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Strom AR, Eeftens JM, Polyachenko Y, Weaver CJ, Watanabe HF, Bracha D, Orlovsky ND, Jumper CC, Jacobs WM, Brangwynne CP. Interplay of condensation and chromatin binding underlies BRD4 targeting. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar88. [PMID: 38656803 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e24-01-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Nuclear compartments form via biomolecular phase separation, mediated through multivalent properties of biomolecules concentrated within condensates. Certain compartments are associated with specific chromatin regions, including transcriptional initiation condensates, which are composed of transcription factors and transcriptional machinery, and form at acetylated regions including enhancer and promoter loci. While protein self-interactions, especially within low-complexity and intrinsically disordered regions, are known to mediate condensation, the role of substrate-binding interactions in regulating the formation and function of biomolecular condensates is underexplored. Here, utilizing live-cell experiments in parallel with coarse-grained simulations, we investigate how chromatin interaction of the transcriptional activator BRD4 modulates its condensate formation. We find that both kinetic and thermodynamic properties of BRD4 condensation are affected by chromatin binding: nucleation rate is sensitive to BRD4-chromatin interactions, providing an explanation for the selective formation of BRD4 condensates at acetylated chromatin regions, and thermodynamically, multivalent acetylated chromatin sites provide a platform for BRD4 clustering below the concentration required for off-chromatin condensation. This provides a molecular and physical explanation of the relationship between nuclear condensates and epigenetically modified chromatin that results in their mutual spatiotemporal regulation, suggesting that epigenetic modulation is an important mechanism by which the cell targets transcriptional condensates to specific chromatin loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Strom
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Jorine M Eeftens
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, 6525 XZ Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Yury Polyachenko
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Claire J Weaver
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | | | - Dan Bracha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion, Haifa 3200, Israel
| | - Natalia D Orlovsky
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Chanelle C Jumper
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
- Nereid Therapeutics, Boston, MA
| | - William M Jacobs
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Clifford P Brangwynne
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
- Omenn-Darling Bioengineering Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
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Shukla V, Wang H, Varticovski L, Baek S, Wang R, Wu X, Echtenkamp F, Villa-Hernandez F, Prothro KP, Gara SK, Zhang MR, Shiffka S, Raziuddin R, Neckers LM, Linehan WM, Chen H, Hager GL, Schrump DS. Genome-Wide Analysis Identifies Nuclear Factor 1C as a Novel Transcription Factor and Potential Therapeutic Target in SCLC. J Thorac Oncol 2024:S1556-0864(24)00131-X. [PMID: 38583771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2024.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent insights regarding mechanisms mediating stemness, heterogeneity, and metastatic potential of lung cancers have yet to be fully translated to effective regimens for the treatment of these malignancies. This study sought to identify novel targets for lung cancer therapy. METHODS Transcriptomes and DNA methylomes of 14 SCLC and 10 NSCLC lines were compared with normal human small airway epithelial cells (SAECs) and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) clones derived from SAEC. SCLC lines, lung iPSC (Lu-iPSC), and SAEC were further evaluated by DNase I hypersensitive site sequencing (DHS-seq). Changes in chromatin accessibility and depths of transcription factor (TF) footprints were quantified using Bivariate analysis of Genomic Footprint. Standard techniques were used to evaluate growth, tumorigenicity, and changes in transcriptomes and glucose metabolism of SCLC cells after NFIC knockdown and to evaluate NFIC expression in SCLC cells after exposure to BET inhibitors. RESULTS Considerable commonality of transcriptomes and DNA methylomes was observed between Lu-iPSC and SCLC; however, this analysis was uninformative regarding pathways unique to lung cancer. Linking results of DHS-seq to RNA sequencing enabled identification of networks not previously associated with SCLC. When combined with footprint depth, NFIC, a transcription factor not previously associated with SCLC, had the highest score of occupancy at open chromatin sites. Knockdown of NFIC impaired glucose metabolism, decreased stemness, and inhibited growth of SCLC cells in vitro and in vivo. ChIP-seq analysis identified numerous sites occupied by BRD4 in the NFIC promoter region. Knockdown of BRD4 or treatment with Bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) inhibitors (BETis) markedly reduced NFIC expression in SCLC cells and SCLC PDX models. Approximately 8% of genes down-regulated by BETi treatment were repressed by NFIC knockdown in SCLC, whereas 34% of genes repressed after NFIC knockdown were also down-regulated in SCLC cells after BETi treatment. CONCLUSIONS NFIC is a key TF and possible mediator of transcriptional regulation by BET family proteins in SCLC. Our findings highlight the potential of genome-wide chromatin accessibility analysis for elucidating mechanisms of pulmonary carcinogenesis and identifying novel targets for lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Shukla
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Present Address: Division of Nonclinical Sciences (DNCS), FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Haitao Wang
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lyuba Varticovski
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Songjoon Baek
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ruihong Wang
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xinwei Wu
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Frank Echtenkamp
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Frank Villa-Hernandez
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Katherine P Prothro
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sudheer K Gara
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mary R Zhang
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephanie Shiffka
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Razi Raziuddin
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Leonard M Neckers
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Haobin Chen
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Present Address: Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Gordon L Hager
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David S Schrump
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Fan C, Guo X, Zhang J, Zheng W, Shi C, Qin Y, Shen H, Lu Y, Fan Y, Li Y, Chen L, Mao R. BRD4 inhibitors broadly promote erastin-induced ferroptosis in different cell lines by targeting ROS and FSP1. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:98. [PMID: 38565708 PMCID: PMC10987412 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-00928-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of programmed cell death, is a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) is an epigenetic reader and a promising target for cancer therapeutics. However, the role of BRD4 in ferroptosis is controversial and the value of the interaction between BRD4 inhibitors and ferroptosis inducers remains to be explored. Here, we found that BRD4 inhibition greatly enhanced erastin-induced ferroptosis in different types of cells, including HEK293T, HeLa, HepG2, RKO, and PC3 cell lines. Knocking down BRD4 in HEK293T and HeLa cells also promoted erastin-induced cell death. BRD4 inhibition by JQ-1 and I-BET-762 or BRD4 knockdown resulted in substantial accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in both HEK293T and HeLa cells. The effect of BRD4 inhibition on ferroptosis-associated genes varied in different cells. After using BRD4 inhibitors, the expression of FTH1, Nrf2, and GPX4 increased in HEK293T cells, while the levels of VDAC2, VDAC3, and FSP1 decreased. In HeLa cells, the expression of FTH1, VDAC2, VDAC3, Nrf2, GPX4, and FSP1 was reduced upon treatment with JQ-1 and I-BET-762. Consistently, the level of FSP1 was greatly reduced in HEK293T and HeLa cells with stable BRD4 knockdown compared to control cells. Furthermore, ChIP-sequencing data showed that BRD4 bound to the promoter of FSP1, but the BRD4 binding was greatly reduced upon JQ-1 treatment. Our results suggest that ROS accumulation and FSP1 downregulation are common mechanisms underlying increased ferroptosis with BRD4 inhibitors. Thus, BRD4 inhibitors might be more effective in combination with ferroptosis inducers, especially in FSP1-dependent cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Fan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaohong Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wen Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chonglin Shi
