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Ma N, Wang S, Liu M, Zhu H, Liu Q, Kong J, Zhang T. Controllable radical polymerization of TEMPO redox for stable and sensitive enzyme electrode interface. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 259:116417. [PMID: 38795496 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Assembling functional molecules on the surface of an enzyme electrode is the most basic technique for constructing a biosensor. However, precise control of electron transfer interface or electron mediator on the electrode surface remains a challenge, which is a key step that affects the stability and sensitivity of enzyme-based biosensors. In this study, we propose the use of controllable free radical polymerization to grow stable 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) polymer as electron mediator on enzyme surface for the first time. Through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, electrode surface coverage measurement, static contact angle (SCA), and a series of electrochemical methods, it has been demonstrated that the TEMPO-based enzyme electrode exhibits a uniform hydrophilic morphology and stable electrochemical performance. Furthermore, the results show that the sensor demonstrates high sensitivity for detecting glucose biomolecules in artificial sweat and serum. Attributing to the quantitative and controllable radical polymerization of TEMPO redox assembled enzyme electrode surface, the as-proposed biosensor providing a use, storage, and inter-batch sensing stability, providing a vital platform for wearable/implantable biochemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ma
- I-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China; School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, PR China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- I-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China.
| | - Mengyuan Liu
- I-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China; School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Hao Zhu
- I-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Qianzuo Liu
- I-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Jinming Kong
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, PR China.
| | - Ting Zhang
- I-Lab, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China; School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China; Nano-X Vacuum Interconnected Workstation, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China.
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2
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Li S, Zhao Y, Huang R, Wang J, Wu D, Zhang W, Zeng Z, Zhang T. Roughness-Mediated SI-Fe 0CRP for Polymer Brush Engineering toward Superior Drag Reduction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:27761-27766. [PMID: 38748552 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Surface-initiated iron(0)-mediated controlled radical polymerization (SI-Fe0CRP) with low toxicity and excellent biocompatibility is promising for the fabrication of biofunctional polymer coatings. However, the development of Fe(0)-based catalysts remains limited by the lower dissociation activity of the Fe(0) surface in comparison to Cu(0). Here, we found that, by simply polishing the Fe(0) plate surface with sandpaper, the poly(methacryloyloxy)ethyl trimethylammonium chloride brush growth rate has been increased significantly to 3.3 from 0.14 nm min-1 of the pristine Fe(0) plate. The excellent controllability of roughness-mediated SI-Fe0CRP can be demonstrated by customizing multicompartment brushes and triblock brushes. Furthermore, we found that the resulting polymer brush coatings exhibit remarkably low water adhesion (0.097 mN) and an outstanding drag reduction rate of 52% in water. This work provides a promising strategy for regulating the grafting rate of polymer brushes via SI-Fe0CRP for biocompatible marine drag reduction coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Yuxiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Runhao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Jianing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Daheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Wuxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhixiang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
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3
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Hemin-catalyzed SI-RAFT polymerization for thrombin detection. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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4
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Electrochemical Investigation of Iron-Catalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196312. [PMID: 36234849 PMCID: PMC9570559 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of iron-based catalysts in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is very interesting because of the abundance of the metal and its biocompatibility. Although the mechanism of action is not well understood yet, iron halide salts are usually used as catalysts, often in the presence of nitrogen or phosphorous ligands (L). In this study, electrochemically mediated ATRP (eATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) catalyzed by FeCl3, both in the absence and presence of additional ligands, was investigated in dimethylformamide. The electrochemical behavior of FeCl3 and FeCl3/L was deeply investigated showing the speciation of Fe(III) and Fe(II) and the role played by added ligands. It is shown that amine ligands form stable iron complexes, whereas phosphines act as reducing agents. eATRP of MMA catalyzed by FeCl3 was investigated in different conditions. In particular, the effects of temperature, catalyst concentration, catalyst-to-initiator ratio, halide ion excess and added ligands were investigated. In general, polymerization was moderately fast but difficult to control. Surprisingly, the best results were obtained with FeCl3 without any other ligand. Electrogenerated Fe(II) effectively activates the dormant chains but deactivation of the propagating radicals by Fe(III) species is less efficient, resulting in dispersity > 1.5, unless a high concentration of FeCl3 is used.
