, Scott R. Taking a big bite: Working together to better understand the evolution of feeding in primates. Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e22981. [PMID: 31066472 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The study of adaptation requires the integration of an array of different types of data. A single individual can find such integration daunting, if not impossible. In an effort to clarify the role of diet in the evolution of the primate craniofacial and dental apparatus, we assembled a team of researchers that have various types and degrees of expertise. This interaction has provided a range of insights for all contributors, and this has helped to refine questions, clarify the possibilities and limitations that laboratory and field settings offer, and further explore the ways in which laboratory and field data can be suitably integrated. A complete and accurate picture of dietary adaptation cannot be gained in isolation. Collaboration provides the bridge to a more holistic view of primate biology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barth W Wright
- Department of Anatomy, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Kristin A Wright
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, UMKC School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - David S Strait
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Myra F Laird
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Adam van Casteren
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Robert Scott
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Jersey, New Brunswick
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The Masticatory Apparatus of Humans (Homo sapiens): Evolution and Comparative Functional Morphology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13739-7_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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Brannick AL, Wilson GP. New Specimens of the Late Cretaceous Metatherian Eodelphis and the Evolution of Hard-Object Feeding in the Stagodontidae. J MAMM EVOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-018-9451-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Validation of an Enzyme Immunoassay for Measuring Fecal Cortisol Metabolites of Bearded (Sapajus libidinosus) and Black (Sapajus nigritus) Capuchins. INT J PRIMATOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-017-9993-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Aliaga-Martínez A, Romero A, Galbany J, Hernández-Aguilar RA, Pérez-Pérez A. Buccal dental microwear texture and catarrhine diets. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 163:462-473. [PMID: 28369731 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Two-dimensional dental microwear analyses on occlusal and nonocclusal enamel surfaces have been widely applied to reconstruct the feeding behaviors of extant primates and to infer ecological adaptations in fossil hominins. To date, analyses of dental microwear texture, using three-dimensional, Scale-Sensitive Fractal Analysis approaches has only been applied to occlusal surfaces. Here, for the first time, we apply this 3D proxy to buccal enamel surfaces of catarrhine primates of known feeding ecologies to assess the utility of nonocclusal microwear texture variables as indicators of dietary habits. MATERIALS AND METHODS Buccal microwear texture attributes were collected from high-resolution second molar casts in a sample of seven extant African catarrhine taxa with differing dietary behaviors. A white-light confocal microscope with a 100× objective lens was used to record six microwear texture variables that assess complexity, anisotropy, heterogeneity, and textural fill volume. RESULTS The physical properties and variation in hardness of ingested foods is reflected by significant differences in the microwear variables on buccal enamel surfaces between species, which is in agreement with early reports using 2D microwear signatures of the same samples. Species that consume hard brittle items showed high buccal enamel complexity and low anisotropy values, while folivorous species that consume tough foods revealed high anisotropy and low complexity enamel patterns. DISCUSSION Buccal microwear texture analysis on enamel surfaces clearly reflects diet-related variation in nonhuman primates. Our findings indicate that microwear texture attributes on nonworking enamel surfaces provide an alternative procedure for reconstructing dietary behavior when wear facets on occlusal surfaces are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Aliaga-Martínez
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Secció de Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, AC 99, Alicante, 03080, Spain
| | - Jordi Galbany
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW Ste 6000, Washington DC, 20052
| | - R Adriana Hernández-Aguilar
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern NO-0316, Oslo, Norway.,Ugalla Primate Project, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Pérez
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Secció de Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