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yongwei Qin
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Haoliang Shen
- The Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Lu
- The Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yihui Fan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yanli Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - Liuting Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - Renfang Mao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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Tong JB, Xiao XC, Luo D, Xu HY, Xing YC, Gao P, Liu Y. Discovery of novel BRD4-BD2 inhibitors via in silico approaches: QSAR techniques, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations. Mol Divers 2024; 28:671-692. [PMID: 36773087 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10611-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Bromodomain-containing protein 4(BRD4) plays an important role in the occurrence and development of various malignant tumors, which has attracted the attention of scientific research institutions and pharmaceutical companies. The structural modification of most currently available BRD4 inhibitors is relatively simple, but the drug effectiveness is limited. Research has found that the inhibition of BD1 may promote the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell; however, the inhibition of BD2 will not cause this outcome. Therefore, newly potential drugs which target BRD4-BD2 need further research. Herein, we initially built QSAR models out of 49 compounds using HQSAR, CoMFA, CoMSIA, and Topomer CoMFA technology. All of the models have shown suitable reliabilities (q2 = 0.778, 0.533, 0.640, 0.702, respectively) and predictive abilities (r2pred = 0.716, 0.6289, 0.6153, 0.7968, respectively) for BRD4-BD2 inhibitors. On the basis of QSAR results and the search of the R-group in the topomer search module, we designed 20 new compounds with high activity that showed appropriate docking score and suitable ADMET. Docking studies and MD simulation were carried out to reveal the amino acid residues (Asn351, Cys347, Tyr350, Pro293, and Asp299) at the active site of BRD4-BD2. Free energy calculations and free energy landscapes verified the stable binding results and indicated stable conformations of the complexes. These theoretical studies provide guidance and theoretical basis for designing and developing novel BRD4-BD2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Bo Tong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an,, 710021, People's Republic of China.
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xue-Chun Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an,, 710021, People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Yin Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an,, 710021, People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Chuang Xing
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an,, 710021, People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an,, 710021, People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an,, 710021, People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China
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Li G, Ma L, Feng C, Yin H, Bao J, Wu D, Zhang Z, Li X, Li Z, Yang C, Wang H, Fang F, Hu X, Li M, Xu L, Xu Y, Liang H, Yang T, Wang J, Pan J. MZ1, a BRD4 inhibitor, exerted its anti-cancer effects by suppressing SDC1 in glioblastoma. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:220. [PMID: 38365636 PMCID: PMC10870565 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-11966-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is a relatively prevalent primary tumor of the central nervous system in children, characterized by its high malignancy and mortality rates, along with the intricate challenges of achieving complete surgical resection. Recently, an increasing number of studies have focused on the crucial role of super-enhancers (SEs) in the occurrence and development of GBM. This study embarks on the task of evaluating the effectiveness of MZ1, an inhibitor of BRD4 meticulously designed to specifically target SEs, within the intricate framework of GBM. METHODS The clinical data of GBM patients was sourced from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) and the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2 (GEPIA2), and the gene expression data of tumor cell lines was derived from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE). The impact of MZ1 on GBM was assessed through CCK-8, colony formation assays, EdU incorporation analysis, flow cytometry, and xenograft mouse models. The underlying mechanism was investigated through RNA-seq and ChIP-seq analyses. RESULTS In this investigation, we made a noteworthy observation that MZ1 exhibited a substantial reduction in the proliferation of GBM cells by effectively degrading BRD4. Additionally, MZ1 displayed a notable capability in inducing significant cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in GBM cells. These findings were in line with our in vitro outcomes. Notably, MZ1 administration resulted in a remarkable decrease in tumor size within the xenograft model with diminished toxicity. Furthermore, on a mechanistic level, the administration of MZ1 resulted in a significant suppression of pivotal genes closely associated with cell cycle regulation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Interestingly, our analysis of RNA-seq and ChIP-seq data unveiled the discovery of a novel prospective oncogene, SDC1, which assumed a pivotal role in the tumorigenesis and progression of GBM. CONCLUSION In summary, our findings revealed that MZ1 effectively disrupted the aberrant transcriptional regulation of oncogenes in GBM by degradation of BRD4. This positions MZ1 as a promising candidate in the realm of therapeutic options for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, P.R. China
| | - Liya Ma
- College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, P.R. China
| | - Chenxi Feng
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, P.R. China
| | - Hongli Yin
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Bao
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, P.R. China
| | - Di Wu
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, P.R. China
| | - Zimu Zhang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolu Li
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, P.R. China
| | - Zhiheng Li
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, P.R. China
| | - Chun Yang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, P.R. China
| | - Hairong Wang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, P.R. China
| | - Fang Fang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohan Hu
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, P.R. China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, P.R. China
| | - Lixiao Xu
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, P.R. China
| | - Yunyun Xu
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, P.R. China
| | - Hansi Liang
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P.R. China
| | - Tianquan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, P.R. China.
| | - Jianwei Wang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, P.R. China.
| | - Jian Pan
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, P.R. China.
