1
|
Jin XY, Wang JY, Yang X, Chen ZN. Attaining Exceptional Stable Copper(I) Metallacyclopentadiene Diradicaloids through Ligand Engineering. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:19323-19331. [PMID: 37955402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Diradicaloids are generally high-energy molecules with open-shell configuration and are quite reactive. In this work, we report a feasible synthetic approach to attaining exceptionally stable copper(I) metallacyclopentadiene diradicaloids through ligand engineering. Copper(I)-hybrid cyclopentadiene diradicaloids 1c-6c that absorb intensely in visible regions were successfully prepared in stoichiometrical yields under UV light irradiation. The diradicaloids originate from the C-C bonding coupling of two side-by-side-arranged ethynyl groups in complexes 1-6 upon photocyclization. By rational selection of substituents in triphosphine ligands, we systematically modulate the kinetic behavior of diradicaloids 1c-6c in the thermal decoloration process. With precise ligand design, we are able to obtain exceptionally stable copper(I)-hybrid cyclopentadiene diradicaloids with a half-life as long as ca. 40 h in CH2Cl2 solution at ambient temperature. As demonstrated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and variable-temperature magnetic studies, the diradicaloids manifest a singlet ground state, but they are readily populated to a triplet excited state through thermal activation in view of a small singlet-triplet energy gap of -0.39 kcal mol-1. The diradicaloids show two-step quasi-reversible reduction waves at about -0.5 and -1.0 V ascribed to successive one-electron-accepting processes, coinciding perfectly with the characteristics of diradicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Yuan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350100, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jin-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350100, China
- Fujian Science and Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350100, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zhong-Ning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350100, China
- Fujian Science and Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Braese J, Lehnfeld F, Annibale VT, Oswald T, Beckhaus R, Manners I, Scheer M. Titanium-Catalyzed Polymerization of a Lewis Base-Stabilized Phosphinoborane. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301741. [PMID: 37498679 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of the Lewis base-stabilized phosphinoborane monomer tBuHPBH2 NMe3 (2 a) with catalytic amounts of bis(η5 :η1 -adamantylidenepentafulvene)titanium (1) provides a convenient new route to the polyphosphinoborane [tBuPH-BH2 ]n (3 a). This method offers access to high molar mass materials under mild conditions and with short reaction times (20 °C, 1 h in toluene). It represents an unprecedented example of a transition metal-mediated polymerization of a Lewis base-stabilized Group 13/15 compound. Preliminary studies of the substrate scope and a potential mechanism are reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Braese
- Universität Regensburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, 94053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Felix Lehnfeld
- Universität Regensburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, 94053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Vincent T Annibale
- University of Victoria, Department of Chemistry, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Tim Oswald
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institut für Chemie Carl-von-Ossietzky, Straße 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Beckhaus
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institut für Chemie Carl-von-Ossietzky, Straße 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ian Manners
- University of Victoria, Department of Chemistry, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Universität Regensburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, 94053, Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lehnfeld F, Seidl M, Timoshkin AY, Scheer M. Synthesis and Reactivity of a Lewis‐Base‐Stabilized
tert
‐Butyl Arsanylborane: A Versatile Building Block for Arsenic‐Boron Oligomers. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Lehnfeld
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Alexey Y. Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University 199034 Universitetskaya emb. 7/9 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hoffmann J, Ramirez Y Medina IM, Hissler M, Staubitz A. The influence of the formal replacement of thiophenes by stannoles in terthiophene and sexithiophene on the optoelectronic properties and electrochemical behavior. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:6213-6221. [PMID: 33871519 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00565k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polystannoles with thienyl co-monomers are in many ways similar to polythiophenes, but they display much reduced band gaps. However, their polymerization processes are not well researched. Thiophene can be oxidatively electropolymerized, but as stannoles are organometallic, the fundamental question arises whether their inclusion in a conjugated backbone can protect them sufficiently to be able to perform an oxidative electropolymerization. As well-defined oligothiophenes can be used as models to understand the optical and electronic properties of polythiophenes, we transposed this concept on stannole containing polymers; therefore we synthesized a monomeric 1 and dimeric thiophene-flanked stannole 2 and investigated their optoelectronic properties comparatively including polystannoles and the corresponding oligothiophenes in our analysis. With respect to monomer 1, a significantly redshifted absorption (λmax = 510 nm, Δ = 93 nm) and a small optical band gap (Eg,opt(2) = 2.13 eV), close to the bandgap of polymeric stannoles, was observed. In comparison to oligothiophenes, these thienyl-flanked stannoles exhibited a redshift in absorption and emission as well as a lower oxidation potential. Despite these differences, they showed an oligothiophene-like electrochemical behavior. Stannole 1 and the dimer 2 were subjected to an electropolymerization process. This process was investigated in detail by spectroelectrochemical methods which showed that radical cation species were formed in situ but readily decomposed. Nevertheless, under the milder multiscan cyclovoltammetric conditions, electropolymerization occurred as shown by cyclovoltammetry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Hoffmann
- University of Bremen, Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, Leobener Straße 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. and University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, Bibliothekstraße 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany and CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, 3500 Rennes, France.
