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Kim J, Rouadi PW. The Relationship of Climate Change to Rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2024:S2213-2198(24)00396-9. [PMID: 38636591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2024.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Evidence is mounting that climate change is having a significant impact on exacerbations of rhinitis. Concomitantly, the prevalence of allergic rhinitis is increasing at an accelerated rate. We herein explore the impact of carbon dioxide, barometric pressure and humidity changes, and anthropogenic pollutants on aeroallergens and rhinitis hypersensitivity. Important immune mechanisms underlying the climate-driven effects on rhinitis are discussed. Also, climate change is shifting ecological zones and seasons, increasing weather extremes, and altering regional atmospheric and environmental conditions. The direct impact of these factors on promoting allergic and nonallergic rhinitis is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md; Department of Medicine: Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md.
| | - Philip W Rouadi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dar Al Shifa Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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2
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Grădinaru TC, Vlad A, Gilca M. Bitter Phytochemicals as Novel Candidates for Skin Disease Treatment. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 46:299-326. [PMID: 38248322 PMCID: PMC10814078 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin diseases represent a global healthcare challenge due to their rising incidence and substantial socio-economic burden. While biological, immunological, and targeted therapies have brought a revolution in improving quality of life and survival rates for certain dermatological conditions, there remains a stringent demand for new remedies. Nature has long served as an inspiration for drug development. Recent studies have identified bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) in both skin cell lines and human skin. Additionally, bitter natural compounds have shown promising benefits in addressing skin aging, wound healing, inflammatory skin conditions, and even skin cancer. Thus, TAS2Rs may represent a promising target in all these processes. In this review, we summarize evidence supporting the presence of TAS2Rs in the skin and emphasize their potential as drug targets for addressing skin aging, wound healing, inflammatory skin conditions, and skin carcinogenesis. To our knowledge, this is a pioneering work in connecting information on TAS2Rs expression in skin and skin cells with the impact of bitter phytochemicals on various beneficial effects related to skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora-Cristiana Grădinaru
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (T.-C.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Adelina Vlad
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marilena Gilca
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (T.-C.G.); (M.G.)
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Sell EA, Tan LH, Lin C, Bosso JV, Palmer JN, Adappa ND, Lee RJ, Kohanski MA, Reed DR, Cohen NA. Microbial metabolite succinate activates solitary chemosensory cells in the human sinonasal epithelium. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2023; 13:1525-1534. [PMID: 36565436 DOI: 10.1002/alr.23104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Succinate, although most famous for its role in the Krebs cycle, can be released extracellularly as a signal of cellular distress, particularly in situations of metabolic stress and inflammation. Solitary chemosensory cells (SCCs) express SUCNR1, the succinate receptor, and modulate type 2 inflammatory responses in helminth and protozoal infections in the small intestine. SCCs are the dominant epithelial source of interleukin-25, as well as an important source of cysteinyl leukotrienes in the airway, and have been implicated as upstream agents in type 2 inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and asthma. METHODS In this study, we used scRNAseq analysis, live cell imaging of intracellular calcium from primary sinonasal air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures from 1 donor, and measure antimicrobial peptide release from 5 donors to demonstrate preliminary evidence suggesting that succinate can act as a stimulant of SCCs in the human sinonasal epithelium. RESULTS Results from scRNAseq analysis show that approximately 10% of the SCC/ionocyte cluster of cells expressed SUCNR1 as well as a small population of immune cells. Using live cell imaging of intracellular calcium, we also demonstrate that clusters of cells on primary sinonasal ALI cultures initiated calcium-mediated signaling in response to succinate stimulation. Furthermore, we present evidence that primary sinonasal ALI cultures treated with succinate had increased levels of apical beta-defensin 2, an antimicrobial peptide, compared to treatment with a control solution. CONCLUSION Overall, these findings demonstrate the need for further investigation into the activation of the sinonasal epithelium by succinate in the pathogenesis of CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Sell
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Li Hui Tan
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Cailu Lin
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - John V Bosso
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - James N Palmer
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Robert J Lee
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael A Kohanski
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Noam A Cohen
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
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Szallasi A. "ThermoTRP" Channel Expression in Cancers: Implications for Diagnosis and Prognosis (Practical Approach by a Pathologist). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9098. [PMID: 37240443 PMCID: PMC10219044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature-sensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) channels (so-called "thermoTRPs") are multifunctional signaling molecules with important roles in cell growth and differentiation. Several "thermoTRP" channels show altered expression in cancers, though it is unclear if this is a cause or consequence of the disease. Regardless of the underlying pathology, this altered expression may potentially be used for cancer diagnosis and prognostication. "ThermoTRP" expression may distinguish between benign and malignant lesions. For example, TRPV1 is expressed in benign gastric mucosa, but is absent in gastric adenocarcinoma. TRPV1 is also expressed both in normal urothelia and non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma, but no TRPV1 expression has been seen in invasive urothelial carcinoma. "ThermoTRP" expression can also be used to predict clinical outcomes. For instance, in prostate cancer, TRPM8 expression predicts aggressive behavior with early metastatic disease. Furthermore, TRPV1 expression can dissect a subset of pulmonary adenocarcinoma patients with bad prognosis and resistance to a number of commonly used chemotherapeutic agents. This review will explore the current state of this rapidly evolving field with special emphasis on immunostains that can already be added to the armoire of diagnostic pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpad Szallasi
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
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Kouakou YI, Lee RJ. Interkingdom Detection of Bacterial Quorum-Sensing Molecules by Mammalian Taste Receptors. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1295. [PMID: 37317269 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bitter and sweet taste G protein-coupled receptors (known as T2Rs and T1Rs, respectively) were originally identified in type II taste cells on the tongue, where they signal perception of bitter and sweet tastes, respectively. Over the past ~15 years, taste receptors have been identified in cells all over the body, demonstrating a more general chemosensory role beyond taste. Bitter and sweet taste receptors regulate gut epithelial function, pancreatic β cell secretion, thyroid hormone secretion, adipocyte function, and many other processes. Emerging data from a variety of tissues suggest that taste receptors are also used by mammalian cells to "eavesdrop" on bacterial communications. These receptors are activated by several quorum-sensing molecules, including acyl-homoserine lactones and quinolones from Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, competence stimulating peptides from Streptococcus mutans, and D-amino acids from Staphylococcus aureus. Taste receptors are an arm of immune surveillance similar to Toll-like receptors and other pattern recognition receptors. Because they are activated by quorum-sensing molecules, taste receptors report information about microbial population density based on the chemical composition of the extracellular environment. This review summarizes current knowledge of bacterial activation of taste receptors and identifies important questions remaining in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yobouet Ines Kouakou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Bethineedi LD, Baghsheikhi H, Soltani A, Mafi Z, Samieefar N, Sanjid Seraj S, Khazeei Tabari MA. Human T2R38 Bitter Taste Receptor Expression and COVID-19: From Immunity to Prognosis. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2023; 15:118-123. [PMID: 37034895 PMCID: PMC10073923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bitter taste-sensing type 2 receptor (T2Rs or TAS2Rs) found on ciliated epithelial cells and solitary chemosensory cells have a role in respiratory tract immunity. T2Rs have shown protection against SARS-CoV-2 by enhancing the innate immune response. The purpose of this review is to outline the current sphere of knowledge regarding this association. Methods A narrative review of the literature was done by searching (T2R38 OR bitter taste receptor) AND (COVID-19 OR SARS-CoV-2) keywords in PubMed and google scholar. Results T2R38, an isoform of T2Rs encoded by the TAS2R38 gene, may have a potential association between phenotypic expression of T2R38 and prognosis of COVID-19. Current studies suggest that due to different genotypes and widespread distributions of T2Rs within the respiratory tract and their role in innate immunity, treatment protocols for COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases may change accordingly. Based on the phenotypic expression of T2R38, it varies in innate immunity and host response to respiratory infection, systemic symptoms and hospitalization. Conclusion This review reveals that patients' innate immune response to SARS-COV-2 could be influenced by T2R38 receptor allelic variations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hediyeh Baghsheikhi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- USERN Office, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Soltani
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- USERN Office, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahedeh Mafi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- USERN Office, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noosha Samieefar
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- USERN Office, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaikh Sanjid Seraj
- Walsall Healthcare NHS Trust, Walsall Manor Hospital, Walsall, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Amin Khazeei Tabari
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- USERN Office, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Douglas JE, Lin C, Mansfield CJ, Bell K, Salmon MK, Kohanski MA, Adappa ND, Palmer JN, Bosso JV, Reed DR, Cohen NA. Genetics of denatonium-responsive bitter receptors in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2023; 13:269-272. [PMID: 36005386 PMCID: PMC9957822 DOI: 10.1002/alr.23077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Douglas
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cailu Lin