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Fornelli C, Sofia Cento A, Nevi L, Mastrocola R, Ferreira Alves G, Caretti G, Collino M, Penna F. The BET inhibitor JQ1 targets fat metabolism and counteracts obesity. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00051-1. [PMID: 38365172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity, one of the most frequent health problems in the adult population, is a condition characterized by excessive white adipose tissue accumulation and accompanied by the increased risk to develop other disorders such as type II diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, physical disability, frailty and sarcopenia. Total fat mass frequently increases during aging, often coexisting with sarcopenia, thus resulting in an emerging condition defined sarcopenic obesity (SO). Our previous data demonstrated the relevant role of the bromo and extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins inhibitor JQ1 in attenuating inflammation and fibrosis in sarcopenic mice. Moreover, we preliminarily observed that JQ1 administration markedly reduces white adipose tissue mass, suggesting a potential role of BET proteins on visceral fat deposition during aging. OBJECTIVES Starting from those observations, the aim of this study was to investigate the ability of JQ1 to reduce adiposity in a chronic diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model mimicking the human metabolic syndrome. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were divided in subgroups, either fed a standard diet or a high fat diet for 22 or 12 weeks, treated over the last 14 days with JQ1 or with vehicle. RESULTS The results showed that JQ1 administration reduces fat mass, preserving skeletal muscle mass and function. A direct JQ1 lipolytic effect was demonstrated on mature adipocyte cultures. JQ1-mediated loss of adipose tissue mass was not associated with systemic inflammation or with lipid accumulation in muscle and liver. JQ1 administration did not impinge on skeletal muscle metabolism and oxidative capability, as shown by the lack of significant impact on mitochondrial mass and biogenesis. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the current data highlight a potential benefit of JQ1 administration to counteract obesity, suggesting epigenetic modulation as a prospective target in the treatment of obesity and sarcopenic obesity, despite the underlying multiorgan molecular mechanism is still not completely elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Fornelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessia Sofia Cento
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Nevi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Mastrocola
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Massimo Collino
- Department of Neurosciences "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.
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7
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Ge L, Chen J, Ren X, Huang C, Dong D, Yin Z. JQ1 attenuates contrast-induced acute kidney injury through the upregulation of autophagy and inhibition of inflammation. Int Urol Nephrol 2024; 56:739-749. [PMID: 37548899 PMCID: PMC10808174 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-023-03718-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is the third most common cause of hospital-acquired AKI. However, there is a paucity of efficacious interventions for the management of CI-AKI. Here, we aim to investigate the effects of JQ1 in CI-AKI and provide theoretical data and a foundation for novel ideas for the clinical treatment of CI-AKI. METHODS In this study, we performed in vivo and in vitro experiments with mice and HK2 cells injury models respectively. The levels of serum creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were determined by an automatic analyzer for the measurements of renal function. The viability of HK-2 cells was analyzed using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) kit. Additionally, the kidney changes in the mice were detected using histopathology (H&E) and immunofluorescent staining. The mRNA and protein expressions were assessed using Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot, respectively. Autophagy and apoptosis was analyzed by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and TUNEL assay respectively. RESULTS The results demonstrated that JQ1 exhibited potency of attenuating CI-AKI in mouse and HK2 cells. JQ1 increased the expression levels of Atg5, Atg7 and LC3B-II, and decreased the protein levels of p62 in the kidney and HK-2 cells. However, the combined use of JQ1 with chloroquine reversed the effects of JQ1. JQ1 also inhibited the inflammatory cells and downregulated the expression of some inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ). CONCLUSION JQ1 protects against CI-AKI by promoting autophagy and inhibiting inflammation and JQ1 may be a promising therapeutic strategy for CI-AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghong Ge
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Juntao Chen
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueying Ren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunqi Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danqing Dong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhou Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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8
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Li S, Guo Q, Guo R, Xu H. Transcriptional factor BRD4 promotes the stemness of esophageal cancer by activating the nuclear PD-L1/RelB axis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:669-679. [PMID: 37615218 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is a prevalent malignancy associated with therapeutic resistance and poor prognosis. This study investigates the role of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in esophageal cancer stem cell (ECSC) formation. ECSCs were enriched and characterized using various assays. We found that both PD-L1 and bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) were upregulated in ECSCs, promoting their stemness. Inhibiting BRD4 suppressed ECSC markers expression and sphere formation. Furthermore, BRD4 inhibitors downregulated membrane and nuclear PD-L1 levels, with knockdown of PD-L1 inhibiting ECSC formation. PD-L1 degraders also affected PD-L1 and its downstream effector RelB expression. Moreover, inhibiting RelB influenced sphere formation through interleukin-6 expression. This study reveals the critical role of the BRD4/nuclear PD-L1/RelB axis in ECSC formation, highlighting nuclear PD-L1 as a potential immunotherapeutic target for refractory EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouguo Li
- Department of Tumor Radiotherapy, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qunhuang Guo
- Department of Tumor Radiotherapy, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ruixiang Guo
- Department of Tumor Radiotherapy, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Tumor Radiotherapy, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Zhang L, Ye Q, Gan S, Liu H, Zhang Q, Wang S, Cheng C. Gallic Acid Alleviates Psoriasis Keratinization and Inflammation by Regulating BRD4 Expression. Folia Biol (Praha) 2024; 70:53-61. [PMID: 38830123 DOI: 10.14712/fb2024070010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic non-contagious autoimmune disease. Gallic acid is a natural compound with potential health benefits, including antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral and antibacterial properties. Nevertheless, the influence of gallic acid on psoriasis has not been fully determined. This investigation aimed to discover the effect of gallic acid on psoriasis. Thirty-one pairs of psoriatic skin tissues and healthy adult human skin tissues were collected. Human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) were transfected with interleukin 17A (IL-17A) to create the psoriatic keratinocyte model. The content of bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) microRNA was assessed using qRT-PCR testing. The content of BRD4 was detected by Western blotting. Cell migration was evaluated by conducting a wound healing assay. Cell proliferation was determined using an EdU assay. Apoptosis was detected by the TUNEL assay. The contents of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), IL-6, IL-8 and IL-17 were detected by ELISA. BRD4 was up-regulated in psoriatic skin tissues and in the IL-17A group compared to the healthy adult human skin tissues and the control group. Silencing BRD4 inhibited cell migration, proliferation and inflammatory response but induced apoptosis in IL-17A-treated HaCaT cells. Conversely, BRD4 over-expression promoted cell migration, proliferation and inflammatory response but suppressed apoptosis in IL-17A-treated HaCaT cells. Gallic acid repressed cell migration, proliferation and inflammatory response but indu-ced apoptosis in HaCaT cells transfected with IL-17A by down-regulating BRD4. Gallic acid represses cell migration, proliferation and inflammatory response but induces apoptosis in IL-17A-transfected HaCaT cells by down-regulating BRD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Dermatology Department, ShenZhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, China
| | - Qiaoyuan Ye
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Second Clinical Medical College of Guangdong Medical University, China
| | - Saiyang Gan
- Dermatology Department, ShenZhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Dermatology Department, ShenZhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Dermatology Department, ShenZhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- Dermatology Department, ShenZhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, China
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10
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Lomeli C. S, Kristin B. A. Epigenetic regulation of craniofacial development and disease. Birth Defects Res 2024; 116:e2271. [PMID: 37964651 PMCID: PMC10872612 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The formation of the craniofacial complex relies on proper neural crest development. The gene regulatory networks (GRNs) and signaling pathways orchestrating this process have been extensively studied. These GRNs and signaling cascades are tightly regulated as alterations to any stage of neural crest development can lead to common congenital birth defects, including multiple syndromes affecting facial morphology as well as nonsyndromic facial defects, such as cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Epigenetic factors add a hierarchy to the regulation of transcriptional networks and influence the spatiotemporal activation or repression of specific gene regulatory cascades; however less is known about their exact mechanisms in controlling precise gene regulation. AIMS In this review, we discuss the role of epigenetic factors during neural crest development, specifically during craniofacial development and how compromised activities of these regulators contribute to congenital defects that affect the craniofacial complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shull Lomeli C.