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Thiery G, Guy F, Lazzari V. Investigating the dental toolkit of primates based on food mechanical properties: Feeding action does matter. Am J Primatol 2017; 79. [PMID: 28150439 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although conveying an indisputable morphological and behavioral signal, traditional dietary categories such as frugivorous or folivorous tend to group a wide range of food mechanical properties together. Because food/tooth interactions are mostly mechanical, it seems relevant to investigate the dental morphology of primates based on mechanical categories. However, existing mechanical categories classify food by its properties but cannot be used as factors to classify primate dietary habits. This comes from the fact that one primate species might be adapted to a wide range of food mechanical properties. To tackle this issue, what follows is an original framework based on action-related categories. The proposal here is to classify extant primates based on the range of food mechanical properties they can process through one given action. The resulting categories can be used as factors to investigate the dental tools available to primates. Furthermore, cracking, grinding, and shearing categories assigned depending on the hardness and the toughness of food are shown to be supported by morphological data (3D relative enamel thickness) and topographic data (relief index, occlusal complexity, and Dirichlet normal energy). Inferring food mechanical properties from dental morphology is especially relevant for the study of extinct primates, which are mainly documented by dental remains. Hence, we use action-related categories to investigate the molar morphology of an extinct colobine monkey Mesopithecus pentelicus from the Miocene of Pikermi, Greece. Action-related categories show contrasting results compared with classical categories and give us new insights into the dietary adaptations of this extinct primate. Finally, we provide some possible directions for future research aiming to test action-related categories. In particular, we suggest acquiring more data on mechanically challenging fallback foods and advocate the use of other food mechanical properties such as abrasiveness. The development of new action-related dental metrics is also crucial for primate dental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghislain Thiery
- iPHEP: Institut de Paléoprimatologie, Paléontologie Humaine, Evolution et Paléoenvironnements, UMR CNRS 7262 INEE, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Franck Guy
- iPHEP: Institut de Paléoprimatologie, Paléontologie Humaine, Evolution et Paléoenvironnements, UMR CNRS 7262 INEE, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Vincent Lazzari
- iPHEP: Institut de Paléoprimatologie, Paléontologie Humaine, Evolution et Paléoenvironnements, UMR CNRS 7262 INEE, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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20
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Novel developments in field mechanics. J Hum Evol 2016; 98:5-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ross CF, Iriarte-Diaz J, Reed DA, Stewart TA, Taylor AB. In vivo bone strain in the mandibular corpus of Sapajus during a range of oral food processing behaviors. J Hum Evol 2016; 98:36-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Growing up tough: Comparing the effects of food toughness on juvenile feeding in Sapajus libidinosus and Trachypithecus phayrei crepusculus. J Hum Evol 2016; 98:76-89. [PMID: 27544691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Studies of primate feeding ontogeny provide equivocal support for reduced juvenile proficiency. When immatures exhibit decreased feeding competency, these differences are attributed to a spectrum of experience- and strength-related constraints and are often linked to qualitative assessments of food difficulty. However, few have investigated age-related differences in feeding ability relative to mechanical property variation across the diet, both within and among food types. In this study, we combined dietary toughness and feeding behavior data collected in the wild from cross-sectional samples of two primate taxa, Sapajus libidinosus and Trachypithecus phayrei crepusculus, to test the prediction that small-bodied juveniles are less efficient at processing tough foods than adults. We defined feeding efficiency as the time spent to ingest and masticate one food item (item bout length) and quantified the toughness and size of foods processed during those feeding bouts. To make the datasets comparable, we limited the dataset to foods processed by more than one age class and opened without tools. The overall toughness of foods processed by both species overlapped considerably, and juveniles and adults in both taxa processed foods of comparable toughness. Feeding efficiency decreased in response to increasing food toughness in leaf monkeys and in response to food size in both taxa. Age was found to be a significant predictor of bout length in leaf monkeys, but not in bearded capuchins. Juvenile S. libidinosus processed smaller fruits than adults, suggesting they employ behavioral strategies to mitigate the effect of consuming large (and occasionally large and tough) foods. We suggest future intra- and interspecific research of juvenile feeding competency utilize intake rates scaled by food size and geometry, as well as by detailed measures of feeding time (e.g., ingestion vs. mastication), in addition to food mechanical properties to facilitate comparisons across diverse food types and feeding behaviors.