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5
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Thermoresponsive Polymer Assemblies: From Molecular Design to Theranostics Application. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Lorandi F, Fantin M, Matyjaszewski K. Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: A Mechanistic Perspective. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15413-15430. [PMID: 35882005 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Since its inception, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has seen continuous evolution in terms of the design of the catalyst and reaction conditions; today, it is one of the most useful techniques to prepare well-defined polymers as well as one of the most notable examples of catalysis in polymer chemistry. This Perspective highlights fundamental advances in the design of ATRP reactions and catalysts, focusing on the crucial role that mechanistic studies play in understanding, rationalizing, and predicting polymerization outcomes. A critical summary of traditional ATRP systems is provided first; we then focus on the most recent developments to improve catalyst selectivity, control polymerizations via external stimuli, and employ new photochemical or dual catalytic systems with an outlook to future research directions and open challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lorandi
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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7
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Dworakowska S, Lorandi F, Gorczyński A, Matyjaszewski K. Toward Green Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: Current Status and Future Challenges. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2106076. [PMID: 35175001 PMCID: PMC9259732 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202106076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerizations (RDRPs) have revolutionized synthetic polymer chemistry. Nowadays, RDRPs facilitate design and preparation of materials with controlled architecture, composition, and functionality. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has evolved beyond traditional polymer field, enabling synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrids, bioconjugates, advanced polymers for electronics, energy, and environmentally relevant polymeric materials for broad applications in various fields. This review focuses on the relation between ATRP technology and the 12 principles of green chemistry, which are paramount guidelines in sustainable research and implementation. The green features of ATRP are presented, discussing the environmental and/or health issues and the challenges that remain to be overcome. Key discoveries and recent developments in green ATRP are highlighted, while providing a perspective for future opportunities in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Dworakowska
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie Mellon University4400 Fifth AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyCracow University of TechnologyWarszawska 24Cracow31‐155Poland
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie Mellon University4400 Fifth AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Department of Industrial EngineeringUniversity of Padovavia Marzolo 9Padova35131Italy
| | - Adam Gorczyński
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie Mellon University4400 Fifth AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Faculty of ChemistryAdam Mickiewicz UniversityUniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8Poznań61‐614Poland
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Yin X, Wu D, Yang H, Wang J, Huang R, Zheng T, Sun Q, Chen T, Wang L, Zhang T. Seawater-Boosting Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization for Functional Polymer Brush Engineering. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:693-698. [PMID: 35570805 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Iron-mediated surface-initiated reversible deactivation radical polymerization (Fe0 SI-RDRP) is an appealing approach to produce robust polymer surfaces with low toxicity and biocompatibility, while its application has been limited so far due to the poor activity of iron-based catalysts. Herein, we show that the iron(0)-mediated surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (Fe0 SI-ATRP) could be significantly enhanced by simply using seawater as reaction media. In comparison, there was no polymer brush formation in deionized water. This method could convert a range of monomers to well-defined polymer brushes with unparalleled speed (up to 31.5 nm min-1) and a minor amount of monomer consumption (μL). Moreover, the resultant polymer brush shows chain-end fidelity which could be exemplified by repetitive Fe0 SI-ATRP to obtain tetrablock brushes. Finally, we show the preparation of polymer-brush-gated ion-selective membranes by Fe0 SI-ATRP for osmotic energy conversion, which gives excellent power densities of 5.93 W m-2, outperforming the most reported as well as commercialized benchmark (5 W m-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Daheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Haoyong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Runhao Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Tianyue Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Qi Sun
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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9
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Xie PC, Guo XQ, Yang FQ, Xu N, Chen YY, Wang XQ, Wang H, Yong YC. Cytochrome C catalyzed oxygen tolerant atom-transfer radical polymerization. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:41. [PMID: 38647739 PMCID: PMC10992558 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is a well-known technique for controlled polymer synthesis. However, the ATRP usually employed toxic heavy metal ionas as the catalyst and was susceptible to molecular oxygen, which made it should be conducted under strictly anoxic condition. Conducting ATRP under ambient and biocompatible conditions is the major challenge. In this study, cytochrome C was explored as an efficient biocatalyst for ATRP under biocompatible conditions. The cytochrome C catalyzed ATRP showed a relatively low polymer dispersity index of 1.19. More interestingly, the cytochrome C catalyzed ATRP showed superior oxygen resistance as it could be performed under aerobic conditions with high dissolved oxygen level. Further analysis suggested that the Fe(II) embed in the cytochrome C might serve as the catalytic center and methyl radical was responsible for the ATRP catalysis. This work explored new biocompatible catalyst for aerobic ATRP, which might open new dimension for practical ATRP and application of cytochrome C protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Cheng Xie
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Xue-Qing Guo
- Joint Institute of Jiangsu University-Hongrun Tech, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Fu-Qiao Yang
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Nuo Xu
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Chen
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Xing-Qiang Wang
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Hongcheng Wang
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yang-Chun Yong
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
- Joint Institute of Jiangsu University-Hongrun Tech, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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10
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11
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Lubskyy A, Guo C, Chadwick RJ, Petri-Fink A, Bruns N, Pellizzoni MM. Engineered Myoglobin as a Catalyst for Atom Transfer Radical Cyclisation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:10989-10992. [PMID: 36093761 PMCID: PMC9521412 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03227a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Myoglobin was subjected to site-directed mutagenesis and transformed into a catalyst able to perform atom transfer radical cyclisation reactions, i.e. intramolecular atom transfer radical additions. Replacing the iron-coordinating histidine with serine, or introducing small changes inside or at the entrance of the active site, transformed the completely inactive wild-type myoglobin into an artificial metalloenzyme able to catalyse the 5-exo cyclisation of halogenated unsaturated compounds for the synthesis of γ-lactams. This new-to-nature activity was achieved not only with purified protein but also in crude cell lysate and in whole cells. Myoglobin was subjected to site-directed mutagenesis and transformed into a catalyst able to perform the atom transfer radical reaction.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Lubskyy
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4,1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Chao Guo
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
| | - Robert J Chadwick
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4,1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9,1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michela M Pellizzoni
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4,1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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12
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Dadashi-Silab S, Kim K, Lorandi F, Schild DJ, Fantin M, Matyjaszewski K. Effect of halogen and solvent on iron-catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01601f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Efficient exchange of Br in iron-catalyzed ATRP in anisole provided well-controlled polymers with low dispersity as opposed to the Cl-based initiating system, which resulted in large dispersities due to the slower activation/deactivation with Cl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Dadashi-Silab
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Khidong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Dirk J. Schild
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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13
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Zhou Q, Chin M, Fu Y, Liu P, Yang Y. Stereodivergent atom-transfer radical cyclization by engineered cytochromes P450. Science 2021; 374:1612-1616. [PMID: 34941416 PMCID: PMC9309897 DOI: 10.1126/science.abk1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring enzymes can be a source of unnatural reactivity that can be molded by directed evolution to generate efficient biocatalysts with valuable activities. Owing to the lack of exploitable stereocontrol elements in synthetic systems, steering the absolute and relative stereochemistry of free-radical processes is notoriously difficult in asymmetric catalysis. Inspired by the innate redox properties of first-row transition-metal cofactors, we repurposed cytochromes P450 to catalyze stereoselective atom-transfer radical cyclization. A set of metalloenzymes was engineered to impose substantial stereocontrol over the radical addition step and the halogen rebound step in these unnatural processes, allowing enantio- and diastereodivergent radical catalysis. This evolvable metalloenzyme platform represents a promising solution to tame fleeting radical intermediates for asymmetric catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Michael Chin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Yue Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.,Biomolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.,Corresponding author.
