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Coleman CR, Pallos J, Arreola-Bustos A, Wang L, Raftery D, Promislow DEL, Martin I. Natural Variation in Age-Related Dopamine Neuron Degeneration is Glutathione-Dependent and Linked to Life Span. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.12.580013. [PMID: 38405950 PMCID: PMC10888861 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.12.580013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Aging is the biggest risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD), suggesting that age-related changes in the brain promote dopamine neuron vulnerability. It is unclear, however, whether aging alone is sufficient to cause significant dopamine neuron loss and if so, how this intersects with PD-related neurodegeneration. Here, through examining a large collection of naturally varying Drosophila strains, we find a strong relationship between life span and age-related dopamine neuron loss. Naturally short-lived strains exhibit a loss of dopamine neurons but not generalized neurodegeneration, while long-lived strains retain dopamine neurons across age. Metabolomic profiling reveals lower glutathione levels in short-lived strains which is associated with elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), sensitivity to oxidative stress and vulnerability to silencing the familial PD gene parkin . Strikingly, boosting neuronal glutathione levels via glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) overexpression is sufficient to normalize ROS levels, extend life span and block dopamine neurons loss in short-lived backgrounds, demonstrating that glutathione deficiencies are central to neurodegenerative phenotypes associated with short longevity. These findings may be relevant to human PD pathogenesis, where glutathione depletion is frequently reported in idiopathic PD patient brain. Building on this evidence, we detect reduced levels of GCL catalytic and modulatory subunits in brain from PD patients harboring the LRRK2 G2019S mutation, implicating possible glutathione deficits in familial LRRK2-linked PD. Our study across Drosophila and human PD systems suggests that glutathione plays an important role in the influence of aging on PD neurodegeneration.
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2
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Corona-Trejo A, Gonsebatt ME, Trejo-Solis C, Campos-Peña V, Quintas-Granados LI, Villegas-Vázquez EY, Daniel Reyes-Hernández O, Hernández-Abad VJ, Figueroa-González G, Silva-Adaya D. Transsulfuration pathway: a targeting neuromodulator in Parkinson's disease. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:915-932. [PMID: 37409540 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The transsulfuration pathway (TSP) is a metabolic pathway involving sulfur transfer from homocysteine to cysteine. Transsulfuration pathway leads to many sulfur metabolites, principally glutathione, H2S, taurine, and cysteine. Key enzymes of the TSP, such as cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase, are essential regulators at multiple levels in this pathway. TSP metabolites are implicated in many physiological processes in the central nervous system and other tissues. TSP is important in controlling sulfur balance and optimal cellular functions such as glutathione synthesis. Alterations in the TSP and related pathways (transmethylation and remethylation) are altered in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, suggesting their participation in the pathophysiology and progression of these diseases. In Parkinson's disease many cellular processes are comprised mainly those that regulate redox homeostasis, inflammation, reticulum endoplasmic stress, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and sulfur content metabolites of TSP are involved in these damage processes. Current research on the transsulfuration pathway in Parkinson's disease has primarily focused on the synthesis and function of certain metabolites, particularly glutathione. However, our understanding of the regulation of other metabolites of the transsulfuration pathway, as well as their relationships with other metabolites, and their synthesis regulation in Parkinson´s disease remain limited. Thus, this paper highlights the importance of studying the molecular dynamics in different metabolites and enzymes that affect the transsulfuration in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Corona-Trejo
- Carrera de Biología, Laboratorio de Farmacogenética, Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Investigación Experimental Zaragoza, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 09230, Mexico
| | - María E Gonsebatt
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Cristina Trejo-Solis
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico, 14269, Mexico
| | - Victoria Campos-Peña
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico, 14269, Mexico
| | | | - Edgar Yebrán Villegas-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Farmacogenética, Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Investigación Experimental Zaragoza, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 09230 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Octavio Daniel Reyes-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Cáncer, Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Investigación Experimental Zaragoza, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 09230, Mexico
| | - Vicente Jesús Hernández-Abad
- Laboratorio de Investigación Farmacéutica, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Batalla de 5 de mayo s/n, Col, Ejército de Oriente, 09230 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Figueroa-González
- Laboratorio de Farmacogenética, Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Investigación Experimental Zaragoza, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 09230 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniela Silva-Adaya
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico, 14269, Mexico
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3
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Kim J, Daadi EW, Daadi ES, Oh T, Deleidi M, Daadi MM. LRRK2 Attenuates Antioxidant Response in Familial Parkinson's Disease Derived Neural Stem Cells. Cells 2023; 12:2550. [PMID: 37947628 PMCID: PMC10648992 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, characterized by the loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons which leads to impaired motor and cognitive functions. PD is predominantly an idiopathic disease; however, about 5% of cases are linked to hereditary mutations. The most common mutation in both familial and sporadic PD is the G2019S mutation of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2). Currently, it is not fully understood how this mutation leads to PD pathology. In this study, we isolated self-renewable, multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) harboring the G2019S LRRK2 mutation and compared them with their isogenic gene corrected counterparts using single-cell RNA-sequencing. Unbiased single-cell transcriptomic analysis revealed perturbations in many canonical pathways, specifically NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response, and glutathione redox reactions. Through various functional assays, we observed that G2019S iPSCs and NSCs exhibit increased basal levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We demonstrated that mutant cells show significant increase in the expression for KEAP1 and decrease in NRF2 associated with a reduced antioxidant response. The decreased viability of mutant NSCs in the H2O2-induced oxidative stress assay was rescued by two potent antioxidant drugs, PrC-210 at concentrations of 500 µM and 1 mM and Edaravone at concentrations 50 µM and 100 µM. Our data suggest that the hyperactive LRRK2 G2019S kinase activity leads to increase in KEAP1, which binds NRF2 and leads to its degradation, reduction in the antioxidant response, increased ROS, mitochondria dysfunction and cell death observed in the PD phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Kim
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Etienne W. Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Elyas Sebastien Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Thomas Oh
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Michela Deleidi
- Institut Imagine, INSERM UMR1163, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marcel M. Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Department of Radiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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4
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Shabani M, Soti M, Ranjbar H, Naderi R. Abscisic acid ameliorates motor disabilities in 6-OHDA-induced mice model of Parkinson's disease. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18473. [PMID: 37576242 PMCID: PMC10412891 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a myriad of symptoms, encompassing both motor disabilities and cognitive impairments. Recent research has shown that abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone found in various brain regions of several mammals and exhibits neuroprotective properties. To investigate the effects of ABA on cognitive and motor disorders, a mouse model of PD was utilized. The administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to the lateral ventricles was conducted, with ABA (10 and 15 μg/mouse, i. c.v.) being administered for one week after the 6-OHDA injection for 4 days. Motor and cognitive performance were evaluated through the use of open field, rotarod, wire grip, and shuttle box tests. The results indicated that cognitive function and motor disorders were significantly impaired in 6-OHDA-treated animals. However, in mice treated with 6-OHDA, ABA (15 μg/mouse) significantly reversed balance and muscle strength deficits. It should be noted that the administration of ABA did not significantly improve cognitive impairment or rearing in Parkinsonism mice. Therefore, the findings suggest that ABA plays a crucial role in protecting mice from motor disabilities caused by 6-OHDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shabani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Monavareh Soti
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hoda Ranjbar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Naderi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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5
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Müller T, Riederer P. The vicious circle between homocysteine, methyl group-donating vitamins and chronic levodopa intake in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023:10.1007/s00702-023-02666-x. [PMID: 37329350 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02666-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A biomarker for declined methylation capacity is elevation of homocysteine levels. They increase the risk for onset of vascular disease and contribute to progression of chronic neurodegeneration and aging. This narrative review discusses associations between homocysteine, consumption of methyl group-donating vitamins and impact on disease-generating mechanisms in levodopa-treated patients with Parkinson's disease. We conclude to recommend levodopa-treated patients to substitute themselves with methyl group-donating vitamins. This is harmless in terms of application of folic acid, methylcobalamin or hydroxocobalamin. Moreover, we suggest a crucial discussion on the value of the various popular hypotheses on Parkinson's disease-generating mechanisms. Findings from studies with acute levodopa exposure describe oxidative stress generation and impaired methylation capacity, which causes gene dysfunction. Their repeated occurrences contribute to onset of mitochondrial dysfunction, iron enrichment and pathologic protein accumulation in the long term. Current research underestimates these epigenetic, metabolic consequences of chronic levodopa application. Supplementary treatment strategies are recommended to avoid levodopa-related side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müller