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Katherine Bell
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mandy K Salmon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael A Kohanski
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James N Palmer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John V Bosso
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Danielle R Reed
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Noam A Cohen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center Surgical Service, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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8
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Takemoto K, Lomude LS, Takeno S, Kawasumi T, Okamoto Y, Hamamoto T, Ishino T, Ando Y, Ishikawa C, Ueda T. Functional Alteration and Differential Expression of the Bitter Taste Receptor T2R38 in Human Paranasal Sinus in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4499. [PMID: 36901926 PMCID: PMC10002785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) expressed in human sinonasal mucosae are known to elicit innate immune responses involving the release of nitric oxide (NO). We investigated the expression and distribution of two T2Rs, T2R14 and T2R38, in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and correlated the results with fractional exhaled NO (FeNO) levels and genotype of the T2R38 gene (TAS2R38). Using the Japanese Epidemiological Survey of Refractory Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis (JESREC) phenotypic criteria, we identified CRS patients as either eosinophilic (ECRS, n = 36) or non-eosinophilic (non-ECRS, n = 56) patients and compared these groups with 51 non-CRS subjects. Mucosal specimens from the ethmoid sinus, nasal polyps, and inferior turbinate were collected from all subjects, together with blood samples, for RT-PCR analysis, immunostaining, and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing. We observed significant downregulation of T2R38 mRNA levels in the ethmoid mucosa of non-ECRS patients and in the nasal polyps of ECRS patients. No significant differences in T2R14 or T2R38 mRNA levels were found among the inferior turbinate mucosae of the three groups. Positive T2R38 immunoreactivity was localized mainly in epithelial ciliated cells, whereas secretary goblet cells generally showed lack of staining. The patients in the non-ECRS group showed significantly lower oral and nasal FeNO levels compared with the control group. There was a trend towards higher CRS prevalence in the PAV/AVI and AVI/AVI genotype groups as compared to the PAV/PAV group. Our findings reveal complex but important roles of T2R38 function in ciliated cells associated with specific CRS phenotypes, suggesting the T2R38 pathway as a potential therapeutic target for promotion of endogenous defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sachio Takeno
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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Welcome MO, Dogo D, Nikos E Mastorakis. Cellular mechanisms and molecular pathways linking bitter taste receptor signalling to cardiac inflammation, oxidative stress, arrhythmia and contractile dysfunction in heart diseases. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:89-117. [PMID: 36471190 PMCID: PMC9734786 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heart diseases and related complications constitute a leading cause of death and socioeconomic threat worldwide. Despite intense efforts and research on the pathogenetic mechanisms of these diseases, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are yet to be completely understood. Several lines of evidence indicate a critical role of inflammatory and oxidative stress responses in the development and progression of heart diseases. Nevertheless, the molecular machinery that drives cardiac inflammation and oxidative stress is not completely known. Recent data suggest an important role of cardiac bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) in the pathogenetic mechanism of heart diseases. Independent groups of researchers have demonstrated a central role of TAS2Rs in mediating inflammatory, oxidative stress responses, autophagy, impulse generation/propagation and contractile activities in the heart, suggesting that dysfunctional TAS2R signalling may predispose to cardiac inflammatory and oxidative stress disorders, characterised by contractile dysfunction and arrhythmia. Moreover, cardiac TAS2Rs act as gateway surveillance units that monitor and detect toxigenic or pathogenic molecules, including microbial components, and initiate responses that ultimately culminate in protection of the host against the aggression. Unfortunately, however, the molecular mechanisms that link TAS2R sensing of the cardiac milieu to inflammatory and oxidative stress responses are not clearly known. Therefore, we sought to review the possible role of TAS2R signalling in the pathophysiology of cardiac inflammation, oxidative stress, arrhythmia and contractile dysfunction in heart diseases. Potential therapeutic significance of targeting TAS2R or its downstream signalling molecules in cardiac inflammation, oxidative stress, arrhythmia and contractile dysfunction is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menizibeya O Welcome
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, Plot 681 Cadastral Zone, C-00 Research and Institution Area, Jabi Airport Road Bypass, FCT, Abuja, Nigeria.
| | - Dilli Dogo
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Nikos E Mastorakis
- Technical University of Sofia, Klement Ohridksi 8, Sofia, 1000, Bulgaria
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McMahon DB, Jolivert JF, Kuek LE, Adappa ND, Palmer JN, Lee RJ. Savory Signaling: T1R Umami Receptor Modulates Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Store Content and Release Dynamics in Airway Epithelial Cells. Nutrients 2023; 15. [PMID: 36771200 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
T1Rs are expressed in solitary chemosensory cells of the upper airway where they detect apical glucose levels and repress bitter taste receptor Ca2+ signaling pathways. Microbial growth leads to a decrease in apical glucose levels. T1Rs detect this change and liberate bitter taste receptor signaling, initiating an innate immune response to both kill and expel pathogens through releasing antimicrobial peptides and increasing nitric oxide production and ciliary beat frequency. However, chronic inflammation due to disease, smoking, or viral infections causes a remodeling of the epithelial airway. The resulting squamous metaplasia causes a loss of multi-ciliated cells and solitary chemosensory cells, replaced by basal epithelial cells. To understand how T1R function is altered during disease, we used basal epithelial cells as a model to study the function of T1R3 on Ca2+ signaling dynamics. We found that both T1R1 and T1R3 detect amino acids and signal via cAMP, increasing the responsiveness of the cells to Ca2+ signaling stimuli. Either knocking down T1R1/3 or treating wild-type cells with MEM amino acids caused a reduction in ER Ca2+ content through a non-cAMP signaled pathway. Treatment with amino acids led to a reduction in downstream denatonium-induced Ca2+-signaled caspase activity. Thus, amino acids may be used to reduce unwanted apoptosis signaling in treatments containing bitter compounds.
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Talmon M, Pollastro F, Fresu LG. The Complex Journey of the Calcium Regulation Downstream of TAS2R Activation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223638. [PMID: 36429066 PMCID: PMC9688576 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) have recently arisen as a potential drug target for asthma due to their localization in airway cells. These receptors are expressed in all cell types of the respiratory system comprising epithelial, smooth muscle and immune cells; however, the expression pattern of the subtypes is different in each cell type and, accordingly, so is their role, for example, anti-inflammatory or bronchodilator. The most challenging aspect in studying TAS2Rs has been the identification of the downstream signaling cascades. Indeed, TAS2R activation leads to canonical IP3-dependent calcium release from the ER, but, alongside, there are other mechanisms that differ according to the histological localization. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the cytosolic calcium modulation downstream of TAS2R activation in the epithelial, smooth muscle and immune cells of the airway system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Talmon
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (L.G.F.); Tel.: +39-0321-660589 (M.T.); +39-0321-660687 (L.G.F.)
| | - Federica Pollastro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Luigia Grazia Fresu
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (L.G.F.); Tel.: +39-0321-660589 (M.T.); +39-0321-660687 (L.G.F.)
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Czerwaty K, Piszczatowska K, Brzost J, Ludwig N, Szczepański MJ, Dżaman K. Immunological Aspects of Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12102361. [PMID: 36292050 PMCID: PMC9600442 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12102361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is related to persistent inflammation with a dysfunctional relationship between environmental agents and the host immune system. Disturbances in the functioning of the sinus mucosa lead to common clinical symptoms. The major processes involved in the pathogenesis of CRS include airway epithelial dysfunctions that are influenced by external and host-derived factors which activate multiple immunological mechanisms. The molecular bases for CRS remain unclear, although some factors commonly correspond to the disease: bacterial, fungal and viral infections, comorbidity diseases, genetic dysfunctions, and immunodeficiency. Additionally, air pollution leads increased severity of symptoms. CRS is a heterogeneous group of sinus diseases with different clinical courses and response to treatment. Immunological pathways vary depending on the endotype or genotype of the patient. The recent knowledge expansion into mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of CRS is leading to a steadily increasing significance of precision medicine in the treatment of CRS. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the immunological aspects of CRS, which are essential for ensuring more effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Czerwaty
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Jacek Brzost
- The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nils Ludwig
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mirosław J. Szczepański
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Karolina Dżaman
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
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Ye Q, Bankova LG. Brush cells fine-tune neurogenic inflammation in the airways. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:161439. [PMID: 35775485 PMCID: PMC9246375 DOI: 10.1172/jci161439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells, once considered a simple barrier layer, are now recognized as providing an active site for antigen sensing and immune response initiation. Most mucosal sites contain chemosensory epithelial cells, rare and specialized cells gaining recognition for their unique functions in sensing and directing the immune response symphony. In this issue of the JCI, Hollenhorst, Nandigama, et al. demonstrated that tracheal chemosensory brush cells detected bitter-tasting substances, including quorum-sensing molecules (QSMs) generated by pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The authors used various techniques, including genetic deletion of brush cells, genetic manipulation of brush cell signaling, deletion of sensory neurons, in vivo imaging, and infection models with P. aeruginosa, to show that QSMs increased vascular permeability and innate immune cell influx into the trachea. These findings link the recognition of bacterial QSMs to the innate immune response in the airways, with translational implications for airway inflammation and infectious pathology.