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14
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Pokhriyal D, Heins SP, Sifri RJ, Gentekos DT, Coleman RE, Wolczanski PT, Cundari TR, Fors BP, Lancaster KM, MacMillan SN. Reversible C-C Bond Formation, Halide Abstraction, and Electromers in Complexes of Iron Containing Redox-Noninnocent Pyridine-imine Ligands. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:18662-18673. [PMID: 34889590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of pyridine-imine (PI) iron complexes that exhibit redox noninnocence (RNI) led to several interesting discoveries. The reduction of (PI)FeX2 species afforded disproportionation products such as (dmpPI)2FeX (dmp = 2,6-Me2-C6H3, X = Cl, Br; 8-X) and (dippPI)2FeX (dipp = 2,6-iPr2-C6H3, X = Cl, Br; 9-X), which were independently prepared by reductions of (PI)FeX2 in the presence of PI. The crystal structure of 8-Br possessed an asymmetric unit with two distinct electromers, species with different electronic GSs: a low-spin (S = 1/2) configuration derived from an intermediate-spin S = 1 core antiferromagnetically (AF) coupled to an S = 1/2 PI ligand, and an S = 3/2 center resulting from a high-spin S = 2 core AF-coupled to an S = 1/2 PI ligand. Calculations were used to energetically compare plausible ground states. Polydentate diazepane-PI (DHPI) ligands were applied to the synthesis of monomeric dihalides (DHPI)FeX2 (X = Cl, 1-Cl2; X = Br, 1-Br2); reduction generated the highly distorted bioctahedral dimers (DHPA)2Fe2X2 ((3-X)2) containing a C-C bond formed from imine coupling; the monomers 1-X2 could be regenerated upon Ph3CX oxidation. Dihalides and their reduced counterparts were subjected to various alkyl halides and methyl methacrylate (MMA), generating polymers with little to no molecular weight control, indicative of simple radical-initiated polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika Pokhriyal
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States
| | - Spencer P Heins
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States
| | - Renee J Sifri
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States
| | - Dillon T Gentekos
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States
| | - Rachael E Coleman
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States
| | - Peter T Wolczanski
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States
| | - Thomas R Cundari
- Department of Chemistry, CASCaM, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76201, United States
| | - Brett P Fors
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States
| | - Kyle M Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States
| | - Samantha N MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States
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15
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Romio M, Grob B, Trachsel L, Mattarei A, Morgese G, Ramakrishna SN, Niccolai F, Guazzelli E, Paradisi C, Martinelli E, Spencer ND, Benetti EM. Dispersity within Brushes Plays a Major Role in Determining Their Interfacial Properties: The Case of Oligoxazoline-Based Graft Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:19067-19077. [PMID: 34738797 PMCID: PMC8769490 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many synthetic polymers used to form polymer-brush films feature a main backbone with functional, oligomeric side chains. While the structure of such graft polymers mimics biomacromolecules to an extent, it lacks the monodispersity and structural purity present in nature. Here we demonstrate that side-chain heterogeneity within graft polymers significantly influences hydration and the occurrence of hydrophobic interactions in the subsequently formed brushes and consequently impacts fundamental interfacial properties. This is demonstrated for the case of poly(methacrylate)s (PMAs) presenting oligomeric side chains of different length (n) and dispersity. A precise tuning of brush structure was achieved by first synthesizing oligo(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) methacrylates (OEOXMAs) by cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP), subsequently purifying them into discrete macromonomers with distinct values of n by column chromatography, and finally obtaining poly[oligo(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) methacrylate]s (POEOXMAs) by reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Assembly of POEOXMA on Au surfaces yielded graft polymer brushes with different side-chain dispersities and lengths, whose properties were thoroughly investigated by a combination of variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE), quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCMD), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) methods. Side-chain dispersity, or dispersity within brushes, leads to assemblies that are more hydrated, less adhesive, and more lubricious and biopassive compared to analogous films obtained from graft polymers characterized by a homogeneous structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Romio
- Biointerfaces
Lab, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials
Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Laboratory
for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Grob
- Laboratory
for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lucca Trachsel
- George
& Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of
Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Andrea Mattarei
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Morgese
- Institute
of Materials and Process Engineering (IMPE), School of Engineering
(SoE), Zürich University of Applied
Sciences (ZHAW), Technikumstrasse 9, 8401 Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Shivaprakash N. Ramakrishna
- Soft Materials
and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg
5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Niccolai
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Guazzelli
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Paradisi
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Martinelli
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicholas D. Spencer
- Laboratory
for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Edmondo M. Benetti
- Biointerfaces
Lab, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials
Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Laboratory
for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35122 Padova, Italy
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16
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Strianese M, Pappalardo D, Mazzeo M, Lamberti M, Pellecchia C. The contribution of metalloporphyrin complexes in molecular sensing and in sustainable polymerization processes: a new and unique perspective. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:7898-7916. [PMID: 33999066 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00841b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the recent developments in the field of metalloporphyrins as optical probes for biologically relevant molecules, such as nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and as catalysts for the preparation of sustainable polymers such as polyesters, by the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic esters and the ring-opening co-polymerization (ROCOP) of epoxides and anhydrides, and polycarbonates by the chemical fixation of carbon dioxide (CO2). The great potential of porphyrins is mainly due to the possibility of making various synthetic modifications to the porphyrin ring, such as modifying the coordinated metal, peripheral substituents, or even the molecular skeleton. Due to the strict structure-property relationships, one can use porphyrinoids in several different applications such as, for instance, activation of molecular oxygen or catalysis of photosynthetic processes. These possibilities broaden the application of porphyrins in several different fields of research, further mimicking what nature does. In this context, here, we want to provide evidence for the great flexibility of metalloporphyrins by presenting an overview of results obtained by us and others in the research fields we are currently involved in. More specifically, we report a survey of our most significant achievements regarding their use as optical probes in the context of the results reported in the literature from other research groups, and of the use of porphyrin metal(iii) complexes as catalysts for sustainable polymerization processes. As for the optical probe section, in addition to the metalloporphyrins synthesized ad hoc in the laboratory, the present work also covers the natural proteins containing a porphyrin core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Strianese
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "Adolfo Zambelli", Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Daniela Pappalardo
- Università del Sannio, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, via de Sanctis, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Mina Mazzeo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "Adolfo Zambelli", Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Marina Lamberti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "Adolfo Zambelli", Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Claudio Pellecchia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "Adolfo Zambelli", Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