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Dunham NT, Lambert AL. The role of leaf toughness on foraging efficiency in Angola black and white colobus monkeys (Colobus angolensis palliatus). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 161:343-54. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noah T. Dunham
- Department of Anthropology; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210
| | - Alexander L. Lambert
- Engineering Department; Star Dynamics Corporation; 4455 Reynolds Dr Hilliard Ohio 43026
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Young JW, Heard-Booth AN. Grasping primate development: Ontogeny of intrinsic hand and foot proportions in capuchin monkeys (Cebus albifronsandSapajus apella). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 161:104-15. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W. Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED); Rootstown Ohio 44272
- Musculoskeletal Biology Research Focus Area, NEOMED; Rootstown Ohio 44272
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Kent State University; Kent Ohio 44240
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25
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Visalberghi E, Albani A, Ventricelli M, Izar P, Schino G, Fragazsy D. Factors affecting cashew processing by wild bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus, Kerr 1792). Am J Primatol 2016; 78:799-815. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Visalberghi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Rome Italy
| | - Alessandro Albani
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Rome Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze; Università degli Studi Roma Tre; Rome Italy
| | - Marialba Ventricelli
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Rome Italy
| | - Patricia Izar
- Department of Experimental Psychology; University of São Paolo; São Paolo Brazil
| | - Gabriele Schino
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Rome Italy
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Laird MF, Vogel ER, Pontzer H. Chewing efficiency and occlusal functional morphology in modern humans. J Hum Evol 2016; 93:1-11. [PMID: 27086052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of occlusal dimensions in early Homo is often proposed to be a functional adaptation to diet. With their smaller occlusal surfaces, species of early Homo are suggested to have reduced food-processing abilities, particularly for foods with high material properties (e.g., increased toughness). Here, we employ chewing efficiency as a measure of masticatory performance to test the relationships between masticatory function and food properties. We predicted that humans are more efficient when processing foods of lower toughness and Young's modulus values, and that subjects with larger occlusal surfaces will be less efficient when processing foods with higher toughness and Young's modulus, as the greater area spreads out the overall bite force applied to food particles. Chewing efficiency was measured in 26 adults using high-speed motion capture and surface electromyography. The dentition of each subject was cast and the occlusal surface was quantified using dental topographic analysis. Toughness and displacement-limited index were negatively correlated with chewing efficiency, but Young's modulus was not. Increased occlusal two-dimensional area and surface area were positively correlated with chewing efficiency for all foods. Thus, larger occlusal surface areas were more efficient when processing foods of greater toughness. These results suggest that the reduction in occlusal area in early Homo was associated with a reduction in chewing efficiency, particularly for foods with greater toughness. Further, the larger occlusal surfaces of earlier hominins such as Australopithecus would have likely increased chewing efficiency and increased the probability of fracture when processing tough foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra F Laird
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA; New York Consortium of Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Erin R Vogel
- Department of Anthropology and the Center for Human Evolutionary Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Herman Pontzer
- New York Consortium of Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA; Department of Anthropology, Hunter College, New York, NY, USA
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Berthaume MA. Food mechanical properties and dietary ecology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 159:S79-104. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Berthaume
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Deutscher Platz 6 Leipzig 04103 Germany
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28
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Fragaszy DM, Izar P, Liu Q, Eshchar Y, Young LA, Visalberghi E. Body mass in wild bearded capuchins, (Sapajus libidinosus): Ontogeny and sexual dimorphism. Am J Primatol 2015; 78:473-484. [PMID: 26637804 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Body mass is fundamental for understanding growth, health, and aspects of life history but records of body mass are rarely available for wild primates. We documented the body mass of all individuals in a group of wild bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) at annual intervals for seven consecutive years. Sexual dimorphism in body mass was more pronounced than reported in the literature for adults in this genus: females in our sample were relatively light (average 2.1 kg), while males had average body mass (3.5 kg). Three other notable differences between males and females were evident. First, males grew more rapidly and for a longer period than females. We estimate that males attained full body mass at 9.8 years of age and females at 7.5 years. Second, males showed greater inter-individual variability than females in growth rates and adult mass. Third, males gained about 20% above their baseline body mass upon becoming alpha, and lost that amount when they lost that status, but body mass in females was unrelated to social status. We also report preliminary data on mass and age of natal males at dispersal and mass and age at first reproduction for one female. The pattern of sexual dimorphism in ontogeny and inter-individual variability in body mass in bearded capuchins suggests different competitive risks in the two sexes commensurate with a mating system characterized by female choice of mates in multi-male, multi-female groups. Am. J. Primatol. 78:473-484, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia Izar