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14
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Caretta A, Mucignat-Caretta C. Not Only COVID-19: Involvement of Multiple Chemosensory Systems in Human Diseases. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:862005. [PMID: 35547642 PMCID: PMC9081982 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.862005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemosensory systems are deemed marginal in human pathology. In appraising their role, we aim at suggesting a paradigm shift based on the available clinical and experimental data that will be discussed. Taste and olfaction are polymodal sensory systems, providing inputs to many brain structures that regulate crucial visceral functions, including metabolism but also endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, and immune systems. Moreover, other visceral chemosensory systems monitor different essential chemical parameters of “milieu intérieur,” transmitting their data to the brain areas receiving taste and olfactory inputs; hence, they participate in regulating the same vital functions. These chemosensory cells share many molecular features with olfactory or taste receptor cells, thus they may be affected by the same pathological events. In most COVID-19 patients, taste and olfaction are disturbed. This may represent only a small portion of a broadly diffuse chemosensory incapacitation. Indeed, many COVID-19 peculiar symptoms may be explained by the impairment of visceral chemosensory systems, for example, silent hypoxia, diarrhea, and the “cytokine storm”. Dysregulation of chemosensory systems may underlie the much higher mortality rate of COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) compared to ARDSs of different origins. In chronic non-infectious diseases like hypertension, diabetes, or cancer, the impairment of taste and/or olfaction has been consistently reported. This may signal diffuse chemosensory failure, possibly worsening the prognosis of these patients. Incapacitation of one or few chemosensory systems has negligible effects on survival under ordinary life conditions but, under stress, like metabolic imbalance or COVID-19 pneumonia, the impairment of multiple chemosensory systems may lead to dire consequences during the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Caretta
- National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB), Rome, Italy
- Department of Food and Drug Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carla Mucignat-Caretta
- National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB), Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- *Correspondence: Carla Mucignat-Caretta,
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15
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Chen JH, Song CI, Hura N, Saraswathula A, Seal SM, Lane AP, Rowan NR. Taste receptors in CRS, what is the evidence?: a systematic review. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2021; 12:917-934. [PMID: 34913601 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bitter (T2Rs) and sweet (T1Rs) taste receptors are involved in the innate immune response of the sinonasal cavity and associated with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Growing evidence suggests extraoral taste receptors as relevant biomarkers, but current understanding is incomplete. This systematic review synthesizes current evidence of extraoral taste receptors in CRS. METHODS PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Scopus were reviewed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and included studies of genotypic and phenotypic T2R/T1R receptor status in CRS patients. RESULTS Twenty-two studies with 3,845 patients were included. Seventeen studies evaluated genotype and 10 evaluated taste phenotypes. Four of six studies examining the haplotype distribution of the T2R, TAS2R38, demonstrated increased AVI/AVI haplotype ("non-taster") frequency in CRS. Meanwhile, two studies demonstrated decreased bitter sensitivity in CRS with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) while three other studies reported decreased bitter sensitivity only in CRS without nasal polyposis (CRSsNP). Findings regarding sweet sensitivity were mixed. Three studies with cystic fibrosis patients (n=1,393) were included. Studies investigating the association between clinical outcomes and TAS2R38 alleles were limited, but the nonfunctional combination of AVI/AVI was associated with increased utilization of sinus surgery and, in CRSsNP patients, with poorer improvement of symptoms postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS Both genotypic and phenotypic assessments of T2Rs suggest a potential association with CRS, particularly CRSsNP. However, limited evidence and mixed conclusions cloud the role of T2Rs in CRS. Future investigations should aim to increase diverse populations, broaden institutional diversity, examine T1Rs, and utilize uniform assessments. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Chen
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Nanki Hura
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anirudh Saraswathula
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stella M Seal
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew P Lane
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas R Rowan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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16
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Abstract
Bitter taste-sensing type 2 receptors (TAS2Rs or T2Rs), belonging to the subgroup of family A G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), are of crucial importance in the perception of bitterness. Although in the first instance, TAS2Rs were considered to be exclusively distributed in the apical microvilli of taste bud cells, numerous studies have detected these sensory receptor proteins in several extra-oral tissues, such as in pancreatic or ovarian tissues, as well as in their corresponding malignancies. Critical points of extra-oral TAS2Rs biology, such as their structure, roles, signaling transduction pathways, extensive mutational polymorphism, and molecular evolution, have been currently broadly studied. The TAS2R cascade, for instance, has been recently considered to be a pivotal modulator of a number of (patho)physiological processes, including adipogenesis or carcinogenesis. The latest advances in taste receptor biology further raise the possibility of utilizing TAS2Rs as a therapeutic target or as an informative index to predict treatment responses in various disorders. Thus, the focus of this review is to provide an update on the expression and molecular basis of TAS2Rs functions in distinct extra-oral tissues in health and disease. We shall also discuss the therapeutic potential of novel TAS2Rs targets, which are appealing due to their ligand selectivity, expression pattern, or pharmacological profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Tuzim
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Korolczuk
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
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17
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Barboza MLB, Reyno B. Taste receptors in aquatic mammals: Potential role of solitary chemosensory cells in immune responses. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:680-687. [PMID: 34264538 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The sense of taste is associated with the evaluation of food and other environmental parameters such as salinity. In aquatic mammals, anatomic and behavioral evidence of the use of taste varies by species and genomic analysis of taste receptors indicates an overall reduction and, in some cases, complete loss of intact bitter and sweet taste receptors. However, the receptors used by taste buds in the oral cavity are found on cells in other areas of the body and play an important role in immune responses. In the respiratory tract, an example of such cells is solitary chemosensory cells (SCCs) which have bitter and sweet taste receptors. The bitter receptors detect chemicals given off by pathogens and initiate an innate immune response. Although many aquatic mammals may not have a role for taste in the assessment of food, they likely would benefit from the added protection that SCCs provide, especially considering respiratory diseases are a problem for many aquatic mammals. While evidence indicates that some species do not possess functional bitter receptors for taste, many do have intact bitter receptor genes and it is important for researchers to be aware of all roles for these receptors in homeostasis. Through a better understanding of the anatomy and physiology of aquatic mammal's respiratory systems, better treatment and management is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beau Reyno
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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18
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE Bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) have been implicated in sinonasal innate immunity, and genetic variation conferred by allelic variants in T2R genes is associated with variation in upper respiratory tract pathogen susceptibility, symptoms, and outcomes. Bitter taste receptor phenotype appears to be associated with the clinical course and symptom duration of SARS-CoV-2 infection. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between T2R phenotype and patient clinical course after infection with SARS-CoV-2. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A prospective cohort study was performed from July 1 through September 30, 2020, at a tertiary outpatient clinical practice and inpatient hospital in the United States among 1935 participants (patients and health care workers) with occupational exposure to SARS-CoV-2. EXPOSURE Exposure to SARS-CoV-2. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Participants underwent T2R38 phenotype taste testing to determine whether they were supertasters (those who experienced greater intensity of bitter tastes), tasters, or nontasters (those who experienced low intensity of bitter tastes or no bitter tastes) and underwent evaluation for lack of infection with SARS-CoV-2 via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing and IgM and IgG testing. A group of participants was randomly selected for genotype analysis to correlate phenotype. Participants were followed up until confirmation of infection with SARS-CoV-2 via PCR testing. Phenotype of T2R38 was retested after infection with SARS-CoV-2. The results were compared with clinical course. RESULTS A total of 1935 individuals (1101 women [56.9%]; mean [SD] age, 45.5 [13.9] years) participated in the study. Results of phenotype taste testing showed that 508 (26.3%) were supertasters, 917 (47.4%) were tasters, and 510 (26.4%) were nontasters. A total of 266 participants (13.7%) had positive PCR test results for SARS-CoV-2. Of these, 55 (20.7%) required hospitalization. Symptom duration among patients with positive results ranged from 0 to 48 days. Nontasters were significantly more likely than tasters and supertasters to test positive for SARS-CoV-2 (odds ratio, 10.1 [95% CI, 5.8-17.8]; P < .001), to be hospitalized once infected (odds ratio, 3.9 [1.5-10.2]; P = .006), and to be symptomatic for a longer duration (mean [SE] duration, 23.7 [0.5] days vs 13.5 [0.4] days vs 5.0 [0.6] days; P < .001). A total of 47 of 55 patients (85.5%) with COVID-19 who required inpatient admission were nontasters. Conversely, 15 of 266 patients (5.6%) with positive PCR test results were supertasters. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This cohort study suggests that T2R38 receptor allelic variants were associated with participants' innate immune response toward SARS-CoV-2. The T2R phenotype was associated with patients' clinical course after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nontasters were more likely to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 than the other 2 groups, suggesting enhanced innate immune protection against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry P. Barham
