1
|
Zhao H, Huang L, Liu W, Dong Q, Bai Q, Yuan J, Jiang Z, Chen M, Liu D, Wang J, Li Y, Wang P. Segmented Template-Directed Self-Assembly of Giant Truncated Triangular Supramolecules. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:4152-4159. [PMID: 38372260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The template-directed strategy has been extensively employed for the construction of supramolecular architectures. However, with the increase in the size and complexity of these structures, the synthesis difficulty of the templates escalates exponentially, thereby impeding the widespread application of this strategy. In this study, two truncated triangles T1 and T2 were successfully self-assembled through a novel segmented template strategy by segmenting the core triangular template into portions. Two metallo-organic ligands L2 and L3 were designed and synthesized by dividing the central stable triangle into three separate parts and incorporating them into the precursor ligands, which served as templates to guide the self-assembly process with ligands L1 and L4, respectively. The assembled structures were unambiguously characterized by multidimensional and multinuclear NMR (1H, COSY, NOESY), multidimensional mass spectrometry analysis (ESI-MS and TWIM-MS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Moreover, we observed the formation of fiberlike nanotubes from single-molecule triangles by hierarchical self-assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Zhao
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Linlin Huang
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Wenping Liu
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Qiangqiang Dong
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Qixia Bai
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
| | - Zhilong Jiang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Mingzhao Chen
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Die Liu
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Pingshan Wang
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen C, Weil T. Cyclic polymers: synthesis, characteristics, and emerging applications. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:1121-1135. [PMID: 35938292 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00242f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic polymers with a ring-like topology and no chain ends are a unique class of macromolecules. In the past several decades, significant advances have been made to prepare these fascinating polymers, which allow for the exploration of their topological effects and potential applications in various fields. In this Review, we first describe representative synthetic strategies for making cyclic polymers and their derivative topological polymers with more complex structures. Second, the unique physical properties and self-assembly behavior of cyclic polymers are discussed by comparing them with their linear analogues. Special attention is paid to highlight how polymeric rings can assemble into hierarchical macromolecular architectures. Subsequently, representative applications of cyclic polymers in different fields such as drug and gene delivery and surface functionalization are presented. Last, we envision the following key challenges and opportunities for cyclic polymers that may attract future attention: large-scale synthesis, efficient purification, programmable folding and assembly, and expansion of applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaojian Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ashbridge Z, Fielden SDP, Leigh DA, Pirvu L, Schaufelberger F, Zhang L. Knotting matters: orderly molecular entanglements. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7779-7809. [PMID: 35979715 PMCID: PMC9486172 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00323f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Entangling strands in a well-ordered manner can produce useful effects, from shoelaces and fishing nets to brown paper packages tied up with strings. At the nanoscale, non-crystalline polymer chains of sufficient length and flexibility randomly form tangled mixtures containing open knots of different sizes, shapes and complexity. However, discrete molecular knots of precise topology can also be obtained by controlling the number, sequence and stereochemistry of strand crossings: orderly molecular entanglements. During the last decade, substantial progress in the nascent field of molecular nanotopology has been made, with general synthetic strategies and new knotting motifs introduced, along with insights into the properties and functions of ordered tangle sequences. Conformational restrictions imparted by knotting can induce allostery, strong and selective anion binding, catalytic activity, lead to effective chiral expression across length scales, binding modes in conformations efficacious for drug delivery, and facilitate mechanical function at the molecular level. As complex molecular topologies become increasingly synthetically accessible they have the potential to play a significant role in molecular and materials design strategies. We highlight particular examples of molecular knots to illustrate why these are a few of our favourite things.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Ashbridge
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - David A Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Lucian Pirvu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mahmood A, Dimitrova M, Wirz LN, Sundholm D. Magnetically Induced Current Densities in Zinc Porphyrin Nanoshells. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:1936-1945. [PMID: 35302768 PMCID: PMC8978182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c10815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The molecular structures of porphyrinoid cages were obtained by constructing small polyhedral graphs whose vertices have degree-4. The initial structures were then fully optimized at the density functional theory (DFT) level using the generalized gradient approximation. Some of polyhedral vertices were replaced with Zn-porphyrin units and their edges were replaced with ethyne or butadiyne bridges or connected by fusing two neighboring Zn-porphyrin units. Molecule 1 is an ethyne-bridge porphyrinoid nanotube, whose ends are sealed with a Zn-porphyrin. Molecule 2 is the corresponding open porphyrinoid nanotube. Molecule 3 is a clam-like porphyrinoid cage, whose shells consist of fused Zn-porphyrins, and the two halves are connected via butadiyne bridges. Molecule 4 is a cross-belt of fused Zn-porphyrins, and molecule 5 is a cross-belt of Zn-porphyrins connected with butadiyne bridges. The magnetically induced current density of the optimized porphyrinoid cages was calculated for determining the aromatic character, the degree of aromaticity and the current-density pathways. The current-density calculations were performed at the DFT level with the gauge─including magnetically induced currents (GIMIC) method using the B3LYP hybrid functional and def2-SVP basis sets. Calculations of the current densities show that molecule 2 sustains a paratropic ring current around the nanotube, whereas sealing the ends as in molecule 1 leads to an almost nonaromatic nanotube. Fusing porphyrinoids as in molecules 3 and 4 results in complicated current-density pathways that differ from the ones usually appearing in porphyrinoids. The aromatic character of molecules 4 and 5 changes upon oxidation. The neutral molecule 4 is antiaromatic, whereas the dication is nonaromatic. Molecule 5 is nonaromatic, and its dication is aromatic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atif Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Dimitrova
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lukas N. Wirz