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17
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Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (Controlled/living radical polymerization): From discovery to materials design and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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18
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Raccio S, Pollard J, Djuhadi A, Balog S, Pellizzoni MM, Rodriguez KJ, Rifaie-Graham O, Bruns N. Rapid quantification of the malaria biomarker hemozoin by improved biocatalytically initiated precipitation atom transfer radical polymerizations. Analyst 2020; 145:7741-7751. [PMID: 33000767 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00976h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The fight against tropical diseases such as malaria requires the development of innovative biosensing techniques. Diagnostics must be rapid and robust to ensure prompt case management and to avoid further transmission. The malaria biomarker hemozoin can catalyze atom transfer radical polymerizations (ATRP), which we exploit in a polymerization-amplified biosensing assay for hemozoin based on the precipitation polymerization of N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAAm). The reaction conditions are systematically investigated using synthetic hemozoin to gain fundamental understanding of the involved reactions and to greatly reduce the amplification time, while maintaining the sensitivity of the assay. The use of excess ascorbate allows oxygen to be consumed in situ but leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species and to the decomposition of the initiator 2-hydroxyethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate (HEBIB). Addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and pyruvate results in better differentiation between the blank and hemozoin-containing samples. Optimized reaction conditions (including reagents, pH, and temperature) reduce the amplification time from 37 ± 5 min to 3 ± 0.5 min while maintaining a low limit of detection of 1.06 ng mL-1. The short amplification time brings the precipitation polymerization assay a step closer to a point-of-care diagnostic device for malaria. Future efforts will be dedicated to the isolation of hemozoin from clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Raccio
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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19
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Chen ZH, Ma Y, Wang XY, Sun XL, Li JF, Zhu BH, Tang Y. Winning Strategy for Iron-Based ATRP Using In Situ Generated Iodine as a Regulator. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiu-Li Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ben-Hu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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20
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Yuan M, Cui X, Zhu W, Tang H. Development of Environmentally Friendly Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1987. [PMID: 32878287 PMCID: PMC7563397 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is one of the most successful techniques for the preparation of well-defined polymers with controllable molecular weights, narrow molecular weight distributions, specific macromolecular architectures, and precisely designed functionalities. ATRP usually involves transition-metal complex as catalyst. As the most commonly used copper complex catalyst is usually biologically toxic and environmentally unsafe, considerable interest has been focused on iron complex, enzyme, and metal-free catalysts owing to their low toxicity, inexpensive cost, commercial availability and environmental friendliness. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of iron catalyst used in normal, reverse, AGET, ICAR, GAMA, and SARA ATRP, enzyme as well as metal-free catalyst mediated ATRP in the point of view of catalytic activity, initiation efficiency, and polymerization controllability. The principle of ATRP and the development of iron ligand are briefly discussed. The recent development of enzyme-mediated ATRP, the latest research progress on metal-free ATRP, and the application of metal-free ATRP in interdisciplinary areas are highlighted in sections. The prospects and challenges of these three ATRP techniques are also described in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Huadong Tang
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China; (M.Y.); (X.C.); (W.Z.)
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21
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Fan G, Graham AJ, Kolli J, Lynd NA, Keitz BK. Aerobic radical polymerization mediated by microbial metabolism. Nat Chem 2020; 12:638-646. [PMID: 32424254 PMCID: PMC7321916 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-0460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Performing radical polymerizations under ambient conditions is a significant challenge because molecular oxygen is an effective radical quencher. Here we show that the facultative electrogen Shewanella oneidensis can control metal-catalyzed living radical polymerizations under apparent aerobic conditions by first consuming dissolved oxygen via aerobic respiration, then directing extracellular electron flux to a metal catalyst. In both open and closed containers, S. oneidensis enabled living radical polymerizations without requiring the pre-removal of oxygen. Polymerization activity was closely tied to S. oneidensis anaerobic metabolism through specific extracellular electron transfer (EET) proteins and was effective for a variety of monomers using low (ppm) concentrations of metal catalysts. Finally, polymerizations survived repeated challenges of oxygen exposure and could be initiated using lyophilized or spent (recycled) cells. Overall, our results demonstrate how the unique ability of S. oneidensis to use both oxygen and metals as respiratory electron acceptors can be leveraged to address salient challenges in polymer synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Fan
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.,Center for Dynamics and Control of Materials, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Austin J Graham
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.,Center for Dynamics and Control of Materials, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jayaker Kolli
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Lynd
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.,Center for Dynamics and Control of Materials, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin K Keitz
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. .,Center for Dynamics and Control of Materials, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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22
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Dadashi-Silab S, Matyjaszewski K. Iron Catalysts in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Molecules 2020; 25:E1648. [PMID: 32260141 PMCID: PMC7180715 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalysts are essential for mediating a controlled polymerization in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Copper-based catalysts are widely explored in ATRP and are highly efficient, leading to well-controlled polymerization of a variety of functional monomers. In addition to copper, iron-based complexes offer new opportunities in ATRP catalysis to develop environmentally friendly, less toxic, inexpensive, and abundant catalytic systems. Despite the high efficiency of iron catalysts in controlling polymerization of various monomers including methacrylates and styrene, ATRP of acrylate-based monomers by iron catalysts still remains a challenge. In this paper, we review the fundamentals and recent advances of iron-catalyzed ATRP focusing on development of ligands, catalyst design, and techniques used for iron catalysis in ATRP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
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23
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Poly (Ethylene Oxide)-Based Block Copolymer Electrolytes Formed via Ligand-Free Iron-Mediated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040763. [PMID: 32244569 PMCID: PMC7240491 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Br-terminated poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO-Br) is used as a green and efficient macroinitiator in bulk Fe-catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) without the addition of any organic ligands. The polymerization rate is able to be mediated by PEO-Br with various molecular weights, and the decrease in redox potential of FeBr2 in cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves indicates that an increased coordination effect is deteriorated with the depressing reaction activity in the longer ethylene oxide (EO) chain in PEO-Br. In combination with the study of different catalysts and catalytic contents, the methyl metharylate (MMA) or poly (ethylene glycol) monomethacrylate (PEGMA) was successfully polymerized with PEO-Br as an initiator. This copolymer obtained from PEGMA polymerization can be further employed as a polymer matrix to form the polymer electrolyte (PE). The higher ionic conductivity of PE was obtained by using a high molecular weight of copolymer.