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, Baton Rouge General Medical Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- Sinus and Nasal Specialists of Louisiana, Baton Rouge
| | - Mohamed A. Taha
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, Baton Rouge General Medical Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Megan M. Stevenson
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, Baton Rouge General Medical Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- Sinus and Nasal Specialists of Louisiana, Baton Rouge
| | - Brittany A. Zito
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, Baton Rouge General Medical Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- Sinus and Nasal Specialists of Louisiana, Baton Rouge
| | - Christian A. Hall
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, Baton Rouge General Medical Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- Sinus and Nasal Specialists of Louisiana, Baton Rouge
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19
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Trevisi P, Luise D, Correa F, Messori S, Mazzoni M, Lallès JP, Bosi P. Maternal antibiotic treatment affects offspring gastric sensing for umami taste and ghrelin regulation in the pig. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:31. [PMID: 33731211 PMCID: PMC7972225 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00557-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scarce is knowledge on the process regulating the development of acid secretion, orexigenic signaling, and chemosensing in the stomach of young pigs. Changes of early microbial encounters by suckling pigs can interact with the gut maturation, by the induction of different molecular signaling. Our goal was to assess if the age of offspring and the maternal environment, influenced by sow antibiotic treatment peripartum, could affect gastric morphology and the expression of genes involved in the control of hydrochloric secretion, feed intake, taste, and inflammation in offspring stomach. Methods 84 pigs from sows fed a diet with amoxicillin (on –d10 to +d21 from farrowing, ANT) or without (CON) were sacrificed at d14, d21, d28 (weaning) or d42. Samples of oxyntic (OXY), pyloric (PY) and cardiac mucosae close to OXY were collected and parietal and enteroendocrine cells (EECs) were counted. Relative gene expression of a set of 11 key genes (ATP4A, SSTR2, GAST, GHRL, MBOAT4, PCSK1, GNAT1, TAS1R1, TAS1R3, IL8 and TNF) was assessed by qRT-PCR. In addition, 40 offspring obtained from the same ANT and CON sows were offered a normal or a fat-enriched diet for 4 weeks between 140 and 169 d of age, and then OXY and PY were sampled. Results The number of parietal and EECs increased with age (P < 0.001). ATP4A increased with age (within suckling, P = 0.043, post-weaning vs. suckling, P < 0.001), SSTR2 increased only after weaning (P < 0.001). In OXY, GHRL increased during suckling (P = 0.012), and post-weaning as a trend (P = 0.088). MBOAT4 tended to increase during suckling (P = 0.062). TAS1R1 increased from suckling to post-weaning period (P =0.001) and was lower in ANT offspring (P = 0.013). GNAT1 in PY was higher in ANT offspring (P = 0.041). Antibiotic treatment of sows peripartum increased expression of GHRL and MBOAT4 in OXY of growing-finishing offspring aged 5 months. Conclusions Data show that sensing for umami taste and ghrelin regulation can be affected by maternal environment, but the development of acid secretion, orexigenic signaling and taste perception in the stomach are mostly developmentally controlled. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40104-021-00557-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Trevisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - D Luise
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - F Correa
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - S Messori
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy.,Present Address: World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Scientific Secretariat for the STAR-IDAZ International Research Consortium on animal health, 12 rue de Prony, 75017, Paris, France
| | - M Mazzoni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, Ozzano nell'Emilia (BO), Bologna, Italy
| | - J P Lallès
- INRAE, Human Nutrition Division, Site of Theix, 63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - P Bosi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy.
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20
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Orlandi RR, Kingdom TT, Smith TL, Bleier B, DeConde A, Luong AU, Poetker DM, Soler Z, Welch KC, Wise SK, Adappa N, Alt JA, Anselmo-Lima WT, Bachert C, Baroody FM, Batra PS, Bernal-Sprekelsen M, Beswick D, Bhattacharyya N, Chandra RK, Chang EH, Chiu A, Chowdhury N, Citardi MJ, Cohen NA, Conley DB, DelGaudio J, Desrosiers M, Douglas R, Eloy JA, Fokkens WJ, Gray ST, Gudis DA, Hamilos DL, Han JK, Harvey R, Hellings P, Holbrook EH, Hopkins C, Hwang P, Javer AR, Jiang RS, Kennedy D, Kern R, Laidlaw T, Lal D, Lane A, Lee HM, Lee JT, Levy JM, Lin SY, Lund V, McMains KC, Metson R, Mullol J, Naclerio R, Oakley G, Otori N, Palmer JN, Parikh SR, Passali D, Patel Z, Peters A, Philpott C, Psaltis AJ, Ramakrishnan VR, Ramanathan M, Roh HJ, Rudmik L, Sacks R, Schlosser RJ, Sedaghat AR, Senior BA, Sindwani R, Smith K, Snidvongs K, Stewart M, Suh JD, Tan BK, Turner JH, van Drunen CM, Voegels R, Wang DY, Woodworth BA, Wormald PJ, Wright ED, Yan C, Zhang L, Zhou B. International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: rhinosinusitis 2021. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2021; 11:213-739. [PMID: 33236525 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY BACKGROUND: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR-RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR-RS-2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidence-based findings of the document. METHODS ICAR-RS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidence-based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence-based reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. RESULTS ICAR-RS-2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidence-based management algorithm is provided. CONCLUSION This ICAR-RS-2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence-based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Amber U Luong
- University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
| | | | - Zachary Soler
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Kevin C Welch
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | | | | | | | | | - Claus Bachert
- Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Sun Yatsen University, Gangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David A Gudis
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Daniel L Hamilos
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Richard Harvey
- University of New South Wales and Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Amin R Javer
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Valerie Lund
- Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital, UCLH, London, UK
| | - Kevin C McMains
- Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, San Antonio, TX
| | | | - Joaquim Mullol
- IDIBAPS Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alkis J Psaltis
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Luke Rudmik
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Raymond Sacks
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - De Yun Wang
- National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Carol Yan
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Luo Zhang
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Zhou
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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21
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Medapati MR, Bhagirath AY, Singh N, Chelikani P. Pharmacology of T2R Mediated Host-Microbe Interactions. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 275:177-202. [PMID: 33580389 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Humans express 25 T2Rs that are known to detect several bitter compounds including bacterial quorum sensing molecules (QSM). Primarily found to be key receptors for bitter sensation T2Rs are known to play an important role in mediating innate immune responses in oral and extraoral tissues. Several studies have led to identification of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial QSMs as agonists for T2Rs in airway epithelial cells and immune cells. However, the pharmacological characterization for many of the QSM-T2R interactions remains poorly defined. In this chapter, we discuss the extraoral roles including localization of T2Rs in extracellular vesicles, molecular pharmacology of QSM-T2R interactions, role of T2Rs in mediating innate immune responses, and some of the challenges in understanding T2R pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Reddy Medapati
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Anjali Y Bhagirath
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Nisha Singh
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Prashen Chelikani
- Manitoba Chemosensory Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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22
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Davis JD, Wypych TP. Cellular and functional heterogeneity of the airway epithelium. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:978-90. [PMID: 33608655 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00370-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The airway epithelium protects us from environmental insults, which we encounter with every breath. Not only does it passively filter large particles, it also senses potential danger and alerts other cells, including immune and nervous cells. Together, these tissues orchestrate the most appropriate response, balancing the need to eliminate the danger with the risk of damage to the host. Each cell subset within the airway epithelium plays its part, and when impaired, may contribute to the development of respiratory disease. Here we highlight recent advances regarding the cellular and functional heterogeneity along the airway epithelium and discuss how we can use this knowledge to design more effective, targeted therapeutics.