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ashbridge Z, Kreidt E, Pirvu L, Schaufelberger F, Stenlid JH, Abild-Pedersen F, Leigh DA. Vernier template synthesis of molecular knots. Science 2022; 375:1035-1041. [PMID: 35239374 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm9247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular knots are often prepared using metal helicates to cross the strands. We found that coordinatively mismatching oligodentate ligands and metal ions provides a more effective way to synthesize larger knots using Vernier templating. Strands composed of different numbers of tridentate 2,6-pyridinedicarboxamide groups fold around nine-coordinate lanthanide (III) ions to generate strand-entangled complexes with the lowest common multiple of coordination sites for the ligand strands and metal ions. Ring-closing olefin metathesis then completes the knots. A 3:2 (ditopic strand:metal) Vernier assembly produces +31#+31 and -31#-31 granny knots. Vernier complexes of 3:4 (tetratopic strand:metal) stoichiometry selectively form a 378-atom-long trefoil-of-trefoils triskelion knot with 12 alternating strand crossings or, by using opposing stereochemistry at the terminus of the strand, an inverted-core triskelion knot with six alternating and six nonalternating strand crossings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Ashbridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Elisabeth Kreidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Lucian Pirvu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | | | - Joakim Halldin Stenlid
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Frank Abild-Pedersen
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - David A Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Leguizamon SC, Scott TF. Mimicking DNA Functions with Abiotic, Sequence-Defined Polymers. POLYM REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.2014519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C. Leguizamon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Timothy F. Scott
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Šindelka K, Limpouchová Z, Procházka K. Solubilization of Charged Porphyrins in Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes: A Computer Study. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:502. [PMID: 33562022 PMCID: PMC7915837 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using coarse-grained dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) with explicit electrostatics, we performed (i) an extensive series of simulations of the electrostatic co-assembly of asymmetric oppositely charged copolymers composed of one (either positively or negatively charged) polyelectrolyte (PE) block A and one water-soluble block B and (ii) studied the solubilization of positively charged porphyrin derivatives (P+) in the interpolyelectrolyte complex (IPEC) cores of co-assembled nanoparticles. We studied the stoichiometric mixtures of 137 A10+B25 and 137 A10-B25 chains with moderately hydrophobic A blocks (DPD interaction parameter aAS=35) and hydrophilic B blocks (aBS=25) with 10 to 120 P+ added (aPS=39). The P+ interactions with other components were set to match literature information on their limited solubility and aggregation behavior. The study shows that the moderately soluble P+ molecules easily solubilize in IPEC cores, where they partly replace PE+ and electrostatically crosslink PE- blocks. As the large P+ rings are apt to aggregate, P+ molecules aggregate in IPEC cores. The aggregation, which starts at very low loadings, is promoted by increasing the number of P+ in the mixture. The positively charged copolymers repelled from the central part of IPEC core partially concentrate at the core-shell interface and partially escape into bulk solvent depending on the amount of P+ in the mixture and on their association number, AS. If AS is lower than the ensemble average ⟨AS⟩n, the copolymer chains released from IPEC preferentially concentrate at the core-shell interface, thus increasing AS, which approaches ⟨AS⟩n. If AS>⟨AS⟩n, they escape into the bulk solvent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Šindelka
- Department of Molecular and Mesoscopic Modelling, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Rozvojová 1, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Zuzana Limpouchová
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Karel Procházka
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Maeda C, Toyama S, Okada N, Takaishi K, Kang S, Kim D, Ema T. Tetrameric and Hexameric Porphyrin Nanorings: Template Synthesis and Photophysical Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:15661-15666. [PMID: 32847356 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hexameric and tetrameric porphyrin nanorings, Z6·T6 and Z4·T4, were synthesized in 53% and 14% yields, respectively, by the Sonogashira-type self-oligomerization of porphyrin monomer 1 using hexadentate template T6 and tetrapyridylporphyrin template T4. Template-free nanorings Z6 and Z4 were also prepared. The femtosecond transient absorption measurements revealed fast excitation energy hopping (EEH) along these nanorings with hopping rates of 2-5 ps. Treatment of Z6 with chiral template CT6 gave Z6·CT6 showing circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) in the absorption and fluorescence regions of Z6, respectively, which indicates chirality transfer from CT6 to Z6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Maeda
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shoki Toyama
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Naoki Okada
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazuto Takaishi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Seongsoo Kang
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Tadashi Ema
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bols PS, Rickhaus M, Tejerina L, Gotfredsen H, Eriksen K, Jirasek M, Anderson HL. Allosteric Cooperativity and Template-Directed Synthesis with Stacked Ligands in Porphyrin Nanorings. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13219-13226. [PMID: 32633124 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The link between allosteric cooperativity and template-directed synthesis has been investigated by studying complexes in which two oligopyridine ligands bind inside a zinc porphyrin nanoring in a stacked arrangement. The binding of a 6-porphyrin nanoring to two tridentate ligands (with s-triazine or benzene cores) occurs with high negative allosteric cooperativity (α ≈ 10-3-10-4). Formation constants for 1:1 and 1:2 complexes were determined by UV-vis-NIR denaturation titration, using pyridine as a competing ligand, and cooperativity factors were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. The rate constants for formation of the 1:1 and 1:2 complexes are approximately equal, and the negative cooperativity can be attributed to faster dissociation of the 1:2 complex. These tridentate ligands are not effective templates for directing the synthesis of the 6-porphyrin nanoring, in keeping with their negative cooperativity of binding. In contrast, the binding of a 12-porphyrin nanoring to two hexadentate ligands occurs with high positive allosteric cooperativity (α > 40), and the ligand is an effective Vernier template for directing the synthesis of the 12-porphyrin nanoring. This stacked Vernier template approach creates the product in an open circular conformation, which is advantageous for preparing macrocycles that do not easily adopt a figure-of-eight geometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pernille S Bols