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24
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Huang YS, Hsueh HY, Aimi J, Chou LC, Lu YC, Kuo SW, Wang CC, Chen KY, Huang CF. Effects of various Cu(0), Fe(0), and proanthocyanidin reducing agents on Fe( iii)-catalysed ATRP for the synthesis of PMMA block copolymers and their self-assembly behaviours. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00658k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Well-defined PMMA, PMMA-b-PBzMA and PMMA-b-PBMA polymers were obtained via green Fe-ATRP with the aid of proanthocyanidins. Interestingly, microphase separation was observed in PMMA-b-PBMA polymer with upper critical ordering temperature behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shen Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology (iCAST)
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 40227
- Taiwan
| | - Han-Yu Hsueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 40227
- Taiwan
| | - Junko Aimi
- Molecular Design & Function Group
- Research Center for Functional Materials
- National Institute for Materials Science
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Li-Chieh Chou
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology (iCAST)
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 40227
- Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology (iCAST)
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 40227
- Taiwan
| | - Shiao-Wei Kuo
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science
- Center of Crystal Research
- National Sun Yat-Sen University
- Kaohsiung 80424
- Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chi Wang
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery
- Veterans General Hospital
- Taichung
- Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Yu Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- National Yunlin University of Science and Technology
- Yunlin 64002
- Taiwan
| | - Chih-Feng Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology (iCAST)
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 40227
- Taiwan
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25
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Abstract
This review summarizes various radical polymerization chemistries for amplifying biodetection signals and compares them from the practical point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyeon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Hadley D. Sikes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
- Program in Polymers and Soft Matter
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26
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Baker SL, Kaupbayeva B, Lathwal S, Das SR, Russell AJ, Matyjaszewski K. Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization for Biorelated Hybrid Materials. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:4272-4298. [PMID: 31738532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Proteins, nucleic acids, lipid vesicles, and carbohydrates are the major classes of biomacromolecules that function to sustain life. Biology also uses post-translation modification to increase the diversity and functionality of these materials, which has inspired attaching various other types of polymers to biomacromolecules. These polymers can be naturally (carbohydrates and biomimetic polymers) or synthetically derived and have unique properties with tunable architectures. Polymers are either grafted-to or grown-from the biomacromolecule's surface, and characteristics including polymer molar mass, grafting density, and degree of branching can be controlled by changing reaction stoichiometries. The resultant conjugated products display a chimerism of properties such as polymer-induced enhancement in stability with maintained bioactivity, and while polymers are most often conjugated to proteins, they are starting to be attached to nucleic acids and lipid membranes (cells) as well. The fundamental studies with protein-polymer conjugates have improved our synthetic approaches, characterization techniques, and understanding of structure-function relationships that will lay the groundwork for creating new conjugated biomacromolecular products which could lead to breakthroughs in genetic and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie L Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , Scott Hall 4N201, 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Bibifatima Kaupbayeva
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Department of Biological Sciences , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Sushil Lathwal
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Subha R Das
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Alan J Russell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , Scott Hall 4N201, 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Department of Biological Sciences , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
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27
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Fu L, Simakova A, Park S, Wang Y, Fantin M, Matyjaszewski K. Axially Ligated Mesohemins as Bio-Mimicking Catalysts for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Molecules 2019; 24:E3969. [PMID: 31684005 PMCID: PMC6864814 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is the most common metal catalyst used in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), but iron is an excellent alternative due to its natural abundance and low toxicity compared to copper. In this work, two new iron-porphyrin-based catalysts inspired by naturally occurring proteins, such as horseradish peroxidase, hemoglobin, and cytochrome P450, were synthesized and tested for ATRP. Natural protein structures were mimicked by attaching imidazole or thioether groups to the porphyrin, leading to increased rates of polymerization, as well as providing polymers with low dispersity, even in the presence of ppm amounts of catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liye Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Antonina Simakova
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Sangwoo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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28
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Rodriguez KJ, Pellizzoni MM, Divandari M, Benetti EM, Bruns N. Biocatalytic ATRP in solution and on surfaces. Methods Enzymol 2019; 627:263-290. [PMID: 31630744 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The promiscuity of enzymes allows for their implementation as catalysts for non-native chemical transformations. Utilizing the redox activity of metalloenzymes under activator regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET) ATRP conditions, well-controlled and defined polymers can be generated. In this chapter, we review bioATRP in solution and on surfaces and provide experimental protocols for hemoglobin-catalyzed ATRP and for surface-initiated biocatalytic ATRP. This chapter highlights the polymerization of acrylate and acrylamide monomers and provides detailed experimental protocols for the characterization of the polymers and of the polymer brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Rodriguez
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Mohammad Divandari
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Edmondo M Benetti
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Nico Bruns
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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29
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Dadashi-Silab S, Matyjaszewski K. Iron-Catalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Semifluorinated Methacrylates. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1110-1114. [PMID: 35619440 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fluorinated polymers are an important class of functional materials that exhibit unique properties such as high chemical resistance, thermal stability, and low surface energy. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of semifluorinated monomers catalyzed by copper catalysts often requires development of special conditions to control the polymerization and prevent side reactions such as base-catalyzed transesterification between the fluoro-containing monomers and solvents. In this paper, photoinduced iron-catalyzed ATRP was applied to the polymerization of a variety of semifluorinated methacrylate monomers. Polymerizations were initiated by photochemical generation of the Fe catalyst activator under blue light irradiation, enabling temporal control over the growth of polymer chains, and were well-controlled in various solvents, including fluorinated and nonfluorinated solvents, without undergoing any side reactions. Moreover, in situ chain extension and block copolymerization experiments demonstrated the preservation of chain end functionality, enabling facile synthesis of well-controlled block copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Dadashi-Silab