| | - Isabel-Maria Ramirez Y Medina
- University of Bremen, Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, Leobener Straße 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. and University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, Bibliothekstraße 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Anne Staubitz
- University of Bremen, Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, Leobener Straße 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. and University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, Bibliothekstraße 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ramirez Y Medina IM, Rohdenburg M, Rusch P, Duvinage D, Bigall NC, Staubitz A. π-Conjugated stannole copolymers synthesised by a tin-selective Stille cross-coupling reaction. MATERIALS ADVANCES 2021; 2:3282-3293. [PMID: 34124683 PMCID: PMC8142672 DOI: 10.1039/d1ma00104c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of four well-defined conjugated polymers TStTT1-4 containing unusual heterocycle units in the main chain, namely stannole units as building blocks, is reported. The stannole-thiophenyl copolymers were generated by tin-selective Stille coupling reactions in nearly quantitative yields of 94% to 98%. NMR data show that the tin atoms in the rings remain unaffected. Weight-average molecular weights (M w) were high (4900-10 900 Da and 9600-21 900 Da); and molecular weight distributions (M w/M n) were between 1.9 and 2.3. The new materials are strongly absorbing and appear blue-black to purple-black. All iodothiophenyl-stannole monomers St1-4 and the resulting bisthiophenyl-stannole copolymers TStTT1-4 were investigated with respect to their optoelectronic properties. The absorption maxima of the polymers are strongly bathochromically shifted compared to their monomers by about 76 nm to 126 nm in chloroform. Density functional theory calculations support our experimental results of the single stannoles St1-4 showing small HOMO-LUMO energy gaps of 3.17-3.24 eV. The optical band gaps of the polymers are much more decreased and were determined to be only 1.61-1.79 eV. Furthermore, both the molecular structures of stannoles St2 and St3 from single crystal X-ray analyses and the results of the geometry optimisation by DFT confirm the high planarity of the molecules backbone leading to efficient conjugation within the molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel-Maria Ramirez Y Medina
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen Leobener Str. 7 28359 Bremen Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen Bibliothekstr. 1 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Markus Rohdenburg
- University of Bremen, Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry Leobener Str. 5 28359 Bremen Germany
- University of Leipzig, Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Linnéstr. 2 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Pascal Rusch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover Callinstr. 3A 30167 Hannover Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering - Innovation Across Disciplines) Hannover Germany
| | - Daniel Duvinage
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen Bibliothekstr. 1 28359 Bremen Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, University of Bremen Leobener Str. 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Nadja C Bigall
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover Callinstr. 3A 30167 Hannover Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering - Innovation Across Disciplines) Hannover Germany
| | - Anne Staubitz
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen Leobener Str. 7 28359 Bremen Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen Bibliothekstr. 1 28359 Bremen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ramirez y Medina IM, Rohdenburg M, Kipke W, Lork E, Staubitz A. Experimental and Theoretical Studies of a Spirostannole and Formation of a Pentaorganostannate. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25214993. [PMID: 33126599 PMCID: PMC7672547 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new spirostannole, 1,1',3,3'-tetrakis(5-methylthiophen-2-yl)-4,4',5,5',6,6',7,7'-octahydro-2,2'-spirobi[benzo[c]stannole] (4), is synthesised and the molecular structure is compared with the optimised geometry from DFT calculations. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) are twice degenerated and show a small HOMO-LUMO energy gap of 3.2 eV. In addition, cyclic voltammetry measurements are conducted and three redox processes are observed. Absorption and emission spectra show maxima at λabs,max 436 nm and λem,max 533 nm, respectively. Spirostannole 4 is a strongly absorbing material, but an extremely weak emitter in solution at 295.15 K. However, when the solution is cooled from 280 to 80 K, the emission becomes visible. The reaction of spirostannole 4 with methyllithium is monitored by NMR spectroscopy at 238.15 K. The 119Sn{1H} NMR signal shifts from -36.0 (4) to -211.0 ppm, which is indicative of the formation of the lithium pentaorganostannate 5. The complex is thermally instable at 295.15 K, but insights into the molecular structure and electronic behaviour are obtained by DFT and TD-DFT calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel-Maria Ramirez y Medina
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Bibliothek Str. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany; (I.-M.R.y.M.); (M.R.); (W.K.); (E.L.)
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Markus Rohdenburg
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Bibliothek Str. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany; (I.-M.R.y.M.); (M.R.); (W.K.); (E.L.)
- Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 5, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Waldemar Kipke
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Bibliothek Str. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany; (I.-M.R.y.M.); (M.R.); (W.K.); (E.L.)
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Enno Lork
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Bibliothek Str. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany; (I.-M.R.y.M.); (M.R.); (W.K.); (E.L.)
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Anne Staubitz
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Bibliothek Str. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany; (I.-M.R.y.M.); (M.R.); (W.K.); (E.L.)
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ramirez Y Medina IM, Rohdenburg M, Lork E, Staubitz A. Aggregation induced emission - emissive stannoles in the solid state. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9775-9778. [PMID: 32748898 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04525j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The optoelectronic and structural properties of six stannoles are reported. All revealed extremely weak emission in solution at 295 K, but intensive fluorescence in the solid state with quantum yields (ΦF) of up to 11.1% in the crystal, and of up to 24.4% (ΦF) in the thin film.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel-Maria Ramirez Y Medina
- University of Bremen, Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, Leobener Str. 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany. and University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, Bibliothekstr. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Markus Rohdenburg
- University of Bremen, Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry, Leobener Str. 5, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Enno Lork
- University of Bremen, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, Leobener Str. 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany and University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, Bibliothekstr. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Anne Staubitz