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Michel Rickhaus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Lara Tejerina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Gotfredsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Kristina Eriksen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Jirasek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Locke GM, Flanagan KJ, Senge MO. Towards triptycene functionalization and triptycene-linked porphyrin arrays. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:763-777. [PMID: 32362950 PMCID: PMC7176921 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, 9,10-diethynyltriptycene is investigated for its use as a rigid isolating unit in the synthesis of multichromophoric arrays. Sonogashira cross-coupling conditions are utilized to attach various porphyrins and boron dipyrromethenes (BODIPYs) to the triptycene scaffold. While there are previous examples of triptycene porphyrin complexes, this work reports the first example of a linearly connected porphyrin dimer, linked through the bridgehead carbons of triptycene. Symmetric and unsymmetric examples of these complexes are demonstrated and single crystal X-ray analysis of an unsymmetrically substituted porphyrin dimer highlights the evident linearity in these systems. Moreover, initial UV-vis and fluorescence studies show the promise of triptycene as a linker for electron transfer studies, showcasing its isolating nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma M Locke
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Keith J Flanagan
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Miki K, Ohe K. π‐Conjugated Macrocycles Bearing Angle‐Strained Alkynes. Chemistry 2019; 26:2529-2575. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Miki
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyoto University Katsura Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615–8510 Japan
| | - Kouichi Ohe
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyoto University Katsura Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615–8510 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Walter V, Gao Y, Grzegorzek N, Krempe M, Hampel F, Jux N, Tykwinski RR. Building from Ga-Porphyrins: Synthesis of Ga-Acetylide Complexes Using Acetylenes and Polyynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:494-498. [PMID: 30452109 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Multidimensional, conjugated building blocks have been formed through the axial coordination of polyynes to the central Ga atom of tetraarylporphyrins. Electron deficient pentafluorophenyl substituents in the meso-positions provide more stable σ-acetylide complexes to Ga than analogous structures with tert-butylphenyl groups. Mono-, di-, and triynes have been used, including a pyridyl endcapped diyne that allows for formation of porphyrin triads through coordination of the pyridyl ligand to a Ru porphyrin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vroni Walter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yueze Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Norbert Grzegorzek
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Krempe
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Norbert Jux
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Walter V, Gao Y, Grzegorzek N, Krempe M, Hampel F, Jux N, Tykwinski RR. Building from Ga-Porphyrins: Synthesis of Ga-Acetylide Complexes Using Acetylenes and Polyynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vroni Walter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Yueze Gao
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Norbert Grzegorzek
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Maximilian Krempe
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Norbert Jux
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
This Account is about templates as construction tools: molecules for making molecules. A template organizes the reactants and provides information to promote formation of a specific product, but it is not part of the final product. We have developed many different strategies for using oligopyridines as templates for the synthesis of alkyne-linked π-conjugated metalloporphyrin oligomers. These compounds include some of the largest macrocycles ever synthesized, such as a 50-porphyrin ring with a diameter of 21 nm containing a ring of 750 C-C bonds. Metalloporphyrins are excellent models for exploring template directed synthesis, as they can be functionalized in many different positions and the central metal (typically Zn or Mg) provides a handle for coordination to templates. Classical template-directed macrocyclization reactions have a 1:1 complementarity between the template and the product. This strategy works well for preparing nanorings of 5-7 porphyrin units, but larger templates are laborious to synthesize. Rings of 8 or more porphyrin units are most easily prepared using "nonclassical" strategies, in which several small templates work together to direct the formation of a large ring. In the Vernier approach, a mismatch between the number of binding sites on the template and the building block leads to a mathematical amplification of the length scale: the number of binding sites in the product is the lowest common multiple of those in the template and the building block. For example, a 40-porphyrin ring can be prepared by coupling a linear decamer in the presence of an octadentate template. Linear Vernier templating opens up intriguing possibilities for self-replication. When several small radial oligopyridine templates bind inside a large nanoring they can form complexes with some vacant coordination sites that display correlated motion like the caterpillar tracks of a bulldozer. These caterpillar track complexes can be used in template-directed synthesis and they provide the most convenient route to 8- and 10-porphyrin rings. Russian doll complexes provide another strategy for template-directed synthesis: a number of specifically designed ligands bind to a central nanoring to form a template for constructing a larger concentric nanoring. The same oligopyridine templates that are used to prepare nanorings can also be used to synthesize three-dimensional nanotubes and nanoballs. Again, nonclassical approaches, in which several small templates work together cooperatively, are much simpler than creating a single large template with sufficient binding sites to define the whole geometry of the product. Oligopyridine ligands can also be used as shadow mask templates to control the demetalation of magnesium porphyrin nanorings, because metal centers that are not coordinated by the template can be selectively demetalated with acid. Thus, the template forms a permanent shadow on the porphyrin nanostructure that remains after the template has been removed. Shadow mask templates provide a simple route to heterometalated molecular architectures. The insights emerging from these studies are widely applicable, and there are many opportunities for inventing new ways of using templates to control reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pernille S. Bols
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Greenaway RL, Santolini V, Bennison MJ, Alston BM, Pugh CJ, Little MA, Miklitz M, Eden-Rump EGB, Clowes R, Shakil A, Cuthbertson HJ, Armstrong H, Briggs ME, Jelfs KE, Cooper AI. High-throughput discovery of organic cages and catenanes using computational screening fused with robotic synthesis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2849. [PMID: 30030426 PMCID: PMC6054661 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular synthesis is a powerful strategy for assembling complex molecules, but to do this by targeted design is challenging. This is because multicomponent assembly reactions have the potential to form a wide variety of products. High-throughput screening can explore a broad synthetic space, but this is inefficient and inelegant when applied blindly. Here we fuse computation with robotic synthesis to create a hybrid discovery workflow for discovering new organic cage molecules, and by extension, other supramolecular systems. A total of 78 precursor combinations were investigated by computation and experiment, leading to 33 cages that were formed cleanly in one-pot syntheses. Comparison of calculations with experimental outcomes across this broad library shows that computation has the power to focus experiments, for example by identifying linkers that are less likely to be reliable for cage formation. Screening also led to the unplanned discovery of a new cage topology-doubly bridged, triply interlocked cage catenanes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R L Greenaway
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - V Santolini
