Preparation and characterization of venlafaxine hydrochloride-loaded chitosan nanoparticles andin vitrorelease of drug

Soybean protein isolate-oxidized fucoidan nanocomplexes: Structural and interaction characterization, quercetin delivery potential evaluation

A novel nanocomplex was prepared using soybean protein isolate (SPI) and oxidized fucoidan (OFU) to explore the structural and interaction variations and evaluate its potential for quercetin delivery. The optimized SPI to OFU mass ratio of 10:1 (SFU3) resulted in a nanocomplex particle size of 198.1 nm and increased ζ-potential. The incorporation of OFU altered the structure of SPI with the decrease in α-helix and β-sheet, and the redshift and intensity drop in fluorescence spectra. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the Schiff base reaction between the two, interacting through covalent imine bonds. Moreover, OFU improved the micromorphology, antioxidant capacity, and stability of Quercetin (Que) nanocomplexes, with SFU3 showing the highest encapsulation efficiency and loading amount (94.80 %, 16.96 μg/mg). The nanocomplexes achieved an effective controlled release of Que. in vitro simulated digestion. This study will provide important insights into the development of SPI-OFU as nutrient carriers.

Spray-dried chitosan oligosaccharide microparticles with polyvinyl alcohol-based dispersions for improved gefitinib solubility

The aim of research is to enhance the solubility of crystalline gefitinib (GF), a poorly water-soluble drug, by developing drug delivery systems using chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) particle engineering. Fabrication utilizes ionic gelation followed by spray drying. The preliminary evaluations such as Uv-Vis, FTIR, DSC followed by advanced techniques like SEM and invitro drug release characteristics was performed along with solubility study. The spray-dried particles measured a mean diameter of 3.18 ± 0.5 microns, %EE as well as load w/w improved from 63.25 ± 2.1% and 37.98 ± 1.5% w/w (COS nanoparticles) to 78.15 ± 2.6% and 45.34 ± 1.6% w/w (engineered microparticles), respectively. The zeta potential and in vitro studies demonstrated 41 ± 3.5 mV and 92 ± 2.1% (w/w) release suggest long-term stability and prolonged release. This novel engineering approach effectively enhances GF solubility and surface characteristics, offering promising potential for improving delivery characteristics.

Insights of early feeding regime supplemented with glutamine and various levels of omega-3 in broiler chickens: growth performance, muscle building, antioxidant capacity, intestinal barriers health and defense against mixed Eimeria spp infection

Early nutritional management approach greatly impacts broilers' performance and resistance against coccidiosis. The current study explored the impact of post-hatch feeding with a combination of glutamine (Glut) and different levels of omega-3 on broiler chickens' growth performance, muscle building, intestinal barrier, antioxidant ability and protection against avian coccidiosis. A total of six hundred Cobb 500 was divided into six groups: first group (fed basal diet and unchallenged (control) and challenged (negative control, NC) groups were fed a basal diet without additives, and the other groups were infected with Eimeria spp and supplemented with 1.5% Glut alone or with three different levels of omega-3 (0.25, 0.5 and 1%) during the starter period. Notable improvement in body weight gain was observed in the group which fed basal diet supplemented with glut and 1% omega 3 even after coccidia infection (increased by 25% compared challenged group) while feed conversion ratio was restored to control. Myogeneis was enhanced in the group supplemented with Glut and omega-3 (upregulation of myogenin, MyoD, mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase and insulin like growth factor-1 and downregulating of myostatin genes). Groups supplemented with Glut and higher levels of omega-3 highly expressed occluding, mucin-2, junctional Adhesion Molecule 2, b-defensin-1 and cathelicidins-2 genes. Group fed 1% Glut + omega-3 showed an increased total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase and super oxide dismutase enzymes activities with reduced levels of malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species and H2O2. Post-infection, dietary Glut and 1% omega-3 increased intestinal interleukin-10 (IL) and secretory immunoglobulin-A and serum lysozyme, while decreased the elevated inflammatory mediators comprising interleukin IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, nitric oxide (NO) and inducible NO synthase. Fecal oocyst excretion and lesions score severity were lowered in the group fed 1% Glut and omega 3. Based on these findings, dietary Glut and omega-3 supplementation augmented restored overall broilers' performance after coccidial challenge.

Enhancing impact of dietary nano formulated quercetin on laying performance: egg quality, oxidative stability of stored eggs, intestinal immune and antioxidants related genes expression

BACKGROUND

Nutritional interventions with natural antioxidants can provide a pragmatic solution for modifying hens' performance and maintaining oxidative stability of eggs during storage. Quercetin is the most abundant flavonoids with potent antioxidant and immune stimulant activities. The concept of incorporating of quercetin, as potent antioxidant and immunostimulant, into effective nano-carriers (QNPs) has promoted their bioavailability and stability thus, their effectiveness for the first time were assessed on laying hens' performance and immunity, eggs quality during storage. Four hundred 12-weeks-old Hy-line brown laying hens were distributed to four experimental groups: control group fed basal diets, and other 3 groups fed basal diets fortified with 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg QNPs for 60 weeks.