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Artinger Kristin B.
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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11
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Xu J, Li C, Kang X. The epigenetic regulatory effect of histone acetylation and deacetylation on skeletal muscle metabolism-a review. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1267456. [PMID: 38148899 PMCID: PMC10749939 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1267456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscles, the largest organ responsible for energy metabolism in most mammals, play a vital role in maintaining the body's homeostasis. Epigenetic modification, specifically histone acetylation, serves as a crucial regulatory mechanism influencing the physiological processes and metabolic patterns within skeletal muscle metabolism. The intricate process of histone acetylation modification involves coordinated control of histone acetyltransferase and deacetylase levels, dynamically modulating histone acetylation levels, and precisely regulating the expression of genes associated with skeletal muscle metabolism. Consequently, this comprehensive review aims to elucidate the epigenetic regulatory impact of histone acetylation modification on skeletal muscle metabolism, providing invaluable insights into the intricate molecular mechanisms governing epigenetic modifications in skeletal muscle metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaolong Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
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12
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Rani AQ, Bonam SR, Zhou J, Li J, Hu H, Liu X. BRD4 as a potential target for human papillomaviruses associated cancer. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29294. [PMID: 38100650 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Around 99% of cervical cancer and 5%-10% of human cancer are associated with human papillomaviruses (HPV). Notably, the life-cycle of HPV begins by low-level infection of the basal cells of the stratified epithelium, where the viral genomes are replicated and passed on to the daughter proliferating basal cells. The production of new viral particles remains restricted to eventually differentiated cells. HPVs support their persistent infectious cycle by hijacking pivotal pathways and cellular processes. Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) is one of the essential cellular factors involved in multiple stages of viral transcription and replication. In this review, we demonstrate the role of BRD4 in the multiple stages of HPV infectious cycle. Also, we provide an overview of the intense research about the cellular functions of BRD4, the mechanism of action of bromodomain and extra terminal inhibitors, and how it could lead to the development of antiviral/anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Qawee Rani
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jenny Li
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Haitao Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Departments of Pathology, Urology and Radiation Oncology, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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13
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Liu ZB, Fan XY, Wang CW, Ye X, Wu CJ. Potentially active compounds that improve PAD through angiogenesis: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115634. [PMID: 37879211 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) has been historically neglected, which has resulted in a lack of effective drugs in clinical practice. However, with the increasing prevalence of diseases like atherosclerosis and diabetes, the incidence of PAD is rising and cannot be ignored. Researchers are exploring the potential of promoting angiogenesis through exogenous compounds to improve PAD. This paper focuses on the therapeutic effect of natural products (Salidroside, Astragaloside IV, etc.) and synthetic compounds (Cilostazol, Dapagliflozin, etc.). Specifically, it examines how they can promote autocrine secretion of vascular endothelial cells, enhance cell paracrine interactions, and regulate endothelial progenitor cell function. The activation of these effects may be closely related to PI3K, AMPK, and other pathways. Overall, these exogenous compounds have promising therapeutic potential for PAD. This study aims to summarize the potential active compounds, provide a variety of options for the search for drugs for the treatment of PAD, and bring light to the treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xin-Yun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Chen-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xun Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Chun-Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy/Academy for Interdiscipline, Chengdu Univesity of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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14
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Duan B, Zhou X, Zhang X, Qiu F, Zhang S, Chen Y, Yang J, Wang J, Tan W. BRD4-binding enhancer promotes CRC progression by interacting with YY1 to activate the Wnt pathway through upregulation of TCF7L2. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 218:115877. [PMID: 37879498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC), one of the most life-threatening cancer types, is associated with aberrant expression of epigenetic modifiers and activation of the Wnt pathway. However, the role of epigenetic regulators in driving cancer cell proliferation and their potential as therapeutic targets affecting the Wnt pathway remain unclear. In this study, BRD4 was found to promote the progression of CRC both in vitro and in vivo. The expression of BRD4 correlated with shortened CRC patient survival. In addition, BRD4 function was strongly correlated with the Wnt pathway, but rather through regulation of TCF7L2 at transcriptional levels. BRD4 and H3K27ac have overlapping occupancies in the cis-regulatory elements of TCF7L2, suggesting enhancer-based epigenetic regulation. Numerous YY1 binding sites were found in the abovementioned region. YY1 recruited BRD4 to bind to cis-regulatory elements of TCF7L2, thereby regulating the expression of TCF7L2. Altogether, this study validates that BRD4 performs a canonical epigenetic regulatory function in CRC and can be used in the treatment of Wnt pathway-dependent CRC or other malignancies with clinically available bromodomain inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xuwei Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fenglan Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shaoqing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenfu Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
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15
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Clayton N, Pellei D, Lin Z. Histone acetylation, BET proteins, and periodontal inflammation. Mol Oral Microbiol 2023. [PMID: 37801007 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is one of the most common inflammatory diseases in humans. The susceptibility to periodontitis is largely determined by the host response, and the severity of inflammation predicts disease progression. Upon microbial insults, host cells undergo massive changes in their transcription program to trigger an appropriate response (inflammation). It is not surprising that successful keystone pathogens have developed specific mechanisms to manipulate the gene expression network in host cells. Emerging data has indicated that epigenetic regulation plays a significant role in inflammation. Acetylation of lysine residues on histones is a major epigenetic modification of chromatin, highly associated with the accessibility of chromatin and activation of transcription. Specific histone acetylation patterns are observed in inflammatory diseases including periodontitis. Bromo- and extraterminal domain (BET) proteins recognize acetylated histones and then recruit transcription factors and transcription elongation complexes to chromatin. BET proteins are regulated in inflammatory diseases and small molecules blocking the function of BET proteins are promising "epi-drugs" for treating inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Clayton