- Department of Neurology, St. Joseph Hospital Berlin-Weissensee, Gartenstr. 1, 13088, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Peter Riederer
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
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6
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Hashimoto S, Matsuba Y, Takahashi M, Kamano N, Watamura N, Sasaguri H, Takado Y, Yoshihara Y, Saito T, Saido TC. Neuronal glutathione loss leads to neurodegeneration involving gasdermin activation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1109. [PMID: 36670138 PMCID: PMC9859798 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27653-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that glutathione loss is closely associated with the progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we found that the neuronal conditional-knockout (KO) of glutamyl-cysteine-ligase catalytic-subunit (GCLC), a rate-limiting enzyme for glutathione synthesis, induced brain atrophy accompanied by neuronal loss and neuroinflammation. GCLC-KO mice showed activation of C1q, which triggers engulfment of neurons by microglia, and disease-associated-microglia (DAM), suggesting that activation of microglia is linked to the neuronal loss. Furthermore, gasdermins, which regulate inflammatory form of cell death, were upregulated in the brains of GCLC-KO mice, suggesting the contribution of pyroptosis to neuronal cell death in these animals. In particular, GSDME-deficiency significantly attenuated the hippocampal atrophy and changed levels of DAM markers in GCLC-KO mice. Finally, we found that the expression of GCLC was decreased around amyloid plaques in AppNL-G-F AD model mice. AppNL-G-F mouse also exhibited inflammatory events similar to GCLC-KO mouse. We propose a mechanism by which a vicious cycle of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation enhances neurodegenerative processes. Furthermore, GCLC-KO mouse will serve as a useful tool to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration and in the development of new treatment strategies to address neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Hashimoto
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan. .,Pioneering Research Division, Medical Innovation Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-Cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Yukio Matsuba
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Mika Takahashi
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Naoko Kamano
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Naoto Watamura
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sasaguri
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Dementia Pathophysiology Collaboration Unit, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yuhei Takado
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-Ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yoshihara
- Laboratory for Systems Molecular Ethology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan.,Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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7
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Rodrigues JA, Narasimhamurthy RK, Joshi MB, Dsouza HS, Mumbrekar KD. Pesticides Exposure-Induced Changes in Brain Metabolome: Implications in the Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Disorders. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1539-1552. [PMID: 35781222 PMCID: PMC9515138 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides have been used in agriculture, public health programs, and pharmaceuticals for many decades. Though pesticides primarily target pests by affecting their nervous system and causing other lethal effects, these chemical entities also exert toxic effects in inadvertently exposed humans through inhalation or ingestion. Mounting pieces of evidence from cellular, animal, and clinical studies indicate that pesticide-exposed models display metabolite alterations of pathways involved in neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, identifying common key metabolites/metabolic pathways between pesticide-induced metabolic reprogramming and neurodegenerative diseases is necessary to understand the etiology of pesticides in the rise of neurodegenerative disorders. The present review provides an overview of specific metabolic pathways, including tryptophan metabolism, glutathione metabolism, dopamine metabolism, energy metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, fatty acids, and lipid metabolism that are specifically altered in response to pesticides. Furthermore, we discuss how these metabolite alterations are linked to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and to identify novel biomarkers for targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Arvin Rodrigues
- Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India, 576104
| | - Rekha K Narasimhamurthy
- Department of Radiation Biology and Toxicology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India, 576104
| | - Manjunath B Joshi
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India, 576104
| | - Herman Sunil Dsouza
- Department of Radiation Biology and Toxicology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India, 576104
| | - Kamalesh Dattaram Mumbrekar
- Department of Radiation Biology and Toxicology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India, 576104.
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8
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See WZC, Naidu R, Tang KS. Cellular and Molecular Events Leading to Paraquat-Induced Apoptosis: Mechanistic Insights into Parkinson’s Disease Pathophysiology. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3353-3369. [PMID: 35306641 PMCID: PMC9148284 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the cardinal features of tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability, in addition to other non-motor symptoms. Pathologically, PD is attributed to the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, with the hallmark of the presence of intracellular protein aggregates of α-synuclein in the form of Lewy bodies. The pathogenesis of PD is still yet to be fully elucidated due to the multifactorial nature of the disease. However, a myriad of studies has indicated several intracellular events in triggering apoptotic neuronal cell death in PD. These include oxidative stress, mitochondria dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, alteration in dopamine catabolism, inactivation of tyrosine hydroxylase, and decreased levels of neurotrophic factors. Laboratory studies using the herbicide paraquat in different in vitro and in vivo models have demonstrated the induction of many PD pathological features. The selective neurotoxicity induced by paraquat has brought a new dawn in our perspectives about the pathophysiology of PD. Epidemiological data have suggested an increased risk of developing PD in the human population exposed to paraquat for a long term. This model has opened new frontiers in the quest for new therapeutic targets for PD. The purpose of this review is to synthesize the relationship between the exposure of paraquat and the pathogenesis of PD in in vitro and in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Zhi Chung See
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rakesh Naidu
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kim San Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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9
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Ontario ML, Siracusa R, Modafferi S, Scuto M, Sciuto S, Greco V, Bertuccio MP, Salinaro AT, Crea R, Calabrese EJ, Di Paola R, Calabrese V. POTENTIAL PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS BY OLIVE POLYPHENOLS AND HYDROX. Mech Ageing Dev 2022; 203:111637. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2022.111637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Parga JA, Rodriguez-Perez AI, Garcia-Garrote M, Rodriguez-Pallares J, Labandeira-Garcia JL. NRF2 Activation and Downstream Effects: Focus on Parkinson's Disease and Brain Angiotensin. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111649. [PMID: 34829520 PMCID: PMC8614768 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are signalling molecules used to regulate cellular metabolism and homeostasis. However, excessive ROS production causes oxidative stress, one of the main mechanisms associated with the origin and progression of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease. NRF2 (Nuclear Factor-Erythroid 2 Like 2) is a transcription factor that orchestrates the cellular response to oxidative stress. The regulation of NRF2 signalling has been shown to be a promising strategy to modulate the progression of the neurodegeneration associated to Parkinson's disease. The NRF2 pathway has been shown to be affected in patients with this disease, and activation of NRF2 has neuroprotective effects in preclinical models, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of this pathway. In this review, we highlight recent advances regarding the regulation of NRF2, including the effect of Angiotensin II as an endogenous signalling molecule able to regulate ROS production and oxidative stress in dopaminergic neurons. The genes regulated and the downstream effects of activation, with special focus on Kruppel Like Factor 9 (KLF9) transcription factor, provide clues about the mechanisms involved in the neurodegenerative process as well as future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. Parga
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.I.R.-P.); (M.G.-G.); (J.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, CIMUS, Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, R/ San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.A.P.); (J.L.L.-G.)
| | - Ana I. Rodriguez-Perez
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.I.R.-P.); (M.G.-G.); (J.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, CIMUS, Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, R/ San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Garcia-Garrote
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.I.R.-P.); (M.G.-G.); (J.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, CIMUS, Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, R/ San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jannette Rodriguez-Pallares
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.I.R.-P.); (M.G.-G.); (J.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, CIMUS, Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, R/ San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose L. Labandeira-Garcia
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.I.R.-P.); (M.G.-G.); (J.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, CIMUS, Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, R/ San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.A.P.); (J.L.L.-G.)