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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30
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Tian J, Zhang W. Synthesis, self-assembly and applications of functional polymers based on porphyrins. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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31
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Wang J, Han J, Xie X, Xue Z, Fliedel C, Poli R. FeBr2-Catalyzed Bulk ATRP Promoted by Simple Inorganic Salts. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jirong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Jianyu Han
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Xue
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Christophe Fliedel
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Rinaldo Poli
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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32
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Rifaie-Graham O, Pollard J, Raccio S, Balog S, Rusch S, Hernández-Castañeda MA, Mantel PY, Beck HP, Bruns N. Hemozoin-catalyzed precipitation polymerization as an assay for malaria diagnosis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1369. [PMID: 30911004 PMCID: PMC6433922 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09122-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods to diagnose malaria are of paramount interest to eradicate the disease. Current methods have severe limitations, as they are either costly or not sensitive enough to detect low levels of parasitemia. Here we report an ultrasensitive, yet low-resource chemical assay for the detection and quantification of hemozoin, a biomarker of all Plasmodium species. Solubilized hemozoin catalyzes the atom transfer radical polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide above the lower critical solution temperature of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). The solution becomes turbid, which can be observed by naked eye and quantified by UV-visible spectroscopy. The rate of turbidity increase is proportional to the concentration of hemozoin, with a detection limit of 0.85 ng mL-1. Malaria parasites in human blood can be detected down to 10 infected red blood cells μL-1. The assay could potentially be applied as a point-of-care test. The signal-amplification of an analyte by biocatalytic precipitation polymerization represents a powerful approach in biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Rifaie-Graham
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Pollard
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Raccio
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sandor Balog
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Rusch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersgraben, 4000, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Pierre-Yves Mantel
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 1, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Beck
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersgraben, 4000, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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33
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Wang J, Han J, Peng H, Tang X, Zhu J, Liao RZ, Xie X, Xue Z, Fliedel C, Poli R. Bromoalkyl ATRP initiator activation by inorganic salts: experiments and computations. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00113a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The bromoalkyl ATRP initiator EBrPA is activated by many alkali, alkaline-earth and ammonium salts, leading to MMA polymerization, but only the iodides yield a controlled process because of a degenerative transfer mechanism contribution.
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34
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Gajewska B, Raccio S, Rodriguez KJ, Bruns N. Chlorophyll derivatives as catalysts and comonomers for atom transfer radical polymerizations. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01492b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Derivatives of chlorophyll were investigated as both catalysts and comonomers to generate well-defined polymers with narrow dispersities under AGET ATRP conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nico Bruns
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- 1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
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35
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Rodriguez KJ, Gajewska B, Pollard J, Pellizzoni MM, Fodor C, Bruns N. Repurposing Biocatalysts to Control Radical Polymerizations. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:1111-1119. [PMID: 35632946 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerizations (controlled radical polymerizations) have revolutionized and revitalized the field of polymer synthesis. While enzymes and other biologically derived catalysts have long been known to initiate free radical polymerizations, the ability of peroxidases, hemoglobin, laccases, enzyme-mimetics, chlorophylls, heme, red blood cells, bacteria, and other biocatalysts to control or initiate reversible-deactivation radical polymerizations has only been described recently. Here, the scope of biocatalytic atom transfer radical polymerizations (bioATRP), enzyme-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer radical polymerizations (bioRAFT), biocatalytic organometallic-mediated radical polymerizations (bioOMRP), and biocatalytic reversible complexation mediated polymerizations (bioRCMP) is critically reviewed, and the potential of these reactions for the environmentally friendly synthesis of precision polymers, for the preparation of functional nanostructures, for the modification of surfaces, and for biosensing is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Rodriguez
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bernadetta Gajewska
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Pollard
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michela M. Pellizzoni
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Csaba Fodor
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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36
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Reyhani A, Nothling MD, Ranji‐Burachaloo H, McKenzie TG, Fu Q, Tan S, Bryant G, Qiao GG. Blood‐Catalyzed RAFT Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Reyhani
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Mitchell D. Nothling
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Hadi Ranji‐Burachaloo
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Thomas G. McKenzie
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Qiang Fu
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Shereen Tan
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Gary Bryant
- Department of Physics RMIT Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
| | - Greg G. Qiao
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
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37
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Reyhani A, Nothling MD, Ranji-Burachaloo H, McKenzie TG, Fu Q, Tan S, Bryant G, Qiao GG. Blood-Catalyzed RAFT Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10288-10292. [PMID: 29920886 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of hemoglobin (Hb) contained within red blood cells to drive a controlled radical polymerization via a reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) process is reported for the first time. No pre-treatment of the Hb or cells was required prior to their use as polymerization catalysts, indicating the potential for synthetic engineering in complex biological microenvironments without the need for ex vivo techniques. Owing to the naturally occurring prevalence of the reagents employed in the catalytic system (Hb and hydrogen peroxide), this approach may facilitate the development of new strategies for in vivo cell engineering with synthetic macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Reyhani
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Mitchell D Nothling
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Hadi Ranji-Burachaloo
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Thomas G McKenzie
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Qiang Fu
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Shereen Tan