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - David Pellei
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Zhao Lin
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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16
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Kotekar A, Singh AK, Devaiah BN. BRD4 and MYC: power couple in transcription and disease. FEBS J 2023; 290:4820-4842. [PMID: 35866356 PMCID: PMC9867786 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The MYC proto-oncogene and BRD4, a BET family protein, are two cardinal proteins that have a broad influence in cell biology and disease. Both proteins are expressed ubiquitously in mammalian cells and play central roles in controlling growth, development, stress responses and metabolic function. As chromatin and transcriptional regulators, they play a critical role in regulating the expression of a burgeoning array of genes, maintaining chromatin architecture and genome stability. Consequently, impairment of their function or regulation leads to many diseases, with cancer being the most predominant. Interestingly, accumulating evidence indicates that regulation of the expression and functions of MYC are tightly intertwined with BRD4 at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Here, we review the mechanisms by which MYC and BRD4 are regulated, their functions in governing various molecular mechanisms and the consequences of their dysregulation that lead to disease. We present a perspective of how the regulatory mechanisms for the two proteins could be entwined at multiple points in a BRD4-MYC nexus that leads to the modulation of their functions and disease upon dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Kotekar
- Experimental Immunology Branch, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Experimental Immunology Branch, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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17
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Maksimova V, Popova V, Prus A, Lylova E, Usalka O, Sagitova G, Zhidkova E, Makus J, Trapeznikova E, Belitsky G, Yakubovskaya M, Kirsanov K. Insights into the Mechanism of Curaxin CBL0137 Epigenetic Activity: The Induction of DNA Demethylation and the Suppression of BET Family Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12874. [PMID: 37629054 PMCID: PMC10454690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of malignant tumors is caused by a complex combination of genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations, the latter of which are induced by either external environmental factors or signaling disruption following genetic mutations. Some types of cancer demonstrate a significant increase in epigenetic enzymes, and targeting these epigenetic alterations represents a compelling strategy to reverse cell transcriptome to the normal state, improving chemotherapy response. Curaxin CBL0137 is a new potent anticancer drug that has been shown to activate epigenetically silenced genes. However, its detailed effects on the enzymes of the epigenetic system of transcription regulation have not been studied. Here, we report that CBL0137 inhibits the expression of DNA methyltransferase DNMT3a in HeLa TI cells, both at the level of mRNA and protein, and it decreases the level of integral DNA methylation in Ca Ski cells. For the first time, it is shown that CBL0137 decreases the level of BET family proteins, BRD2, BRD3, and BRD4, the key participants in transcription elongation, followed by the corresponding gene expression enhancement. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CBL0137 does not affect the mechanisms of histone acetylation and methylation. The ability of CBL0137 to suppress DNMT3A and BET family proteins should be taken into consideration when combined chemotherapy is applied. Our data demonstrate the potential of CBL0137 to be used in the therapy of tumors with corresponding aberrant epigenetic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Maksimova
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Institute of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 24 Kashirskoe Shosse, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (V.M.); (V.P.); (A.P.); (E.L.); (O.U.); (E.Z.); (J.M.); (E.T.); (G.B.); (K.K.)
| | - Valeriia Popova
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Institute of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 24 Kashirskoe Shosse, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (V.M.); (V.P.); (A.P.); (E.L.); (O.U.); (E.Z.); (J.M.); (E.T.); (G.B.); (K.K.)
| | - Anzhelika Prus
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Institute of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 24 Kashirskoe Shosse, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (V.M.); (V.P.); (A.P.); (E.L.); (O.U.); (E.Z.); (J.M.); (E.T.); (G.B.); (K.K.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Industrial Pharmacy, Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, Russian Technological University (MIREA), 86 Vernadsky Avenue, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeniya Lylova
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Institute of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 24 Kashirskoe Shosse, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (V.M.); (V.P.); (A.P.); (E.L.); (O.U.); (E.Z.); (J.M.); (E.T.); (G.B.); (K.K.)
| | - Olga Usalka
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Institute of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 24 Kashirskoe Shosse, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (V.M.); (V.P.); (A.P.); (E.L.); (O.U.); (E.Z.); (J.M.); (E.T.); (G.B.); (K.K.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Guzel Sagitova
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ekaterina Zhidkova
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Institute of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 24 Kashirskoe Shosse, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (V.M.); (V.P.); (A.P.); (E.L.); (O.U.); (E.Z.); (J.M.); (E.T.); (G.B.); (K.K.)
| | - Julia Makus
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Institute of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 24 Kashirskoe Shosse, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (V.M.); (V.P.); (A.P.); (E.L.); (O.U.); (E.Z.); (J.M.); (E.T.); (G.B.); (K.K.)
| | - Ekaterina Trapeznikova
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Institute of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 24 Kashirskoe Shosse, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (V.M.); (V.P.); (A.P.); (E.L.); (O.U.); (E.Z.); (J.M.); (E.T.); (G.B.); (K.K.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Gennady Belitsky
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Institute of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 24 Kashirskoe Shosse, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (V.M.); (V.P.); (A.P.); (E.L.); (O.U.); (E.Z.); (J.M.); (E.T.); (G.B.); (K.K.)
| | - Marianna Yakubovskaya
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Institute of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 24 Kashirskoe Shosse, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (V.M.); (V.P.); (A.P.); (E.L.); (O.U.); (E.Z.); (J.M.); (E.T.); (G.B.); (K.K.)
| | - Kirill Kirsanov
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Institute of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 24 Kashirskoe Shosse, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (V.M.); (V.P.); (A.P.); (E.L.); (O.U.); (E.Z.); (J.M.); (E.T.); (G.B.); (K.K.)
- Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 117198 Moscow, Russia
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Yang X, Xu L, Yang L. Recent advances in EZH2-based dual inhibitors in the treatment of cancers. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 256:115461. [PMID: 37156182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) protein is the catalytic subunit of one of the histone methyltransferases. EZH2 catalyzes the trimethylation of lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3) and further alters downstream target levels. EZH2 is upregulated in cancer tissues, wherein its levels correlate strongly with cancer genesis, progression, metastasis, and invasion. Consequently, it has emerged as a novel anticancer therapeutic target. Nonetheless, developing EZH2 inhibitors (EZH2i) has encountered numerous difficulties, such as pre-clinical drug resistance and poor therapeutic effect. The EZH2i synergistically suppresses cancers when used in combination with additional antitumor drugs, such as PARP inhibitors, HDAC inhibitors, BRD4 inhibitors, EZH1 inhibitors, and EHMT2 inhibitors. Typically, the use of dual inhibitors of two different targets mediated by one individual molecule has been recognized as the preferred approach for overcoming the limitations of EZH2 monotherapy. The present review discusses the theoretical basis for designing EZH2-based dual-target inhibitors, and also describes some in vitro and in vivo analysis results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
| | - Lu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
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19
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Duan W, Yu M, Chen J. BRD4: New Hope in the Battle Against Glioblastoma. Pharmacol Res 2023; 191:106767. [PMID: 37061146 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
The BET family proteins, comprising BRD2, BRD3 and BRD4, represent epigenetic readers of acetylated histone marks that play pleiotropic roles in the tumorigenesis and growth of multiple human malignancies, including glioblastoma (GBM). A growing body of investigation has proven BET proteins as valuable therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. Recently, several BRD4 inhibitors and degraders have been reported to successfully suppress GBM in preclinical and clinical studies. However, the precise role and mechanism of BRD4 in the pathogenesis of GBM have not been fully elucidated or summarized. This review focuses on summarizing the roles and mechanisms of BRD4 in the context of the initiation and development of GBM. In addition, several BRD4 inhibitors have been evaluated for therapeutic purposes as monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immune therapies. Here, we provide a critical appraisal of studies evaluating various BRD4 inhibitors and degraders as novel treatment strategies against GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichen Duan
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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20
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To KKW, Xing E, Larue RC, Li PK. BET Bromodomain Inhibitors: Novel Design Strategies and Therapeutic Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073043. [PMID: 37049806 PMCID: PMC10096006 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) family of proteins consists of four conserved members (Brd2, Brd3, Brd4, and Brdt) that regulate numerous cancer-related and immunity-associated genes. They are epigenetic readers of histone acetylation with broad specificity. BET proteins are linked to cancer progression due to their interaction with numerous cellular proteins including chromatin-modifying factors, transcription factors, and histone modification enzymes. The spectacular growth in the clinical development of small-molecule BET inhibitors underscores the interest and importance of this protein family as an anticancer target. Current approaches targeting BET proteins for cancer therapy rely on acetylation mimics to block the bromodomains from binding chromatin. However, bromodomain-targeted agents are suffering from dose-limiting toxicities because of their effects on other bromodomain-containing proteins. In this review, we provided an updated summary about the evolution of small-molecule BET inhibitors. The design of bivalent BET inhibitors, kinase and BET dual inhibitors, BET protein proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), and Brd4-selective inhibitors are discussed. The novel strategy of targeting the unique C-terminal extra-terminal (ET) domain of BET proteins and its therapeutic significance will also be highlighted. Apart from single agent treatment alone, BET inhibitors have also been combined with other chemotherapeutic modalities for cancer treatment demonstrating favorable clinical outcomes. The investigation of specific biomarkers for predicting the efficacy and resistance of BET inhibitors is needed to fully realize their therapeutic potential in the clinical setting.
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21
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When Just One Phosphate Is One Too Many: The Multifaceted Interplay between Myc and Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054746. [PMID: 36902175 PMCID: PMC10003727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myc transcription factors are key regulators of many cellular processes, with Myc target genes crucially implicated in the management of cell proliferation and stem pluripotency, energy metabolism, protein synthesis, angiogenesis, DNA damage response, and apoptosis. Given the wide involvement of Myc in cellular dynamics, it is not surprising that its overexpression is frequently associated with cancer. Noteworthy, in cancer cells where high Myc levels are maintained, the overexpression of Myc-associated kinases is often observed and required to foster tumour cells' proliferation. A mutual interplay exists between Myc and kinases: the latter, which are Myc transcriptional targets, phosphorylate Myc, allowing its transcriptional activity, highlighting a clear regulatory loop. At the protein level, Myc activity and turnover is also tightly regulated by kinases, with a finely tuned balance between translation and rapid protein degradation. In this perspective, we focus on the cross-regulation of Myc and its associated protein kinases underlying similar and redundant mechanisms of regulation at different levels, from transcriptional to post-translational events. Furthermore, a review of the indirect effects of known kinase inhibitors on Myc provides an opportunity to identify alternative and combined therapeutic approaches for cancer treatment.