- Institute Experimental Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York-Oswego, Oswego, New York
| | - Yonat Eshchar
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Leigh Anna Young
- Yerkes Primate Research Center, Emory University, Decatur, Georgia
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29
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Ray TJ, McGraw WS, Sun Z, Jeon M, Johnson T, Cheffins K, Daegling DJ, Kim DG. Mandibular bone mineral density variation in three West African Cercopithecoid monkey species: Associations with diet and feeding behavior. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:1714-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lambert JE, Rothman JM. Fallback Foods, Optimal Diets, and Nutritional Targets: Primate Responses to Varying Food Availability and Quality. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANTHROPOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-102313-025928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna E. Lambert
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309;
| | - Jessica M. Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10065;
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY
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Chalk J, Wright BW, Lucas PW, Schuhmacher KD, Vogel ER, Fragaszy D, Visalberghi E, Izar P, Richmond BG. Age-related variation in the mechanical properties of foods processed by Sapajus libidinosus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 159:199-209. [PMID: 26381730 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The diet of tufted capuchins (Sapajus) is characterized by annual or seasonal incorporation of mechanically protected foods. Reliance on these foods raises questions about the dietary strategies of young individuals that lack strength and experience to access these resources. Previous research has demonstrated differences between the feeding competencies of adult and juvenile tufted capuchins. Here we test the hypothesis that, compared to adults, juveniles will process foods with lower toughness and elastic moduli. MATERIALS AND METHODS We present data on variation in the toughness and elastic modulus of food tissues processed by Sapajus libidinosus during the dry season at Fazenda Boa Vista, Brazil. Food mechanical property data were collected using a portable universal mechanical tester. RESULTS Results show that food tissues processed by the capuchins showed significant differences in toughness and stiffness. However, we found no relationship between an individual's age and mean or maximum food toughness or elastic modulus, indicating both juvenile and adult S. libidinosus are able to process foods of comparable properties. DISCUSSION Although it has been suggested that juveniles avoid mechanically protected foods, age-related differences in feeding competence are not solely due to variation in food toughness or stiffness. Other factors related to food type (e.g., learning complex behavioral sequences, achieving manual dexterity, obtaining physical strength to lift stone tools, or recognizing subtle cues about food state) combined with food mechanical properties better explain variation in juvenile feeding competency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Chalk
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA
| | - Barth W Wright
- Department of Anatomy, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Kansas City, MO
| | - Peter W Lucas
- Department of Bioclinical Sciences Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | | | - Erin R Vogel
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | | | - Elisabetta Visalberghi
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrícia Izar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brian G Richmond
- Anthropology Division, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY
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Eadie EC. Ontogeny of Foraging Competence in Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus capucinus) for Easy versus Difficult to Acquire Fruits: A Test of the Needing to Learn Hypothesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138001. [PMID: 26372642 PMCID: PMC4570712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Which factors select for long juvenile periods in some species is not well understood. One potential reason to delay the onset of reproduction is slow food acquisition rates, either due to competition (part of the ecological risk avoidance hypothesis), or due to a decreased foraging efficiency (a version of the needing to learn hypothesis). Capuchins provide a useful genus to test the needing to learn hypothesis because they are known for having long juvenile periods and a difficult-to-acquire diet. Generalized, linear, mixed models with data from 609 fruit forage focal follows on 49, habituated, wild Cebus capucinus were used to test two predictions from the needing-to-learn hypothesis as it applies to fruit foraging skills: 1) capuchin monkeys do not achieve adult foraging return rates for difficult-to-acquire fruits before late in the juvenile period; and 2) variance in return rates for these fruits is at least partially associated with differences in foraging skill. In support of the first prediction, adults, compared with all younger age classes, had significantly higher foraging return rates when foraging for fruits that were ranked as difficult-to-acquire (return rates relative to adults: 0.30–0.41, p-value range 0.008–0.016), indicating that the individuals in the group who have the most foraging experience also achieve the highest return rates. In contrast, and in support of the second prediction, there were no significant differences between age classes for fruits that were ranked as easy to acquire (return rates relative to adults: 0.97–1.42, p-value range 0.086–0.896), indicating that strength and/or skill are likely to affect return rates. In addition, fruits that were difficult to acquire were foraged at nearly identical rates by adult males and significantly smaller (and presumably weaker) adult females (males relative to females: 1.01, p = 0.978), while subadult females had much lower foraging efficiency than the similarly-sized but more experienced adult females (subadults relative to adults: 0.34, p = 0.052), indicating that skill, specifically, is likely to have an effect on return rates. These results are consistent with the needing to learn hypothesis and indicate that long juvenile periods in capuchins may be the result of selection for more time to learn foraging skills for difficult-to-acquire fruits.