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23
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Billipp TE, Nadjsombati MS, von Moltke J. Tuning tuft cells: new ligands and effector functions reveal tissue-specific function. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 68:98-106. [PMID: 33166855 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tuft cells are rare chemosensory epithelial cells that monitor their environment and relay messages to the surrounding tissue via secretion of neuromodulatory and immunomodulatory molecules. In the small intestine tuft cells detect helminth infection, protist colonization, and bacterial dysbiosis, and initiate a type 2 immune response characterized by tissue remodeling. In the airways, tuft cells sense bacteria, allergens, and noxious stimuli and drive evasive behavior, neuroinflammation, and anti-bacterial responses. Here we summarize the most recent tuft cell research and discuss how these findings have provided insight into tuft cell diversity. Built around a core program of chemosensing, tuft cell receptors and effector functions are tuned to the unique environmental exposure and physiology of their surrounding tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler E Billipp
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Marija S Nadjsombati
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Jakob von Moltke
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
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24
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Chen J, Larson ED, Anderson CB, Agarwal P, Frank DN, Kinnamon SC, Ramakrishnan VR. Expression of Bitter Taste Receptors and Solitary Chemosensory Cell Markers in the Human Sinonasal Cavity. Chem Senses 2020; 44:483-495. [PMID: 31231752 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjz042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Some bitter taste receptors (TAS2R gene products) are expressed in the human sinonasal cavity and may function to detect airborne irritants. The expression of all 25 human bitter taste receptors and their location within the upper airway is not yet clear. The aim of this study is to characterize the presence and distribution of TAS2R transcripts and solitary chemosensory cells (SCCs) in different locations of the human sinonasal cavity. Biopsies were obtained from human subjects at up to 4 different sinonasal anatomic sites. PCR, microarray, and qRT-PCR were used to examine gene transcript expression. The 25 human bitter taste receptors as well as the sweet/umami receptor subunit, TAS1R3, and canonical taste signaling effectors are expressed in sinonasal tissue. All 25 human bitter taste receptors are expressed in the human upper airway, and expression of these gene products was higher in the ethmoid sinus than nasal cavity locations. Fluorescent in situ hybridization demonstrates that epithelial TRPM5 and TAS2R38 are expressed in a rare cell population compared with multiciliated cells, and at times, consistent with SCC morphology. Secondary analysis of published human sinus single-cell RNAseq data did not uncover TAS2R or canonical taste transduction transcripts in multiciliated cells. These findings indicate that the sinus has higher expression of SCC markers than the nasal cavity in chronic rhinosinusitis patients, comprising a rare cell type. Biopsies obtained from the ethmoid sinus may serve as the best location for study of human upper airway taste receptors and SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingguo Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eric D Larson
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Catherine B Anderson
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Daniel N Frank
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sue C Kinnamon
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Vijay R Ramakrishnan
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, Aurora, CO, USA
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25
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Barham HP, Taha MA, Hall CA. Does phenotypic expression of bitter taste receptor T2R38 show association with COVID-19 severity? Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2020; 10:1255-1257. [PMID: 32856411 PMCID: PMC7461007 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome‒associated coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has been identified as the pathogen causing the outbreak of coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) commencing in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Multiple reports have shown subjective loss of taste and smell as an early and hallmark symptom for COVID‐19. Methods A retrospective study was performed in our clinical practice during July 2020 on patients positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 via polymerase chain reaction. All patients were categorized into 3 groups (supertasters, tasters, and nontasters) via taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide, thiourea, and sodium benzoate with taste strip testing. The results of the taste strip tests were correlated with clinical course. Results A total of 100 patients (mean, 51 [range, 24‐82] years of age; 44 [44%] women) were assessed. We found that 21 of 100 (21%) were nontasters, 79 of 100 (79%) were tasters, and 0 of 100 (0%) were supertasters (p < 0.001). Twenty‐one of 21 (100%) (p < 0.001) of the patients requiring inpatient admission were classified as nontasters. All 79 (100%) (p < 0.001) of the patients who displayed mild to moderate symptoms not requiring admission were classified as tasters. Conclusion Our results show objective data that taste disturbance, specifically global loss of taste, appears to correlate with the clinical course specific to each individual, because 100% of the patients requiring inpatient admission were classified as nontasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry P Barham
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, Baton Rouge General Medical Center, Baton Rouge, LA.,Sinus and Nasal Specialists of Louisiana, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Mohamed A Taha
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, Baton Rouge General Medical Center, Baton Rouge, LA.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Christian A Hall
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, Baton Rouge General Medical Center, Baton Rouge, LA.,Sinus and Nasal Specialists of Louisiana, Baton Rouge, LA
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26
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Civantos AM, Maina IW, Arnold M, Lin C, Stevens EM, Tan LH, Gleeson PK, Colquitt LR, Cowart BJ, Bosso JV, Palmer JN, Adappa ND, Kohanski MA, Reed DR, Cohen NA. Denatonium benzoate bitter taste perception in chronic rhinosinusitis subgroups. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2020; 11:967-975. [DOI: 10.1002/alr.22687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M. Civantos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | - Ivy W. Maina
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | - Monique Arnold
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | - Cailu Lin
- Monell Chemical Senses Center Philadelphia PA
| | | | - Li Hui Tan
- Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center Philadelphia PA
| | - Patrick K. Gleeson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | | | | | - John V. Bosso
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | - James N. Palmer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | - Nithin D. Adappa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | - Michael A. Kohanski
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | | | - Noam A. Cohen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
- Monell Chemical Senses Center Philadelphia PA
- Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center Philadelphia PA
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27
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Lin C, Civantos AM, Arnold M, Stevens EM, Cowart BJ, Colquitt LR, Mansfield C, Kennedy DW, Brooks SG, Workman AD, Blasetti MT, Kohanski MA, Doghramji L, Douglas JE, Maina IW, Palmer JN, Adappa ND, Reed DR, Cohen NA. Divergent bitter and sweet taste perception intensity in chronic rhinosinusitis patients. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2020; 11:857-865. [PMID: 32846055 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bitter and sweet taste receptors are present in the human upper airway, where they have roles in innate immunity. Previous studies have shown that 1 of the 25 bitter receptors, TAS2R38, responds to specific bacterial signaling molecules and evokes 1 type of a defense response in the upper airway, whereas ligands of sweet receptors suppress other types of defense responses. METHODS We examined whether other bitter taste receptors might also be involved in innate immunity by using sensory responses to bitter compounds that are not ligands of TAS2R38 (quinine and denatonium benzoate) to assess the sensitivity of other bitter receptors in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients. CRS patients with (n = 426) and without (n = 226) nasal polyps and controls (n = 356) rated the intensity of quinine, denatonium benzoate, phenylthiocarbamide (PTC; a ligand for TAS2R38), sucrose, and salt. RESULTS CRS patients rated the bitter compounds denatonium benzoate and quinine as less intense and sucrose as more intense than did controls (false discovery rate [FDR] <0.05) and CRS patients and controls did not differ in their ratings of salt (FDR >0.05). PTC bitter taste intensity differed between patient and control groups but were less marked than those previously reported. Though differences were statistically significant, overall effect sizes were small. CONCLUSION CRS patients report bitter stimuli as less intense but sweet stimuli as more intense than do control subjects. We speculate that taste responses may reflect the competence of sinonasal innate immunity mediated by taste receptor function, and thus a taste test may have potential for clinical utility in CRS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailu Lin
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alyssa M Civantos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Monique Arnold
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Elizabeth M Stevens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | - David W Kennedy
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Steven G Brooks
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alan D Workman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mariel T Blasetti
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael A Kohanski
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laurel Doghramji
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jennifer E Douglas
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ivy W Maina
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - James N Palmer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Noam A Cohen
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
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28
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Abstract
The mammalian diving response (DR) is a remarkable behavior that was first formally studied by Laurence Irving and Per Scholander in the late 1930s. The DR is called such because it is most prominent in marine mammals such as seals, whales, and dolphins, but nevertheless is found in all mammals studied. It consists generally of breathing cessation (apnea), a dramatic slowing of heart rate (bradycardia), and an increase in peripheral vasoconstriction. The DR is thought to conserve vital oxygen stores and thus maintain life by directing perfusion to the two organs most essential for life-the heart and the brain. The DR is important, not only for its dramatic power over autonomic function, but also because it alters normal homeostatic reflexes such as the baroreceptor reflex and respiratory chemoreceptor reflex. The neurons driving the reflex circuits for the DR are contained within the medulla and spinal cord since the response remains after the brainstem transection at the pontomedullary junction. Neuroanatomical and physiological data suggesting brainstem areas important for the apnea, bradycardia, and peripheral vasoconstriction induced by underwater submersion are reviewed. Defining the brainstem circuit for the DR may open broad avenues for understanding the mechanisms of suprabulbar control of autonomic function in general, as well as implicate its role in some clinical states. Knowledge of the proposed diving circuit should facilitate studies on elite human divers performing breath-holding dives as well as investigations on sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), stroke, migraine headache, and arrhythmias. We have speculated that the DR is the most powerful autonomic reflex known.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Michael Panneton