- University of Bremen, Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, Leobener Str. 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany. and University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, Bibliothekstr. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fritz M, Maser L, Ringler B, von Hänisch C, Langer R. Small Chains of Main Group Elements by BH
3
Adduct Formation of
t
Bu
2
E‐N(H)‐E
t
Bu
2
(E = P, As). Z Anorg Allg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202000034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Fritz
- Department Chemistry Philipps‐Universität Marburg Hans‐Meerwein‐Str. 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Leon Maser
- Institute of Chemistry, Natural Science Faculty II Martin‐Luther‐Universität Halle‐Wittenberg Kurt‐Mothes‐Str. 2 06120 Halle/S. Germany
| | - Benjamin Ringler
- Department Chemistry Philipps‐Universität Marburg Hans‐Meerwein‐Str. 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Carsten von Hänisch
- Department Chemistry Philipps‐Universität Marburg Hans‐Meerwein‐Str. 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Robert Langer
- Department Chemistry Philipps‐Universität Marburg Hans‐Meerwein‐Str. 35032 Marburg Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, Natural Science Faculty II Martin‐Luther‐Universität Halle‐Wittenberg Kurt‐Mothes‐Str. 2 06120 Halle/S. Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mackenzie HK, Rawe BW, Samedov K, Walsgrove HTG, Uva A, Han Z, Gates DP. A Smart Phosphine–Diyne Polymer Displays “Turn-On” Emission with a High Selectivity for Gold(I/III) Ions. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10319-10324. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Harvey K. Mackenzie
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Benjamin W. Rawe
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Kerim Samedov
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Henry T. G. Walsgrove
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Azalea Uva
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Zeyu Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Derek P. Gates
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Urrego‐Riveros S, Ramirez y Medina I, Duvinage D, Lork E, Sönnichsen FD, Staubitz A. Negishi's Reagent Versus Rosenthal's Reagent in the Formation of Zirconacyclopentadienes. Chemistry 2019; 25:13318-13328. [PMID: 31347203 PMCID: PMC6851999 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Zirconacyclopentadienes are versatile precursors for a large number of heteroles, which are accessible by Zr-element exchange reactions. The vast majority of reports describe their preparation by the use of Negishi's reagent, which is a species that is formed in situ. The zirconacyclopentadiene is then formed by the addition of one equivalent of a diyne or two equivalents of a monoyne moiety to this Negishi species. Another route involves Rosenthal's reagent (Cp2 Zr(py)Me3 SiC≡CSiMe3 ), which then reacts with a diyne or monoyne moiety. In this work, the efficiency of both routes was compared in terms of reaction time, stability of the product in the reaction mixture, and yield. The synthetic implications of using both routes are evaluated. Novel zirconacyclopentadienes were synthesized, characterized directly from the reaction mixture, and crystal structures could be obtained in most cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Urrego‐Riveros
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry/MAPEX Center for, Materials and ProcessesUniversity of BremenLeobener Str. 7/ Bibliothekstr. 128359BremenGermany
| | - Isabel‐Maria Ramirez y Medina
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry/MAPEX Center for, Materials and ProcessesUniversity of BremenLeobener Str. 7/ Bibliothekstr. 128359BremenGermany
| | - Daniel Duvinage
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography/, MAPEX Center for Materials and ProcessesUniversity of BremenLeobener Str. 7/Bibliothekstr. 128359BremenGermany
| | - Enno Lork
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography/, MAPEX Center for Materials and ProcessesUniversity of BremenLeobener Str. 7/Bibliothekstr. 128359BremenGermany
| | - Frank D. Sönnichsen
- Otto-Diels-Institute for Organic ChemistryUniversity of KielOtto-Hahn-Platz 424098KielGermany
| | - Anne Staubitz
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry/MAPEX Center for, Materials and ProcessesUniversity of BremenLeobener Str. 7/ Bibliothekstr. 128359BremenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hupf E, Tsuchiya Y, Moffat W, Xu L, Hirai M, Zhou Y, Ferguson MJ, McDonald R, Murai T, He G, Rivard E. A Modular Approach to Phosphorescent π-Extended Heteroacenes. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:13323-13336. [PMID: 31503465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A modular route to previously inaccessible classes of ring-fused π-extended heteroacenes bearing the heavy inorganic element tellurium (Te) is presented. These new materials can be viewed as n-doped analogs of molecular graphene subunits that exhibit color tunable visible light phosphorescence in the solid state and in the presence of air. The general mechanism of phosphorescence in these systems was probed experimentally and computationally via time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). The incorporation of Te into π-extended oligoacene frameworks was achieved by an efficient Zr/Te transmetalation protocol; related zirconium-element exchange reactions have been used to prepare both electron-rich and electron-deficient heterocycles containing different elements from throughout the p-block. Therefore, the current study provides a clear path to incorporate inorganic elements into heteroacenes of greater complexity and side group selectivity compared to existing synthetic routes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Hupf
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Yuki Tsuchiya
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering , Gifu University , Yanagido , Gifu 501-1193 , Japan
| | - Wayne Moffat
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Letian Xu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi Province 710054 , China
| | - Masato Hirai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS) , Nagoya University , Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan
| | - Yuqiao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Toshiaki Murai
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering , Gifu University , Yanagido , Gifu 501-1193 , Japan
| | - Gang He
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi Province 710054 , China
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rosenthal U. Advantages of Group 4 Metallocene Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene Complexes as Metallocene Sources Towards Other Synthetically used Systems. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:1036-1047. [PMID: 31406652 PMCID: PMC6682945 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Active species for synthetic and catalytic applications are formed from well defined complexes or mixtures of compounds. For group 4 metallocenes, three pathways for the formation of the reactive complex fragment [Cp'2M] are known: (i) reductive mixtures and well defined complexes which are able to form the metallocene fragments either by (ii) addition or (iii) substitution reactions. In this account for each of theses systems (i)-(iii) a prominent example will be discussed in detail, (i) the Negishi reagent Cp2ZrCl2/n-BuLi, (ii) bis(η5 : η1-pentafulvene) complexes and (iii) metallocene bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene complexes, to show the advantages and the disadvantages for each of these methods for synthetic applications. This account summarizes some main advantages of group 4 metallocene bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene complexes as metallocene generating agents over other synthetically used systems. For each of the special purposes, all described systems have advantages as well as disadvantages. The aim of this overview is to help synthetic chemists in selecting the most effective system on the basis of [Cp'2M] (M=Ti, Zr) for synthetic or catalytic puposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Rosenthal