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Shao P, Liu H, Xue Y, Xiang T, Sun Z. LncRNA HOTTIP promotes inflammatory response in acute gouty arthritis via miR-101-3p/BRD4 axis. Int J Rheum Dis 2023; 26:305-315. [PMID: 36482051 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute gouty arthritis (AGA) is characterized by the accumulation of pro-inflammatory factors. This research aimed to examine the regulation of long non-coding RNA HOXA distal transcript antisense RNA (HOTTIP) in AGA on inflammation and its potential mechanisms. METHODS Serum levels of HOTTIP in AGA patients were examined by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The receiver operating characteristic curve was performed in the diagnosis of AGA patients. Monosodium urate (MSU) stimulation of THP-1-derived macrophages was used to establish an in vitro AGA model. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was carried out to assess the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Pearson correlation was applied to examine the correlation. RNA immunoprecipitation assay and dual-luciferase reporter assay were employed to identify the targeting relationship between miR-101-3p and HOTTIP or bromodomain-containing 4 (BRD4). RESULTS HOTTIP and BRD4 were statistically overexpressed in AGA patients compared with controls, while miR-101-3p was reduced (P < 0.05). Serum HOTTIP can significantly distinguish AGA patients from healthy controls. HOTTIP bound with miR-101-3p then augmented BRD4 via a competing endogenous RNA mechanism. Additionally, HOTTIP levels were elevated in a dose-dependent manner by MSU (P < 0.05). Weakened HOTTIP significantly inhibited MSU-induced release of pro-inflammatory factors interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, and transforming growth factor-α in macrophages (P < 0.05), but this inhibition was reversed by silencing miR-101-3p (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In short, HOTTIP contributes to inflammation via miR-101-3p/BRD4 axis, and serves as a new diagnostic biomarker. This study offers a renewed perspective on the diagnosis and treatment of AGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Shao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Huijie Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Yanyan Xue
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Ting Xiang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Zhanjuan Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
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Regulation of programmed cell death by Brd4. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:1059. [PMID: 36539410 PMCID: PMC9767942 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05505-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic factor Brd4 has emerged as a key regulator of cancer cell proliferation. Targeted inhibition of Brd4 suppresses growth and induces apoptosis of various cancer cells. In addition to apoptosis, Brd4 has also been shown to regulate several other forms of programmed cell death (PCD), including autophagy, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, with different biological outcomes. PCD plays key roles in development and tissue homeostasis by eliminating unnecessary or detrimental cells. Dysregulation of PCD is associated with various human diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative and infectious diseases. In this review, we discussed some recent findings on how Brd4 actively regulates different forms of PCD and the therapeutic potentials of targeting Brd4 in PCD-related human diseases. A better understanding of PCD regulation would provide not only new insights into pathophysiological functions of PCD but also provide new avenues for therapy by targeting Brd4-regulated PCD.
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Wen M, Ying Y, Xiao X, Arnold PR, Wang G, Chu X, Ghobrial RM, Li XC. Ox40-Cre-mediated deletion of BRD4 reveals an unexpected phenotype of hair follicle stem cells in alopecia. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e164534. [PMID: 36256455 PMCID: PMC9746908 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.164534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BRD4 is a bromodomain extraterminal domain family member and functions primarily as a chromatin reader regulating genes involved in cell-fate decisions. Here, we bred Brd4fl/fl Ox40-Cre mice in which Brd4 was conditionally deleted in OX40-expressing cells to examine the role of BRD4 in regulating immune responses. We found that the Brd4fl/fl Ox40-Cre mice developed profound alopecia and dermatitis, while other organs and tissues were not affected. Surprisingly, lineage-tracing experiments using the Rosa26fl/fl-Yfp mice identified a subset of hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) that constitutively express OX40, and deletion of Brd4 specifically in such HFSCs resulted in cell death and a complete loss of skin hair growth. We also found that death of HFSCs triggered massive activation of the intradermal γδ T cells, which induced epidermal hyperplasia and dermatitis by producing the inflammatory cytokine IL-17. Interestingly, deletion of Brd4 in Foxp3+ Tregs, which also constitutively express OX40, compromised their suppressive functions, and this, in turn, contributed to the enhanced activation of γδ T cells, as well as the severity of dermatitis and hair follicle destruction. Thus, our data demonstrate an unexpected role of BRD4 in regulating skin follicle stem cells and skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mou Wen
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanlin Ying
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiang Xiao
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Preston R. Arnold
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Guangchuan Wang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiufeng Chu
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rafik M. Ghobrial
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xian C. Li
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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Zhong X, Chen Z, Wang Y, Mao M, Deng Y, Shi M, Xu Y, Chen L, Cao W. JQ1 attenuates neuroinflammation by inhibiting the inflammasome-dependent canonical pyroptosis pathway in SAE. Brain Res Bull 2022; 189:174-183. [PMID: 36100190 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) manifests clinically in hyperneuroinflammation. Pyroptosis, which can induce an inflammatory cascade response, has been considered to be a causative factor of SAE. Evidence has shown that the bromo- and extraterminal (BET) proteins (including BRD2, BRD3, BRD4 and BRDT) inhibitor JQ1 can inhibit inflammation and suppress pyroptosis in various diseases. Therefore, we examined the effect of JQ1 on inflammasome-induced pyroptosis in the hippocampus in a mouse model of sepsis induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. The results showed that JQ1 treatment alleviated sepsis-related symptoms, protected the blood-brain barrier (BBB), as indicated by upregulated expression of the tight junction proteins occludin and ZO-1, and remarkably rescued neuronal damage in SAE mice. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that JQ1 intervention inhibited the expression of BRD proteins and decreased the expression of inflammasomes by blocking phospho-nuclear factor kappa B (p-NF-κB) signalling, attenuating the canonical pyroptosis (mediated by cleaved-Caspase1/11) pathway and the release of proinflammatory factors in the hippocampus of septic mice. Interestingly, we also found that JQ1 selectively suppressed the activation of hippocampal microglia in SAE mice. Thus, JQ1 protected the hippocampal BBB and neuronal damage through the attenuation of neuroinflammation by inhibiting the inflammasome-dependent canonical pyroptosis pathway induced by LPS injection in mice, and JQ1 may be a promising target for the prevention of SAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhong
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zuyao Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yajuan Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Mingli Mao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yingcheng Deng
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Mengmeng Shi
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China.
| | - Wenyu Cao
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China.
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MDM2-Based Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs): An Innovative Drug Strategy for Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911068. [PMID: 36232374 PMCID: PMC9570454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are molecules that selectively degrade a protein of interest (POI). The incorporation of ligands that recruit mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) into PROTACs, forming the so-called MDM2-based PROTACs, has shown promise in cancer treatment due to its dual mechanism of action: a PROTAC that recruits MDM2 prevents its binding to p53, resulting not only in the degradation of POI but also in the increase of intracellular levels of the p53 suppressor, with the activation of a whole set of biological processes, such as cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. In addition, these PROTACs, in certain cases, allow for the degradation of the target, with nanomolar potency, in a rapid and sustained manner over time, with less susceptibility to the development of resistance and tolerance, without causing changes in protein expression, and with selectivity to the target, including the respective isoforms or mutations, and to the cell type, overcoming some limitations associated with the use of inhibitors for the same therapeutic target. Therefore, the aim of this review is to analyze and discuss the characteristics of MDM2-based PROTACs developed for the degradation of oncogenic proteins and to understand what potential they have as future anticancer drugs.