RESULTS

Laying performance and quality of laid eggs were improved as expressed by elevated laying rate, egg mass %, eggs weight and yolk weight in QNPs200 and 300. Fortification of QNPs300 remarkably decreased layers serum total cholesterol concurrently with decreased egg yolk saturated fatty acids and cholesterol while increased polyunsaturated fatty acids. Over- 45 days storage period, QNPs enhanced phospholipids, total phenolics and flavonoids, total antioxidant activity (T-AOC) simultaneous with decreased MDA content in eggs. Furthermore, enhanced immune response was detected in both in serum and intestine of QNPs fed hens as reflected by higher lysozymes activity, IgM, IgG and phagocytic index and demotion of NO together with AvBD 6-12, IL-10, IgM and ATg 5-7-12 upregulation and downregulation of IL-1β and TNF-α especially at QNPs200 and 300. Intestinal redox balance was modified via decreasing H2O2 and MDA simultaneous with upregulation of catalase, SOD, GSH-Px, HO-1 and NQO1 in groups fed higher doses of QNPs.

CONCLUSIONS

QNPs supplementation provides a new nutritional strategy towards increasing hen performance, fortification of eggs with natural antioxidants that prevents egg quality deterioration during storage.

Chitosan-based Mupirocin and Alkanna tinctoria extract nanoparticles for the management of burn wound: In vitro and in vivo characterization

Serious consequences including septicemia and amputations can result from complex wounds, which is a serious healthcare concern. In addition, there are currently only a few choices for management, which justifies the search for novel, highly effective wound-healing medications. This research work was aimed at fabricating chitosan-based Alkanna tinctoria and Mupirocin nanoparticles by ionic gelation technique for burn wound management. Preliminary studies were conducted, and the prepared nanoparticles were characterized by various techniques that involve, high-performance liquid chromatography for the detection of components in A. tinctoria root extract, ATR-FTIR, particle size, zeta potential, percent drug content (DC%), percent entrapment efficiency (EE%), scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for surface morphology. The optimized formulation CS-AT-MU-NPs3 shows a particle size of 340.8 ± 34.46 nm and positive zeta potential 27.3 ± 3.10 mV. In vitro drug release study was also performed, which demonstrated improved and controlled release of the drug from the nanoparticles. The CS-AT-MU-NPs3 exhibited a maximum release up to 92.61% (AT) and 88.35% (MU). Antibacterial and antifungal activities of the formulation were also accessed by utilizing the agar well diffusion technique. The combination of AT and MU in chitosan-based nanoparticles was significantly effective against bacterial and fungal strains like Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans as compared to other formulations. The skin irritation study was also conducted, which shows that the prepared formulation did not cause any observable changes to the skin in terms of inflammation, erythema, edema, or any other symptoms associated with skin irritation. All the chitosan-based nanoparticles showed almost 75% reduction in wound contraction, while the optimized formulation CS-AT-MU-NPs3 showed complete wound healing on the 15th day. Based on the results, it can be assumed that chitosan-based nanoparticles containing A. tinctoria and Mupirocin demonstrated good wound healing and could be used to effectively manage burn wounds of any description.

Engineering resveratrol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for potential use against Helicobacter pylori infection

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a microorganism directly linked to severe clinical conditions affecting the stomach. The virulence factors and its ability to form biofilms increase resistance to conventional antibiotics, growing the need for new substances and strategies for the treatment of H. pylori infection. The trans-resveratrol (RESV), a bioactive polyphenol from natural sources, has a potential activity against this gastric pathogen. Here, Chitosan nanoparticles (NP) containing RESV (RESV-NP) were developed for H. pylori management. The RESV-NP were prepared using the ionic gelation method and characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) and, Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy (Cryo - TEM). The encapsulation efficiency (EE) and in vitro release rate of RESV were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESV-NP performance against H. pylori was evaluated by the quantification of the minimum inhibitory/bactericidal concentrations (MIC/MBC), time to kill, alterations in H. pylori morphology in its planktonic form, effects against H. pylori biofilm and in an in vitro infection model. RESV-NP cytotoxicity was evaluated against AGS and MKN-74 cell lines and by hemolysis assay. Acute toxicity was tested using Galleria mellonella model assays. RESV-NP showed a spherical shape, size of 145.3 ± 24.7 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.28 ± 0.008, and zeta potential (ZP) of + 16.9 ± 1.81 mV in DLS, while particle concentration was 3.12 x 1011 NP/mL (NTA). RESV-NP EE was 72 %, with full release within the first 5 min. In microbiological assays, RESV-NP presented a MIC/MBC of 3.9 µg/mL, a time to kill of 24 h for complete eradication of H. pylori. At a concentration of 2xMIC (7.8 µg/mL), RESV-NP completely eradicated the H. pylori biofilm, and in an in vitro infection model, RESV-NP (4xMIC - 15.6 µg/mL) showed a significant decrease in bacterial load (1 Log10CFU/mL) when compared to the H. pylori J99 control. In addition, they did not demonstrate a toxic character at MIC concentration for both cell lines. The use of the RESV-NP with mucoadhesion profile is an interesting strategy for oral administration of substances targeting gastric disorders, linked to H. pylori infections.