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11
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Riederer P, Monoranu C, Strobel S, Iordache T, Sian-Hülsmann J. Iron as the concert master in the pathogenic orchestra playing in sporadic Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:1577-1598. [PMID: 34636961 PMCID: PMC8507512 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02414-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
About 60 years ago, the discovery of a deficiency of dopamine in the nigro-striatal system led to a variety of symptomatic therapeutic strategies to supplement dopamine and to substantially improve the quality of life of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Since these seminal developments, neuropathological, neurochemical, molecular biological and genetic discoveries contributed to elucidate the pathology of PD. Oxidative stress, the consequences of reactive oxidative species, reduced antioxidative capacity including loss of glutathione, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, proteasomal dysfunction, apoptosis, lysosomal dysfunction, autophagy, suggested to be causal for ɑ-synuclein fibril formation and aggregation and contributing to neuroinflammation and neural cell death underlying this devastating disorder. However, there are no final conclusions about the triggered pathological mechanism(s) and the follow-up of pathological dysfunctions. Nevertheless, it is a fact, that iron, a major component of oxidative reactions, as well as neuromelanin, the major intraneuronal chelator of iron, undergo an age-dependent increase. And ageing is a major risk factor for PD. Iron is significantly increased in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of PD. Reasons for this finding include disturbances in iron-related import and export mechanisms across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), localized opening of the BBB at the nigro-striatal tract including brain vessel pathology. Whether this pathology is of primary or secondary importance is not known. We assume that there is a better fit to the top-down hypotheses and pathogens entering the brain via the olfactory system, then to the bottom-up (gut-brain) hypothesis of PD pathology. Triggers for the bottom-up, the dual-hit and the top-down pathologies include chemicals, viruses and bacteria. If so, hepcidin, a regulator of iron absorption and its distribution into tissues, is suggested to play a major role in the pathogenesis of iron dyshomeostasis and risk for initiating and progressing ɑ-synuclein pathology. The role of glial components to the pathology of PD is still unknown. However, the dramatic loss of glutathione (GSH), which is mainly synthesized in glia, suggests dysfunction of this process, or GSH uptake into neurons. Loss of GSH and increase in SNpc iron concentration have been suggested to be early, may be even pre-symptomatic processes in the pathology of PD, despite the fact that they are progression factors. The role of glial ferritin isoforms has not been studied so far in detail in human post-mortem brain tissue and a close insight into their role in PD is called upon. In conclusion, "iron" is a major player in the pathology of PD. Selective chelation of excess iron at the site of the substantia nigra, where a dysfunction of the BBB is suggested, with peripherally acting iron chelators is suggested to contribute to the portfolio and therapeutic armamentarium of anti-Parkinson medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Riederer
- Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - C Monoranu
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Neuropathology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - S Strobel
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Neuropathology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - T Iordache
- George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - J Sian-Hülsmann
- Department of Medical Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
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12
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Gong J, Zhang W, Ding L, Zhang M, Zheng S, Ma R, Tang J, Yi W, Xu H, Zhang Y. 4,4'-Dimethoxychalcone regulates redox homeostasis by targeting riboflavin metabolism in Parkinson's disease therapy. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 174:40-56. [PMID: 34332078 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress damage plays a pivotal role in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. Previously, we developed a blood brain barrier-penetrating peptide-based "Trojan Horse" strategy to deliver 4,4'-dimethoxychalcone (DMC) for PD therapy and revealed neuroprotective properties of DMC in a PD model; however, the underlying mechanisms remained unclear. Here, we report that DMC attenuated motor impairment, degeneration of DA neurons and α-synuclein aggregation in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and exogenous human α-synuclein-induced PD mouse models. Mechanistically, DMC increased the expression of two critical intermediates in riboflavin metabolism: riboflavin kinase (RFK) and its metabolic product, flavin mononucleotide (FMN). We provide the first direct evidence that FMN ameliorated oxidative stress damage and dopaminergic neuron degeneration both in vitro and in vivo and that riboflavin metabolism was required for DMC-mediated neuroprotection. DMC-induced restoration of redox homeostasis was mediated via the activation of protein kinase Cθ (PKCθ) signaling. Together, our findings reveal that DMC may serve as a novel antioxidant in PD intervention and also define a novel mechanism that underlies its therapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Gong
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Liuyan Ding
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Mengran Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Shaohui Zheng
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Runfang Ma
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Junyuan Tang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Wei Yi
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Center for Brain Sciences of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yunlong Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, 510260, China.
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13
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Shin EJ, Jeong JH, Hwang Y, Sharma N, Dang DK, Nguyen BT, Nah SY, Jang CG, Bing G, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. Methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity as a model of Parkinson's disease. Arch Pharm Res 2021; 44:668-688. [PMID: 34286473 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-021-01341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with a high prevalence, approximately 1 % in the elderly population. Numerous studies have demonstrated that methamphetamine (MA) intoxication caused the neurological deficits and nigrostriatal damage seen in Parkinsonian conditions, and subsequent rodent studies have found that neurotoxic binge administration of MA reproduced PD-like features, in terms of its symptomatology and pathology. Several anti-Parkinsonian medications have been shown to attenuate the motor impairments and dopaminergic damage induced by MA. In addition, it has been recognized that mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, pro-apoptosis, proteasomal/autophagic impairment, and neuroinflammation play important roles in inducing MA neurotoxicity. Importantly, MA neurotoxicity has been shown to share a common mechanism of dopaminergic toxicity with that of PD pathogenesis. This review describes the major findings on the neuropathological features and underlying neurotoxic mechanisms induced by MA and compares them with Parkinsonian pathogenesis. Taken together, it is suggested that neurotoxic binge-type administration of MA in rodents is a valid animal model for PD that may provide knowledge on the neuropathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, 24341, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 06974, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonggwang Hwang
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, 24341, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Naveen Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, 24341, Chunchon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 06974, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Duy-Khanh Dang
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, 24341, Chunchon, Republic of Korea.,Pharmacy Faculty, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 900000, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Bao-Trong Nguyen
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, 24341, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, 05029, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 16419, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Guoying Bing
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, KY, 40536, Lexington, USA
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Health Science, Fujita Health University, 470-1192, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, 24341, Chunchon, Republic of Korea. .,Neuropsychopharmacology & Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, 24341, Chunchon, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Raj Rai S, Bhattacharyya C, Sarkar A, Chakraborty S, Sircar E, Dutta S, Sengupta R. Glutathione: Role in Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress, Antioxidant Defense, and Treatments. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sristi Raj Rai
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University Kolkata 700135, W.B. India
| | | | - Anwita Sarkar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University Kolkata 700135, W.B. India
| | - Surupa Chakraborty
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University Kolkata 700135, W.B. India
| | - Esha Sircar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University Kolkata 700135, W.B. India
| | - Sreejita Dutta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University Kolkata 700135, W.B. India
| | - Rajib Sengupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University Kolkata 700135, W.B. India
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15
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Ma L, Gholam Azad M, Dharmasivam M, Richardson V, Quinn RJ, Feng Y, Pountney DL, Tonissen KF, Mellick GD, Yanatori I, Richardson DR. Parkinson's disease: Alterations in iron and redox biology as a key to unlock therapeutic strategies. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101896. [PMID: 33799121 PMCID: PMC8044696 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A plethora of studies indicate that iron metabolism is dysregulated in Parkinson's disease (PD). The literature reveals well-documented alterations consistent with established dogma, but also intriguing paradoxical observations requiring mechanistic dissection. An important fact is the iron loading in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), which are the cells primarily affected in PD. Assessment of these changes reveal increased expression of proteins critical for iron uptake, namely transferrin receptor 1 and the divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), and decreased expression of the iron exporter, ferroportin-1 (FPN1). Consistent with this is the activation of iron regulator protein (IRP) RNA-binding activity, which is an important regulator of iron homeostasis, with its activation indicating cytosolic iron deficiency. In fact, IRPs bind to iron-responsive elements (IREs) in the 3ꞌ untranslated region (UTR) of certain mRNAs to stabilize their half-life, while binding to the 5ꞌ UTR prevents translation. Iron loading of dopaminergic neurons in PD may occur through these mechanisms, leading to increased neuronal iron and iron-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The "gold standard" histological marker of PD, Lewy bodies, are mainly composed of α-synuclein, the expression of which is markedly increased in PD. Of note, an atypical IRE exists in the α-synuclein 5ꞌ UTR that may explain its up-regulation by increased iron. This dysregulation could be impacted by the unique autonomous pacemaking of dopaminergic neurons of the SNpc that engages L-type Ca+2 channels, which imparts a bioenergetic energy deficit and mitochondrial redox stress. This dysfunction could then drive alterations in iron trafficking that attempt to rescue energy deficits such as the increased iron uptake to provide iron for key electron transport proteins. Considering the increased iron-loading in PD brains, therapies utilizing limited iron chelation have shown success. Greater therapeutic advancements should be possible once the exact molecular pathways of iron processing are dissected.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ma
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Gholam Azad
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Dharmasivam
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - V Richardson
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - R J Quinn
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Y Feng
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - D L Pountney
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - K F Tonissen
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - G D Mellick
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - I Yanatori
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - D R Richardson
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
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16
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Kim SW, Kim Y, Kim SE, An JY. Ferroptosis-Related Genes in Neurodevelopment and Central Nervous System. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:35. [PMID: 33419148 PMCID: PMC7825574 DOI: 10.3390/biology10010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis, first introduced as a new form of regulated cell death induced by erastin, is accompanied by the accumulation of iron and lipid peroxides, thus it can be inhibited either by iron chelators or by lipophilic antioxidants. In the past decade, multiple studies have introduced the potential importance of ferroptosis in many human diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we will discuss the genetic association of ferroptosis with neurological disorders and development of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Whee Kim
- Department of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.-W.K.); (Y.K.)
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Yujin Kim
- Department of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.-W.K.); (Y.K.)
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Sung Eun Kim
- Department of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.-W.K.); (Y.K.)
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Joon-Yong An
- Department of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.-W.K.); (Y.K.)