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis at theUniversity of RostockAlbert-Einstein-Strasse 29 A19059RostockGermany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Matsumura Y, Sugihara M, Tan SE, Sato T, Hayashi K, Nishiyama H, Zhou WM, Inagi S, Tomita I. Synthesis of Stannole-Containing π-Conjugated Polymers by Post-Element Transformation of Organotitanium Polymer. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1800929. [PMID: 31150134 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of stannole-2,5-diyl-containing π-conjugated polymers by the post-element transformation of a regioregular organotitanium polymer is described. For example, a 1,1-diphenylstannole-containing polymer is obtained in 83% yield by the reaction of a regioregular organotitanium polymer, which is prepared from 1,4-bis(2-ethylhexyloxy)-2,5-diethynylbenzene and a low-valent titanium complex with diphenyltin dichloride at -50 °C to ambient temperature. The number-average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution (Mn and Mw /Mn ) of the stannole-containing polymer are estimated as 4800 and 1.8, respectively. The obtained polymer is found to have the extended π-conjugated backbone and relatively low-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level (-3.12 eV), which is supported by its UV-vis absorption spectrum and cyclic voltammetric (CV) analysis. In addition, the stannole-containing polymer is found to be applicable to a chemosensor for fluoride anion where the color and photoluminescence intensity of the polymer solution exhibits a distinct change in the presence of a fluoride anion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Matsumura
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-G1-9, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Masato Sugihara
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-G1-9, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Sia-Er Tan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-G1-9, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Sato
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-G1-9, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Kohei Hayashi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-G1-9, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nishiyama
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-G1-9, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Wei-Min Zhou
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-G1-9, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-G1-9, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Ikuyoshi Tomita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-G1-9, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Oldroyd NL, Chitnis SS, Annibale VT, Arz MI, Sparkes HA, Manners I. Metal-free dehydropolymerisation of phosphine-boranes using cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes as hydrogen acceptors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1370. [PMID: 30914640 PMCID: PMC6435733 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08967-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The divalent carbene carbon centre in cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs) is known to exhibit transition-metal-like insertion into E-H σ-bonds (E = H, N, Si, B, P, C, O) with formation of new, strong C-E and C-H bonds. Although subsequent transformations of the products represent an attractive strategy for metal-free synthesis, few examples have been reported. Herein we describe the dehydrogenation of phosphine-boranes, RR'PH·BH3, using a CAAC, which behaves as a stoichiometric hydrogen acceptor to release monomeric phosphinoboranes, [RR'PBH2], under mild conditions. The latter species are transient intermediates that either polymerise to the corresponding polyphosphinoboranes, [RR'PBH2]n (R = Ph; R' = H, Ph or Et), or are trapped in the form of CAAC-phosphinoborane adducts, CAAC·H2BPRR' (R = R' = tBu; R = R' = Mes). In contrast to previously established methods such as transition metal-catalysed dehydrocoupling, which only yield P-monosubstituted polymers, [RHPBH2]n, the CAAC-mediated route also provides access to P-disubstituted polymers, [RR'PBH2]n (R = Ph; R' = Ph or Et).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L Oldroyd
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Saurabh S Chitnis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, P.O. 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Vincent T Annibale
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Marius I Arz
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Hazel A Sparkes
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Ian Manners
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3V6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Vidal F, Jäkle F. Functional Polymeric Materials Based on Main‐Group Elements. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5846-5870. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Vidal
- Department of Chemistry Rutgers University—Newark 73 Warren Street Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Frieder Jäkle
- Department of Chemistry Rutgers University—Newark 73 Warren Street Newark NJ 07102 USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vidal F, Jäkle F. Funktionelle polymere Materialien auf der Basis von Hauptgruppen‐Elementen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Vidal
- Department of Chemistry Rutgers University—Newark 73 Warren Street Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Frieder Jäkle
- Department of Chemistry Rutgers University—Newark 73 Warren Street Newark NJ 07102 USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rosenthal U. Recent Synthetic and Catalytic Applications of Group 4 Metallocene Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Rosenthal
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock Albert‐Einstein‐Str. 29A 18059 Rostock Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hoffmann J, Kuczmera TJ, Lork E, Staubitz A. Synthesis, Structure, Thermal Behavior and cis/ trans Isomerization of 2,2'-(EMe₃)₂ (E = C, Si, Ge, Sn) Substituted Azobenzenes. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 24:molecules24020303. [PMID: 30650637 PMCID: PMC6359049 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of 2,2′-bis(trimethyltetrel) azobenzenes is reported, evaluating the different synthetic approaches that different group 14 element substituents individually require. The synthetic access to the carbon substituted congener is very different from the heavier tetrels, in that the key step is the formation of the N=N bond in azobenzene, rather than the azobenzene-C bond. Sn could be introduced with a cross-coupling route, whereas the Si and Ge congeners were prepared by a stannylation-lithiation-electrophilic quenching sequence. Iodo-lithium exchange was also a possible route to obtain the dilithiated species, which can be attributed to the chelating effect of the nitrogen atoms. However, the organo-lead species could not be obtained via these routes. The resulting structures were fully characterized (NMR, FTIR, HRMS and XRD). Furthermore, their thermal properties (TGA and DSC) and their photoswitching behavior in solution (UV-VIS & NMR experiments) were investigated and compared for the different tetrels (C, Si, Ge, Sn).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Hoffmann
- Institute for Analytical and Organic Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Bibliothekstraße 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
- Otto-Diels-Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
- Université Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, 263 Av. du Général Leclerc, F-35042 Rennes, France.
| | - Thomas Josef Kuczmera
- Institute for Analytical and Organic Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Enno Lork
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 D-Bremen, Germany.