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Gary Bryant
- Department of Physics, RMIT, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Greg G Qiao
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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38
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Danielson AP, Van-Kuren DB, Bornstein JP, Kozuszek CT, Berberich JA, Page RC, Konkolewicz D. Investigating the Mechanism of Horseradish Peroxidase as a RAFT-Initiase. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E741. [PMID: 30960666 PMCID: PMC6403633 DOI: 10.3390/polym10070741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A detailed mechanistic and kinetic study of enzymatically initiated RAFT polymerization is performed by combining enzymatic assays and polymerization kinetics analysis. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) initiated RAFT polymerization of dimethylacrylamide (DMAm) was studied. This polymerization was controlled by 2-(propionic acid)ylethyl trithiocarbonate (PAETC) in the presence of H₂O₂ as a substrate and acetylacetone (ACAC) as a mediator. In general, well controlled polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions and good agreement between theoretical and measured molecular weights are consistently obtained by this method. Kinetic and enzymatic assay analyses show that HRP loading accelerates the reaction, with a critical concentration of ACAC needed to effectively generate polymerization initiating radicals. The PAETC RAFT agent is required to control the reaction, although the RAFT agent also has an inhibitory effect on enzymatic performance and polymerization. Interestingly, although H₂O₂ is the substrate for HRP there is an optimal concentration near 1 mM, under the conditions studies, with higher or lower concentrations leading to lower polymerization rates and poorer enzymatic activity. This is explained through a competition between the H₂O₂ acting as a substrate, but also an inhibitor of HRP at high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex P Danielson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Miami University 651 E High St, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Dylan Bailey Van-Kuren
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Miami University 651 E High St, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Joshua P Bornstein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Miami University 651 E High St, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Caleb T Kozuszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Miami University 651 E High St, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Jason A Berberich
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering Miami University 650 E High St, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Richard C Page
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Miami University 651 E High St, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Miami University 651 E High St, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
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39
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Jiang W, Pan Y, Yang J, Liu Y, Yang Y, Tang J, Li Q. A peroxidase mimic with atom transfer radical polymerization activity constructed through the grafting of heme onto metal-organic frameworks. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 521:62-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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Shewanella oneidensis as a living electrode for controlled radical polymerization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:4559-4564. [PMID: 29666254 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1800869115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic engineering has facilitated the production of pharmaceuticals, fuels, and soft materials but is generally limited to optimizing well-defined metabolic pathways. We hypothesized that the reaction space available to metabolic engineering could be expanded by coupling extracellular electron transfer to the performance of an exogenous redox-active metal catalyst. Here we demonstrate that the electroactive bacterium Shewanella oneidensis can control the activity of a copper catalyst in atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) via extracellular electron transfer. Using S. oneidensis, we achieved precise control over the molecular weight and polydispersity of a bioorthogonal polymer while similar organisms, such as Escherichia coli, showed no significant activity. We found that catalyst performance was a strong function of bacterial metabolism and specific electron transport proteins, both of which offer potential biological targets for future applications. Overall, our results suggest that manipulating extracellular electron transport pathways may be a general strategy for incorporating organometallic catalysis into the repertoire of metabolically controlled transformations.
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41
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Wang CG, Hanindita F, Goto A. Biocompatible Choline Iodide Catalysts for Green Living Radical Polymerization of Functional Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:263-268. [PMID: 35610904 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein, nontoxic and metabolizable choline iodide analogues, including choline iodide, acetylcholine iodide, and butyrylcholine iodide, were successfully utilized as novel catalysts for "green" living radical polymerization (LRP). Through the combination of several green solvents (ethyl lactate, ethanol, and water), this green LRP process yielded low-polydispersity hydrophobic, hydrophilic, zwitterionic, and water-soluble biocompatible polymethacrylates and polyacrylates with high monomer conversions. Well-defined hydrophobic-hydrophilic and hydrophilic-hydrophilic block copolymers were also synthesized. The accessibility to a range of polymer designs is an attractive feature of this polymerization. The use of nontoxic choline iodide catalysts as well as green polymerization conditions can contribute to sustainable polymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Gang Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological
Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371 Singapore
| | - Fiona Hanindita
- Division of Chemistry and Biological
Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371 Singapore
| | - Atsushi Goto
- Division of Chemistry and Biological
Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371 Singapore
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42
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Fu L, Simakova A, Fantin M, Wang Y, Matyjaszewski K. Direct ATRP of Methacrylic Acid with Iron-Porphyrin Based Catalysts. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:26-30. [PMID: 29963331 PMCID: PMC6023406 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An iron porphyrin catalyst, derived from the active center of proteins such as horseradish peroxidase and hemoglobin, was successfully used for the atom transfer radical polymerizations (ATRP) of methacrylic acid. ATRP of methacrylic acid and other acidic monomers is challenging due to Cu complexation by carboxylates, protonation of the ligand, and displacement of the halogen chain end. A robust mesohemin-based catalyst provided controlled ATRP of methacrylic acid, yielding poly(methacrylic acid) with Mn ≥ 20000 and dispersity Đ < 1.5. Retention of halogen chain end was confirmed by successful chain extension of a poly-(methacrylic acid)-Br macroinitiator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liye Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Antonina Simakova
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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43
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Pan X, Fantin M, Yuan F, Matyjaszewski K. Externally controlled atom transfer radical polymerization. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5457-5490. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00259b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ATRP can be externally controlled by electrical current, light, mechanical forces and various chemical reducing agents. The mechanistic aspects and preparation of polymers with complex functional architectures and their applications are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangcheng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemistry
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - Fang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
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44