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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17
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Santana-Codina N, Gikandi A, Mancias JD. The Role of NCOA4-Mediated Ferritinophagy in Ferroptosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1301:41-57. [PMID: 34370287 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-62026-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) is a selective cargo receptor that mediates the autophagic degradation of ferritin, the cytosolic iron storage complex, in a process known as ferritinophagy. NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy is required to maintain intracellular and systemic iron homeostasis and thereby iron-dependent physiologic processes such as erythropoiesis. Given this role of ferritinophagy in regulating iron homeostasis, modulating NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagic flux alters sensitivity to ferroptosis, a non-apoptotic iron-dependent form of cell death triggered by peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). A role for ferroptosis has been established in the pathophysiology of cancer and neurodegeneration; however, the importance of ferritinophagy in these pathologies remains largely unknown. Here, we review the available evidence on biochemical regulation of NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy and its role in modulating sensitivity to innate and induced ferroptosis in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Finally, we evaluate the potential of modulating ferritinophagy in combination with ferroptosis inducers as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Santana-Codina
- Division of Radiation and Genome Stability, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ajami Gikandi
- Division of Radiation and Genome Stability, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph D Mancias
- Division of Radiation and Genome Stability, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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18
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Khan H, Tundis R, Ullah H, Aschner M, Belwal T, Mirzaei H, Akkol EK. Flavonoids targeting NRF2 in neurodegenerative disorders. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111817. [PMID: 33069760 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan.
| | - Rosa Tundis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Hammad Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Tarun Belwal
- Centre for Biodiversity Conservation and Management, G.B. Plant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R, Iran.
| | - Esra Kupeli Akkol
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy Gazi University 06330, Etiler/Ankara Turkey.
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19
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Bjørklund G, Peana M, Maes M, Dadar M, Severin B. The glutathione system in Parkinson's disease and its progression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 120:470-478. [PMID: 33068556 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Redox dysfunctions and neuro-oxidative stress play a major role in the pathophysiology and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Glutathione (GSH) and the reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio are lowered in oxidative stress conditions and may lead to increased oxidative toxicity. GSH is involved not only in neuro-immune and neuro-oxidative processes, including thiol redox signaling, but also in cell proliferation and differentiation and in the regulation of cell death, including apoptotic pathways. Lowered GSH metabolism and a low GSH/GSSG ratio following oxidative stress are associated with mitochondrial dysfunctions and constitute a critical factor in the neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes accompanying PD. This review provides indirect evidence that GSH redox signaling is associated with the pathophysiology of PD. Nevertheless, it has not been delineated whether GSH redox imbalances are a causative factor in PD or whether PD-associated pathways cause the GSH redox imbalances in PD. The results show that antioxidant approaches, including neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory agents, which neutralize reactive oxygen species, may have therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of PD and its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | | | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Impact Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Beatrice Severin
- Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, Constanta, Romania
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20
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Marí M, de Gregorio E, de Dios C, Roca-Agujetas V, Cucarull B, Tutusaus A, Morales A, Colell A. Mitochondrial Glutathione: Recent Insights and Role in Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100909. [PMID: 32987701 PMCID: PMC7598719 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), most of them deriving from the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Among the numerous enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems present in mitochondria, mitochondrial glutathione (mGSH) emerges as the main line of defense for maintaining the appropriate mitochondrial redox environment. mGSH’s ability to act directly or as a co-factor in reactions catalyzed by other mitochondrial enzymes makes its presence essential to avoid or to repair oxidative modifications that can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequently to cell death. Since mitochondrial redox disorders play a central part in many diseases, harboring optimal levels of mGSH is vitally important. In this review, we will highlight the participation of mGSH as a contributor to disease progression in pathologies as diverse as Alzheimer’s disease, alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, or diabetic nephropathy. Furthermore, the involvement of mitochondrial ROS in the signaling of new prescribed drugs and in other pathologies (or in other unmet medical needs, such as gender differences or coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) treatment) is still being revealed; guaranteeing that research on mGSH will be an interesting topic for years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Marí
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona-Spanish Council of Scientific Research, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.d.G.); (C.d.D.); (V.R.-A.); (B.C.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.C.); Tel.: +34-93-363-8300 (M.M.)
| | - Estefanía de Gregorio
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona-Spanish Council of Scientific Research, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.d.G.); (C.d.D.); (V.R.-A.); (B.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Cristina de Dios
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona-Spanish Council of Scientific Research, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.d.G.); (C.d.D.); (V.R.-A.); (B.C.); (A.T.)
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Roca-Agujetas
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona-Spanish Council of Scientific Research, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.d.G.); (C.d.D.); (V.R.-A.); (B.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Blanca Cucarull
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona-Spanish Council of Scientific Research, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.d.G.); (C.d.D.); (V.R.-A.); (B.C.); (A.T.)
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Tutusaus
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona-Spanish Council of Scientific Research, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.d.G.); (C.d.D.); (V.R.-A.); (B.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Albert Morales
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona-Spanish Council of Scientific Research, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.d.G.); (C.d.D.); (V.R.-A.); (B.C.); (A.T.)
- Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.C.); Tel.: +34-93-363-8300 (M.M.)
| | - Anna Colell
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona-Spanish Council of Scientific Research, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.d.G.); (C.d.D.); (V.R.-A.); (B.C.); (A.T.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.C.); Tel.: +34-93-363-8300 (M.M.)
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21
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Li Z, Zhu R, Liu Y, Li J, Gao H, Hu N. γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens: transpeptidation activity enhancement and L-theanine production. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 140:109644. [PMID: 32912696 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
L-theanine, a unique amino acid in green tea with health benefits, can be enzymatically synthesized by γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GT; EC 2.3.2.2). Here, a salt-tolerant γ-glutamyltranspeptidase from a marine bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was expressed in Escherichia. coli BL21 (DE3) and was shown to be optimally active at 55 °C, pH 8.5 and alkali stable. A mutant, with higher transpeptidation activity, was obtained following two rounds of directed evolution using error-prone PCR and site-saturation mutagenesis. The mutation increased the ratio of transpeptidation to hydrolysis from 1.6 to 35.6. Additionally, Kinetic analysis exhibited 17.5% decrease of Km, 13.0-fold increase of Kcat, and 16.3-fold increase of Kcat/Km in mutant V319A/S437 G versus the wild-type. The 3-D modelling analysis revealed a tighter binding pocket in mutant V319A/S437 G. The frequency of hydrogen bond between donor substrate and two residues in the catalytic pocket (Gly437 and Thr375) was enhanced, which stabilized the ligand binding and thus improved the catalytic efficiency. The optimal conditions for the biocatalytic synthesis were determined as pH 10.0, 20 μg mL-1BaGT, 200 mM L-glutamine, 2 M ethylamine, and a reaction time of 5 h. The V319A/S437 G mutant was shown to increase the percentage yield of L-theanine from 58% to 83%. These results indicate the great potential of V319A/S437 G in L-theanine production after further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelong Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China.
| | - Runtao Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China.
| | - Yongqi Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China.
| | - Jiaqi Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China.
| | - Haofeng Gao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China.
| | - Nan Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China.
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22
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Kim Y, Connor JR. The roles of iron and HFE genotype in neurological diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 75:100867. [PMID: 32654761 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Iron accumulation is a recurring pathological phenomenon in many neurological diseases including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and others. Iron is essential for normal development and functions of the brain; however, excess redox-active iron can also lead to oxidative damage and cell death. Especially for terminally differentiated cells like neurons, regulation of reactive oxygen species is critical for cell viability. As a result, cellular iron level is tightly regulated. Although iron accumulation related to neurological diseases has been well documented, the pathoetiological contributions of the homeostatic iron regulator (HFE), which controls cellular iron uptake, is less understood. Furthermore, a common HFE variant, H63D HFE, has been identified as a modifier of multiple neurological diseases. This review will discuss the roles of iron and HFE in the brain as well as their impact on various disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsung Kim
- Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - James R Connor
- Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Hershey, PA, USA.
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23
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De Miranda BR, Greenamyre JT. Trichloroethylene, a ubiquitous environmental contaminant in the risk for Parkinson's disease. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:543-554. [PMID: 31996877 PMCID: PMC7941732 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00578a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic solvents are common chemicals used in industry throughout the world, however, there is evidence for adverse health effects from exposure to these compounds. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a halogenated solvent that has been used as a degreasing agent since the early 20th century. Due to its widespread use, TCE remains one of the most significant environmental contaminants in the US, and extensive research suggests TCE is a causative factor in a number of diseases, including cancer, fetal cardiac development, and neurotoxicity. TCE has also been implicated as a possible risk factor in the development of the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, Parkinson's disease (PD). However, there is variable concordance across multiple occupational epidemiological studies assessing TCE (or solvent) exposure and risk for PD. In addition, there remains a degree of uncertainty about how TCE elicits toxicity to the dopaminergic system. To this end, we review the specific neurotoxic mechanisms of TCE in the context of selective vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons. In addition, we consider the complexity of combined risk factors that ultimately contribute to neurodegeneration and discuss the limitations of single-factor exposure assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana R De Miranda
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, BST-7045, Pittsburgh, 15260, Pennsylvania, USA.