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Qi Gan
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
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29
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Liu X, Yu Y, Qin D, Song Z, Huang Z, Meng K, Cao J, Xu F, Cheng G, Ji W, Xu Z. Expression analysis of taste receptor genes (T1R1, T1R3, and T2R4) in response to bacterial, viral and parasitic infection in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 101:176-185. [PMID: 32244029 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that bitter and sweet Taste receptors (TRs) in the airway are important sentinels of innate immunity. TRs are G protein-coupled receptors that trigger downstream signaling cascades in response to activation of specific ligands. Among them, the T1R family consists of three genes: T1R1, T1R2, and T1R3, which function as heterodimers for sweet tastants and umami tastants. While the other TRs family components T2Rs function as bitter tastants. To understand the relationship between TRs and mucosal immunity in teleost, here, we firstly identified and analyzed the molecular characteristics of three TRs (T1R1, T1R3, and T2R4) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Secondly, by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), we detected the mRNA expression levels of T1R1, T1R3 and T2R4 and found that the three genes could be tested in all detected tissues (pharynx, buccal cavity, tongue, nose, gill, eye, gut, fin, skin) and the expression levels of T1R3 and T2R4 were higher in buccal mucosa (BM) and pharyngeal mucosa (PM) compare to other tissues. It may suggest that T1R3 and T2R4 play important roles in BM and PM. Then, to analyses the changes of expression levels of the three genes in rainbow trout infected with pathogens, we established three infection models Flavobacterium columnare (F. cloumnare), infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich). Subsequently, by qPCR, we detected the expression profiles of TRs in the gustatory tissues (BM, PM and skin) of rainbow trout after infection with F. cloumnare, IHNV, and Ich, respectively. We found that under three different infection models, the expression of the T1R1, T1R3 and T2R4 showed their own changes in mRNA levels. And the expression levels of the T1R1, T1R3 and T2R4 changed significantly at different time points in response to three infection models, respectively, suggesting that TRs may be associated with mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yongyao Yu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Dacheng Qin
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zixi Song
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zhenyu Huang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Kaifeng Meng
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jiafeng Cao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Fangzheng Xu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Gaofeng Cheng
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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30
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Abstract
The human genome contains ∼29 bitter taste receptors (T2Rs), which are responsible for detecting thousands of bitter ligands, including toxic and aversive compounds. This sentinel function varies between individuals and is underpinned by naturally occurring T2R polymorphisms, which have also been associated with disease. Recent studies have reported the expression of T2Rs and their downstream signaling components within non-gustatory tissues, including the heart. Though the precise role of T2Rs in the heart remains unclear, evidence points toward a role in cardiac contractility and overall vascular tone. In this review, we summarize the extra-oral expression of T2Rs, focusing on evidence for expression in heart; we speculate on the range of potential ligands that may activate them; we define the possible signaling pathways they activate; and we argue that their discovery in heart predicts an, as yet, unappreciated cardiac physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor J Bloxham
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Simon R Foster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Walter G Thomas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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31
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Naclerio R, Ansotegui IJ, Bousquet J, Canonica GW, D'Amato G, Rosario N, Pawankar R, Peden D, Bergmann KC, Bielory L, Caraballo L, Cecchi L, Cepeda SAM, Chong Neto HJ, Galán C, Gonzalez Diaz SN, Idriss S, Popov T, Ramon GD, Ridolo E, Rottem M, Songnuan W, Rouadi P. International expert consensus on the management of allergic rhinitis (AR) aggravated by air pollutants: Impact of air pollution on patients with AR: Current knowledge and future strategies. World Allergy Organ J 2020; 13:100106. [PMID: 32256939 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis affects the quality of life of millions of people worldwide. Air pollution not only causes morbidity, but nearly 3 million people per year die from unhealthy indoor air exposure. Furthermore, allergic rhinitis and air pollution interact. This report summarizes the discussion of an International Expert Consensus on the management of allergic rhinitis aggravated by air pollution. The report begins with a review of indoor and outdoor air pollutants followed by epidemiologic evidence showing the impact of air pollution and climate change on the upper airway and allergic rhinitis. Mechanisms, particularly oxidative stress, potentially explaining the interactions between air pollution and allergic rhinitis are discussed. Treatment for the management of allergic rhinitis aggravated by air pollution primarily involves treating allergic rhinitis by guidelines and reducing exposure to pollutants. Fexofenadine a non-sedating oral antihistamine improves AR symptoms aggravated by air pollution. However, more efficacy studies on other pharmacological therapy of coexisting AR and air pollution are currently lacking.
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Key Words
- AER, Allergic eosinophilic rhinitis
- AP, Activator protein
- AR, Allergic rhinitis
- ARE, Antioxidant response element
- Air pollutants
- Air pollution
- Allergic rhinitis
- Antioxidant enzymes
- CFS, Chronic fatigue syndrome
- CO, Carbon monoxide
- COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Climate change
- DAMP, Damage-associated molecular patterns
- DEP, Diesel exhaust particles
- ECAT, Elemental carbon attributable to traffic
- ECP, Eosinophil cationic protein
- GSH-Px, Glutathione peroxidase
- HDM, House dust mites
- HEPA, High efficiency particulate air
- HO, Hemeoxygenase
- HVAC, Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
- IAP, Indoor air pollution
- IAQ, Indoor air quality
- INS, Intranasal steroids
- Indoor air quality
- LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase
- MCP, Monocyte chemotactic protein
- MSQPCR, Mold specific quantitative PCR
- NAR, Non allergic rhinitis
- NF-κβ, Nuclear factor kappa β
- NO2, Nitrogen dioxide
- NOx, Nitric oxides
- Nrf2, Nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor
- O3, Ozone
- OAP, Outdoor air pollution
- Occupational rhinitis
- Oxidative stress
- PAMP, Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PM, Particulate matter
- PON, Paraoxonase
- RNS, Reactive nitrosative species
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- SO2, Sulphur dioxide
- SOD, Superoxide dismutase
- TLR, Toll like receptor
- TNF, Tumor necrosis factor
- TOS, Total oxidative status
- TRAP, Traffic related air pollutants
- UFP, Ultra-fine particles
- VOCs, Volatile organic compound
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32
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Bankova LG, Barrett NA. Epithelial cell function and remodeling in nasal polyposis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2020; 124:333-341. [PMID: 32007569 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the latest discoveries on airway epithelial cell diversity and remodeling in type 2 inflammation, including nasal polyposis. DATA SOURCES Reviews and primary research manuscripts were identified from PubMed, Google, and Bioarchives, using the search words airway epithelium, nasal polyposis, or chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis AND basal cell, ciliated cell, secretory cell, goblet cell, neuroendocrine cell, pulmonary neuroendocrine cell, ionocyte, brush cell, solitary chemosensory cell, microvillus cell, or tuft cell. STUDY SELECTIONS Studies were selected based on novelty and likely relevance to airway epithelial innate immune functions or the pathobiology of type 2 inflammation. RESULTS Airway epithelial cells are more diverse than previously appreciated, with specialized subsets, including ionocytes, solitary chemosensory cells, and neuroendocrine cells that contribute to important innate immune functions. In chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis, the composition of the epithelium is significantly altered. Loss of ciliated cells and submucosal glands and an increase in basal airway epithelial progenitors leads to loss of innate immune functions and an expansion of proinflammatory potential. Type 2 cytokines play a major role in driving this process. CONCLUSION Airway epithelial remodeling in chronic rhinosinusitis is extensive, leading to loss of innate immune function and enhanced proinflammatory potential. The mechanisms driving airway remodeling and its sequelae deserve further attention before restitution of epithelial differentiation can be considered a reasonable therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora G Bankova
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nora A Barrett
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
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33
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Ting HA, von Moltke J. The Immune Function of Tuft Cells at Gut Mucosal Surfaces and Beyond. J Immunol 2019; 202:1321-1329. [PMID: 30782851 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tuft cells were first discovered in epithelial barriers decades ago, but their function remained unclear until recently. In the last 2 years, a series of studies has provided important advances that link tuft cells to infectious diseases and the host immune responses. Broadly, a model has emerged in which tuft cells use chemosensing to monitor their surroundings and translate environmental signals into effector functions that regulate immune responses in the underlying tissue. In this article, we review the current understanding of tuft cell immune function in the intestines, airways, and thymus. In particular, we discuss the role of tuft cells in type 2 immunity, norovirus infection, and thymocyte development. Despite recent advances, many fundamental questions about the function of tuft cells in immunity remain to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-An Ting
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Jakob von Moltke
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109
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34
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Abstract
The human upper respiratory tract (URT) offers a variety of niches for microbial colonization. Local microbial communities are shaped by the different characteristics of the specific location within the URT, but also by the interaction with both external and intrinsic factors, such as ageing, diseases, immune responses, olfactory function, and lifestyle habits such as smoking. We summarize here the current knowledge about the URT microbiome in health and disease, discuss methodological issues, and consider the potential of the nasal microbiome to be used for medical diagnostics and as a target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kumpitsch