Chlorella vulgaris extract conjugated magnetic iron nanoparticles in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Growth promoting, immunostimulant and antioxidant role and combating against the synergistic infection with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Aeromonashydrophila

Nile tilapia reared under intensive conditions was more susceptible for Ichthyophthirius multifilii (I. multifiliis) infection eliciting higher mortality, lower productive rate and further bacterial coinfection with Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila). The higher potency of magnetic field of iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) can kill pathogens through inhibiting their viability. Herein, coating of Chlorella vulgaris extract (ChVE) with magnetic iron oxide NPs (Mag iron NPs) can create an external magnetic field that facilitates their release inside the targeted tissues. Thus, the current study is focused on application of new functionalized properties of Mag iron NPs in combination with ChVE and their efficacy to alleviate I. multifiliis and subsequent infection with A. hydrophila in Nile tilapia. Four hundred fingerlings were divided into: control group (with no additives), three groups fed control diet supplemented with ChVE, Mag iron NPs and ChVE@Mag iron NPs for 90 days. At the end of feeding trial fish were challenged with I. multifiliis and at 9 days post challenge was coinfected by A. hydrophila. A remarkable higher growth rate and an improved feed conversion ratio were detected in group fed ChVE@Mag iron-NPs. The maximum expression of antioxidant enzymes in skin and gills tissues (GSH-Px, CAT, and SOD) which came in parallel with higher serum activities of these enzymes was identified in groups received ChVE@Mag iron-NPs. Furthermore, group fed a combination of ChVE and Mag iron-NPs showed a boosted immune response (higher lysozyme, IgM, ACH50, and MPO) prior to challenge with I. multifiliis. In contrast, fish fed ChVE@Mag iron-NPs supplemented diet had lower infection (decreased by 62%) and mortality rates (decreased by 84%), as well as less visible white spots (decreased by 92 % at 12 dpi) on the body surfaces and mucous score. Interestingly, post I. multifiliis the excessive inflammatory response in gill and skin tissues was subsided by feeding on ChVE@Mag iron-NPs as proved by down regulation of IL-1β, TNFα, COX-2 and iNOS and upregulation of IL-10, and IgM, IgT and Muc-2 genes. Notably, group exposed to I. multifiliis-showed higher mortality when exposed to Aeromonas hydrophilia (increased by 43 %) while group fed ChVE@Mag iron-NPs exhibited lower morality (2%). Moreover, the bacterial loads of A. hydrophilia in fish infected by I. multifiliis and fed control diet were higher than those received dietary supplement of ChVE, Mag iron-NPs and the most reduced load was obtained in group fed ChVE@Mag iron-NPs at 7 dpi. In conclusion, ChVE@Mag iron-NPs fed fish had stronger immune barrier and antioxidant functions of skin and gills, and better survival following I. multifiliis and A. hydrophilia infection.

Future impact of thymoquinone-loaded nanoemulsion in rabbits: prospects for enhancing growth, immunity, antioxidant potential and resistance against Pasteurella multocida

Phytochemical nanoemulsions, such as thymoquinone nanoemulsions (TQN), are regarded as innovative alternatives to antimicrobials that significantly improve the performance, digestion, antioxidant potential and immunity of rabbits. Thus, the potential effects of TQN on growth, digestibility, antioxidant potential, immunity and resistance against Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) in rabbits were assessed. Herein, 240 rabbits were offered either a basal diet or diets fortified with three TQN-graded concentrations. At 60 days of age, rabbits were challenged with multidrug-resistant (MDR) virulent P. multocida strain. Our outcomes described that dietary inclusion of TQN, especially at higher concentrations, significantly enhanced the growth performance of rabbits, which was supported by increasing the levels of jejunal lipase, amylase and trypsin enzymes. Of note, the levels of muscle and jejunal antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC)], serum immunological markers (IgG, IgG, IgM and total Igs) and blood phagocytic percentage were significantly provoked after TQN fortification; meanwhile, the levels of muscle and jejunal MDA, serum biochemical parameters (total cholesterol, TG and LDL), abdominal fat percentage, breast and thigh cholesterol were significantly decreased following TQN supplementations. Our findings showed that TQN protected rabbits against P. multocida experimental challenge as evidenced by reducing P. multocida counts in rabbits' lungs, downregulating the transcription levels of P. multocida virulence-related genes (ptfA, toxA and nanB) at 48 and 96 h post-infection and ameliorating the expression levels of cytokines-related genes (IL-1β, IL-10, IL-8, IL-6, DEFB1, TNF-α, TLR-4 and TLR-2) at 96 h post-infection. Our findings suggest the utilization of TQN in rabbits' diets due to their stimulating effects on digestibility as well as their growth-promoting, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-virulence and immunostimulant properties, which enhance the rabbits' P. multocida resistance.

Development of kojic acid loaded collagen-chitosan nanoparticle as skin lightener product: in vitro and in vivo assessment

In the present study, an ionic gelation and ultrasonic approach was performed to produce kojic acid (KA) loaded chitosan(CS)/collagen(CN) nanoparticle(NP) (CSCN-NP) which aimed to increase the dermal delivery and anti-pigmentation effect. To optimize the CSCN-NP the effect of the amount of CN was investigated. The results showed that increasing CN from 0 to 500 mg increased the mean particle size and entrapment efficiency of KA-CSCN-NP from 266.07 ± 9.30 nm to 404.23 ± 9.44 nm and 17.37 ± 2.06% to 82.34 ± 2.16%, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry confirmed the amorphous form of KA in CSCN-NP, while scanning electron microscopy revealed that the nanoparticles were spherical. There was no chemical interaction between KA and the other components base on attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The skin permeability test showed that KA-CSCN-NP gel delivered more KA to the dermal layers (29.16 ± 1.67% or 537.26 ± 537.26 μg/cm2) and receiver compartment (15.04 ± 1.47% or 277.15 ± 27.22 μg/cm2) compared to KA plain gel. In vitro cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that the improved KA-CSCN-NP was non-toxic. Dermal irritating test on Wistar rats showed that the KA gel was non-irritating. Furthermore, KA-CSCN-NP was found to inhibit melanin formation to a greater extent than free KA and significantly inhibited L-dopa auto-oxidation (94.80 ± 2.41%) compared to pure kojic acid solution (75.28 ± 3.22%). The observations of this study revealed that the produced KA-CSCN-NP might be used as a potential nano-vehicle for KA dermal administration, thereby opening up innovative options for the management of hyper-melanogenesis problems.