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24
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Abstract
The mercapturic acid pathway is a major route for the biotransformation of xenobiotic and endobiotic electrophilic compounds and their metabolites. Mercapturic acids (N-acetyl-l-cysteine S-conjugates) are formed by the sequential action of the glutathione transferases, γ-glutamyltransferases, dipeptidases, and cysteine S-conjugate N-acetyltransferase to yield glutathione S-conjugates, l-cysteinylglycine S-conjugates, l-cysteine S-conjugates, and mercapturic acids; these metabolites constitute a "mercapturomic" profile. Aminoacylases catalyze the hydrolysis of mercapturic acids to form cysteine S-conjugates. Several renal transport systems facilitate the urinary elimination of mercapturic acids; urinary mercapturic acids may serve as biomarkers for exposure to chemicals. Although mercapturic acid formation and elimination is a detoxication reaction, l-cysteine S-conjugates may undergo bioactivation by cysteine S-conjugate β-lyase. Moreover, some l-cysteine S-conjugates, particularly l-cysteinyl-leukotrienes, exert significant pathophysiological effects. Finally, some enzymes of the mercapturic acid pathway are described as the so-called "moonlighting proteins," catalytic proteins that exert multiple biochemical or biophysical functions apart from catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Hanna
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - M W Anders
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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25
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Ben-Shachar D. The bimodal mechanism of interaction between dopamine and mitochondria as reflected in Parkinson's disease and in schizophrenia. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 127:159-168. [PMID: 31848775 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and schizophrenia (SZ) are two CNS disorders in which dysfunctions in the dopaminergic system and mitochondria are major pathologies. The symptomology of both, PD a neurodegenerative disorder and SZ a neurodevelopmental disorder, is completely different. However, the pharmacological treatment of each of the diseases can cause a shift of symptoms into those characteristic of the other disease. In this review, I describe a pathological interaction between dopamine and mitochondria in both disorders, which due to differences in the extent of oxidative stress leads either to cell death and tissue degeneration as in PD substantia nigra pars compacta or to distorted neuronal activity, imbalanced neuronal circuitry and abnormal behavior and cognition in SZ. This review is in the honor of Moussa Youdim who introduced me to the secrets of research work. His enthusiasm, curiosity and novelty-seeking inspired me throughout my career. Thank you Moussa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Ben-Shachar
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Health Care Campus, and B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, POB 9649, 31096, Haifa, Israel.
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26
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Chloramphenicol Mitigates Oxidative Stress by Inhibiting Translation of Mitochondrial Complex I in Dopaminergic Neurons of Toxin-Induced Parkinson's Disease Model. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:4174803. [PMID: 31534621 PMCID: PMC6732590 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4174803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ), an herbicide considered an environmental contributor to the development of Parkinson's disease (PD), induces dopaminergic neuronal loss through reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative stress by mitochondrial complex I. Most patients with PQ-induced PD are affected by chronic exposure and require a preventive strategy for modulation of disease progression. To identify drugs that are effective in preventing PD, we screened more than 1000 drugs that are currently used in clinics and in studies employing PQ-treated cells. Of these, chloramphenicol (CP) showed the most powerful inhibitory effect. Pretreatment with CP increased the viability of PQ-treated SN4741 dopaminergic neuronal cells and rat primary cultured dopaminergic neurons compared with control cells treated with PQ only. CP pretreatment also reduced PQ-induced ROS production, implying that mitochondrial complex I is a target of CP. This effect of CP reflected downregulation of the mitochondrial complex I subunit ND1 and diminished PQ recycling, a major mechanism of ROS production, and resulted in the prevention of cell loss. Notably, these effects of CP were not observed in rotenone-pretreated SN4741 cells and Rho-negative cells, in which mitochondrial function is defective. Consistent with these results, CP pretreatment of MPTP-treated PD model mice also ameliorated dopaminergic neuronal cell loss. Our findings indicate that the inhibition of mitochondrial complex I with CP protects dopaminergic neurons and may provide a strategy for preventing neurotoxin-induced PD.
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27
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Badillo-Ramírez I, Saniger JM, Rivas-Arancibia S. 5-S-cysteinyl-dopamine, a neurotoxic endogenous metabolite of dopamine: Implications for Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2019; 129:104514. [PMID: 31369776 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide and is characterized for being an idiopathic and multifactorial disease. Extensive research has been conducted to explain the origin of the disease, but it still remains elusive. It is well known that dopamine oxidation, through the endogenous formation of toxic metabolites, is a key process in the activation of a cascade of molecular events that leads to cellular death in the hallmark of PD. Thio-catecholamines, such as 5-S-cysteinyl-dopamine, 5-S-glutathionyl-dopamine and derived benzothiazines, are endogenous metabolites formed in the dopamine oxidative degradation pathway. Those metabolites have been shown to be highly toxic to neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, activating molecular mechanisms that ultimately lead to neuronal death. In this review we describe the origin, formation and the toxic effects of 5-S-cysteinyl-dopamine and its oxidative derivatives that cause death to dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, we correlate the formation of those metabolites with the neurodegeneration progress in PD. In addition, we present the reported neuroprotective strategies of products that protect against the cellular damage of those thio-catecholamines. Finally, we discuss the advantages in the use of 5-S-cysteinyl-dopamine as a potential biomarker for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro Badillo-Ramírez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito externo S/N, Cd. Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito externo S/N, Cd. Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José M Saniger
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito externo S/N, Cd. Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Selva Rivas-Arancibia
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito externo S/N, Cd. Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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28
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Smith GA, Lin TH, Sheehan AE, Van der Goes van Naters W, Neukomm LJ, Graves HK, Bis-Brewer DM, Züchner S, Freeman MR. Glutathione S-Transferase Regulates Mitochondrial Populations in Axons through Increased Glutathione Oxidation. Neuron 2019; 103:52-65.e6. [PMID: 31101394 PMCID: PMC6616599 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential in long axons to provide metabolic support and sustain neuron integrity. A healthy mitochondrial pool is maintained by biogenesis, transport, mitophagy, fission, and fusion, but how these events are regulated in axons is not well defined. Here, we show that the Drosophila glutathione S-transferase (GST) Gfzf prevents mitochondrial hyperfusion in axons. Gfzf loss altered redox balance between glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and initiated mitochondrial fusion through the coordinated action of Mfn and Opa1. Gfzf functioned epistatically with the thioredoxin peroxidase Jafrac1 and the thioredoxin reductase 1 TrxR-1 to regulate mitochondrial dynamics. Altering GSH:GSSG ratios in mouse primary neurons in vitro also induced hyperfusion. Mitochondrial changes caused deficits in trafficking, the metabolome, and neuronal physiology. Changes in GSH and oxidative state are associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's. Our demonstration that GSTs are key in vivo regulators of axonal mitochondrial length and number provides a potential mechanistic link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaynor A Smith
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; UK Dementia Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.
| | - Tzu-Huai Lin
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Amy E Sheehan
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | - Lukas J Neukomm
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne VD, Switzerland
| | - Hillary K Graves
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dana M Bis-Brewer
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Stephan Züchner
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Marc R Freeman
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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29
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Parui PP, Ray A, Das S, Sarkar Y, Paul T, Roy S, Majumder R, Bandyopadhyay J. Glutathione-selective “off–on” fluorescence response by a probe-displaced modified ligand for its detection in biological domains. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj05784b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The glutathione-induced oxidation of benzylic-alcohol into the formyl moiety in the ligand displaced from the Cu(ii)-complex exhibits in vitro and in vivo “off–on” fluorescence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ambarish Ray
- Department of Chemistry
- Maulana Azad College
- Kolakta 700013
- India
| | - Sanju Das
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
- India
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Yeasmin Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Tanaya Paul
- Department of Biotechnology
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology
- Kolkata 700064
- India
| | - Snigdha Roy
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Rini Majumder
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Jaya Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology
- Kolkata 700064
- India
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30
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Metabolomic investigations in cerebrospinal fluid of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208752. [PMID: 30532185 PMCID: PMC6287824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms of Parkinson´s disease are not completely revealed. Especially, early diagnostic biomarkers are lacking. To characterize early pathophysiological events, research is focusing on metabolomics. In this case-control study we investigated the metabolic profile of 31 Parkinson´s disease-patients in comparison to 95 neurologically healthy controls. The investigation of metabolites in CSF was performed by a 12 Tesla SolariX Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometer (FT-ICR-MS). Multivariate statistical analysis sorted the most important biomarkers in relation to their ability to differentiate Parkinson versus control. The affected metabolites, their connection and their conversion pathways are described by means of network analysis. The metabolic profiling by FT-ICR-MS in CSF yielded in a good group separation, giving insights into the disease mechanisms. A total number of 243 metabolites showed an affected intensity in Parkinson´s disease, whereas 15 of these metabolites seem to be the main biological contributors. The network analysis showed a connection to the tricarboxylic cycle (TCA cycle) and therefore to mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress within mitochondria. The metabolomic analysis of CSF in Parkinson´s disease showed an association to pathways which are involved in lipid/ fatty acid metabolism, energy metabolism, glutathione metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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31
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Rekha KR, Inmozhi Sivakamasundari R. Geraniol Protects Against the Protein and Oxidative Stress Induced by Rotenone in an In Vitro Model of Parkinson's Disease. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1947-1962. [PMID: 30141137 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2617-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of autophagy, mitochondrial dynamics and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are currently considered as major contributing factors in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Accumulation of oxidatively damaged cytoplasmic organelles and unfolded proteins in the lumen of the ER causes ER stress and it is associated with dopaminergic cell death in PD. Rotenone is a pesticide that selectively kills dopaminergic neurons by a variety of mechanism, has been implicated in PD. Geraniol (GE; 3,7-dimethylocta-trans-2,6-dien-1-ol) is an acyclic monoterpene alcohol occurring in the essential oils of several aromatic plants. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of GE on rotenone-induced mitochondrial dysfunction dependent oxidative stress leads to cell death in SK-N-SH cells. In addition, we assessed the involvement of GE on rotenone-induced dysfunction in autophagy machinery via α-synuclein accumulation induced ER stress. We found that pre-treatment of GE enhanced cell viability, ameliorated intracellular redox, preserved mitochondrial membrane potential and improves the level of mitochondrial complex-1 in rotenone treated SK-N-SH cells. Furthermore, GE diminishes autophagy flux by reduced autophagy markers, and decreases ER stress by reducing α-synuclein expression in SK-N-SH cells. Our results demonstrate that GE possess its neuroprotective effect via reduced rotenone-induced oxidative stress by enhanced antioxidant status and maintain mitochondrial function. Furthermore, GE reduced ER stress and improved autophagy flux in the neuroblastomal SK-N-SH cells. The present study could suggest that GE a novel therapeutic avenue for clinical intervention in neurodegenerative diseases especially for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karamkolly R Rekha
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Raja Muthaiah Medical College, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu, 608 002, India
| | - Ramu Inmozhi Sivakamasundari
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Raja Muthaiah Medical College, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu, 608 002, India.
