1
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Qie B, Wang Z, Jiang J, Zhang Z, Jacobse PH, Lu J, Li X, Liu F, Alexandrova AN, Louie SG, Crommie MF, Fischer FR. Synthesis and characterization of low-dimensional N-heterocyclic carbene lattices. Science 2024; 384:895-901. [PMID: 38781380 DOI: 10.1126/science.adm9814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The covalent interaction of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) with transition metal atoms gives rise to distinctive frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs). These emergent electronic states have spurred the widespread adoption of NHC ligands in chemical catalysis and functional materials. Although formation of carbene-metal complexes in self-assembled monolayers on surfaces has been explored, design and electronic structure characterization of extended low-dimensional NHC-metal lattices remains elusive. Here we demonstrate a modular approach to engineering one-dimensional (1D) metal-organic chains and two-dimensional (2D) Kagome lattices using the FMOs of NHC-Au-NHC junctions to create low-dimensional molecular networks exhibiting intrinsic metallicity. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy and first-principles density functional theory reveal the contribution of C-Au-C π-bonding states to dispersive bands that imbue 1D- and 2D-NHC lattices with exceptionally small work functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Qie
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Zisheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peter H Jacobse
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jiaming Lu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xinheng Li
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Fujia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Anastassia N Alexandrova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Steven G Louie
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael F Crommie
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Felix R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Bakar Institute of Digital Materials for the Planet, Division of Computing, Data Science, and Society, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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2
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Lee DS, Singh I, Veinot AJ, Aloisio MD, Lomax JT, Ragogna PJ, Crudden CM. Mesoionic carbene-based self-assembled monolayers on gold. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2480-2485. [PMID: 38362421 PMCID: PMC10866350 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04720b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) have been widely studied as ligands for surface chemistry, and have shown advantages compared to existing ligands (e.g. thiols). Herein, we introduce mesoionic carbenes (MICs) as a new type of surface ligand. MICs exhibit higher σ-donor ability compared to typical NHCs, yet they have received little attention in the area of surface chemistry. The synthesis of MICs derived from imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine was established and fully characterized by spectroscopic methods. The self-assembly of these MICs on gold was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Additionally, XPS was used to compare bonding ability in MICs compared to the typical NHCs. These results show that MIC overlayers on gold are robust, resistant to replacement by NHCs, and may be superior to NHCs for applications that require even greater levels of robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne S Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, C2MCI, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 4V1 Canada
| | - Ishwar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, C2MCI, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 4V1 Canada
| | - Alex J Veinot
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, C2MCI, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 4V1 Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Western University London Ontario N6A 3K7 Canada
- Surface Science Western 999 Collip Cir London Ontario N6G 0J3 Canada
| | - Mark D Aloisio
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, C2MCI, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 4V1 Canada
| | - Justin T Lomax
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, C2MCI, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 4V1 Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Western University London Ontario N6A 3K7 Canada
- Surface Science Western 999 Collip Cir London Ontario N6G 0J3 Canada
| | - Paul J Ragogna
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, C2MCI, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 4V1 Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Western University London Ontario N6A 3K7 Canada
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, C2MCI, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 4V1 Canada
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3
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Zhang T, Khomane SB, Singh I, Crudden CM, McBreen PH. N-heterocyclic carbene adsorption states on Pt(111) and Ru(0001). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:4083-4090. [PMID: 38226886 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03539e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbene ligands (NHCs) are increasingly used to tune the properties of metal surfaces. The generally greater chemical and thermal robustness of NHCs on gold, as compared to thiolate surface ligands, underscores their potential for a range of applications. While much is now known about the adsorption geometry, overlayer structure, dynamics, and stability of NHCs on coinage elements, especially gold and copper, much less is known about their interaction with the surfaces of Pt-group metals, despite the importance of such metals in catalysis and electrochemistry. In this study, reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) is used to probe the structure of benzimidazolylidene NHC ligands on Pt(111) and Ru(0001). The experiments exploit the intense absorption peaks of a CF3 substituent on the phenyl ring of the NHC backbone to provide unprecedented insight into adsorption geometry and chemical stability. The results also permit comparison with literature data for NHC ligands on Au(111) and to DFT predictions for NHCs on Pt(111) and Ru(0001), thereby greatly extending the known surface chemistry of NHCs and providing much needed molecular information for the design of metal-organic hybrid materials involving strongly reactive metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchi Zhang
- Département de chimie et CCVC, Université Laval, Québec (Que), Canada, G1K OA6.