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - M J Bennison
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - B M Alston
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - C J Pugh
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - M A Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - M Miklitz
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - E G B Eden-Rump
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - R Clowes
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - A Shakil
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - H J Cuthbertson
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - H Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - M E Briggs
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - K E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - A I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kim S, Castillo HD, Lee M, Mortensen RD, Tait SL, Lee D. From Foldable Open Chains to Shape-Persistent Macrocycles: Synthesis, Impact on 2D Ordering, and Stimulated Self-Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soobin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Henry D. Castillo
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Milim Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Riley D. Mortensen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Steven L. Tait
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Dongwhan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yin B, Liang X, Zhu W, Xu L, Zhou M, Song J. β to β Terpyridylene–bridged porphyrin nanorings. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
18
|
Ke XS, Kim T, Lynch VM, Kim D, Sessler JL. Flattened Calixarene-like Cyclic BODIPY Array: A New Photosynthetic Antenna Model. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:13950-13956. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Sheng Ke
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Taeyeon Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Vincent M. Lynch
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Morley DO, Malfois M, Kamonsutthipaijit N, Kondratuk DV, Anderson HL, Wilson M. A Coarse-Grained Model for Free and Template-Bound Porphyrin Nanorings. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:5907-5920. [PMID: 28703593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b05279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Coarse-grained simulation models are developed to study both template-bound and free porphyrin nanoring systems. Key interactions are modeled with relatively simple (and physically motivated) energy functions which allow for relatively facile transfer both between different ring sizes and between the template-bound and free nanoring systems. The effects of varying the model parameters on the respective radii of gyration are determined. The effects of including different templates on the ring structure are investigated both in terms of the detailed geometry of the template and the interaction strength between the template and the metal centers in the nanorings. The role of the template-nanoring interaction strength in controlling potential "caterpillar track" rotational motion is discussed. The relationship of the model to experimental small-angle X-ray, exchange spectroscopy, and electron spin resonance results is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Ormrod Morley
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
| | - Marc Malfois
- Diamond Light Source Ltd , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Nuntaporn Kamonsutthipaijit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Dmitry V Kondratuk
- Diamond Light Source Ltd , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Mark Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang H, Lhuillier E, Yu Q, Zimmers A, Dubertret B, Ulysse C, Aubin H. Transport in a Single Self-Doped Nanocrystal. ACS NANO 2017; 11:1222-1229. [PMID: 28045500 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Addressing the optical properties of a single nanoparticle in the infrared is particularly challenging, thus alternative methods for characterizing the conductance spectrum of nanoparticles in this spectral range need to be developed. Here we describe an efficient method of fabricating single nanoparticle tunnel junctions on a chip circuit. We apply this method to narrow band gap nanoparticles of HgSe, which band structure combines the inverted character of the bulk semimetal with quantum confinement and self-doping. Upon tuning the gate bias, measurement reveals the presence of two energy gaps in the spectrum. The wider gap results from the interband gap, while the narrower gap results from intraband transitions. The observation of the latter near zero gate voltage confirms the doped character of the nanoparticle at the single particle level, which is in full agreement with the ensemble optical and transport measurements. Finally we probe the phototransport within a single quantum dot and demonstrate a large photogain mechanism resulting from photogating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyue Wang
- ESPCI-ParisTech, PSL Research University, UPMC Université Paris 06, LPEM, CNRS , 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris Cedex 5 F-75231, France
| | - Emmanuel Lhuillier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS-UMR 7588, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris , Paris F-75005, France
| | - Qian Yu
- ESPCI-ParisTech, PSL Research University, UPMC Université Paris 06, LPEM, CNRS , 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris Cedex 5 F-75231, France
| | - Alexandre Zimmers
- ESPCI-ParisTech, PSL Research University, UPMC Université Paris 06, LPEM, CNRS , 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris Cedex 5 F-75231, France
| | - Benoit Dubertret
- ESPCI-ParisTech, PSL Research University, UPMC Université Paris 06, LPEM, CNRS , 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris Cedex 5 F-75231, France
| | - Christian Ulysse
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , C2N - Marcoussis, Marcoussis 91460, France
| | - Hervé Aubin
- ESPCI-ParisTech, PSL Research University, UPMC Université Paris 06, LPEM, CNRS , 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris Cedex 5 F-75231, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kamonsutthipaijit N, Anderson HL. Template-directed synthesis of linear porphyrin oligomers: classical, Vernier and mutual Vernier. Chem Sci 2017; 8:2729-2740. [PMID: 28553508 PMCID: PMC5426366 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc05355f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a variety of template-directed strategies for preparing linear monodisperse butadiyne-linked porphyrin oligomers by Glaser–Hay coupling, based on the coordination of pyridine-substituted nickel(ii) porphyrins to zinc(ii) porphyrins.
Three different types of template-directed syntheses of linear porphyrin oligomers are presented. In the classical approach the product has the same number of binding sites as the template, whereas in Vernier reactions the product has the lowest common multiple of the numbers of binding sites in the template and the building block. Mutual Vernier templating is like Vernier templating except that both strands of the Vernier complex undergo coupling simultaneously, so that it becomes impossible to say which is the ‘template’ and which is the ‘building block’. The template-directed synthesis of monodisperse linear oligomers is more difficult than that of cyclic oligomers, because the products of linear templating have reactive ends. All three types of templating are demonstrated here, and used to prepare a nickel(ii) porphyrin dodecamer with 4-pyridyl substituents on all twelve porphyrin units. The stabilities and cooperativities of the double-strand complexes involved in these reactions were investigated by UV-vis-NIR titration. The four-rung ladder duplex has a stability constant of about 2 × 1018 M–1 in dichloromethane at 298 K.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Chemistry Research Laboratory , Oxford OX1 3TA , UK .