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Taylor AB, Yuan T, Ross CF, Vinyard CJ. Jaw-muscle force and excursion scale with negative allometry in platyrrhine primates. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 158:242-256. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B. Taylor
- DPT Program; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Duke University School of Medicine; Durham NC 27708
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology; Duke University; Durham NC 27710
| | - Tian Yuan
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology; Duke University; Durham NC 27710
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Organismal Biology and Anatomy; University of Chicago; Chicago IL 60637
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Delgado MN, Galbany J, Górka K, Pérez-Pérez A. Taxonomic Implications of Molar Morphology Variability in Capuchins. INT J PRIMATOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-015-9850-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mosdossy KN, Melin AD, Fedigan LM. Quantifying seasonal fallback on invertebrates, pith, and bromeliad leaves by white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus) in a tropical dry forest. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 158:67-77. [PMID: 26010158 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fallback foods (FBFs) are hypothesized to shape the ecology, morphology, and behavior of primates, including hominins. Identifying FBFs is therefore critical for revealing past and present foraging adaptations. Recent research suggests invertebrates act as seasonal FBFs for many primate species and human populations. Yet, studies measuring the consumption of invertebrates relative to ecological variation are widely lacking. We address this gap by examining food abundance and entomophagy by primates in a seasonal forest. MATERIALS AND METHODS We study foraging behavior of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus)-a species renowned for its intelligence and propensity for extractive foraging-along with the abundance of invertebrates, dietary ripe fruits, pith, and bromeliads. Consumption events and processing time are recorded during focal animal samples. We determine abundance of vegetative foods through phenological and density records. Invertebrates are collected in malaise, pan, and terrestrial traps; caterpillar abundance is inferred from frass traps. RESULTS Invertebrates are abundant throughout the year and capuchins consume invertebrates-including caterpillars-frequently when fruit is abundant. However, capuchins spend significantly more time processing protected invertebrates when fruit and caterpillars are low in abundance. DISCUSSION Invertebrate foraging patterns are not uniform. Caterpillar consumption is consistent with a preferred strategy, whereas capuchins appear to fallback on invertebrates requiring high handling time. Capuchins are convergent with hominins in possessing large brains and high levels of sensorimotor intelligence, thus our research has broad implications for primate evolution, including factors shaping cognitive innovations, brain size, and the role of entomophagy in the human diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina N Mosdossy
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Amanda D Melin
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130
| | - Linda M Fedigan
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Abstract
Feeding is the set of behaviors whereby organisms acquire and process the energy required for survival and reproduction. Thus, feeding system morphology is presumably subject to selection to maintain or improve feeding performance. Relationships among feeding system morphology, feeding behavior, and diet not only explain the morphological diversity of extant primates, but can also be used to reconstruct feeding behavior and diet in fossil taxa. Dental morphology has long been known to reflect aspects of feeding behavior and diet but strong relationships of craniomandibular morphology to feeding behavior and diet have yet to be defined.
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The effects of ecology and evolutionary history on robust capuchin morphological diversity. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 82 Pt B:455-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Venkataraman VV, Glowacka H, Fritz J, Clauss M, Seyoum C, Nguyen N, Fashing PJ. Effects of dietary fracture toughness and dental wear on chewing efficiency in geladas (Theropithecus gelada). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 155:17-32. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Halszka Glowacka
- Institute of Human Origins; School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University; Tempe AZ
| | - Julia Fritz
- Clinic for Zoo Animals; Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals; Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Chalachew Seyoum
- Institute of Human Origins; School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University; Tempe AZ
- Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage; Addis Ababa; Ethiopia
| | - Nga Nguyen
- Department of Anthropology; California State University Fullerton; CA
- Environmental Studies Program; California State University Fullerton; CA
| | - Peter J. Fashing
- Department of Anthropology; California State University Fullerton; CA
- Environmental Studies Program; California State University Fullerton; CA
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39