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kaisa Koskinen
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Veronika Schöpf
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Present address: Medical University Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Moissl-Eichinger
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
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35
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Suntres TE, Daghfous G, Ananvoranich S, Dubuc R, Zielinski BS. Sensory cutaneous papillae in the sea lamprey (
Petromyzon marinus
L.): II. Ontogeny and immunocytochemical characterization of solitary chemosensory cells. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:865-878. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tina E. Suntres
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Windsor Windsor Ontario Canada
| | - Gheylen Daghfous
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Département de Neurosciences Université de Montréal Montréal Quebec Canada
- Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée, Département des Sciences de l'activité Physique Université du Québec à Montréal Montréal Quebec Canada
| | - Sirinart Ananvoranich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Windsor Windsor Ontario Canada
| | - Réjean Dubuc
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Département de Neurosciences Université de Montréal Montréal Quebec Canada
- Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée, Département des Sciences de l'activité Physique Université du Québec à Montréal Montréal Quebec Canada
| | - Barbara S. Zielinski
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Windsor Windsor Ontario Canada
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research University of Windsor Windsor Ontario Canada
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Santos C, Duarte A, Costa A, Tomás J, Quintela T, Gonçalves I. The senses of the choroid plexus. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 182:101680. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Taste receptors, first identified on the tongue, are best known for their role in guiding our dietary preferences. The expression of taste receptors for umami, sweet, and bitter have been demonstrated in tissues outside of the oral cavity, including in the airway, brain, gastrointestinal tract, and reproductive organs. The extra-oral taste receptor chemosensory pathways and the endogenous taste receptor ligands are generally unknown, but there is increasing data suggesting that taste receptors are involved in regulating some aspects of innate immunity, and may potentially control the composition of the nasal microbiome in healthy individuals or patients with upper respiratory diseases like chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). For this reason, taste receptors may serve as potential therapeutic targets, providing alternatives to conventional antibiotics. This review focuses on the physiology of sweet (T1R) and bitter (T2R) taste receptors in the airway and their activation by secreted bacterial products. There is particular focus on T2R38 in sinonasal ciliated cells, as well as the sweet and bitter receptors found on specialized sinonasal solitary chemosensory cells. Additionally, this review explores the impact of genetic variations in these receptors on the differential susceptibility of patients to upper airway infections, such as CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Carey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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38
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Abstract
Clinical management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has primarily relied on the use of beta 2 adrenergic receptor agonists (bronchodilators) and corticosteroids, and more recently, monoclonal antibody therapies (biologics) targeting specific cytokines and their functions. Although these approaches provide relief from exacerbations, questions remain on their long-term efficacy and safety. Furthermore, current therapeutics do not address progressive airway remodeling (AR), a key pathological feature of severe obstructive lung disease. Strikingly, agonists of the bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) deliver robust bronchodilation, curtail allergen-induced inflammatory responses in the airways and regulate airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell proliferation and mitigate features of AR in vitro and in animal models. The scope of this review is to provide a comprehensive and systematic insight into our current understanding of TAS2Rs with an emphasis on the molecular events that ensue TAS2R activation in distinct airway cell types and expand on the pleiotropic effects of TAS2R targeting in mitigating various pathological features of obstructive lung diseases. Finally, we will discuss specific opportunities that could help the development of selective agonists for specific TAS2R subtypes in the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay P Nayak
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sushrut D Shah
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - James V Michael
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Deepak A Deshpande
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Zabadaj M, Szuplewska A, Balcerzak M, Chudy M, Ciosek-Skibińska P. Ion Chromatographic Fingerprinting of STC-1 Cellular Response for Taste Sensing. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19051062. [PMID: 30832321 PMCID: PMC6427131 DOI: 10.3390/s19051062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Taste sensing is of great importance in both the pharmaceutical and foodstuff industries, and is currently mainly based on human sensory evaluation. Many approaches based on chemical sensors have been proposed, leading to the development of various electronic tongue systems. However, this approach is limited by the applied recognition methods, which do not consider natural receptors. Biorecognition elements such as taste receptor proteins or whole cells can be involved in the development of taste sensing biosensors usually equipped with various electrochemical transducers. Here, we propose a new approach: intestinal secretin tumor cell line (STC-1) chemosensory cells were applied for taste recognition, and their taste-specific cellular response was decoded from ion chromatographic fingerprints with the use of multivariate data processing by partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). This approach could be useful for the development of various non-invasive taste sensing assays, as well as for studying taste transduction mechanisms in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Zabadaj
- The Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Szuplewska
- The Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Maria Balcerzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Michał Chudy
- The Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Patrycja Ciosek-Skibińska
- The Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
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Triantafillou V, Workman AD, Patel NN, Maina IW, Tong CCL, Kuan EC, Kennedy DW, Palmer JN, Adappa ND, Waizel-Haiat S, Cohen NA. Broncho-Vaxom® (OM-85 BV) soluble components stimulate sinonasal innate immunity. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2019; 9:370-377. [PMID: 30615298 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Broncho-Vaxom® (OM-85 BV) is an extract of infectious respiratory bacteria that is used as an immunostimulant outside of the United States for the prevention and treatment of bronchitis and rhinosinusitis. Prior studies have shown that use of OM-85 BV is associated with reduction in frequency of respiratory infection and decreased duration of antibiotic usage. However, the effects of OM-85 BV on respiratory mucosal innate immunity are unknown. METHODS Human sinonasal epithelial cells were grown at an air-liquid interface (ALI). Ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and nitric oxide (NO) production in response to stimulation with OM-85 BV was measured in vitro. Pharmacologic inhibitors of bitter taste receptor (T2R) signaling were used to determine if this pathway was taste-receptor-mediated. RESULTS Apical application of OM-85 BV resulted in an NO-mediated increase in CBF (p < 0.05) and increased NO production (p < 0.0001) when compared to saline-stimulated control cultures. ALI pretreatment with taste receptor pathway inhibitors blocked OM-85 BV-induced increases in NO. CONCLUSION OM-85 BV has ciliostimulatory and immunogenic properties that may be partially responsible for its observed efficacy as a respiratory therapeutic. These responses were NO-dependent and consistent with T2R activation. Further work is necessary to elucidate specific component-receptor signaling relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Triantafillou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alan D Workman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Neil N Patel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ivy W Maina
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Charles C L Tong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Edward C Kuan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA
| | - David W Kennedy
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - James N Palmer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Salomon Waizel-Haiat
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Centro Neurológico ABC, Centro Médico ABC, Ciudad de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Noam A Cohen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA.,Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA
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Abstract
Many odors activate the intranasal chemosensory trigeminal system where they produce cooling and other somatic sensations such as tingling, burning, or stinging. Specific trigeminal receptors are involved in the mediation of these sensations. Importantly, the trigeminal system also mediates sensitivity to airflow. The intranasal trigeminal and the olfactory system are closely connected. With regard to central nervous processing, it is most interesting that trigeminal stimuli can activate the piriform cortex, which is typically viewed as the primary olfactory cortex. This suggests that interactions between the two systems may form at a relatively early stage of processing. For example, there is evidence showing that acquired olfactory loss leads to reduced trigeminal sensitivity, probably on account of the lack of interaction in the central nervous system. Decreased trigeminal sensitivity may also be responsible for changes in airflow perception, leading to the impression of congested nasal airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Johannes Frasnelli
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Department of Anatomy, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
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Patel NN, Workman AD, Cohen NA. Role of Taste Receptors as Sentinels of Innate Immunity in the Upper Airway. J Pathog 2018; 2018:9541987. [PMID: 30363975 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9541987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is emerging that shows taste receptors serve functions outside of taste sensation of the tongue. Taste receptors have been found in tissue across the human body, including the gastrointestinal tract, bladder, brain, and airway. These extraoral taste receptors appear to be important in modulating the innate immune response through detection of pathogens. This review discusses taste receptor signaling, focusing on the G-protein-coupled receptors that detect bitter and sweet compounds in the upper airway epithelium. Emphasis is given to recent studies which link the physiology of sinonasal taste receptors to clinical manifestation of upper airway disease.