Green Synthesis of Zein-Based Nanoparticles Encapsulating Lupulone: Antibacterial and Antiphotoaging Agents

Prolonged skin exposure to UV radiation may result in sunburn, with possible inflammatory and oxidative stress to the skin, skin photoaging, photocarcinogenesis, even DNA damage, and apoptosis if sunscreen protection is not used. Due to the advantages that they offer, high encapsulation capability, increased stability of encapsulated bioactive agents, and release control, nanoparticulate materials have been used in sunscreens despite the hazard that they present: their capacity to penetrate the skin causing toxic side effects (especially the chemical sunscreens). The present study reports the preparation of nanoparticulate composites containing only GRAS substances and using an eco-friendly, inexpensive procedure. The ingredients used have properties that are beneficial to the skin. Zein (Z), a prolamin-rich protein from corn, is biodegradable and biocompatible, is a moisture attractor, and shows effective absorption by cells. Lupulone (L), extracted from hops, is an antibacterial and antioxidant agent that has a stimulating effect on the collagen production in the body due to its content of phytohormones. Gum arabic (GA) is a natural glycoprotein used in beverages and cosmetics as an emulsifier/stabilizer. Composite matrices containing Z/GA/L were prepared using a simple method (antisolvent), which replaces the flammable solvent ethanol with aqueous propylene glycol. The nanocomposites were characterized by FTIR, composition, encapsulation efficiency, and loading capacity for L, size, zeta potential, and morphology (SEM). Their biological activity was investigated as well. The zein-based nanoparticles showed antioxidant and antimicrobial effects (even some synergistic, unexpected behavior) and modulatory activity on the matrix metalloproteinase MMP-1. Due to their properties, the nanoparticles discussed herein show potential for use in formulations for the skin, especially for mature skin, replacing chemical substances with potential side effects used typically in topical delivery systems.

Preparation, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of chitosan-polyethylene glycol nanoparticles loaded with amoxicillin as a novel drug delivery system

In this study, nanoparticles of amoxicillin (AMX) were prepared using chitosan (CHI) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). The physicochemical properties of the particles were investigated by FT-IR, DSC, SEM, and zeta potential analyses. The nanoparticles showed a spherical shape, and the average size of formulations was within the range of 696.20 ± 24.86 - 359.53 ± 7.41 nm. Zeta potential data demonstrated that the formulations had positive surface charges with a zeta potential range of 21.38 ± 2.28 - 7.73 ± 1.66 mV. FTIR analysis showed that the drug was successfully entrapped in the nanoparticles. DSC results suggested that the drug was present in amorphous form in the polymer matrix. In vitro release studies demonstrated that the release pattern consisted of two phases, with an initial burst release followed by a controlled and sustained release. The MTT assay results on mouse fibroblast cell line indicated that the prepared formulations did not affect the viability of the cells. In the in vitro antibacterial activity test, it was found that the drug-loaded nanoparticles have AMX-equivalent antibacterial activity against E. coli, and S. aureus. These findings revealed that the obtained nanoparticles might be a promising and safe nanocarrier system for efficient delivery of AMX.

Pluronic F-68 Montmorillonite As A Drug Delivery Vehicle For Extended Release Of Venlafaxine Hydrochloride

Short half-life and low bioavailability of Venlafaxine hydrochloride (VF), an antidepressant drug, necessitates the frequent administration of VF tablets in a day in order to maintain adequate drug concentration in blood plasma. This generates the need for the development of formulations which could prolong the release of VF and reduce the multiple dosages. The present work explores the combination of Montmorillonite (Mt) with Pluronic F-68 (PF-68) (OrganoMT) for oral delivery of VF. The effect of various parameters including pH of aqueous drug solution, contact time and initial drug concentration on drug loading capacity of OrganoMT has been studied. The synthesized OrganoMT-VF complexes were characterized by various suitable techniques. XRD studies indicated that the VF molecules were intercalated within the OrganoMT layers. In vitro release behavior of VF from OrganoMT-VF complexes shows an extended-release pattern for a period of 30 h and reaches upto 70% and 60% compared to pure VF having complete release time of 5.5 h and 3.5 h in simulated gastric and intestinal fluid respectively. Various kinetic models were employed to elucidate the drug release mechanism where the best fitting was obtained with Korsmeyer Peppas model. The results suggest the possibility of designing an oral extended controlled release formulation for VF to minimize its administration frequency thereby increasing the effectiveness of drug. This improves patient compliance by reducing the dose from 4 times in 24 h to once in 24 h.