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
von Krbek LKS, Schalley CA, Thordarson P. Assessing cooperativity in supramolecular systems. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:2622-2637. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00063d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this tutorial review, different aspects of cooperativity in supramolecular chemistry and their thermodynamic analysis are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pall Thordarson
- School of Chemistry
- The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
- University of New South Wales
- Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Besenius P. Controlling supramolecular polymerization through multicomponent self-assembly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pol Besenius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 Mainz 55128 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang M, Wang K, Wang C, Huang M, Hao XQ, Shen MZ, Shi GQ, Zhang Z, Song B, Cisneros A, Song MP, Xu B, Li X. Self-Assembly of Concentric Hexagons and Hierarchical Self-Assembly of Supramolecular Metal–Organic Nanoribbons at the Solid/Liquid Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:9258-68. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Materials Science, Engineering, and Commercialization Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
- State
Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College
of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Wang
- Single
Molecule Study Laboratory, College of Engineering and Nanoscale Science
and Engineering Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Materials Science, Engineering, and Commercialization Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
| | - Mingjun Huang
- Department
of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Xin-Qi Hao
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming-Zhan Shen
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-Qing Shi
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
- College of
Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Materials Science, Engineering, and Commercialization Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
- College
of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Materials Science, Engineering, and Commercialization Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
| | - Alejandro Cisneros
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Materials Science, Engineering, and Commercialization Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
| | - Mao-Ping Song
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingqian Xu
- Single
Molecule Study Laboratory, College of Engineering and Nanoscale Science
and Engineering Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Materials Science, Engineering, and Commercialization Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Liu P, Hisamune Y, Peeks MD, Odell B, Gong JQ, Herz LM, Anderson HL. Synthesis of Five-Porphyrin Nanorings by Using Ferrocene and Corannulene Templates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:8358-62. [PMID: 27213825 PMCID: PMC5089564 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The smallest and most strained member of a family of π-conjugated cyclic porphyrin oligomers was synthesized by using pentapyridyl templates based on ferrocene and corannulene. Both templates are effective for directing the synthesis of the butadiyne-linked cyclic pentamer, despite the fact that the radii of their N5 donor sets are too small by 0.5 Å and 0.9 Å, respectively (from DFT calculations). The five-porphyrin nanoring exhibits a structured absorption spectrum and its fluorescence extends to 1200 nm, reflecting strong π conjugation and Herzberg-Teller vibronic coupling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Yutaka Hisamune
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Martin D Peeks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Barbara Odell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Juliane Q Gong
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Laura M Herz
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Allec SI, Ilawe NV, Wong BM. Unusual Bandgap Oscillations in Template-Directed π-Conjugated Porphyrin Nanotubes. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:2362-2367. [PMID: 27280489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Using large-scale DFT calculations (up to 1476 atoms and 18 432 orbitals), we present the first detailed analysis on the unusual electronic properties of recently synthesized porphyrin nanotubes. We surprisingly observe extremely large oscillations in the bandgap of these nanostructures as a function of size, in contradiction to typical quantum confinement effects (i.e., the bandgap increases with size in several of these nanotubes). In particular, we find that these intriguing electronic oscillations arise from a size-dependent alternation of aromatic/nonaromatic characteristics in these porphyrin nanotubes. Our analyses of band structures and orbital diagrams indicate that the electronic transitions in these nanostructures are direct-bandgap, optically active "bright" states that can be readily observed in photoelectron spectroscopic experiments. Most importantly due to their unusual bandgap oscillations, we find that both type I and type II donor-acceptor p-n heterojunctions are possible in these template-directed, "bottom-up synthesized" porphyrin nanotubes-a unique property that is not present in conventional carbon nanotubes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah I Allec
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering and Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of California-Riverside , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Niranjan V Ilawe
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering and Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of California-Riverside , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Bryan M Wong
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering and Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of California-Riverside , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yu C, Long H, Jin Y, Zhang W. Synthesis of Cyclic Porphyrin Trimers through Alkyne Metathesis Cyclooligomerization and Their Host-Guest Binding Study. Org Lett 2016; 18:2946-9. [PMID: 27267936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic porphyrin trimers were synthesized through one-step cyclooligomerization via alkyne metathesis from diyne monomers. These macrocycles show interesting host-guest binding interactions with fullerenes, selectively binding C70 (6 × 10(3) M(-1)) over C60 and C84 (no binding observed). The fullerene-encapsulated host-guest complex can undergo guest or host exchange in the presence of another guest (2,4,6-tri(4-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine) or host (cage COP5) molecule with higher binding affinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Hai Long
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Yinghua Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu P, Hisamune Y, Peeks MD, Odell B, Gong JQ, Herz LM, Anderson HL. Synthesis of Five-Porphyrin Nanorings by Using Ferrocene and Corannulene Templates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Chemistry Research Laboratory; Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Yutaka Hisamune
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Chemistry Research Laboratory; Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Martin D. Peeks
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Chemistry Research Laboratory; Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Barbara Odell
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Chemistry Research Laboratory; Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Juliane Q. Gong
- Department of Physics; University of Oxford; Clarendon Laboratory; Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PU UK
| | - Laura M. Herz
- Department of Physics; University of Oxford; Clarendon Laboratory; Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PU UK
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Chemistry Research Laboratory; Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mastalerz M. Single-Handed Towards Nanosized Organic Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:45-7. [PMID: 26592493 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hand in hand: Enantiopure reactants have been used to generate rigid molecular tweezers by Buchwald-Hartwig aminations. These result in the phenazine units curving in only one direction with formation of one product exclusively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 273, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany).