| | - Sonali B Khomane
- Département de chimie et CCVC, Université Laval, Québec (Que), Canada, G1K OA6.
| | - Ishwar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6.
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6.
| | - Peter H McBreen
- Département de chimie et CCVC, Université Laval, Québec (Que), Canada, G1K OA6.
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4
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Gutheil C, Roß G, Amirjalayer S, Mo B, Schäfer AH, Doltsinis NL, Braunschweig B, Glorius F. Tailored Monolayers of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes by Kinetic Control. ACS NANO 2024; 18:3043-3052. [PMID: 38252154 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Despite the substantial success of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) as stable and versatile surface modification ligands, their use in nanoscale applications beyond chemistry is still hampered by the failure to control the carbene binding mode, which complicates the fabrication of monolayers with the desired physicochemical properties. Here, we applied vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy to conduct a pseudokinetic surface analysis of NHC monolayers on Au thin films under ambient conditions. We observe for two frequently used carbene structures that their binding mode is highly dynamic and changes with the adsorption time. In addition, we demonstrate that this transition can be accelerated or decelerated to adjust the binding mode of NHCs, which allows fabrication of tailored monolayers of NHCs simply by kinetic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gutheil
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gina Roß
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Saeed Amirjalayer
- Institut für Festkörpertheorie and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Boris Mo
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Phytochemie, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Nikos L Doltsinis
- Institut für Festkörpertheorie and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Björn Braunschweig
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
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5
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Ren J, Koy M, Osthues H, Lammers BS, Gutheil C, Nyenhuis M, Zheng Q, Xiao Y, Huang L, Nalop A, Dai Q, Gao HJ, Mönig H, Doltsinis NL, Fuchs H, Glorius F. On-surface synthesis of ballbot-type N-heterocyclic carbene polymers. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1737-1744. [PMID: 37640855 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01310-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are established ligands for metal complexes and surfaces. Here we go beyond monomeric NHCs and report on the synthesis of NHC polymers on gold surfaces, consisting of ballbot-type repeating units bound to single Au adatoms. We designed, synthesized and deposited precursors containing different halogens on gold surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum. Conformational, electronic and charge transport properties were assessed by combining low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy, non-contact atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, first-principles calculations and reactive force field simulations. The confirmed ballbot-type nature of the NHCs explains the high surface mobility of the incommensurate NHC polymers, which is prerequisite for their desired spatial alignment. The delicate balance between mobility and polymerization rate allows essential parameters for controlling polymer directionality to be derived. These polymers open up new opportunities in the fields of nanoelectronics, surface functionalization and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindong Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, PR China
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology, Münster, Germany
| | - Maximilian Koy
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Helena Osthues
- Institute for Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Bertram Schulze Lammers
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Gutheil
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Marvin Nyenhuis
- Institute for Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Qi Zheng
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Li Huang
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Arne Nalop
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Qing Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hong-Jun Gao
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Harry Mönig
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany.
- Center for Nanotechnology, Münster, Germany.
| | - Nikos L Doltsinis
- Institute for Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany.
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany.
- Center for Nanotechnology, Münster, Germany.
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany.