Impacts of Fortifying Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Diet with Different Strains of Microalgae on Its Performance, Fillet Quality and Disease Resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila Considering the Interplay between Antioxidant and Inflammatory Response

The oxidative stress facing fish during intensive production brings about diseases and mortalities that negatively influence their performance. Along with that, the increased awareness of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3-PUFAs) health benefits has been triggered the introduction of alternative additives in aqua feed that cause not only modulation in fish immune response but also fortification of their fillet. In this context, the role of microalgae mix (NSS) containing Nannochloropsis oculate and Schizochytrium and Spirulina species, which were enriched with bioactive molecules, especially EPA and DHA, was assessed on Nile tilapia's performance, fillet antioxidant stability, immune response, and disease resistance. Varying levels of NSS (0.75, 1.5, and 3%) were added to Nile tilapia's diet for 12 weeks and then a challenge of fish with virulent Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) was carried out. Results showed that groups fed NSS, especially at higher levels, showed an improved WG and FCR, which corresponded with enhanced digestive enzymes' activities. Higher T-AOC was detected in muscle tissues of NSS3.0% fed fish with remarkable reduction in ROS, H2O2, and MDA contents, which came in parallel with upregulation of GSH-Px, CAT, and SOD genes. Notably, the contents of EPA and DHA in fillet were significantly increased with increasing the NSS levels. The mean log10 counts of pathogenic Vibrio and Staphylococcus species were reduced, and conversely, the populations of beneficial Lactobacillus and Bacillus species were increased more eminent after supplementation of NSS3.0% and NSS1.5%. Moreover, regulation of the immune response (lysozyme, IgM, ACH50, NO, and MPO), upregulation of IL-10, TGF-β, and IgM, and downregulation of IL-1β, TNF-α, HSP70,and COX-2 were observed following dietary higher NSS levels. After challenge, reduction in A. hydrophila counts was more prominent, especially in NSS3.0% supplemented group. Taken together, the current study encourages the incorporation of such microalgae mix in Nile tilapia's diet for targeting maximum performance, superior fillet quality, and protection against A. hydrophila.

Fabrication and characterization of electrospun nanofibers using biocompatible polymers for the sustained release of venlafaxine

Recently, drug-controlled release nanotechnology has gained special attention in biomedicine. This work focuses on developing novel electrospun polymeric nanofibers (NFs) for buccal delivery of VEN to avoid the hepatic metabolism and enzymatic degradation in the GIT and develop an effective control of drug release. The optimized NFs were obtained by blending polylactic acid (PLA), and poly (ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) fixed at a ratio of 1:1. It was characterized for morphology, drug-loading, FTIR, XRD, DSC, and in vitro drug release. Ex vivo permeability of the blend NFs was assessed using chicken pouch mucosa compared to VEN suspension, followed by histopathological examination. Further, the cytotoxic effect in three different cell lines using WST-1 assay. SEM morphologies refer to defect-free uniform NFs of PLA, PCL, and PLA/PCL mats. These fibers had a diameter ranging from 200 to 500 nm. The physico-thermal characterization of NFs depicted that the drug was successfully loaded and in an amorphous state in the PLA/PCL NFs. In vitro release of NFs substantiated a bi-phasic profile with an initial burst release of about 30% in the initial 0.5 h and a prolonged cumulative release pattern that reached 80% over 96 h following a non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. Ex vivo permeation emphasizes the major enhancement of the sustained drug release and the noticeable decrease in the permeability of the drug from NFs. Cytotoxicity data found that IC₅₀ of VEN alone was 217.55 μg/mL, then VEN-NFs recorded an IC₅₀ value of 250.62 μg/mL, and plain NFs showed the lowest toxicity and IC₅₀ 440.48 μg/mL in oral epithelial cells (OEC). Histopathology and cell toxicity studies demonstrated the preserved mucosal architecture and the preclinical safety. The developed PLA/PCL NFs can be promising drug carriers to introduce a step-change in improved psychiatric treatment healthcare.

Hyaluronic Acid Coated Chitosan Nanoparticles for Insulin Oral Delivery: Fabrication, Characterization and Hypoglycemic Ability

Oral administration of insulin faces multiple biological challenges, such as varied digestive environments, mucin exclusion and low epithelial cells absorption. In the present study, a hyaluronic acid coated chitosan nanoparticle delivery system was fabricated for insulin oral delivery. It is hypothesized that the developed nanoparticles will protect insulin from digestive degradation, promote intestinal epithelial cell absorption and exert strong in vivo hyperglycemic ability. Nanoparticles formulated by chitosan (CS) and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) was optimized to form the core nanoparticles (CNP). Hyaluronic acid (HA) was further applied to coat CNP (HCP) to improve stability, reduce enzymatic degradation and promote absorption of insulin. HCP promoted insulin uptake by Caco-2 cells, absorbed less mucin and improved intestinal absorption. Moreover, in vivo test demonstrated that oral administration of insulin-loaded HCP exerts strong and continuous hyperthermia effect (with PA of 13.8%). In summary, HCP is a promising delivery platform for insulin oral administration in terms of protecting insulin during digestion, facilitating its absorption and ultimately promoting its oral bioavailability. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Chitosan and chitosan/PEG nanoparticles loaded with indole-3-carbinol: Characterization, computational study and potential effect on human bladder cancer cells

Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is a plant molecule known to be active against several types of cancer, but some chemical characteristics limit its clinical applications. In order to overcome these limitations, polymeric nanoparticles can be used as carrier systems for targeted delivery of I3C. In this study, chitosan and chitosan/polyethylene glycol nanoparticles (CS NP and CS/PEG NP, respectively) were prepared to encapsulate I3C by ionic gelation method. The polymeric nanoparticles were characterized by Dynamic Scattering Light (DLS), Zeta Potential (ZP), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spetroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Field Emission Gun Scanning Electron Microscopy (FEG-SEM). I3C release testing was performed at an acidic media and the interactions between I3C and chitosan or PEG were evaluated by Density Functional Theory (DFT). Cytotoxicity of nanoparticles in bladder cancer T24 cell line was evaluated by the Methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium (MTT) colorimetric assay. The average size of the nanoparticles was observed to be in the range from 133.3 ± 3.7 nm to 180.4 ± 2.7 nm with a relatively homogeneous distribution. Samples had relatively high positive zeta potential values (between +20.3 ± 0.5 mV and + 24.3 ± 0.5 mV). Similar encapsulation efficiencies (about 80%) for both nanoparticles were obtained. Physicochemical and thermal characterizations pointed to the encapsulation of I3c. electron microscopy showed spherical particles with smooth or ragged surface characteristics, depending on the presence of PEG. The mathematical fitting of the release profile demonstrated that I3C-CS NP followed the Higuchi model whereas I3C-CS/PEG NP the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Chemical differences between the nanoparticles as based on the I3C/CS or I3C/PEG interactions were demonstrate by computational characterization. The assessment of cell viability by the MTT test showed that the presence of both free I3C and I3C-loaded nanoparticles lead to statistically significant reduction in T24 cells viability in the concentrations from 500 to 2000 μM, when comparison to the control group after 24 h of exposure. Thus, CS and CS/PEG nanoparticles present as feasible I3C carrier systems for cancer therapy.

Poloxamer Modified Chitosan Nanoparticles for Vaginal Delivery of Acyclovir

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the present study was to design a surface modified chitosan nanoparticle system for vaginal delivery of acyclovir for effective drug uptake into vaginal mucosa.

METHODS

Acyclovir-loaded chitosan nanoparticles, with and without modification by poloxamer 407, were prepared by ionic gelation method. The effects of two independent variables, chitosan to sodium tripolyphosphate mass ratio (X1) and acyclovir concentration (X2), on drug entrapment in nanoparticles were studied using 32 full factorial design. The surface response and counterplots were drawn to facilitate an understanding of the contribution of the variables and their interaction. The nanoparticles were evaluated for drug entrapment, size with zeta potential, morphological analysis by TEM, solid-state characterization by FTIR, DSC, XRD, in vitro dissolution, in vitro cell uptake using HeLa cell line and in vivo vaginal irritation test in Wistar rats.

RESULTS

Chitosan nanoparticle formulation with chitosan to sodium tripolyphosphate mass ratio of 2:1 and acyclovir concentration of 2 mg/mL resulted in the highest entrapment efficiency. The resulting nanoparticles revealed spherical morphology with a particle size of 191.2 nm. The surface modification of nanoparticles with poloxamer resulted in higher drug entrapment (74.3±1.5%), higher particle size (391.1 nm) as a result of dense surface coating, lower zeta potential and sustained drug release compared to unmodified nanoparticles. The change in the crystallinity of the drug during nanoparticle formulation was observed in DSC and XRD study. Cellular uptake of poloxamer-modified chitosan nanoparticles was found to be higher than chitosan nanoparticles in HeLa cells. Safety of nanoparticle formulations by vaginal route was evident when tested in female rats.

CONCLUSION

Conclusively, poloxamer-modified CH NP could serve as a promising and safe delivery system with enhanced cellular drug uptake.

Dual effect of selenium loaded chitosan nanoparticles on growth, antioxidant, immune related genes expression, transcriptomics modulation of caspase 1, cytochrome P450 and heat shock protein and Aeromonas hydrophila resistance of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Nowadays there is a great attention for nanotechnology in aquaculture production. It has an efficient role in nutrients and drugs delivery, ponds sterilization, water treatment and aquatic diseases reduction. Till now, there is no available data on impact of selenite-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (SeChNPs) on Nile tilapia. Hence, the current study investigated the effects of selenite-loaded chitosan nanoparticles supplementation on the growth, immune, antioxidant and apoptotic related genes as well as resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. A total of 400 fish were randomly divided into four groups, and each group retained five replicates. The control group was fed a basal diet (with inorganic se), other groups fed diets supplemented with SeChNPs 0.5, 1 and 2 g/kg diet. The loading concentration of Se to ChNPs was 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 mg/0.5, 1 and 2 gm respectively. Fish groups fed SeChNPs (0.5 and 1 g/kg) exhibited the highest final body gain, better feed utilization. Additionally, the expression of myostatin gene was down-regulated by 0.2 and 0.3 fold in group fed 0.5 and 1 g/kg SeChNPs when compared with control group. Dietary inclusion of SeChNPs increased serum lysozyme, alternative complement and myeloperoxidase activities and immunoglobulin type M level. Supplementation of SeChNPs at the level of 2 g/kg up-regulated glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase expression by 1.12, 4.9 and 2.31 folds respectively, in comparison with control group. In contrast, the levels of C- reactive protein and malondialdehyde were reduced. The expression of IL-10, IL-8, TNF-α and IL-1β genes was up-regulated after dietary inclusion of different levels of SeChNPs in a dose dependent manner. Post-challenge, the highest survival rate was detected in group fed 2 g/kg SeChNPs (93%) in contrast, the control group was displayed the lowest survival rate (45%). After challenge with A. hydrophila, the expression of caspase 1 was up-regulated in groups fed 1 and 2 g/kg of SeChNPs. Moreover, the maximum down-regulation of cytochromes P450 and heat shock protein were found in 2 g/kg SeChNPs supplemented group (reduced by 0.4 and 0.6-fold, respectively, when compared with control group). In conclusion, the ameliorative effects of SeChNPs on Nile tilapia growth resulted from immune stimulatory and free radicals scavenging effects of selenium loaded chitosan nano composite.