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wang SP, Shen YF, Zhu BY, Wu J, Li S. Recent advances in the template-directed synthesis of porphyrin nanorings. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:10205-16. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc04556a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This Feature Article reviews recent advances in the template-directed synthesis of porphyrin nanorings, including new templating methods, novel structures, and their applications in host–guest chemistry and artificial light-harvesting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ping Wang
- College of Material
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310036
- P. R. China
| | - Yan-Feng Shen
- College of Material
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310036
- P. R. China
| | - Ben-Yue Zhu
- College of Material
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310036
- P. R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Material
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310036
- P. R. China
| | - Shijun Li
- College of Material
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310036
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wei T, Jung JH, Scott TF. Dynamic Covalent Assembly of Peptoid-Based Ladder Oligomers by Vernier Templating. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:16196-202. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b11251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jae Hwan Jung
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Timothy F. Scott
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Jiang HW, Tanaka T, Kim T, Sung YM, Mori H, Kim D, Osuka A. Synthesis of [n]Cyclo-5,15-porphyrinylene-4,4′-biphenylenes Displaying Size-Dependent Excitation-Energy Hopping. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:15197-201. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
34
|
Jiang HW, Tanaka T, Kim T, Sung YM, Mori H, Kim D, Osuka A. Synthesis of [n]Cyclo-5,15-porphyrinylene-4,4′-biphenylenes Displaying Size-Dependent Excitation-Energy Hopping. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
35
|
Rousseaux SL, Gong JQ, Haver R, Odell B, Claridge TDW, Herz LM, Anderson HL. Self-Assembly of Russian Doll Concentric Porphyrin Nanorings. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:12713-8. [PMID: 26378660 PMCID: PMC4655919 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Electronic communication between concentric macrocycles with wave functions that extend around their circumferences can lead to remarkable behavior, as illustrated by multiwalled carbon nanotubes and photosynthetic chlorophyll arrays. However, it is difficult to hold one π-conjugated molecular ring inside another. Here, we show that ring-in-ring complexes, consisting of a 6-porphyrin ring locked inside a 12-porphyrin ring, can be assembled by placing different metals in the two rings (zinc and aluminum). A bridging ligand with carboxylate and imidazole binding sites forms spokes between the two rings, resulting in a highly cooperative supramolecular self-assembly process. Excitation is transferred from the inner 6-ring to the outer 12-ring of this Russian doll complex within 40 ps. These complexes lead to a form of template-directed synthesis in which one nanoring promotes formation of a larger concentric homologous ring; here, the effective template is an eight-component noncovalent assembly. Russian doll templating provides a new approach to amplifying the size of a covalent nanostructure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie
A. L. Rousseaux
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Juliane Q. Gong
- Department
of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Renée Haver
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Odell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Tim D. W. Claridge
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Laura M. Herz
- Department
of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Huang W, Lee SK, Sung YM, Peng F, Yin B, Ma M, Chen B, Liu S, Kirk SR, Kim D, Song J. Azobenzene-Bridged Porphyrin Nanorings: Syntheses, Structures, and Photophysical Properties. Chemistry 2015; 21:15328-38. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
37
|
Park KH, Kim P, Kim W, Shimizu H, Han M, Sim E, Iyoda M, Kim D. Excited-State Dynamic Planarization of Cyclic Oligothiophenes in the Vicinity of a Ring-to-Linear Excitonic Behavioral Turning Point. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:12711-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
38
|
Park KH, Kim P, Kim W, Shimizu H, Han M, Sim E, Iyoda M, Kim D. Excited-State Dynamic Planarization of Cyclic Oligothiophenes in the Vicinity of a Ring-to-Linear Excitonic Behavioral Turning Point. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
39
|
Lohse M, von Krbek LKS, Radunz S, Moorthy S, Schalley CA, Hecht S. Discrete multiporphyrin pseudorotaxane assemblies from di- and tetravalent porphyrin building blocks. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:748-62. [PMID: 26124877 PMCID: PMC4464431 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Two pairs of divalent and tetravalent porphyrin building blocks carrying the complementary supramolecular crown ether/secondary ammonium ion binding motif have been synthesized and their derived pseudorotaxanes have been studied by a combination of NMR spectroscopy in solution and ESI mass spectrometry in the gas phase. By simple mixing of the components the formation of discrete dimeric and trimeric (metallo)porphyrin complexes predominates, in accordance to binding stoichiometry, while the amount of alternative structures can be neglected. Our results illustrate the power of multivalency to program the multicomponent self-assembly of specific entities into discrete functional nanostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Lohse
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany. ; Tel: +49 (0)30 2093-7308
| | - Larissa K S von Krbek
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany. ; Tel: +49(0)308385-2639
| | - Sebastian Radunz
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany. ; Tel: +49 (0)30 2093-7308
| | - Suresh Moorthy
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany. ; Tel: +49(0)308385-2639
| | - Christoph A Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany. ; Tel: +49(0)308385-2639
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany. ; Tel: +49 (0)30 2093-7308
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Neuhaus P, Cnossen A, Gong JQ, Herz LM, Anderson HL. A Molecular Nanotube with Three-Dimensional π-Conjugation. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 127:7452-7456. [PMID: 27478266 PMCID: PMC4955231 DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A π-conjugated twelve-porphyrin tube is synthesized in 32 % yield by a template-directed coupling reaction that joins together six porphyrin dimers, forming twelve new C-C bonds. The nanotube has two bound templates, enclosing an internal volume of approximately 4.5 nm3. Its UV/Vis/NIR absorption and fluorescence spectra resemble those of a previously reported six-porphyrin ring, but are red-shifted by approximately 300 cm-1, reflecting increased conjugation. Ultrafast fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrates extensive excited-state delocalization. Transfer of electronic excitation from an initially formed state polarized in the direction of the nanotube axis (z axis) to an excited state polarized in the xy plane occurs within 200 fs, resulting in a negative fluorescence anisotropy on excitation at 742 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Neuhaus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK) http://hla.chem.ox.ac.uk/
| | - Arjen Cnossen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK) http://hla.chem.ox.ac.uk/
| | - Juliane Q. Gong
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU (UK)
| | - Laura M. Herz
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU (UK)
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK) http://hla.chem.ox.ac.uk/
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kondratuk DV, Perdigão LMA, Esmail AMS, O'Shea JN, Beton PH, Anderson HL. Supramolecular nesting of cyclic polymers. Nat Chem 2015; 7:317-22. [PMID: 25970878 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Advances in template-directed synthesis make it possible to create artificial molecules with protein-like dimensions, directly from simple components. These synthetic macromolecules have a proclivity for self-organization that is reminiscent of biopolymers. Here, we report the synthesis of monodisperse cyclic porphyrin polymers, with diameters of up to 21 nm (750 C–C bonds). The ratio of the intrinsic viscosities for cyclic and linear topologies is 0.72, indicating that these polymers behave as almost ideal flexible chains in solution. When deposited on gold surfaces, the cyclic polymers display a new mode of two-dimensional supramolecular organization, combining encapsulation and nesting; one nanoring adopts a near-circular conformation, thus allowing a second nanoring to be captured within its perimeter, in a tightly folded conformation. Scanning tunnelling microscopy reveals that nesting occurs in combination with stacking when nanorings are deposited under vacuum, whereas when they are deposited directly from solution under ambient conditions there is stacking or nesting, but not a combination of both.