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6
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Knecht P, Meier D, Reichert J, Duncan DA, Schwarz M, Küchle JT, Lee T, Deimel PS, Feulner P, Allegretti F, Auwärter W, Médard G, Seitsonen AP, Barth JV, Papageorgiou AC. N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes: Molecular Porters of Surface Mounted Ru‐Porphyrins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202211877. [PMID: 36200438 PMCID: PMC10092334 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ru-porphyrins act as convenient pedestals for the assembly of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) on solid surfaces. Upon deposition of a simple NHC ligand on a close packed Ru-porphyrin monolayer, an extraordinary phenomenon can be observed: Ru-porphyrin molecules are transferred from the silver surface to the next molecular layer. We have investigated the structural features and dynamics of this portering process and analysed the associated binding strengths and work function changes. A rearrangement of the molecular layer is induced by the NHC uptake: the NHC selective binding to the Ru causes the ejection of whole porphyrin molecules from the molecular layer on silver to the layer on top. This reorganisation can be reversed by thermally induced desorption of the NHC ligand. We anticipate that the understanding of such mass transport processes will have crucial implications for the functionalisation of surfaces with carbenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Knecht
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Dennis Meier
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Joachim Reichert
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - David A. Duncan
- Diamond Light Source Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0QX UK
| | - Martin Schwarz
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Johannes T. Küchle
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Tien‐Lin Lee
- Diamond Light Source Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0QX UK
| | - Peter S. Deimel
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Peter Feulner
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Willi Auwärter
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Guillaume Médard
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics Technical University of Munich Emil Erlenmeyer Forum 5 85354 Freising Germany
| | - Ari Paavo Seitsonen
- Département de Chimie École Normale Supérieure 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
- Université de recherche Paris-Sciences-et-Lettres Sorbonne Université Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 75005 Paris France
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Anthoula C. Papageorgiou
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
- Department of Chemistry Laboratory of Physical Chemistry National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis 157 71 Athens Greece
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7
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Navarro JJ, Das M, Tosoni S, Landwehr F, Koy M, Heyde M, Pacchioni G, Glorius F, Roldan Cuenya B. Growth of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Assemblies on Cu(100) and Cu(111): From Single Molecules to Magic-Number Islands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202127. [PMID: 35468246 PMCID: PMC9401596 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
N‐Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have superior properties as building blocks of self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs). Understanding the influence of the substrate in the molecular arrangement is a fundamental step before employing these ligands in technological applications. Herein, we study the molecular arrangement of a model NHC on Cu(100) and Cu(111). While mostly disordered phases appear on Cu(100), on Cu(111) well‐defined structures are formed, evolving from magic‐number islands to molecular ribbons with coverage. This work presents the first example of magic‐number islands formed by NHC assemblies on flat surfaces. Diffusion and commensurability are key factors explaining the observed arrangements. These results shed light on the molecule‐substrate interaction and open the possibility of tuning nanopatterned structures based on NHC assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Navarro
- Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Department of Interface Science, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mowpriya Das
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sergio Tosoni
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, 20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Felix Landwehr
- Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Department of Interface Science, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilian Koy
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Heyde
- Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Department of Interface Science, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gianfranco Pacchioni
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, 20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Frank Glorius
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Department of Interface Science, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Navarro JJ, Das M, Tosoni S, Landwehr F, Koy M, Heyde M, Pacchioni G, Glorius F, Roldan Cuenya B. Wachstum von N‐heterocyclischen Carbenen auf Cu(100) und Cu(111): von einzelnen Molekülen bis hin zu Inseln mit magischen Zahlen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Navarro