| | - Anne Staubitz
- Institute for Analytical and Organic Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Bibliothekstraße 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
- Otto-Diels-Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hegen O, Virovets AV, Timoshkin AY, Scheer M. The Lewis-Base-Stabilized Diphenyl-Substituted Arsanylborane: A Versatile Building Block for Arsanylborane Oligomers. Chemistry 2018; 24:16521-16525. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hegen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Regensburg; 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Alexander V. Virovets
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Regensburg; 93040 Regensburg Germany
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Lavrentyev Prosp, 3; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; ul. Pirogova, 3 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Alexey Y. Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry; St. Petersburg State University; 199034 Universitetskaya emb. 7/9 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Regensburg; 93040 Regensburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Parke SM, Hupf E, Matharu GK, de Aguiar I, Xu L, Yu H, Boone MP, de Souza GLC, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ, He G, Brown A, Rivard E. Aerobic Solid State Red Phosphorescence from Benzobismole Monomers and Patternable Self-Assembled Block Copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:14841-14846. [PMID: 30239084 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201809357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of the first bismuth-containing macromolecules that exhibit phosphorescence in the solid state and in the presence of oxygen is reported. These red emissive high molecular weight polymers (>300 kDa) feature benzobismoles appended to a hydrocarbon scaffold, and were built via an efficient ring-opening metathesis (ROMP) protocol. Moreover, our general procedure readily allows for the formation of cross-linked networks and block copolymers. Attaining stable red phosphorescence with non-toxic elements remains a challenge and, thus, our new class of soluble (processable) polymeric phosphor is of great interest. Furthermore, the formation of bismuth-rich cores within organic-inorganic block copolymer spherical micelles is possible, leading to patterned arrays of bismuth in the film state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Parke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Emanuel Hupf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Gunwant K Matharu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Inara de Aguiar
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Letian Xu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michael P Boone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Gabriel L C de Souza
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Gang He
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, People's Republic of China
| | - Alex Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Parke SM, Hupf E, Matharu GK, de Aguiar I, Xu L, Yu H, Boone MP, de Souza GLC, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ, He G, Brown A, Rivard E. Aerobic Solid State Red Phosphorescence from Benzobismole Monomers and Patternable Self-Assembled Block Copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201809357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Parke
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Emanuel Hupf
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Gunwant K. Matharu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Inara de Aguiar
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso; Cuiabá Mato Grosso 78060-900 Brazil
| | - Letian Xu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi Province 710054 People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyang Yu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Michael P. Boone
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Gabriel L. C. de Souza
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso; Cuiabá Mato Grosso 78060-900 Brazil
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Gang He
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi Province 710054 People's Republic of China
| | - Alex Brown
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ramirez Y Medina IM, Rohdenburg M, Mostaghimi F, Grabowsky S, Swiderek P, Beckmann J, Hoffmann J, Dorcet V, Hissler M, Staubitz A. Tuning the Optoelectronic Properties of Stannoles by the Judicious Choice of the Organic Substituents. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:12562-12575. [PMID: 30284825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stannoles are organometallic rings in which the heteroatom is involved in a form of conjugation that is called σ*-π* conjugation. Only very little is known about how the substituents on the Sn atom or substituents on the stannole ring determine the optoelectronic properties of these heterocycles. In this work, this question has been studied experimentally and theoretically. Calculations of optimized equilibrium geometries, energy gaps between the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs), and of the absorption spectra of a wide range of compounds were performed. The computational data showed that the substituents on the Sn atom influence the optoelectronic properties to a lower extent than the substituents in the 2 and 5 positions of the ring. These substituents in the 2 and 5 positions of the stannole ring can also have a strong influence on the overall planarity of the structure, in which mesomeric effects can play a substantial role only if the structure is planar. Thus, only structures with a planar backbone are of interest in the context of tuning the optoelectronic properties. These were selected for the experimental studies. On the basis of this information, a series of six novel stannoles was synthesized by the formation of a zirconium intermediate and subsequent transmetalation to obtain the tin compound. The calculated electronic HOMO-LUMO energy gaps varied between 2.94 and 2.68 eV. The measured absorption maxima were located between 415 and 448 nm compared to theoretically calculated values ranging from 447 nm (2.77 eV) to 482 nm (2.57 eV). In addition to these optical measurements, cyclic voltammetry data could be obtained, which show two reversible oxidation processes for three of the six stannoles. With this study, it could be demonstrated how the judicious choice of the substituents can lead to large and predictable bathochromic shifts in the absorption spectra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel-Maria Ramirez Y Medina
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry , University of Bremen , Leobener Straße 7 , 28359 Bremen , Germany.,MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes , University of Bremen , Bibliothekstraße 1 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Markus Rohdenburg
- Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry , University of Bremen , Leobener Straße 5 , 28359 Bremen , Germany.,MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes , University of Bremen , Bibliothekstraße 1 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Farzin Mostaghimi
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes , University of Bremen , Bibliothekstraße 1 , 28359 Bremen , Germany.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography , University of Bremen , Leobener Straße 3 and 7 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes , University of Bremen , Bibliothekstraße 1 , 28359 Bremen , Germany.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography , University of Bremen , Leobener Straße 3 and 7 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Petra Swiderek
- Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry , University of Bremen , Leobener Straße 5 , 28359 Bremen , Germany.,MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes , University of Bremen , Bibliothekstraße 1 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes , University of Bremen , Bibliothekstraße 1 , 28359 Bremen , Germany.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography , University of Bremen , Leobener Straße 3 and 7 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Jonas Hoffmann
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry , University of Bremen , Leobener Straße 7 , 28359 Bremen , Germany.,MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes , University of Bremen , Bibliothekstraße 1 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Vincent Dorcet
- Université Rennes, CNRS, ISCR, UMR 6226, Campus de Beaulieu , 263 Av. du Général Leclerc , 35042 Rennes France
| | - Muriel Hissler
- Université Rennes, CNRS, ISCR, UMR 6226, Campus de Beaulieu , 263 Av. du Général Leclerc , 35042 Rennes France
| | - Anne Staubitz