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Vogel ER, Zulfa A, Hardus M, Wich SA, Dominy NJ, Taylor AB. Food mechanical properties, feeding ecology, and the mandibular morphology of wild orangutans. J Hum Evol 2014; 75:110-24. [PMID: 25038032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bornean orangutan mandibular morphology has been functionally linked to the exploitation of hard and tough foods, based on evidence that Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii spends a greater percentage of time feeding on bark, seeds and vegetation compared with Pongo abelii (Sumatran orangutans) and the assumption that these tissues are more challenging to process than fruit pulp. We measured and compared toughness (R) and Young's modulus (E) of ripe and unripe foods exploited by P. abelii and P. p. wurmbii. Additionally, we recorded and compared the percentage of time these orangutans fed on plants/plant parts of varying degrees of R and E. Compared with P. abelii, P. p. wurmbii consumed significantly tougher and more displacement limited (R/E)(0.5) fruit parts, leaves and inner bark, and spent a significantly greater percentage of time feeding on immature leaves, unripe fruit and other vegetation. Modulus did not vary as expected between species, likely because we failed to capture the high-end range of modulus values for tissues consumed by P. p. wurmbii. Notably, P. p. wurmbii spent ∼40% of its feeding time on the toughest foods consumed (between 1000 and 4000 J m(-2)). Thus, the hypothesis that mandibular robusticity in P. p. wurmbii is functionally linked to feeding on tough foods is supported and is likely related to countering relatively larger external forces and/or repetitive loads required to process the toughest tissues. The importance of elastic modulus on morphological divergence awaits future studies capturing the full range of this material property for P. p. wurmbii. Finally, phenophase and fruit availability influence orangutan species differences in food material properties and percentage of time spent feeding on various foods, emphasizing the importance of incorporating these variables in future studies of feeding ecology and craniodental morphology in extant taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Vogel
- Department of Anthropology and Center for Human Evolutionary Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 131 George Street, Ruth Adams Building Suite 306, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1414, USA.
| | - Astri Zulfa
- Universitas Nasional Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Madeleine Hardus
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Serge A Wich
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nathaniel J Dominy
- Department of Anthropology, 6047 Silsby Hall, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Andrea B Taylor
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 104002, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 104 Biological Sciences Building, Box 90383, Durham, NC 27708-9976, USA
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Melin AD, Young HC, Mosdossy KN, Fedigan LM. Seasonality, extractive foraging and the evolution of primate sensorimotor intelligence. J Hum Evol 2014; 71:77-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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McGraw WS, Vick AE, Daegling DJ. Dietary variation and food hardness in sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys): Implications for fallback foods and dental adaptation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 154:413-23. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Scott McGraw
- Department of Anthropology; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210-1106
| | - Anna E. Vick
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences; Santa Fe College; Gainesville FL 32606
| | - David J. Daegling
- Department of Anthropology; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611-7305
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42
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Meloro C, Cáceres N, Carotenuto F, Passaro F, Sponchiado J, Melo GL, Raia P. Ecogeographical variation in skull morphometry of howler monkeys (Primates: Atelidae). ZOOL ANZ 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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43
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Lynch Alfaro JW, Izar P, Ferreira RG. Capuchin monkey research priorities and urgent issues. Am J Primatol 2014; 76:705-20. [PMID: 24668460 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The "Capuchin research community roundtable: working together towards a comparative biology of Cebus and Sapajus" was held at the International Primatological Society Congress in Cancún, Mexico, August 2012. Goals of the roundtable were to strengthen interactions among the capuchin research community, and to prioritize and coordinate research and training in a more systematic and interactive way in light of increasing conservation urgency. New phylogenetic and biogeographic evidence highlights the distinct evolutionary histories of the two radiations of capuchin monkeys, Cebus (untufted or gracile capuchins) and Sapajus (tufted or robust capuchins), that were formerly lumped under Cebus, and points to a higher number of species, or Evolutionarily Significant Units, in each compared to past capuchin taxonomies. Many of the lesser-known species face increasing fragmentation and destruction of habitat, and most populations of still non-threatened species face encroachment from human settlements. Here, we present capuchin research priorities and urgent issues based on the discussion by capuchin researchers in the roundtable. These include a call for the immediate end to the use of the name Cebus apella and the employment of the term Sapajus spp. instead for captive robust capuchins of unknown origin; for the implementation of rapid assessments for previously unstudied capuchin species or populations in biomes of interest; for the development of standardized methods to allow for comparative analyses across capuchin field sites; and for the creation and maintenance of an open-access website for capuchin monkey data. Finally, we planned the creation of an international Capuchin Action Network, to help disseminate research information; to work as a research community in a more efficient, collaborative manner; to help prioritize research and conservation goals as a community of experts; and to strengthen our political voice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica W Lynch Alfaro
- Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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Abstract
Tool use is a vital component of the human behavioural repertoire. The benefits of tool use have often been assumed to be self-evident: by extending control over our environment, we have increased energetic returns and buffered ourselves from potentially harmful influences. In recent decades, however, the study of tool use in both humans and non-human animals has expanded the way we think about the role of tools in the natural world. This Theme Issue is aimed at bringing together this developing body of knowledge, gathered across multiple species and from multiple research perspectives, to chart the wider evolutionary context of this phylogenetically rare behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Biro