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Abteilung für Grenzflächenwissenschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Mowpriya Das
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Sergio Tosoni
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali Università di Milano-Bicocca Via Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italien
| | - Felix Landwehr
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Abteilung für Grenzflächenwissenschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Maximilian Koy
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Markus Heyde
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Abteilung für Grenzflächenwissenschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Gianfranco Pacchioni
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali Università di Milano-Bicocca Via Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italien
| | - Frank Glorius
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Abteilung für Grenzflächenwissenschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
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9
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Lummis PA, Osten KM, Levchenko TI, Sabooni Asre Hazer M, Malola S, Owens-Baird B, Veinot AJ, Albright EL, Schatte G, Takano S, Kovnir K, Stamplecoskie KG, Tsukuda T, Häkkinen H, Nambo M, Crudden CM. NHC-Stabilized Au 10 Nanoclusters and Their Conversion to Au 25 Nanoclusters. JACS AU 2022; 2:875-885. [PMID: 35557749 PMCID: PMC9088291 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the synthesis of a toroidal Au10 cluster stabilized by N-heterocyclic carbene and halide ligands via reduction of the corresponding NHC-Au-X complexes (X = Cl, Br, I). The significant effect of the halide ligands on the formation, stability, and further conversions of these clusters is presented. While solutions of the chloride derivatives of Au10 show no change even upon heating, the bromide derivative readily undergoes conversion to form a biicosahedral Au25 cluster at room temperature. For the iodide derivative, the formation of a significant amount of Au25 was observed even upon the reduction of NHC-Au-I. The isolated bromide derivative of the Au25 cluster displays a relatively high (ca. 15%) photoluminescence quantum yield, attributed to the high rigidity of the cluster, which is enforced by multiple CH-π interactions within the molecular structure. Density functional theory computations are used to characterize the electronic structure and optical absorption of the Au10 cluster. 13C-Labeling is employed to assist with characterization of the products and to observe their conversions by NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Lummis
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L
3N6, Canada
| | - Kimberly M. Osten
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tetyana I. Levchenko
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L
3N6, Canada
| | - Maryam Sabooni Asre Hazer
- Departments
of Chemistry and Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sami Malola
- Departments
of Chemistry and Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Bryan Owens-Baird
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- U.S.
Department of Energy, Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Alex J. Veinot
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L
3N6, Canada
| | - Emily L. Albright
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L
3N6, Canada
| | - Gabriele Schatte
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L
3N6, Canada
| | - Shinjiro Takano
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kirill Kovnir
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- U.S.
Department of Energy, Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Kevin G. Stamplecoskie
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L
3N6, Canada
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Departments
of Chemistry and Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Masakazu Nambo
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Cathleen M. Crudden
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L
3N6, Canada
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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10
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Dubey G, Mahawar N, Singh T, Saha N, Sahoo SC, Bharatam PV. Thiazetidin-2-ylidenes as four membered N-heterocyclic carbenes: theoretical studies and the generation of complexes with N + center. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:629-633. [PMID: 34933326 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04732a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Thiazetidin-2-ylidenes have been designed as four membered N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) using quantum chemical studies. These species are smaller analogs of thiazol-2-ylidenes, possess high singlet stability (57 kcal mol-1) and large nucleophilicity (3.4 eV). The possible existence of these carbenes has been established by synthesizing and crystalizing compounds with NHC→N+←(thiazetidin-2-ylidene) coordination bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurudutt Dubey
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar-160062, Punjab, India.
| | - Nutan Mahawar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar-160062, Punjab, India.
| | - Tejender Singh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar-160062, Punjab, India.
| | - Nirjhar Saha
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar-160062, Punjab, India.
| | - Subash C Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Prasad V Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar-160062, Punjab, India.