Collapse
|
42
|
Neuhaus P, Cnossen A, Gong JQ, Herz LM, Anderson HL. A Molecular Nanotube with Three-Dimensional π-Conjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7344-8. [PMID: 25950655 PMCID: PMC4510782 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A π-conjugated twelve-porphyrin tube is synthesized in 32 % yield by a template-directed coupling reaction that joins together six porphyrin dimers, forming twelve new C=C bonds. The nanotube has two bound templates, enclosing an internal volume of approximately 4.5 nm3. Its UV/Vis/NIR absorption and fluorescence spectra resemble those of a previously reported six-porphyrin ring, but are red-shifted by approximately 300 cm−1, reflecting increased conjugation. Ultrafast fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrates extensive excited-state delocalization. Transfer of electronic excitation from an initially formed state polarized in the direction of the nanotube axis (z axis) to an excited state polarized in the xy plane occurs within 200 fs, resulting in a negative fluorescence anisotropy on excitation at 742 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Neuhaus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK) http://hla.chem.ox.ac.uk/
| | - Arjen Cnossen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK) http://hla.chem.ox.ac.uk/
| | - Juliane Q Gong
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU (UK)
| | - Laura M Herz
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU (UK)
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK) http://hla.chem.ox.ac.uk/.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Liu S, Kondratuk DV, Rousseaux SAL, Gil-Ramírez G, O'Sullivan MC, Cremers J, Claridge TDW, Anderson HL. Caterpillar track complexes in template-directed synthesis and correlated molecular motion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:5355-9. [PMID: 25683453 PMCID: PMC4471551 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201412293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Small alterations to the structure of a star-shaped template totally change its mode of operation. The hexapyridyl template directs the conversion of a porphyrin dimer to the cyclic hexamer, but deleting one pyridine site changes the product to the cyclic decamer, while deleting two binding sites changes the product to the cyclic octamer. This surprising switch in selectivity is explained by the formation of 2:1 caterpillar track complexes, in which two template wheels bind inside the nanoring. Caterpillar track complexes can also be prepared by binding the hexapyridyl template inside the 8- and 10-porphyrin nanorings. NMR exchange spectroscopy (EXSY) experiments show that these complexes exhibit correlated motion, in which the conrotatory rotation of the two template wheels is coupled to rotation of the nanoring track. In the case of the 10-porphyrin system, the correlated motion can be locked by binding palladium(II) dichloride between the two templates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research LaboratoryOxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Dmitry V Kondratuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research LaboratoryOxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Sophie A L Rousseaux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research LaboratoryOxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Guzmán Gil-Ramírez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research LaboratoryOxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Melanie C O'Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research LaboratoryOxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Jonathan Cremers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research LaboratoryOxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Tim D W Claridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research LaboratoryOxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research LaboratoryOxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Liu S, Kondratuk DV, Rousseaux SAL, Gil‐Ramírez G, O'Sullivan MC, Cremers J, Claridge TDW, Anderson HL. Caterpillar Track Complexes in Template-Directed Synthesis and Correlated Molecular Motion. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 127:5445-5449. [PMID: 27546919 PMCID: PMC4974918 DOI: 10.1002/ange.201412293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Small alterations to the structure of a star-shaped template totally change its mode of operation. The hexapyridyl template directs the conversion of a porphyrin dimer to the cyclic hexamer, but deleting one pyridine site changes the product to the cyclic decamer, while deleting two binding sites changes the product to the cyclic octamer. This surprising switch in selectivity is explained by the formation of 2:1 caterpillar track complexes, in which two template wheels bind inside the nanoring. Caterpillar track complexes can also be prepared by binding the hexapyridyl template inside the 8- and 10-porphyrin nanorings. NMR exchange spectroscopy (EXSY) experiments show that these complexes exhibit correlated motion, in which the conrotatory rotation of the two template wheels is coupled to rotation of the nanoring track. In the case of the 10-porphyrin system, the correlated motion can be locked by binding palladium(II) dichloride between the two templates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Dmitry V. Kondratuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Sophie A. L. Rousseaux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Guzmán Gil‐Ramírez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Melanie C. O'Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Jonathan Cremers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Tim D. W. Claridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK)
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Shang C, Philpott JM, Bampos N, Barker PD, Wales DJ. How to make a porphyrin flip: dynamics of asymmetric porphyrin oligomers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:27094-102. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04636j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The pathways and energy barriers from computational and experimental methods reveal the dynamics of asymmetric porphyrin oligomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Shang
- University Chemical Laboratories
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
| | | | - Nick Bampos
- University Chemical Laboratories