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Zhang M, Lin X, Yang Z, Li X, Zhou Z, Love PE, Huang J, Zhao B. Metabolic regulation of T cell development. Front Immunol 2022; 13:946119. [PMID: 35958585 PMCID: PMC9357944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.946119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell development in the thymus is tightly controlled by complex regulatory mechanisms at multiple checkpoints. Currently, many studies have focused on the transcriptional and posttranslational control of the intrathymic journey of T-cell precursors. However, over the last few years, compelling evidence has highlighted cell metabolism as a critical regulator in this process. Different thymocyte subsets are directed by distinct metabolic pathways and signaling networks to match the specific functional requirements of the stage. Here, we epitomize these metabolic alterations during the development of a T cell and review several recent works that provide insights into equilibrating metabolic quiescence and activation programs. Ultimately, understanding the interplay between cellular metabolism and T cell developmental programs may offer an opportunity to selectively regulate T cell subset functions and to provide potential novel therapeutic approaches to modulate autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoxi Lin
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Paul E. Love
- Section on Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Zhao, ; ; Jiaqi Huang, ;;
| | - Bin Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Zhao, ; ; Jiaqi Huang, ;;
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Lin CH, Kuo JCT, Li D, Koenig AB, Pan A, Yan P, Bai XF, Lee RJ, Ghoshal K. AZD5153, a Bivalent BRD4 Inhibitor, Suppresses Hepatocarcinogenesis by Altering BRD4 Chromosomal Landscape and Modulating the Transcriptome of HCC Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:853652. [PMID: 35399501 PMCID: PMC8987780 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.853652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BRD4, a chromatin modifier frequently upregulated in a variety of neoplasms including hepatocellular cancer (HCC), promotes cancer cell growth by activating oncogenes through its interaction with acetylated histone tails of nucleosomes. Here, we determined the anti-HCC efficacy of AZD5153, a potent bivalent BRD4 inhibitor, and elucidated its underlying molecular mechanism of action. AZD5153 treatment inhibited HCC cell proliferation, clonogenic survival and induced apoptosis in HCC cells. In vivo, AZD5153-formulated lipid nanoemulsions inhibited both orthotopic and subcutaneous HCCLM3 xenograft growth in NSG mice. Mapping of BRD4- chromosomal targets by ChIP-seq analysis identified the occupancy of BRD4 with the promoters, gene bodies, and super-enhancers of both mRNA and noncoding RNA genes, which were disrupted upon AZD5153 treatment. RNA-seq analysis of polyadenylated RNAs showed several BRD4 target genes involved in DNA replication, cell proliferation, and anti-apoptosis were repressed in AZD5153-treated HCC cells. In addition to known tumor-promoting genes, e.g., c-MYC, YAP1, RAD51B, TRIB3, SLC17A9, JADE1, we found that NAPRT, encoding a key enzyme for NAD+ biosynthesis from nicotinic acid, was also suppressed in HCC cells by the BRD4 inhibitor. Interestingly, AZD5153 treatment upregulated NAMPT, whose product is the rate-limiting enzyme for NAD+ synthesis from nicotinamide. This may explain why AZD5153 acted in concert with FK866, a potent NAMPT inhibitor, in reducing HCC cell proliferation and clonogenic survival. In conclusion, our results identified novel targets of BRD4 in the HCCLM3 cell genome and demonstrated anti-HCC efficacy of AZD5153, which was potentiated in combination with an NAMPT inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho-Hao Lin
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jimmy Chun-Tien Kuo
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ding Li
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Aaron B. Koenig
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Alexander Pan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Pearlly Yan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Xue-Feng Bai
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Robert J. Lee
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Robert J. Lee, ; Kalpana Ghoshal,
| | - Kalpana Ghoshal
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Robert J. Lee, ; Kalpana Ghoshal,
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Liu N, Ling R, Tang X, Yu Y, Zhou Y, Chen D. Post-Translational Modifications of BRD4: Therapeutic Targets for Tumor. Front Oncol 2022; 12:847701. [PMID: 35402244 PMCID: PMC8993501 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.847701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4), a member of the bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) family, is considered to be a major driver of cancer cell growth and a new target for cancer therapy. Over 30 targeted inhibitors currently in preclinical and clinical trials have significant inhibitory effects on various tumors, including acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), diffuse large B cell lymphoma, prostate cancer, breast cancer and so on. However, resistance frequently occurs, revealing the limitations of BET inhibitor (BETi) therapy and the complexity of the BRD4 expression mechanism and action pathway. Current studies believe that when the internal and external environmental conditions of cells change, tumor cells can directly modify proteins by posttranslational modifications (PTMs) without changing the original DNA sequence to change their functions, and epigenetic modifications can also be activated to form new heritable phenotypes in response to various environmental stresses. In fact, research is constantly being supplemented with regards to that the regulatory role of BRD4 in tumors is closely related to PTMs. At present, the PTMs of BRD4 mainly include ubiquitination and phosphorylation; the former mainly regulates the stability of the BRD4 protein and mediates BETi resistance, while the latter is related to the biological functions of BRD4, such as transcriptional regulation, cofactor recruitment, chromatin binding and so on. At the same time, other PTMs, such as hydroxylation, acetylation and methylation, also play various roles in BRD4 regulation. The diversity, complexity and reversibility of posttranslational modifications affect the structure, stability and biological function of the BRD4 protein and participate in the occurrence and development of tumors by regulating the expression of tumor-related genes and even become the core and undeniable mechanism. Therefore, targeting BRD4-related modification sites or enzymes may be an effective strategy for cancer prevention and treatment. This review summarizes the role of different BRD4 modification types, elucidates the pathogenesis in the corresponding cancers, provides a theoretical reference for identifying new targets and effective combination therapy strategies, and discusses the opportunities, barriers, and limitations of PTM-based therapies for future cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Deyu Chen
- *Correspondence: Deyu Chen, ; Yuepeng Zhou,
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