A Review: Uses of Chitosan in Pharmaceutical Forms

Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide widespread in nature. It has many unique and attractive properties for the pharmaceutical field: it is biodegradable, safe, hypoallergenic, biocompatible with the body, free of toxicity, with proven anticholesterolemic, antibacterial, and antimycotic action. In this review we highlighted the physical, chemical, mechanical, mucoadhesive, etc. properties of chitosan to be taken into account when obtaining various pharmaceutical forms. The methods by which the pharmaceutical forms based on chitosan are obtained are very extensive, and in this study only the most common ones were presented.

Alginate Calcium Microbeads Containing Chitosan Nanoparticles for Controlled Insulin Release

Effective delivery system for oral insulin administration is a promising way for diabetes therapy. Herein, we prepared alginate microbeads containing chitosan nanoparticles (CNP) for controlled release of insulin. CNP was developed by reaction between tripolyphosphate (TPP) and chitosan. The ratio of TPP to chitosan was optimized aiming with smaller and more unified distributed CNP. TEM and DLS analysis confirmed that CNP has size around 150 nm with low PDI value and strong surface charge. Encapsulate ability for bovine serum albumin, working as model protein, was 11.45%, and the encapsulate efficiency was 23.70%. To modify the release profile of protein suitable for oral insulin delivery, sodium alginate was applied to coat on the surface of CNP by electrostatic interaction. After that, CaCl₂ was added to reinforce the alginate coating layer. FTIR analysis confirmed the interaction of alginate with chitosan and reaction with calcium ion. After reaction with Ca²⁺ ion, size measurement revealed that CNP was incorporated into alginate microbeads with mean diameter about 3.197 μm. Alginate microbeads presented irregular shape with small particles inside as revealed by optical microscope. Meanwhile, the release test demonstrated that protein release was pH-dependent. Acidic pH value retards protein release and neutral pH value promotes protein release. At last, insulin-loaded alginate microbeads were administrated to hyperglycemia model mice and blood glucose profile was monitored afterward. Insulin-loaded microbeads significantly lowered blood glucose level compared with mice treated with alginate microbeads without insulin. It is noted that insulin-loaded alginate microbeads could lower blood glucose level in much prolonged period of 96 h, indicating that insulin was released in controlled manner.

Nanoencapsulation of anthocyanins-loaded β-lactoglobulin nanoparticles: Characterization, stability, and bioavailability in vitro

This work aims to investigate the effect of desolvation on the stability and bioavailability of nanoparticles of β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) and anthocyanins (AC) extracted from red raspberry pomace. Interactions between the substrates were also studied using multispectral approaches. β-Lg-nanoparticles were fabricated via heat treatment at 85 °C for 30 min before initiating the desolvation method at pH 7. This method generated monodisperse particles, nano-scale size of β-Lg, and AC-β-Lg ranged from 129.13 to 351.85 nm with square morphology obtained by SEM. The AC extract was encapsulated successfully during desolvation process into β-Lg-nanoparticles with encapsulation efficiency (EE %) of ~77%. Results also showed that AC (from 1 to 13 × 10^-4 M) quenched the fluorescence intensity of de-solvated β-Lg estimated to be 98%, and a binding among them occurred with a K_a-value of 7.59 × 10⁸ M^-1 at 25 °C. Addition of AC also gradually increased the antioxidant activity of β-Lg-nanoparticles with values of 82.51% at the highest AC-concentration (13 × 10^-4 M) loaded on β-Lg-nanoparticles. AC-loaded β-Lg nanoparticles was more stable in mouth (pH 6.8), simulated gastric (SG, pH 2), and simulated intestinal (SI, pH 6.9) by showing high retention rate (%) than that of AC unencapsulated. Overall, de-solvated-β-Lg increased the heat-stability and bioavailability of AC, which could be further utilized in various food and pharmaceutical matrices. These findings recommend that β-Lg nanoparticles could be appropriated as delivery systems for anthocyanins.

Gentamicin decorated phosphatidylcholine-chitosan nanoparticles against biofilms and intracellular bacteria

Biofilms and intracellular bacteria often cause a series of overwhelming public health issues due to their strong drug resistance. Hence, chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs), phosphatidylcholine and gentamicin were used to synthesize a novel nanodrug delivery system (GPC NPs). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) demonstrated that the surface zeta-potential of GPC NPs was -19.5 mV. The morphology of GPC NPs was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The gentamicin adsorption and release behaviors of GPC NPs were also investigated. The GPC NPs could effectively damage and remove the biofilm formed by pathogens through permeation of the antibiotic into the biofilm. In addition, the nanoparticles were readily engulfed by macrophages which facilitated the killing of intracellular bacteria and had neglectable cytotoxicity. Our study indicated that GPC NPs could be used as a promising nanoantibacterial agent against biofilms and intracellular bacteria.