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, , Oxford, UK
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46
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Strait DS, Constantino P, Lucas PW, Richmond BG, Spencer MA, Dechow PC, Ross CF, Grosse IR, Wright BW, Wood BA, Weber GW, Wang Q, Byron C, Slice DE, Chalk J, Smith AL, Smith LC, Wood S, Berthaume M, Benazzi S, Dzialo C, Tamvada K, Ledogar JA. Viewpoints: Diet and dietary adaptations in early hominins: The hard food perspective. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 151:339-55. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David S. Strait
- Department of Anthropology; University at Albany; Albany; NY; 12222
| | - Paul Constantino
- Department of Biological Sciences; Marshall University; Huntington; WV; 25755
| | - Peter W. Lucas
- Department of Bioclinical Sciences; Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University; Kuwait
| | | | - Mark A. Spencer
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change; Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University; Tempe; AZ; 85287-4104
| | - Paul C. Dechow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M Health Science Center, Baylor College of Dentistry; Dallas; TX; 75246
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy; University of Chicago; Chicago; IL; 60637
| | - Ian R. Grosse
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Massachusetts; Amherst; MA; 01003-2210
| | - Barth W. Wright
- Department of Anatomy; Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences; Kansas City; MO; 64106-1453
| | | | - Gerhard W. Weber
- Department of Anthropology; University of Vienna; A-1090; Vienna; Austria
| | - Qian Wang
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences; Mercer University School of Medicine; Macon; GA; 31207
| | - Craig Byron
- Department of Biology; Mercer University; Macon; GA; 31207
| | - Dennis E. Slice
- School of Computational Science and Department of Biological Science; Florida State University; Tallahassee; FL; 32306-4120
| | - Janine Chalk
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology; Duke University; Durham; NC; 27708-0383
| | - Amanda L. Smith
- Department of Anthropology; University at Albany; Albany; NY; 12222
| | - Leslie C. Smith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M Health Science Center, Baylor College of Dentistry; Dallas; TX; 75246
| | - Sarah Wood
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Massachusetts; Amherst; MA; 01003-2210
| | - Michael Berthaume
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Massachusetts; Amherst; MA; 01003-2210
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Human Evolution; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; 04103; Leipzig; Germany
| | - Christine Dzialo
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Massachusetts; Amherst; MA; 01003-2210
| | - Kelli Tamvada
- Department of Anthropology; University at Albany; Albany; NY; 12222
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SHAFFER CHRISTOPHERA. Feeding Ecology of Northern Bearded Sakis (Chiropotes sagulatus) in Guyana. Am J Primatol 2013; 75:568-80. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CHRISTOPHER A. SHAFFER
- Department of Anthropology, Sociology, and Languages; University of Missouri-St. Louis; St. Louis, Missouri
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48
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Makedonska J, Wright BW, Strait DS. The effect of dietary adaption on cranial morphological integration in capuchins (order Primates, genus Cebus). PLoS One 2012; 7:e40398. [PMID: 23110039 PMCID: PMC3482247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental challenge of morphology is to identify the underlying evolutionary and developmental mechanisms leading to correlated phenotypic characters. Patterns and magnitudes of morphological integration and their association with environmental variables are essential for understanding the evolution of complex phenotypes, yet the nature of the relevant selective pressures remains poorly understood. In this study, the adaptive significance of morphological integration was evaluated through the association between feeding mechanics, ingestive behavior and craniofacial variation. Five capuchin species were examined, Cebus apella sensu stricto, Cebus libidinosus, Cebus nigritus, Cebus olivaceus and Cebus albifrons. Twenty three-dimensional landmarks were chosen to sample facial regions experiencing high strains during feeding, characteristics affecting muscular mechanical advantage and basicranial regions. Integration structure and magnitude between and within the oral and zygomatic subunits, between and within blocks maximizing modularity and within the face, the basicranium and the cranium were examined using partial-least squares, eigenvalue variance, integration indices compared inter-specifically at a common level of sampled population variance and cluster analyses. Results are consistent with previous findings reporting a relative constancy of facial and cranial correlation patterns across mammals, while covariance magnitudes vary. Results further suggest that food material properties structure integration among functionally-linked facial elements and possibly integration between the face and the basicranium. Hard-object-feeding capuchins, especially C. apella s.s., whose faces experience particularly high biomechanical loads are characterized by higher facial and cranial integration especially compared to C. albifrons, likely because morphotypes compromising feeding performance are selected against in species relying on obdurate fallback foods. This is the first study to report a link between food material properties and facial and cranial integration. Furthermore, results do not identify the consistent presence of cranial modules yielding support to suggestions that despite the distinct embryological imprints of its elements the cranium of placental mammals is not characterized by a modular architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Makedonska
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America.