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Divandari M, Pollard J, Dehghani E, Bruns N, Benetti EM. Controlling Enzymatic Polymerization from Surfaces with Switchable Bioaffinity. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:4261-4270. [PMID: 29086550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The affinity of surfaces toward proteins is found to be a key parameter to govern the synthesis of polymer brushes by surface-initiated biocatalytic atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-bioATRP). While the "ATRPase" hemoglobin (Hb) stimulates only a relatively slow growth of protein repellent brushes, the synthesis of thermoresponsive grafts can be regulated by switching the polymer's attraction toward proteins across its lower critical solution temperature (LCST). Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) brushes are synthesized in discrete steps of thickness at temperatures above LCST, while the biocatalyst layer is refreshed at T < LCST. Multistep surface-initiated biocatalytic ATRP demonstrates a high degree of control, results in high chain end group fidelity and enables the synthesis of multiblock copolymer brushes under fully aqueous conditions. The activity of Hb can be further modulated by tuning the accessibility of the heme pocket within the protein. Hence, the multistep polymerization is accelerated at acid pH, where the enzyme undergoes a transition from its native to a molten globule conformation. The controlled synthesis of polymer brushes by multistep SI-bioATRP highlights how a biocatalytic synthesis of grafted polymer films can be precisely controlled through the modulation of the polymer's interfacial physicochemical properties, in particular of the affinity of the surface toward proteins. This is not only of importance to gain a predictive understanding of surface-confined enzymatic polymerizations, but also represents a new way to translate bioadhesion into a controlled functionalization of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Divandari
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Pollard
- Adolphe Merkle Institute , Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ella Dehghani
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Adolphe Merkle Institute , Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Edmondo M Benetti
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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46
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Synthesis and Nanoprecipitation of HEMA-CL n Based Polymers for the Production of Biodegradable Nanoparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9090389. [PMID: 30965689 PMCID: PMC6418799 DOI: 10.3390/polym9090389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The control over the size distribution and stability of polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) is crucial in many of their applications, especially in the biomedical field. These characteristics are typically influenced by the production method and the nature of the starting material. To investigate these aspects, the controlled radical polymerization of functionalized methacrylates constituted by 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) functionalized with a controlled number of ε-caprolactone (CL) units (HEMA-CLn), was carried out via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) in solution. The living reaction allows for good control over the molar mass of the final polymer with a low molar mass dispersity. The obtained polymer solutions were nanoprecipitated in order to produce NPs suitable for drug delivery applications with narrow particle size distribution and a wide size range (from 60 to 250 nm). The NP synthesis has been performed using a mixing device, in order to control the parameters involved in the nanoprecipitation process. As already seen for similar systems, the size of the produced NPs is a function of the polymer concentration during the nanoprecipitation process. Nevertheless, when the polymer concentration is kept constant, the NP size is influenced by the chemical structure of the polymer used, in terms of the presence of PEG (poly(ethylene glycol)), the degree of RAFT polymerization, and the length of the caprolactone side chain. These characteristics were also found to influence the stability and degradation properties of the produced NPs.
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47
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Jiang W, Wang X, Chen J, Liu Y, Han H, Ding Y, Li Q, Tang J. Deuterohemin-Peptide Enzyme Mimic-Embedded Metal-Organic Frameworks through Biomimetic Mineralization with Efficient ATRP Catalytic Activity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:26948-26957. [PMID: 28724289 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An enzyme mimic harboring iron porphyrin (DhHP-6) embedded in zeolite imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) was constructed through a biomimetic mineralization approach to obtain composite DhHP-6@ZIF-8. The composite was then used as a catalyst in the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA500) in which poly(PEGMA500) could be synthesized with monomer conversion of 76.1% and Mn of 45 900 g/mol, stronger than that obtained when using free DhHP-6 as a catalyst. More importantly, it could efficiently overcome the drawbacks of free DhHP-6 and achieve the easy separation of DhHP-6 from the catalytic system and the elimination of iron residues in the synthesized polymer. In addition, it exhibited an enhanced recyclability with monomer conversion of 75.7% after five cycles and favorable stability during the ATRP reaction with <3.0% of DhHP-6 release within 100 h. Thus, the enzyme mimic-ZIF-8 composite developed through biomimetic mineralization can be potentially used as an effective catalyst for preparing well-defined polymers with biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry and ‡Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xinghuo Wang
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry and ‡Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jiawen Chen
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry and ‡Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry and ‡Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Haobo Han
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry and ‡Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry and ‡Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Quanshun Li
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry and ‡Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Chemistry and ‡Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
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48
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Azuma Y, Terashima T, Sawamoto M. Self-Folding Polymer Iron Catalysts for Living Radical Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Azuma
- Department of Polymer Chemistry,
Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takaya Terashima
- Department of Polymer Chemistry,
Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Sawamoto
- Department of Polymer Chemistry,
Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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49
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Nishiura C, Williams V, Matyjaszewski K. Iron and copper based catalysts containing anionic phenolate ligands for atom transfer radical polymerization. Macromol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-017-5118-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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50
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Zhu Q, Li X, Xiao Y, Xiong Y, Wang S, Xu C, Zhang J, Wu X. Synthesis of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer via Visible Light Activated RAFT Polymerization in Aqueous Media at Room Temperature for Highly Selective Electrochemical Assay of Glucose. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiankun Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan 411105 China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- School of Chemical Engineering; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan 411105 China
| | - Yonghua Xiao
- School of Chemical Engineering; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan 411105 China
| | - Yan Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan 411105 China
| | - Suiping Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan 411105 China
| | - Changli Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan 411105 China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan 411105 China
| | - Xuewen Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan 411105 China
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