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Patel NN, Kohanski MA, Maina IW, Workman AD, Herbert DR, Cohen NA. Sentinels at the wall: epithelial-derived cytokines serve as triggers of upper airway type 2 inflammation. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2018; 9:93-99. [PMID: 30260580 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has demonstrated an expanding role of respiratory epithelial cells in immune surveillance and modulation. Studies have been focusing on the earliest events that link epithelial injury to downstream inflammatory responses. Cytokines produced by and released from respiratory epithelial cells are among these early trigger signals. Epithelial-derived cytokines, namely thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), interleukin (IL)-25, and IL-33, have come to the forefront of recent investigations. Each of these 3 cytokines has been implicated in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), asthma, and atopy. Herein we review studies elucidating the roles of epithelial-derived cytokines in the pathobiology of upper airway disease, with particular emphasis on type 2 inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil N Patel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael A Kohanski
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ivy W Maina
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alan D Workman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - De'Broski R Herbert
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Noam A Cohen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.,Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA.,Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA
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Maina IW, Workman AD, Cohen NA. The role of bitter and sweet taste receptors in upper airway innate immunity: Recent advances and future directions. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 4:200-208. [PMID: 30506052 PMCID: PMC6251955 DOI: 10.1016/j.wjorl.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bitter (T2R) and sweet (T1R) taste receptors have been implicated in sinonasal innate immunity and in the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Taste receptors are expressed on several sinonasal cell types including ciliated epithelial cells and solitary chemosensory cells. Bitter agonists released by pathogenic microbes elicit a T2R dependent signaling cascade which induces the release of bactericidal nitric oxide, increases mucociliary clearance, and promotes secretion of antimicrobial peptides. Genetic variation conferred by polymorphisms in T2R related genes is associated with differential CRS susceptibility, symptomatology and post-treatment outcomes. More recently, based on our understanding of T1R and T2R function, investigators have discovered novel potential therapeutics in T2R agonists and T1R antagonists. This review will discuss bitter and sweet taste receptor function in sinonasal immunity, explore the emerging diagnostic and therapeutic implications stemming from the most recent findings, and suggest directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy W Maina
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alan D Workman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Noam A Cohen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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45
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To perform analysis of evidence in current literature on the topic of genetics and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), with a particular focus on recent findings in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR), genes associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia, and taste receptor T2R38. Other genes that have been found to have association with CRS are also presented and discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies in CFTR and CRS research have investigated possible CFTR-potentiators for treatment of refractory CRS. The T2R38 gene has been shown to be applicable in the clinical setting with a testable phenotype and may have a role in the prognosis and influencing management strategies of CRS patients. Many genes of the immune system have been studied, with genome-wide association studies and candidate-gene approaches identifying new associations that will need replication and further elucidation. SUMMARY CRS is a multifactorial disease, with strong evidence of a genetic component in its pathophysiology for some cases. Currently, there are over 70 genes that have been genetically associated with CRS in the past 15 years. Future investigations into genetic causes and predispositions of CRS may allow for improved prognostication and development of disease-prevention strategies as well as novel therapeutic targets.
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Workman A, Patel N, Carey R, Kuan E, Cohen N. The Role of Taste Receptors in Airway Innate Immune Defense. Sinusitis 2018; 3:6. [DOI: 10.3390/sinusitis3020006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Patel NN, Kohanski MA, Maina IW, Triantafillou V, Workman AD, Tong CCL, Kuan EC, Bosso JV, Adappa ND, Palmer JN, Herbert DR, Cohen NA. Solitary chemosensory cells producing interleukin-25 and group-2 innate lymphoid cells are enriched in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2018; 8:900-906. [PMID: 29742315 PMCID: PMC6226383 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is commonly characterized by type-2 inflammation. It is established that group-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are a subset of immune cells important in orchestrating mucosal type-2 response. IL-25 is an epithelial-derived cytokine that is a critical activator of ILC2s. Recent evidence demonstrates that specialized taster epithelial cells, such as solitary chemosensory cells (SCCs), may be producers of IL-25. To elucidate the relationship between SCCs and ILC2s in CRSwNP, we sought to quantify ILC2s and SCCs to determine if these cell types are enriched in nasal polyps compared to healthy sinonasal mucosa. METHODS We quantified SCCs and ILC2s using multicolor flow cytometry in nasal polyps and non-inflamed turbinate mucosa from seven patients and investigated the role of IL-13 and dexamethasone on SCC frequency using tissue explants of nasal polyps and turbinate mucosa. RESULTS SCCs were found to be the primary source of IL-25. Nasal polyps demonstrated higher populations of SCCs (33.0% vs 5.6%, p < 0.001) and ILC2s (2.40% vs 0.19%, p = 0.008) compared to patient-matched nonpolypoid turbinates. In cultured polyp explants, exogenous IL-13 increased the proportion of epithelial SCCs (40.2% IL-13 condition vs 28.9% untreated, p = 0.012), and this effect was reversed by addition of dexamethasone (40.2% vs 8.9%, p < 0.0005). CONCLUSION These data support SCC and ILC2 expansion as well as increased IL-25 production in nasal polyps and may represent early events in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP. IL-13 stimulates proliferation of SCC in a feed-forward loop, a process that is steroid-sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil N Patel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael A Kohanski
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ivy W Maina
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Vasiliki Triantafillou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alan D Workman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Charles C L Tong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Edward C Kuan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - John V Bosso
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - James N Palmer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - De'Broski R Herbert
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Noam A Cohen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA
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48
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Abstract
Taste receptors were named for their originally-identified expression on the tongue and role in the sensation of taste (gustation). They are now known to be involved in many chemosensory processes outside the tongue. Expression of the receptors for bitter, sweet, and umami was recently identified in many organs, including the brain, airway, gastrointestinal tract, and reproductive systems. We do not yet know the full roles of these receptors in all of these tissues, nor do we know all of the endogenous ligands that activate them. However, taste receptors are emerging as potentially important therapeutic targets. Moreover, they may mediate some off target effects of drugs, as many medications in common clinical use are known to be bitter. The focus of this review is on recent basic and clinical data describing the expression of bitter (T2R) and sweet (T1R) receptors in the airway and their activation by secreted bacterial compounds. These receptors play important roles in innate immune nitric oxide production and antimicrobial peptide secretion, and may be useful targets for stimulating immune responses in the upper respiratory tract via topical therapies. Moreover, genetic variation in these receptors may play a role in the differential susceptibility of patients to certain types of respiratory infections as well as to differential outcomes in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). CRS is a syndrome of chronic upper respiratory infection and inflammation and has a significant detrimental impact on patient quality of life. CRS treatment accounts for approximately 20% of adult antibiotic prescriptions and is thus a large driver of the public health crisis of antibiotic resistance. Taste receptors represent a novel class of therapeutic target to potentially stimulate endogenous immune responses and treat CRS patients without conventional antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Freund
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Yan CH, Hahn S, McMahon D, Bonislawski D, Kennedy DW, Adappa ND, Palmer JN, Jiang P, Lee RJ, Cohen NA. Nitric oxide production is stimulated by bitter taste receptors ubiquitously expressed in the sinonasal cavity. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2018; 31:85-92. [PMID: 28452704 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2017.31.4424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bitter taste receptors (T2R) have recently been demonstrated to contribute to sinonasal innate immunity. One T2R, T2R38, regulates mucosal defense against gram-negative organisms through nitric oxide (NO) production, which enhances mucociliary clearance and directly kills bacteria. To determine whether additional T2Rs contribute to this innate defense, we evaluated two other sinonasal T2Rs (T2R4 and T2R16) for regulation of NO production and expression within the human sinonasal cavity. METHODS Primary human sinonasal cultures were stimulated with ligands specific to T2R4 and T2R16, colchicine and D-salicin, respectively. Cellular NO production was measured by intracellular 4-amino-5-methylamino-2',7'-difluorofluorescein diacetate fluorescence. For T2R expression mapping, sinonasal tissue was obtained from patients who underwent sinus surgery of the middle turbinate, maxillary sinus, ethmoid sinus, or sphenoid sinus. The expression of T2R4, T2R16, and T2R38 was evaluated by using immunofluorescence with validated antibodies. RESULTS Similar to T2R38, T2R4 and T2R16 trigger NO production in a dose-dependent manner by using the canonical taste signaling pathway in response to stimulation with their respective ligands. All three receptors were expressed in the cilia of human epithelial cells of all regions in the sinonasal cavity. CONCLUSION These three T2Rs signaled through the same NO-mediated antimicrobial pathway and were ubiquitously expressed in the sinonasal epithelium. Additional T2Rs besides T2R38 may play a role in sinonasal immune defense. Mapping of T2R expression demonstrated the potential widespread role of T2Rs in sinonasal defense, whereas the genetics of these T2Rs may contribute to our understanding of specific endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis and develop into novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol H Yan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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50
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Triantafillou V, Workman AD, Kohanski MA, Cohen NA. Taste Receptor Polymorphisms and Immune Response: A Review of Receptor Genotypic-Phenotypic Variations and Their Relevance to Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:64. [PMID: 29564227 PMCID: PMC5845873 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bitter (T2R) and sweet taste (T1R) receptors have emerged as regulators of upper airway immune responses. Genetic variation of these taste receptors additionally confers susceptibility to infection and has been implicated in severity of disease in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Ongoing taste receptor research has identified a variety of biologically active compounds that activate T1R and T2R receptors, increasing our understanding of not only additional receptor isoforms and their function but also how receptor function may contribute to the pathophysiology of CRS. This review will discuss the function of taste receptors in mediating airway immunity with a focus on recently described modulators of receptor function and directions for future research into the potential role of genotypic and phenotypic receptor variation as a predictor of airway disease and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Triantafillou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alan D Workman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael A Kohanski
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Noam A Cohen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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