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49
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McGraw WS, Daegling DJ. Primate Feeding and Foraging: Integrating Studies of Behavior and Morphology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANTHROPOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-092611-145801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Given that something as fundamental as food acquisition is subject to selection pressure, it follows that morphological and behavioral diversity among primates is reflective of a range of adaptations to diet, feeding, and foraging. The recognition of these adaptations, however, is operationally difficult because it is the interaction between morphological and ecological variables that serves to define the particular adaptation. Researchers have addressed this problem of recognition of adaptation by integrating functional and biomechanical measures of morphological performance with observations of foraging and feeding behavior of primates in natural habitats. These disparate approaches traditionally resided in separate laboratory and field domains, but technological and analytical advances have blurred the distinction between them. The success with which this integration of approaches has elucidated the nature of primate foraging adaptations is reviewed with respect to (a) ingestive strategies, (b) locomotor diversity, (c) hard-object feeding in papionin primates, and (d) the influence of “fallback foods” on behavior and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Scott McGraw
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1106
| | - David J. Daegling
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7305
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50
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Barnett AA, Boyle SA, Norconk MM, Palminteri S, Santos RR, Veiga LM, Alvim THG, Bowler M, Chism J, DI Fiore A, Fernandez-Duque E, Guimarães ACP, Harrison-Levine A, Haugaasen T, Lehman S, Mackinnon KC, DE Melo FR, Moreira LS, Moura VS, Phillips CR, Pinto LP, Port-Carvalho M, Setz EZF, Shaffer C, DA Silva LR, DA Silva SDOSB, Soares RF, Thompson CL, Vieira TM, Vreedzaam A, Walker-Pacheco SE, Spironello WR, Maclarnon A, Ferrari SF. Terrestrial activity in pitheciins (Cacajao, Chiropotes, and Pithecia). Am J Primatol 2012; 74:1106-27. [PMID: 22930419 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Neotropical monkeys of the genera Cacajao, Chiropotes, and Pithecia (Pitheciidae) are considered to be highly arboreal, spending most of their time feeding and traveling in the upper canopy. Until now, the use of terrestrial substrates has not been analyzed in detail in this group. Here, we review the frequency of terrestrial use among pitheciin taxa to determine the ecological and social conditions that might lead to such behavior. We collated published and unpublished data from 14 taxa in the three genera. Data were gleaned from 53 published studies (including five on multiple pitheciin genera) and personal communications of unpublished data distributed across 31 localities. Terrestrial activity was reported in 61% of Pithecia field studies (11 of 18), in 34% of Chiropotes studies (10 of 29), and 36% of Cacajao studies (4 of 11). Within Pithecia, terrestrial behavior was more frequently reported in smaller species (e.g. P. pithecia) that are vertical clingers and leapers and make extensive use of the understory than in in the larger bodied canopy dwellers of the western Amazon (e.g. P. irrorata). Terrestrial behavior in Pithecia also occurred more frequently and lasted longer than in Cacajao or Chiropotes. An apparent association was found between flooded habitats and terrestrial activity and there is evidence of the development of a "local pattern" of terrestrial use in some populations. Seasonal fruit availability also may stimulate terrestrial behavior. Individuals also descended to the ground when visiting mineral licks, escaping predators, and responding to accidents such as a dropped infant. Overall, the results of this review emphasize that terrestrial use is rare among the pitheciins in general and is usually associated with the exploitation of specific resources or habitat types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian A Barnett
- Centre for Research in Evolutionary and Environmental Anthropology, Roehampton University, London, England.
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