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry , University of Bremen , Leobener Straße 7 , 28359 Bremen , Germany.,MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes , University of Bremen , Bibliothekstraße 1 , 28359 Bremen , Germany.,Otto-Diels-Institute for Organic Chemistry , University of Kiel , Otto-Hahn-Platz 4 , 24118 Kiel , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Torres Delgado W, Braun CA, Boone MP, Shynkaruk O, Qi Y, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ, Data P, Almeida SKC, Aguiar ID, de Souza GLC, Brown A, He G, Rivard E. Moving Beyond Boron-Based Substituents To Achieve Phosphorescence in Tellurophenes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:12124-12134. [PMID: 28968055 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b11628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous research in our group showed that tellurophenes with pinacolboronate (BPin) units at the 2- and/or 5-positions displayed efficient phosphorescence in the solid state, both in the presence of oxygen and water. In this current study, we show that luminescence from a tellurophene is possible when various aryl-based substituents are present, thus greatly expanding the family of known (and potentially accessible) Te-based phosphors. Moreover, for the green phosphorescent perborylated tellurium heterocycle, 2,3,4,5-TeC4BPin4 (4BTe), oxygen-mediated quenching of phosphorescence is an important contributor to the lack of emission in solution (when exposed to air); thus, this system displays aggregation-enhanced emission (AEE). These discoveries should facilitate the future design of color tunable tellurium-based luminogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Torres Delgado
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Christina A Braun
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Michael P Boone
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Olena Shynkaruk
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Yanyu Qi
- Center for Materials Chemistry, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710054 , People's Republic of China
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Przemyslaw Data
- Department of Physics , Durham University , Durham , U.K. DH1 3LE
- Faculty of Chemistry , Silesian University of Technology , Strzody 9 , Gliwice , Poland 44-100
| | - Shawan K C Almeida
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso , Cuiabá , Mato Grosso 78060-900 , Brazil
| | - Inara de Aguiar
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso , Cuiabá , Mato Grosso 78060-900 , Brazil
| | - Gabriel L C de Souza
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso , Cuiabá , Mato Grosso 78060-900 , Brazil
| | - Alex Brown
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Gang He
- Center for Materials Chemistry, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710054 , People's Republic of China
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2G2
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ayhan O, Riensch NA, Glasmacher C, Helten H. Cyclolinear Oligo- and Poly(iminoborane)s: The Missing Link in Inorganic Main-Group Macromolecular Chemistry. Chemistry 2018; 24:5883-5894. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ozan Ayhan
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Nicolas A. Riensch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Clemens Glasmacher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Holger Helten
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52056 Aachen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Urrego-Riveros S, Ramirez y Medina IM, Hoffmann J, Heitmann A, Staubitz A. Syntheses and Properties of Tin-Containing Conjugated Heterocycles. Chemistry 2018; 24:5680-5696. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Urrego-Riveros
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Bremen; Leobener Str.7 NW2C 28359 Bremen Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes; University of Bremen; Bibliothekstraße 1 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Isabel-Maria Ramirez y Medina
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Bremen; Leobener Str.7 NW2C 28359 Bremen Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes; University of Bremen; Bibliothekstraße 1 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Jonas Hoffmann
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Bremen; Leobener Str.7 NW2C 28359 Bremen Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes; University of Bremen; Bibliothekstraße 1 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Anne Heitmann
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Bremen; Leobener Str.7 NW2C 28359 Bremen Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes; University of Bremen; Bibliothekstraße 1 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Anne Staubitz
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Bremen; Leobener Str.7 NW2C 28359 Bremen Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes; University of Bremen; Bibliothekstraße 1 28359 Bremen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cui CX, Ren S, Qiu Z, Xie Z. Synthesis of carborane-fused carbo- and heterocycles via zirconacyclopentane intermediates. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:2453-2459. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt04751g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carborane-fused zirconacyclopentane serves as an important synthon for the preparation of a variety of carborane-fused carbo- and heterocycles via insertion and transmetalation reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xiao Cui
- Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Shikuo Ren
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin, N. T
- China
| | - Zaozao Qiu
- Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Zuowei Xie
- Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shih FY, Tian S, Gallagher N, Park YS, Grubbs RB. ipso-Arylative polymerization as a route to π-conjugated polymers: synthesis of poly(3-hexylthiophene). Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00605a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed ipso-arylative polymerization of diphenylcarbinol-substituted thiophene derivatives proceeds to reasonably high molecular weights, but is limited by side reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Yang Shih
- Department of Chemistry
- Stony Brook University
- Stony Brook
- USA
| | - Sisi Tian
- Department of Chemistry
- Stony Brook University
- Stony Brook
- USA
| | | | - Young S. Park
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- Upton
- USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Marquardt C, Hegen O, Vogel A, Stauber A, Bodensteiner M, Timoshkin AY, Scheer M. Depolymerization of Poly(phosphinoboranes): From Polymers to Lewis Base Stabilized Monomers. Chemistry 2017; 24:360-363. [PMID: 29166549 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on depolymerization reactions of poly(phosphinoboranes). The cleavage of the polymers [H2 PBH2 ]n (2 a), [tBuHPBH2 ]n (2 c), [PhHPBH2 ]n (2 e) and the oligomer [Ph2 PBH2 ]n (2 b), with strong Lewis bases (LBs), in particular with NHCs, leads to the corresponding monomeric phosphanylboranes R1 R2 PBH2 LB. It is observed that the depolymerization depends on the strength and stability of the LBs as well as on the substitution pattern of the poly(phosphinoboranes). The solid state structures of the monomeric phosphinoboranes H2 PBH2 NHCMe (NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene) (4 a), H2 PBH2 NHCdipp (5 a) and tBuHPBH2 NHCMe (4 c) were determined. DFT calculations support the experimentally observed reaction behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Marquardt
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Hegen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ariane Vogel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Stauber
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Bodensteiner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alexey Y Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hegen O, Marquardt C, Timoshkin AY, Scheer M. A Convenient Route to Mixed Pnictogenylboranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12783-12787. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hegen
- Universität Regensburg Institut für Anorganische Chemie 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Christian Marquardt
- Universität Regensburg Institut für Anorganische Chemie 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Alexey Y. Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskaya nab. 7/9 199034 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Universität Regensburg Institut für Anorganische Chemie 93040 Regensburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hegen O, Marquardt C, Timoshkin AY, Scheer M. Ein Weg zu gemischten Pnictogenylboranen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hegen
- Universität Regensburg Institut für Anorganische Chemie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Christian Marquardt
- Universität Regensburg Institut für Anorganische Chemie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Alexey Y. Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskaya nab. 7/9 199034 St. Petersburg Russland
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Universität Regensburg Institut für Anorganische Chemie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Turner JR, Resendiz-Lara DA, Jurca T, Schäfer A, Vance JR, Beckett L, Whittell GR, Musgrave RA, Sparkes HA, Manners I. Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Poly(aryl)phosphinoboranes Formed via Iron-Catalyzed Dehydropolymerization. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. Turner