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32
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Ren X, Zou L, Zhang X, Branco V, Wang J, Carvalho C, Holmgren A, Lu J. Redox Signaling Mediated by Thioredoxin and Glutathione Systems in the Central Nervous System. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:989-1010. [PMID: 28443683 PMCID: PMC5649126 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The thioredoxin (Trx) and glutathione (GSH) systems play important roles in maintaining the redox balance in the brain, a tissue that is prone to oxidative stress due to its high-energy demand. These two disulfide reductase systems are active in various areas of the brain and are considered to be critical antioxidant systems in the central nervous system (CNS). Various neuronal disorders have been characterized to have imbalanced redox homeostasis. Recent Advances: In addition to their detrimental effects, recent studies have highlighted that reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) act as critical signaling molecules by modifying thiols in proteins. The Trx and GSH systems, which reversibly regulate thiol modifications, regulate redox signaling involved in various biological events in the CNS. CRITICAL ISSUES In this review, we focus on the following: (i) how ROS/RNS are produced and mediate signaling in CNS; (ii) how Trx and GSH systems regulate redox signaling by catalyzing reversible thiol modifications; (iii) how dysfunction of the Trx and GSH systems causes alterations of cellular redox signaling in human neuronal diseases; and (iv) the effects of certain small molecules that target thiol-based signaling pathways in the CNS. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further study on the roles of thiol-dependent redox systems in the CNS will improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of many human neuronal disorders and also help to develop novel protective and therapeutic strategies against neuronal diseases. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 989-1010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Ren
- 1 Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lili Zou
- 1 Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden .,2 Translational Neuroscience and Neural Regeneration and Repair Institute/Institute of Cell Therapy, The First Hospital of Yichang, Three Gorges University , Yichang, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- 1 Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vasco Branco
- 3 Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa) , Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jun Wang
- 2 Translational Neuroscience and Neural Regeneration and Repair Institute/Institute of Cell Therapy, The First Hospital of Yichang, Three Gorges University , Yichang, China
| | - Cristina Carvalho
- 3 Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa) , Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Arne Holmgren
- 1 Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jun Lu
- 4 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing, China
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33
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Coles LD, Tuite PJ, Öz G, Mishra UR, Kartha RV, Sullivan KM, Cloyd JC, Terpstra M. Repeated-Dose Oral N-Acetylcysteine in Parkinson's Disease: Pharmacokinetics and Effect on Brain Glutathione and Oxidative Stress. J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 58:158-167. [PMID: 28940353 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with oxidative stress and decreased nigral glutathione (GSH), suggesting that therapies that boost GSH may have a disease-modifying effect. Intravenous administration of a high dose of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a well-known antioxidant and GSH precursor, increases blood and brain GSH in individuals with PD and with Gaucher disease and in healthy controls. To characterize the pharmacokinetics of repeated high oral doses of NAC and their effect on brain and blood oxidative stress measures, we conducted a 4-week open-label prospective study of oral NAC in individuals with PD (n = 5) and in healthy controls (n = 3). Brain GSH was measured in the occipital cortex using 1 H-MRS at 3 and 7 tesla before and after 28 days of 6000 mg NAC/day. Blood was collected prior to dosing and at predetermined collection times before and after the last dose to assess NAC, cysteine, GSH, catalase, malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) concentrations and the reduced-to-oxidized GSH ratio (GSH/ glutathione disulfide [GSSG]). Symptomatic adverse events were reported by 3 of the 5 subjects with PD. NAC plasma concentration-time profiles were described by a first-order absorption, 1-compartment pharmacokinetic model. Although peripheral antioxidant measures (catalase and GSH/GSSG) increased significantly relative to baseline, indicators of oxidative damage, that is, measures of lipid peroxidation (4-HNE and MDA) were unchanged. There were no significant increases in brain GSH, which may be related to low oral NAC bioavailability and small fractional GSH/GSSG blood responses. Additional studies are needed to further characterize side effects and explore the differential effects of NAC on measures of antioxidant defense and oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D Coles
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Paul J Tuite
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Gülin Öz
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), Department of Radiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Usha R Mishra
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Reena V Kartha
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kathleen M Sullivan
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - James C Cloyd
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Melissa Terpstra
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), Department of Radiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Are Astrocytes the Predominant Cell Type for Activation of Nrf2 in Aging and Neurodegeneration? Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6030065. [PMID: 28820437 PMCID: PMC5618093 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that regulates hundreds of antioxidant genes, and is activated in response to oxidative stress. Given that many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease and multiple sclerosis are characterised by oxidative stress, Nrf2 is commonly activated in these diseases. Evidence demonstrates that Nrf2 activity is repressed in neurons in vitro, and only cultured astrocytes respond strongly to Nrf2 inducers, leading to the interpretation that Nrf2 signalling is largely restricted to astrocytes. However, Nrf2 activity can be observed in neurons in post-mortem brain tissue and animal models of disease. Thus this interpretation may be false, and a detailed analysis of the cell type expression of Nrf2 in neurodegenerative diseases is required. This review describes the evidence for Nrf2 activation in each cell type in prominent neurodegenerative diseases and normal aging in human brain and animal models of neurodegeneration, the response to pharmacological and genetic modulation of Nrf2, and clinical trials involving Nrf2-modifying drugs.