Acrylated Chitosan Nanoparticles with Enhanced Mucoadhesion

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acrylate modification on the mucoadhesion of chitosan at the nanoscale. Nanoparticles were fabricated from acrylated chitosan (ACS) via ionic gelation with tripolyphosphate and were characterized in terms of size, zeta potential, stability, and nanoparticle yield. Chitosan (CS) nanoparticles, serving as a control, were fabricated using the same procedure. The mucoadhesion of the nanoparticles was evaluated using the flow-through method after different incubation periods. The retention percentages of ACS nanoparticles were found to be significantly higher than those of CS nanoparticles, for all studied time intervals. An additional indication for the increased mucoadhesion of ACS nanoparticles was the increase in particle size obtained from the mucin particle method, in which mucin and nanoparticles are mixed at different ratios. NMR data verified the presence of free acrylate groups on the ACS nanoparticles. Thus, the improved mucoadhesion could be due to a Michael-type addition reaction between the nanoparticles and thiol groups present in mucin glycoprotein, in addition to entanglements and hydrogen bonding. Overall, ACS nanoparticles exhibit enhanced mucoadhesion properties as compared to CS nanoparticles and could be used as vehicles for drug delivery systems.

Chitosan Spray-Dried Microparticles for Controlled Delivery of Venlafaxine Hydrochloride

Venlafaxine controlled drug delivery systems using different matrixes have been tested to reduce undesirable side effects in the treatment of depression. The legal status of chitosan (Cs) in Pharmacy has dramatically improved after its acceptance as excipient in several Pharmacopeias and, therefore, there is great interest in pharmaceutical formulations based on this polymer. In this paper, chitosan microcapsules cross-linked with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) for oral delivery of venlafaxine were formulated using the spray drying technique. The effect of chitosan physico-chemical properties, TPP concentration and TPP/Cs ratio on drug release was evaluated. The microcapsules were characterized in terms of size, zeta potential and morphology. The physical state of the drug was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the drug release from the microcapsules was studied in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. The release pattern fitted well to the Peppas-Koersmeyer model with n exponents indicating anomalous transport.

Effect of Formulation and Process Parameters on Chitosan Microparticles Prepared by an Emulsion Crosslinking Technique

There are many studies about the synthesis of chitosan microparticles; however, most of them have very low production rate, have wide size distribution, are difficult to reproduce, and use harsh crosslinking agents. Uniform microparticles are necessary to obtain repeatable drug release behavior. The main focus of this investigation was to study the effect of the process and formulation parameters during the preparation of chitosan microparticles in order to produce particles with narrow size distribution. The technique evaluated during this study was emulsion crosslinking technique. Chitosan is a biocompatible and biodegradable material but lacks good mechanical properties; for that reason, chitosan was ionically crosslinked with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) at three different ratios (32, 64, and 100%). The model drug used was acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). During the preparation of the microparticles, chitosan was first mixed with ASA and then dispersed in oil containing an emulsifier. The evaporation of the solvents hardened the hydrophilic droplets forming microparticles with spherical shape. The process and formulation parameters were varied, and the microparticles were characterized by their morphology, particle size, drug loading efficiency, and drug release behavior. The higher drug loading efficiency was achieved by using 32% mass ratio of TPP to chitosan. The average microparticle size was 18.7 μm. The optimum formulation conditions to prepare uniform spherical microparticles were determined and represented by a region in a triangular phase diagram. The drug release analyses were evaluated in phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.4 and were mainly completed at 24 h.

Nanotechnology in bone tissue engineering

Nanotechnology represents a major frontier with potential to significantly advance the field of bone tissue engineering. Current limitations in regenerative strategies include impaired cellular proliferation and differentiation, insufficient mechanical strength of scaffolds, and inadequate production of extrinsic factors necessary for efficient osteogenesis. Here we review several major areas of research in nanotechnology with potential implications in bone regeneration: 1) nanoparticle-based methods for delivery of bioactive molecules, growth factors, and genetic material, 2) nanoparticle-mediated cell labeling and targeting, and 3) nano-based scaffold construction and modification to enhance physicochemical interactions, biocompatibility, mechanical stability, and cellular attachment/survival. As these technologies continue to evolve, ultimate translation to the clinical environment may allow for improved therapeutic outcomes in patients with large bone deficits and osteodegenerative diseases.

FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR

Traditionally, the reconstruction of bony defects has relied on the use of bone grafts. With advances in nanotechnology, there has been significant development of synthetic biomaterials. In this article, the authors provided a comprehensive review on current research in nanoparticle-based therapies for bone tissue engineering, which should be useful reading for clinicians as well as researchers in this field.

Synthesis and evaluation of chitosan-graft-poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-itaconic acid) as a drug carrier for controlled release of tramadol hydrochloride

Chitosan-graft-poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-itaconic acid) has been synthesized for different feed ratios of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and itaconic acid and characterized by FT-IR, thermogravimetry and swelling in simulated biological fluids (SBF) and evaluated as a drug carrier with model drug, tramadol hydrochloride (TRM). Grafting decreased the thermal stability of chitosan. FT-IR spectra of tablet did not reveal any molecular level (i.e. at <10 nm scale) drug-polymer interaction. But differential scanning calorimetric studies indicated a probable drug-polymer interaction at a scale >100 nm level. The observed Korsmeyer-Peppas's power law exponents (0.19-1.21) for the in vitro release profiles of TRM in SBF and other drugs such as 5-fluorouracil (FU), paracetamol (PCM) and vanlafaxine hydrochloride (VNF) with the copolymer carriers revealed an anomalous drug release mechanism. The decreased release rates for the grafted chitosan and the enhanced release rate for the grafts with increasing itaconic acid content in the feed were more likely attributed to the enhanced drug-matrix interaction and polymer-SBF interactions, respectively. The different release profiles of FU, PCM, TRM and VNF with the copolymer matrix are attributed to the different chemical structures of drugs. The above features suggest the graft copolymer's candidature for use as a promising oral drug delivery system.