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | | | - Titel Jurca
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - André Schäfer
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - James R. Vance
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Laura Beckett
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - George R. Whittell
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Rebecca A. Musgrave
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Hazel A. Sparkes
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Ian Manners
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Dück K, Rawe BW, Scott MR, Gates DP. Polymerization of 1-Phosphaisoprene: Synthesis and Characterization of a Chemically Functional Phosphorus Version of Natural Rubber. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:9507-9511. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Dück
- Department of Chemistry; University of British Columbia; 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Benjamin W. Rawe
- Department of Chemistry; University of British Columbia; 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Michael R. Scott
- Department of Chemistry; University of British Columbia; 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Derek P. Gates
- Department of Chemistry; University of British Columbia; 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dück K, Rawe BW, Scott MR, Gates DP. Polymerization of 1-Phosphaisoprene: Synthesis and Characterization of a Chemically Functional Phosphorus Version of Natural Rubber. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Dück
- Department of Chemistry; University of British Columbia; 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Benjamin W. Rawe
- Department of Chemistry; University of British Columbia; 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Michael R. Scott
- Department of Chemistry; University of British Columbia; 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Derek P. Gates
- Department of Chemistry; University of British Columbia; 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lorenz T, Crumbach M, Eckert T, Lik A, Helten H. Poly(p
-phenyleniminoboran): ein Bor-Stickstoff-Analogon von Poly(p
-phenylenvinylen). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lorenz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Merian Crumbach
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Thomas Eckert
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 2 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Artur Lik
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Holger Helten
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lorenz T, Crumbach M, Eckert T, Lik A, Helten H. Poly(p
-phenylene iminoborane): A Boron-Nitrogen Analogue of Poly(p
-phenylene vinylene). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2780-2784. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lorenz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Merian Crumbach
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Thomas Eckert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 2 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Artur Lik
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Holger Helten
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52056 Aachen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Parke SM, Boone MP, Rivard E. Marriage of heavy main group elements with π-conjugated materials for optoelectronic applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:9485-505. [PMID: 27344980 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc04023c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review article summarizes recent progress in the synthesis and optoelectronic properties of conjugated materials containing heavy main group elements from Group 13-16 as integral components. As will be discussed, the introduction of these elements can promote novel phosphorescent behavior and support desirable molecular and polymeric properties such as low optical band gaps and high charge mobilities for photovoltaic and thin film transistor applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Parke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Shynkaruk O, Qi Y, Cottrell-Callbeck A, Torres Delgado W, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ, He G, Rivard E. Modular Synthesis of Diarylalkynes and Their Efficient Conversion into Luminescent Tetraarylbutadienes. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olena Shynkaruk
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Yanyu Qi
- Frontier
Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province 710054, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aiden Cottrell-Callbeck
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - William Torres Delgado
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Gang He
- Frontier
Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province 710054, People’s Republic of China
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Stauber A, Jurca T, Marquardt C, Fleischmann M, Seidl M, Whittell GR, Manners I, Scheer M. A Convenient Route to Monoalkyl‐Substituted Phosphanylboranes (HRP–BH2–NMe3): Prospective Precursors to Poly[(alkylphosphino)boranes]. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stauber
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Titel Jurca
- School of ChemistryBristol UniversityCantock's CloseBS8 1TSBristolUK
| | - Christian Marquardt
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Martin Fleischmann
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | | | - Ian Manners
- School of ChemistryBristol UniversityCantock's CloseBS8 1TSBristolUK
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Yin X, Guo F, Lalancette RA, Jäkle F. Luminescent Main-Chain Organoborane Polymers: Highly Robust, Electron-Deficient Poly(oligothiophene borane)s via Stille Coupling Polymerization. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University Newark, 73
Warren Street, Newark, New
Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Fang Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University Newark, 73
Warren Street, Newark, New
Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Roger A. Lalancette
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University Newark, 73
Warren Street, Newark, New
Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Frieder Jäkle
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University Newark, 73
Warren Street, Newark, New
Jersey 07102, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gu C, Zhu D, Qiu M, Han L, Wen S, Li Y, Yang R. Design, synthesis and optical properties of small molecules based on dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]stannole and stannafluorene. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj01310d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of stable Sn-containing heteroaromatic conjugated oligomers, dialkyl dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]stannole (DTSn) and stannafluorene (SnF) derivatives, were designed and synthesized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuantao Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- China
| | - Dangqiang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- China
| | - Meng Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- China
| | - Liangliang Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- China
| | - Shuguang Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- China
| | - Yonghai Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- China
| | - Renqiang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Shynkaruk O, He G, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ, Rivard E. Modular Synthesis of Spirocyclic Germafluorene-Germoles: A New Family of Tunable Luminogens. Chemistry 2015; 22:248-57. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
42
|
Baggett AW, Guo F, Li B, Liu SY, Jäkle F. Regioregular synthesis of azaborine oligomers and a polymer with a syn conformation stabilized by N-H⋅⋅⋅π interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:11191-5. [PMID: 26352030 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The regioregular synthesis of the first azaborine oligomers and a corresponding conjugated polymer was accomplished by Suzuki-Miyaura coupling methods. An almost perfectly coplanar syn arrangement of the heterocycles was deduced from an X-ray crystal structure of the dimer, which also suggested that NH⋅⋅⋅π interactions play an important role. Computational studies further supported these experimental observations and indicated that the electronic structure of the longer azaborine oligomers and polymer resembles that of poly(cyclohexadiene) more than poly(p-phenylene). A comparison of the absorption and emission properties of the polymer with those of the oligomers revealed dramatic bathochromic shifts upon chain elongation, thus suggesting highly effective extension of conjugation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Baggett
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 (USA)
| | - Fang Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ 07102 (USA)
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 (USA)
| | - Shih-Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 (USA).
| | - Frieder Jäkle
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ 07102 (USA).