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Liddell JR, White AR. Nexus between mitochondrial function, iron, copper and glutathione in Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2017; 117:126-138. [PMID: 28577988 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is neuropathologically characterised by loss of catecholamine neurons in vulnerable brain regions including substantia nigra pars compacta and locus coeruleus. This review discusses how the susceptibility of these regions is defined by their shared biochemical characteristics that differentiate them from other neurons. Parkinson's disease is biochemically characterised by mitochondrial dysfunction, accumulation of iron, diminished copper content and depleted glutathione levels in these regions. This review also discusses this neuropathology, and provides evidence for how these pathological features are mechanistically linked to each other. This leads to the conclusion that disruption of mitochondrial function, or iron, copper or glutathione metabolism in isolation provokes the pathological impairment of them all. This creates a vicious cycle that drives pathology leading to mitochondrial failure and neuronal cell death in vulnerable brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Liddell
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Anthony R White
- Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
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36
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Feng W, Rosca M, Fan Y, Hu Y, Feng P, Lee HG, Monnier VM, Fan X. Gclc deficiency in mouse CNS causes mitochondrial damage and neurodegeneration. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:1376-1390. [PMID: 28158580 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma glutamyl cysteine ligase (GCL) is the rate-limiting enzyme for intracellular glutathione (GSH) synthesis. The GSH concentration and GCL activity are declining with age in the central nervous system (CNS), and is accompanied by elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS). To study the biological effects of low GSH levels, we disrupted its synthesis both at birth by breeding a Gclc loxP mouse with a thy1-cre mouse (NEGSKO mouse) and at a later age by breeding with a CaMKII-ERT2-Cre (FIGSKO mouse). NEGSKO mice with deficiency of the Gclc in their entire CNS neuronal cells develop at 4 weeks: progressive motor neuron loss, gait problems, muscle denervation and atrophy, paralysis, and have diminished life expectancy. The observed neurodegeneration in Gclc deficiency is of more chronic rather than acute nature as demonstrated by Gclc targeted single-neuron labeling from the inducible Cre-mediated knockout (SLICK) mice. FIGSKO mice with inducible Gclc deficiency in the forebrain at 23 weeks after tamoxifen induction demonstrate profound brain atrophy, elevated astrogliosis and neurodegeneration, particularly in the hippocampus region. FIGSKO mice also develop cognitive abnormalities, i.e. learning impairment and nesting behaviors based on passive avoidance, T-Maze, and nesting behavior tests. Mechanistic studies show that impaired mitochondrial glutathione homeostasis and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction are responsible for neuronal cell loss. This was confirmed by mitochondrial electron transporter chain activity analysis and transmission electron microscopy that demonstrate remarkable impairment of state 3 respiratory activity, impaired complex IV function, and mitochondrial swollen morphology in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. These mouse genetic tools of oxidative stress open new insights into potential pharmacological control of apoptotic signaling pathways triggered by mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Feng
- First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Mariana Rosca
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | | | - Yufen Hu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine
| | - Pingfu Feng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine
| | - Hyoung-Gon Lee
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Vincent M Monnier
- Department of Pathology.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Ryu YK, Kang Y, Go J, Park HY, Noh JR, Kim YH, Hwang JH, Choi DH, Han SS, Oh WK, Lee CH, Kim KS. Humulus japonicus Prevents Dopaminergic Neuron Death in 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Models of Parkinson's Disease. J Med Food 2017; 20:116-123. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.3851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Kyoung Ryu
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Toxicology Evaluation, Konyang University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young Kang
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jun Go
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hye-Yeon Park
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jung-Ran Noh
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Hwang
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Choi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sang-Seop Han
- Department of Toxicology Evaluation, Konyang University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Won-Keun Oh
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Shim Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
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Mehta NJ, Asmaro K, Hermiz DJ, Njus MM, Saleh AH, Beningo KA, Njus D. Hypochlorite converts cysteinyl-dopamine into a cytotoxic product: A possible factor in Parkinson's Disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 101:44-52. [PMID: 27682361 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine oxidation product cysteinyl-dopamine has attracted attention as a contributor to the death of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. Treatment of cysteinyl-dopamine with hypochlorite yields an even more cytotoxic product. This product has potent redox-cycling activity and initiates production of superoxide in PC12 cells. Taurine, which scavenges hypochlorite, protects PC12 cells from cysteinyl-dopamine but not from the hypochlorite product, suggesting that the product, not cysteinyl-dopamine itself, is toxic. Furthermore, rotenone, which enhances expression of the hypochlorite-producing enzyme myeloperoxidase, increases the cytotoxicity of cysteinyl-dopamine but not of the hypochlorite product. This suggests that dopamine oxidation to cysteinyl-dopamine followed by hypochlorite-dependent conversion to a cytotoxic redox-cycling product leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress and may contribute to the death of dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihar J Mehta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Karam Asmaro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - David J Hermiz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Meredith M Njus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Ashraf H Saleh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Karen A Beningo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - David Njus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States.
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39
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Chuang JI, Pan IL, Hsieh CY, Huang CY, Chen PC, Shin JW. Melatonin prevents the dynamin-related protein 1-dependent mitochondrial fission and oxidative insult in the cortical neurons after 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium treatment. J Pineal Res 2016; 61:230-40. [PMID: 27159033 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Mitochondrial morphology is dynamic and precisely regulated by the mitochondrial fission and fusion machinery. Aberrant mitochondrial fragmentation controlled by the mitochondrial fission protein, dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), may result in cell death. Our previous results showed that melatonin protected neurons by inhibiting oxidative stress in a 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+) )-induced PD model. However, the effect of melatonin on mitochondrial dynamics remains uncharacterized. Herein, we investigated the effect of melatonin and the role of Drp1 on MPP(+) -induced mitochondrial fission in rat primary cortical neurons. We found that MPP(+) induced a rapid increase in the ratio of GSSG:total glutathione (a marker of oxidative stress) and mitochondrial fragmentation, Drp1 upregulation within 4 hours, and finally resulted in neuron loss 48 hours after the treatment. Neurons overexpressing wild-type Drp1 promoted mitochondrial and nuclear fragmentation; however, neurons overexpressing dominant-negative Drp1(K38A) or cotreated with melatonin exhibited significantly reduced MPP(+) -induced mitochondrial fragmentation and neuron death. Moreover, melatonin cotreatment prevented an MPP(+) -induced high ratio of GSSG and mitochondrial Drp1 upregulation. The prevention of mitochondrial fission by melatonin was not found in neurons transfected with wild-type Drp1. These results provide a new insight that the neuroprotective effect of melatonin against MPP(+) toxicity is mediated by inhibiting the oxidative stress and Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jih-Ing Chuang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I-Ling Pan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yun Hsieh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Ying Huang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Chen
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jyh Wei Shin
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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40
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Gleixner AM, Posimo JM, Pant DB, Henderson MP, Leak RK. Astrocytes Surviving Severe Stress Can Still Protect Neighboring Neurons from Proteotoxic Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:4939-60. [PMID: 26374549 PMCID: PMC4792804 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are one of the major cell types to combat cellular stress and protect neighboring neurons from injury. In order to fulfill this important role, astrocytes must sense and respond to toxic stimuli, perhaps including stimuli that are severely stressful and kill some of the astrocytes. The present study demonstrates that primary astrocytes that managed to survive severe proteotoxic stress were protected against subsequent challenges. These findings suggest that the phenomenon of preconditioning or tolerance can be extended from mild to severe stress for this cell type. Astrocytic stress adaptation lasted at least 96 h, the longest interval tested. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) was raised in stressed astrocytes, but inhibition of neither Hsp70 nor Hsp32 activity abolished their resistance against a second proteotoxic challenge. Only inhibition of glutathione synthesis abolished astrocytic stress adaptation, consistent with our previous report. Primary neurons were plated upon previously stressed astrocytes, and the cocultures were then exposed to another proteotoxic challenge. Severely stressed astrocytes were still able to protect neighboring neurons against this injury, and the protection was unexpectedly independent of glutathione synthesis. Stressed astrocytes were even able to protect neurons after simultaneous application of proteasome and Hsp70 inhibitors, which otherwise elicited synergistic, severe loss of neurons when applied together. Astrocyte-induced neuroprotection against proteotoxicity was not elicited with astrocyte-conditioned media, suggesting that physical cell-to-cell contacts may be essential. These findings suggest that astrocytes may adapt to severe stress so that they can continue to protect neighboring cell types from profound injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Gleixner
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Jessica M Posimo
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Deepti B Pant
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Matthew P Henderson
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA.
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41
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Phosphonate-based irreversible inhibitors of human γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). GGsTop is a non-toxic and highly selective inhibitor with critical electrostatic interaction with an active-site residue Lys562 for enhanced inhibitory activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:5340-5352. [PMID: 27622749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT, EC 2.3.2.2) that catalyzes the hydrolysis and transpeptidation of glutathione and its S-conjugates is involved in a number of physiological and pathological processes through glutathione metabolism and is an attractive pharmaceutical target. We report here the evaluation of a phosphonate-based irreversible inhibitor, 2-amino-4-{[3-(carboxymethyl)phenoxy](methoyl)phosphoryl}butanoic acid (GGsTop) and its analogues as a mechanism-based inhibitor of human GGT. GGsTop is a stable compound, but inactivated the human enzyme significantly faster than the other phosphonates, and importantly did not inhibit a glutamine amidotransferase. The structure-activity relationships, X-ray crystallography with Escherichia coli GGT, sequence alignment and site-directed mutagenesis of human GGT revealed a critical electrostatic interaction between the terminal carboxylate of GGsTop and the active-site residue Lys562 of human GGT for potent inhibition. GGsTop showed no cytotoxicity toward human fibroblasts and hepatic stellate cells up to 1mM. GGsTop serves as a non-toxic, selective and highly potent irreversible GGT inhibitor that could be used for various in vivo as well as in vitro biochemical studies.