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Shiotari A, Ozaki Y, Naruse S, Okuyama H, Hatta S, Aruga T, Tamaki T, Ogawa T. Real-space characterization of hydroxyphenyl porphyrin derivatives designed for single-molecule devices. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12123j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using STM, we image the hydroxyphenyl porphyrin unit and its array which are synthesized as the basis of a molecular rectifier, and characterize the electronic states associated with the transport properties through the molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akitoshi Shiotari
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8502
- Japan
| | - Yusuke Ozaki
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8502
- Japan
| | - Shoichi Naruse
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8502
- Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okuyama
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8502
- Japan
| | - Shinichiro Hatta
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8502
- Japan
| | - Tetsuya Aruga
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8502
- Japan
| | - Takashi Tamaki
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Takuji Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yong CK, Parkinson P, Kondratuk DV, Chen WH, Stannard A, Summerfield A, Sprafke JK, O'Sullivan MC, Beton PH, Anderson HL, Herz LM. Ultrafast delocalization of excitation in synthetic light-harvesting nanorings. Chem Sci 2015; 6:181-189. [PMID: 28553466 PMCID: PMC5424671 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc02424a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rings of chlorophyll molecules harvest sunlight remarkably efficiently during photosynthesis in purple bacteria. The key to their efficiency lies in their highly delocalized excited states that allow for ultrafast energy migration. Here we show that a family of synthetic nanorings mimic the ultrafast energy transfer and delocalization observed in nature. π-Conjugated nanorings with diameters of up to 10 nm, consisting of up to 24 porphyrin units, are found to exhibit excitation delocalization within the first 200 fs of light absorption. Transitions from the first singlet excited state of the circular nanorings are dipole-forbidden as a result of symmetry constraints, but these selection rules can be lifted through static and dynamic distortions of the rings. The increase in the radiative emission rate in the larger nanorings correlates with an increase in static disorder expected from Monte Carlo simulations. For highly symmetric rings, the radiative rate is found to increase with increasing temperature. Although this type of thermally activated superradiance has been theoretically predicted in circular chromophore arrays, it has not previously been observed in any natural or synthetic systems. As expected, the activation energy for emission increases when a nanoring is fixed in a circular conformation by coordination to a radial template. These nanorings offer extended chromophores with high excitation delocalization that is remarkably stable against thermally induced disorder. Such findings open new opportunities for exploring coherence effects in nanometer molecular rings and for implementing these biomimetic light-harvesters in man-made devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaw-Keong Yong
- University of Oxford , Department of Physics , Clarendon Laboratory , Parks Road , Oxford , OX1 3PU , UK .
| | - Patrick Parkinson
- University of Oxford , Department of Physics , Clarendon Laboratory , Parks Road , Oxford , OX1 3PU , UK .
| | - Dmitry V Kondratuk
- University of Oxford , Department of Chemistry , Chemistry Research Laboratory , Oxford , OX1 3TA , UK .
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- University of Oxford , Department of Physics , Clarendon Laboratory , Parks Road , Oxford , OX1 3PU , UK .
| | - Andrew Stannard
- School of Physics & Astronomy , University of Nottingham , Nottingham , NG7 2RD , UK
| | - Alex Summerfield
- School of Physics & Astronomy , University of Nottingham , Nottingham , NG7 2RD , UK
| | - Johannes K Sprafke
- University of Oxford , Department of Chemistry , Chemistry Research Laboratory , Oxford , OX1 3TA , UK .
| | - Melanie C O'Sullivan
- University of Oxford , Department of Chemistry , Chemistry Research Laboratory , Oxford , OX1 3TA , UK .
| | - Peter H Beton
- School of Physics & Astronomy , University of Nottingham , Nottingham , NG7 2RD , UK
| | - Harry L Anderson
- University of Oxford , Department of Chemistry , Chemistry Research Laboratory , Oxford , OX1 3TA , UK .
| | - Laura M Herz
- University of Oxford , Department of Physics , Clarendon Laboratory , Parks Road , Oxford , OX1 3PU , UK .
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Parkinson P, Kondratuk DV, Menelaou C, Gong JQ, Anderson HL, Herz LM. Chromophores in Molecular Nanorings: When Is a Ring a Ring? J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:4356-4361. [PMID: 26273987 DOI: 10.1021/jz5022153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The topology of a conjugated molecule plays a significant role in controlling both the electronic properties and the conformational manifold that the molecule may explore. Fully π-conjugated molecular nanorings are of particular interest, as their lowest electronic transition may be strongly suppressed as a result of symmetry constraints. In contrast, the simple Kasha model predicts an enhancement in the radiative rate for corresponding linear oligomers. Here we investigate such effects in linear and cyclic conjugated molecules containing between 6 and 42 butadiyne-linked porphyrin units (corresponding to 600 C-C bonds) as pure monodisperse oligomers. We demonstrate that as the diameter of the nanorings increases beyond ∼10 nm, its electronic properties tend toward those of a similarly sized linear molecule as a result of excitation localization on a subsegment of the ring. However, significant differences persist in the nature of the emitting dipole polarization even beyond this limit, arising from variations in molecular curvature and conformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Parkinson
- †Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry V Kondratuk
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Menelaou
- †Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Juliane Q Gong
- †Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Harry L Anderson
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Laura M Herz
- †Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Huang SL, Jin GX, Luo HK, Hor TSA. Engineering Organic Macrocycles and Cages: Versatile Bonding Approaches. Chem Asian J 2014; 10:24-42. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201402634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
50
|
Neutral discrete metal–organic cyclic architectures: Opportunities for structural features and properties in confined spaces. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|