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Marquardt C, Jurca T, Schwan KC, Stauber A, Virovets AV, Whittell GR, Manners I, Scheer M. Metal-Free Addition/Head-to-Tail Polymerization of Transient Phosphinoboranes, RPH-BH2: A Route to Poly(alkylphosphinoboranes). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:13782-6. [PMID: 26427911 PMCID: PMC4648028 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Mild thermolysis of Lewis base stabilized phosphinoborane monomers R(1)R(2)P-BH2⋅NMe3 (R(1),R(2)=H, Ph, or tBu/H) at room temperature to 100 °C provides a convenient new route to oligo- and polyphosphinoboranes [R(1)R(2)P-BH2]n. The polymerization appears to proceed via the addition/head-to-tail polymerization of short-lived free phosphinoborane monomers, R(1)R(2)P-BH2. This method offers access to high molar mass materials, as exemplified by poly(tert-butylphosphinoborane), that are currently inaccessible using other routes (e.g. catalytic dehydrocoupling).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Marquardt
- Universität Regensburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie93040 Regensburg (Germany) E-mail:
| | - Titel Jurca
- School of Chemistry, Bristol UniversityCantock's Close, BS8 1TS, Bristol (UK) E-mail:
| | - Karl-Christian Schwan
- Universität Regensburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie93040 Regensburg (Germany) E-mail:
| | - Andreas Stauber
- Universität Regensburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie93040 Regensburg (Germany) E-mail:
| | - Alexander V Virovets
- Universität Regensburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie93040 Regensburg (Germany) E-mail:
| | - George R Whittell
- School of Chemistry, Bristol UniversityCantock's Close, BS8 1TS, Bristol (UK) E-mail:
| | - Ian Manners
- School of Chemistry, Bristol UniversityCantock's Close, BS8 1TS, Bristol (UK) E-mail:
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Universität Regensburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie93040 Regensburg (Germany) E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
A survey of the state-of-the-art in the development of synthetic methods to incorporate p-block elements into polymers is given. The incorporation of main group elements (groups 13-16) into long chains provides access to materials with fascinating chemical and physical properties imparted by the presence of inorganic groups. Perhaps the greatest impedance to the widespread academic and commercial use of p-block element-containing macromolecules is the synthetic challenge associated with linking inorganic elements into long chains. In recent years, creative methodologies have been developed to incorporate heteroatoms into polymeric structures, with perhaps the greatest advances occurring with hybrid organic-inorganic polymers composed of boron, silicon, phosphorus and sulfur. With these developments, materials are currently being realized that possess exciting chemical, photophysical and thermal properties that are not possible for conventional organic polymers. This review focuses on highlighting the most significant recent advances whilst giving an appropriate background for the general reader. Of particular focus will be advances made over the last two decades, with emphasis on the novel synthetic methodologies employed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Priegert
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouer, British Columbia, CanadaV6T 1Z1.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Marquardt C, Jurca T, Schwan KC, Stauber A, Virovets AV, Whittell GR, Manners I, Scheer M. Metallfreie Additions-/Kopf-Schwanz-Polymerisation von intermediär gebildeten Phosphanylboranen, RPH-BH2: ein Weg zu Poly(alkylphosphanylboranen). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
46
|
Baggett AW, Guo F, Li B, Liu SY, Jäkle F. Regioregular Synthesis of Azaborine Oligomers and a Polymer with asyn Conformation Stabilized by NH⋅⋅⋅π Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
47
|
Schäfer A, Jurca T, Turner J, Vance JR, Lee K, Du VA, Haddow MF, Whittell GR, Manners I. Iron-Catalyzed Dehydropolymerization: A Convenient Route to Poly(phosphinoboranes) with Molecular-Weight Control. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
48
|
Schäfer A, Jurca T, Turner J, Vance JR, Lee K, Du VA, Haddow MF, Whittell GR, Manners I. Iron-catalyzed dehydropolymerization: a convenient route to poly(phosphinoboranes) with molecular-weight control. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:4836-41. [PMID: 25712707 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The catalyst loading is the key to control the molecular weight of the polymer in the iron-catalyzed dehydropolymerization of phosphine-borane adducts. Studies showed that the reaction proceeds through a chain-growth coordination-insertion mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André Schäfer
- School of Chemistry, Bristol University, Cantock's Close, BS8 1TS, Bristol (UK); Current adress: Saarland University, Department 8.1-Chemistry, 66123 Saarbrücken (Germany)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Linshoeft J, Näther C, Staubitz A. Crystal structure of 1,3-bis-(4-hexyl-5-iodo-thio-phen-2-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetra-hydro-2-benzo-thio-phene. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2014; 70:o1133-4. [PMID: 25484713 PMCID: PMC4257205 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536814019667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the crystal structure of the title compound, C28H36I2S3, a terthio-phene monomer, the central thio-phene unit is arranged anti-coplanar to the two outer thio-phene rings. There are two crystallographically independent mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit, which show different conformations. In one mol-ecule, the dihedral angles between the inner and the two outer thiophene rings are 15.7 (3) and 3.47 (3)°, whereas these values are 4.2 (3) and 11.3 (3)° for the second mol-ecule. Differences are also found in the arrangement of the hexyl chains: in one of the two molecules, both chains are nearly in plane to the central moiety, whereas in the second molecule, only one chain is in plane and the other one is nearly perpendicular to the central moiety. Some of the C atoms are disordered and were refined using a split model with occupancy ratios of 0.65:0.35 and 0.70:0.30 in the two mol-ecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Linshoeft
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Näther
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anne Staubitz
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|