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42
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Brain effects of manganese exposure in mice pups during prenatal and breastfeeding periods. Neurochem Int 2016; 97:109-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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43
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Parkinson's Disease: The Mitochondria-Iron Link. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 2016:7049108. [PMID: 27293957 PMCID: PMC4886095 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7049108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction, iron accumulation, and oxidative damage are conditions often found in damaged brain areas of Parkinson's disease. We propose that a causal link exists between these three events. Mitochondrial dysfunction results not only in increased reactive oxygen species production but also in decreased iron-sulfur cluster synthesis and unorthodox activation of Iron Regulatory Protein 1 (IRP1), a key regulator of cell iron homeostasis. In turn, IRP1 activation results in iron accumulation and hydroxyl radical-mediated damage. These three occurrences-mitochondrial dysfunction, iron accumulation, and oxidative damage-generate a positive feedback loop of increased iron accumulation and oxidative stress. Here, we review the evidence that points to a link between mitochondrial dysfunction and iron accumulation as early events in the development of sporadic and genetic cases of Parkinson's disease. Finally, an attempt is done to contextualize the possible relationship between mitochondria dysfunction and iron dyshomeostasis. Based on published evidence, we propose that iron chelation-by decreasing iron-associated oxidative damage and by inducing cell survival and cell-rescue pathways-is a viable therapy for retarding this cycle.
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Otsuki N, Homma T, Fujiwara H, Kaneko K, Hozumi Y, Shichiri M, Takashima M, Ito J, Konno T, Kurahashi T, Yoshida Y, Goto K, Fujii S, Fujii J. Trichloroethylene exposure aggravates behavioral abnormalities in mice that are deficient in superoxide dismutase. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 79:83-90. [PMID: 27166294 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) has been implicated as a causative agent for Parkinson's disease (PD). The administration of TCE to rodents induces neurotoxicity associated with dopaminergic neuron death, and evidence suggests that oxidative stress as a major player in the progression of PD. Here we report on TCE-induced behavioral abnormality in mice that are deficient in superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). Wild-type (WT) and SOD1-deficient (Sod1(-/-)) mice were intraperitoneally administered TCE (500 mg/kg) over a period of 4 weeks. Although the TCE-administrated Sod1(-/-) mice showed marked abnormal motor behavior, no significant differences were observed among the experimental groups by biochemical and histopathological analyses. However, treating mouse neuroblastoma-derived NB2a cells with TCE resulted in the down regulation of the SOD1 protein and elevated oxidative stress under conditions where SOD1 production was suppressed. Taken together, these data indicate that SOD1 plays a pivotal role in protecting motor neuron function against TCE toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Otsuki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Takujiro Homma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Hiroki Fujiwara
- Department of Physiology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Kenya Kaneko
- Department of Physiology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Hozumi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iidanishi 2-2-2, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Mototada Shichiri
- Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Mizuki Takashima
- Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Junitsu Ito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Tasuku Konno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kurahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Yoshida
- Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
| | - Kaoru Goto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iidanishi 2-2-2, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujii
- Department of Physiology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
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Carvalho AN, Marques C, Guedes RC, Castro-Caldas M, Rodrigues E, van Horssen J, Gama MJ. S-Glutathionylation of Keap1: a new role for glutathioneS-transferase pi in neuronal protection. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:1455-66. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Neves Carvalho
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa); Faculty of Pharmacy; Universidade de Lisboa; Portugal
| | - Carla Marques
- Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences; Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI); Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra; Portugal
| | - Rita C. Guedes
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa); Faculty of Pharmacy; Universidade de Lisboa; Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Therapeutics; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Lisbon; Portugal
| | - Margarida Castro-Caldas
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa); Faculty of Pharmacy; Universidade de Lisboa; Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade NOVA de Lisboa; Caparica Portugal
| | - Elsa Rodrigues
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa); Faculty of Pharmacy; Universidade de Lisboa; Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Lisbon; Portugal
| | - Jack van Horssen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Maria João Gama
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa); Faculty of Pharmacy; Universidade de Lisboa; Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Lisbon; Portugal
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46
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Zhao J, Yu S, Zheng Y, Yang H, Zhang J. Oxidative Modification and Its Implications for the Neurodegeneration of Parkinson’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1404-1418. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9743-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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47
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Takahashi S, Hisatsune A, Kurauchi Y, Seki T, Katsuki H. Insulin-like growth factor 1 specifically up-regulates expression of modifier subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase and enhances glutathione synthesis in SH-SY5Y cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 771:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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48
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Patil J, Matte A, Nissbrandt H, Mallard C, Sandberg M. Sustained Effects of Neonatal Systemic Lipopolysaccharide on IL-1β and Nrf2 in Adult Rat Substantia Nigra Are Partly Normalized by a Spirulina-Enriched Diet. Neuroimmunomodulation 2016; 23:250-259. [PMID: 27931028 PMCID: PMC5266664 DOI: 10.1159/000452714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Neonatal infection can sensitize the adult substantia nigra (SN) to secondary insults, causing a decrease in antioxidant capacity which may lead to Parkinson's disease in adults. We studied the prolonged effect of systemic infection by (i.p.) administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on interleukin (IL)-1β, the antioxidant regulator nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator (PGC)-1α in rat SN. METHOD AND RESULTS Five-day-old rat pups were treated with LPS (i.p. 2 mg/kg). After 65 days, the mRNA level of IL-1β was significantly increased, in parallel with a decrease in that of the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione synthesis, the γ-glutamylcysteine ligase catalytic subunit (γGCLc), Nrf2, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Protein levels of γGCLc and Nrf2 were decreased while IL-1β protein was significantly increased. These LPS-induced long-term changes correlated with a decrease in phosphorylated (active) AKT (pAKT) and phosphorylated (inactive) GSK-3β (pGSK-3β). In another set of experiments, a 0.1% Spirulina-containing diet was given to lactating mothers 24 h before the LPS treatment of the pups. The Spirulina-supplemented diet decreased IL-1β protein expression in SN and elevated the mRNA level of γGCLc, Nrf2 protein, PGC-1α protein, and pAKT. CONCLUSION Early-life infection can negatively affect Nrf2, pAKT, and pGSK-3β for a long time in SN. A diet enriched with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phytochemicals can partly restore some, but not all, of the effects on the antioxidant defense, possibly via normalizing effects on pAKT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspal Patil
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ashok Matte
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hans Nissbrandt
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Mallard
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Sandberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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Enhanced Neuroprotective Effects of Coadministration of Tetrandrine with Glutathione in Preclinical Model of Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2015; 2015:931058. [PMID: 26664824 PMCID: PMC4667061 DOI: 10.1155/2015/931058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aim. In this study we examined the influence of tetrandrine (Tet) on the neuroprotective effects of glutathione (GSH) in the 6-hydroxydopamine- (6-OHDA-) lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods. Levels in the redox system, dopamine (DA) metabolism, dopaminergic neuronal survival, and apoptosis of the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum, as well as the rotational behavior of animals were examined after a 50-day administration of GSH + Tet (or GSH) and/or L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) to PD rats. Ethics Committee of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University approved the protocol (number SYXK2009-0082). Results. Administration of GSH or Tet alone did not show any significant effects on the factors evaluated in the PD rats. However, in the GSH + Tet group, we observed markedly decreased oxidative damage, inhibition of DA metabolism and enhanced DA synthesis, increased tyrosine hydroxylase- (TH-) immunopositive neuronal survival, and delayed apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons in the SN. Animal rotational behavior was improved in the GSH + Tet group. Additionally, coadministration of GSH + Tet appeared to offset the possible oxidative neurotoxicity induced by L-dopa. Conclusion. In this study, we demonstrated that tetrandrine allowed occurrence of the neuroprotective effect of glutathione probably due to inhibition of P-glycoprotein on 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat models of Parkinson's disease, including rats undergoing long-term L-dopa treatment.
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Voshavar C, Shah M, Xu L, Dutta AK. Assessment of Protective Role of Multifunctional Dopamine Agonist D-512 Against Oxidative Stress Produced by Depletion of Glutathione in PC12 Cells: Implication in Neuroprotective Therapy for Parkinson's Disease. Neurotox Res 2015; 28:302-18. [PMID: 26201265 PMCID: PMC6158776 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been strongly implicated in the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Depletion of cytoplasmic glutathione levels is one of the indications of oxidative stress, which occur in the substantia nigra of PD patients at an early stage of the disease process. It has been shown that glutathione depletion causes the inhibition of mitochondrial complex I, thus affecting mitochondrial function leading to oxidative stress via production of reactive oxygen species. Studies were carried out to investigate the role of D-512, a potent multifunctional neuroprotective D2/D3 receptor agonist, in protecting dopaminergic PC12 cells treated with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of key enzyme in glutathione synthesis and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a widely used neurotoxin. D-512 was able to restore level of glutathione against BSO/6-OHDA-mediated glutathione depletion. D-512 also showed significant neuroprotection in PC12 cells against toxicity induced by combined treatment of BSO and 6-OHDA. Furthermore, D-512 was able to restore both phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase and phospho-Jun N-terminal kinase levels upon treatment with 6-OHDA providing an evidence on the possible mechanism of action for neuroprotection by modulating mitogen-activated protein kinases. We have further demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of D-512 against oxidative insult produced by BSO and 6-OHDA in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mrudang Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Liping Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Aloke K Dutta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Rm# 3128, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
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