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11
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Kaur G, Thimes RL, Camden JP, Jenkins DM. Fundamentals and applications of N-heterocyclic carbene functionalized gold surfaces and nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:13188-13197. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05183d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Improved stability and higher degree of synthetic tunability has allowed N-heterocyclic carbenes to supplant thiols as ligands for gold surface functionalization. This review article summarizes the basic science and applications of NHCs on gold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurkiran Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
| | - Rebekah L. Thimes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - Jon P. Camden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - David M. Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
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12
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Jain M, Gerstmann U, Schmidt WG, Aldahhak H. Adatom mediated adsorption of N-heterocyclic carbenes on Cu(111) and Au(111). J Comput Chem 2021; 43:413-420. [PMID: 34967459 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) on Cu(111) and Au(111) surfaces is studied with density-functional theory. The role of the molecular side groups as well as the surface morphology in determining the adsorption geometry are explored in detail. Flat-laying NHCs, as observed experimentally for NHC with relatively small side groups, result from the adsorption at adatoms and give rise to the so-called ballbot configurations, which are more stable than adsorption on flat surfaces and provide an efficient precursor for the formation of bis(NHC) dimers. On Au(111), the resulting (NHC)2 Au complexes are purely physisorbed and thus mobile. On the more reactive Cu(111), in contrast, the central Cu atom in the (NHC)2 Cu dimer is still covalently bound to the surface, resulting in a mobility, which has to be thermally activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitisha Jain
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Materialphysik, Universität Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Uwe Gerstmann
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Materialphysik, Universität Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Wolf Gero Schmidt
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Materialphysik, Universität Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Hazem Aldahhak
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Materialphysik, Universität Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
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13
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Poyatos M, Peris E. Insights into the past and future of Janus-di-N-heterocyclic carbenes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:12748-12763. [PMID: 34581341 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02035h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Janus di-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands are a subclass of poly-NHCs that feature coordination to two transition metals in a facially opposed manner. The combination of the structural features of Janus type ligands, with the properties conferred by the NHC ligands, has conferred Janus-di-NHCs with privileged attributes for their use in diverse areas of research, such as homogeneous catalysis, materials chemistry and supramolecular chemistry. In molecular chemistry, Janus di-NHCs constitute one of the most useful chemical platforms for constructing dimetallic structures, and this includes both homo- and hetero-dimetallic compounds. This review aims to cover the most relevant advances in the use of Janus-di-NHCs during the last 15 years, by classifying them according to their specific structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Poyatos
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicente Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón, E-1271, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Peris
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicente Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón, E-1271, Spain.
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14
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Bellotti P, Koy M, Hopkinson MN, Glorius F. Recent advances in the chemistry and applications of N-heterocyclic carbenes. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:711-725. [PMID: 37118184 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes, despite being isolated and characterized three decades ago, still capture scientists' interest as versatile, modular and strongly coordinating moieties. In the last decade, driven by the increasingly refined fundamental understanding of their behaviour, the emergence of new carbene frameworks and cogent sustainability issues, N-heterocyclic carbenes have experienced a tremendous increase in utilization across several disparate fields. In this Review, a concise overview of N-heterocyclic carbenes encompassing their history, properties and applications in transition metal catalysis, on-surface chemistry, main group chemistry and organocatalysis is provided. Emphasis is placed on developments emerging in the last seven years and on envisaging future directions.
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15
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Dery S, Bellotti P, Ben-Tzvi T, Freitag M, Shahar T, Cossaro A, Verdini A, Floreano L, Glorius F, Gross E. Influence of N-Substituents on the Adsorption Geometry of OH-Functionalized Chiral N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:10029-10035. [PMID: 34370475 PMCID: PMC9234974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption of chiral molecules on heterogeneous catalysts is a simple approach for inducing an asymmetric environment to enable enantioselective reactivity. Although the concept of chiral induction is straightforward, its practical utilization is far from simple, and only a few examples toward the successful chiral induction by surface anchoring of asymmetric modifiers have been demonstrated so far. Elucidating the factors that lead to successful chiral induction is therefore a crucial step for understanding the mechanism by which chirality is transferred. Herein, we identify the adsorption geometry of OH-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), which are chemical analogues to chiral modifiers that successfully promoted α-arylation reactions once anchored on Pd nanoparticles. Polarized near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) measurements on Pd(111) revealed that NHCs that were associated with low enantioselectivity were characterized with a well-ordered structure, in which the imidazole ring was vertically positioned and the OH-functionalized side arms were flat-lying. OH-functionalized NHCs that were associated with high enantioselectivity revealed a disordered/flexible adsorption geometry, which potentially enabled better interaction between the OH group and the prochiral reactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Dery
- Institute
of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Peter Bellotti
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität
Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Tzipora Ben-Tzvi
- Institute
of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Matthias Freitag
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität
Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Tehila Shahar
- Institute
of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Albano Cossaro
- CNR-IOM,
Laboratorio Nazionale TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Trieste 34012, Italy
| | - Alberto Verdini
- CNR-IOM,
Laboratorio Nazionale TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Trieste 34012, Italy
| | - Luca Floreano
- CNR-IOM,
Laboratorio Nazionale TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Trieste 34012, Italy
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität
Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute
of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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16
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Zhou B, Guo X, Yang N, Huang Z, Huang L, Fang Z, Zhang C, Li L, Yu C. Surface engineering strategies of gold nanomaterials and their applications in biomedicine and detection. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:5583-5598. [PMID: 34161402 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00181g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanomaterials have potential applications in biosensors and biomedicine due to their controllable synthesis steps, high biocompatibility, low toxicity and easy surface modification. However, there are still various limitations including low water solubility and stability, which greatly affect their applications. In addition, some synthetic methods are very complicated and costly. Therefore, huge efforts have been made to improve their properties. This review mainly introduces the strategies for surface modification of gold nanomaterials, such as amines, biological small molecules and organic small molecules as well as the biological applications of these functionalized AuNPs. We aim to provide effective ideas for better functionalization of gold nanomaterials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bicong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Xiaolu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Naidi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Zhongxi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Lihua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Zhijie Fang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Chengwu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Changmin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China.
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17
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Franz M, Chandola S, Koy M, Zielinski R, Aldahhak H, Das M, Freitag M, Gerstmann U, Liebig D, Hoffmann AK, Rosin M, Schmidt WG, Hogan C, Glorius F, Esser N, Dähne M. Controlled growth of ordered monolayers of N-heterocyclic carbenes on silicon. Nat Chem 2021; 13:828-835. [PMID: 34155377 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are promising modifiers and anchors for surface functionalization and offer some advantages over thiol-based systems. Because of their strong binding affinity and high electron donation, NHCs can dramatically change the properties of the surfaces to which they are bonded. Highly ordered NHC monolayers have so far been limited to metal surfaces. Silicon, however, remains the element of choice in semiconductor devices and its modification is therefore of utmost importance for electronic industries. Here, a comprehensive study on the adsorption of NHCs on silicon is presented. We find covalently bound NHC molecules in an upright adsorption geometry and demonstrate the formation of highly ordered monolayers exhibiting good thermal stability and strong work function reductions. The structure and ordering of the monolayers is controlled by the substrate geometry and reactivity and in particular by the NHC side groups. These findings pave the way towards a tailor-made organic functionalization of silicon surfaces and, thanks to the high modularity of NHCs, new electronic and optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Franz
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandhya Chandola
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Materialphysik, Universität Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialen und Energie GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilian Koy
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Robert Zielinski
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS e.V., Berlin, Germany
| | - Hazem Aldahhak
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Materialphysik, Universität Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Mowpriya Das
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Freitag
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Uwe Gerstmann
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Materialphysik, Universität Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Denise Liebig
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Maximilian Rosin
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolf Gero Schmidt
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Materialphysik, Universität Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Conor Hogan
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), Rome, Italy.,Department of Physics, Università di Roma 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Norbert Esser
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany. .,Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS e.V., Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mario Dähne
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Knecht P, Zhang B, Reichert J, Duncan DA, Schwarz M, Haag F, Ryan PTP, Lee TL, Deimel PS, Feulner P, Allegretti F, Auwärter W, Médard G, Seitsonen AP, Barth JV, Papageorgiou AC. Assembly and Manipulation of a Prototypical N-Heterocyclic Carbene with a Metalloporphyrin Pedestal on a Solid Surface. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4433-4439. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Knecht
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Bodong Zhang
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Joachim Reichert
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - David A. Duncan
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Martin Schwarz
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Felix Haag
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Paul T. P. Ryan
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Tien-Lin Lee
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Peter S. Deimel
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Feulner
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Willi Auwärter
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Guillaume Médard
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Emil Erlenmeyer Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Ari Paavo Seitsonen
- Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
- Université de Recherche Paris-Sciences-et-Lettres, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Anthoula C. Papageorgiou
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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