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Sondag D, de Kleijne FFJ, Castermans S, Chatzakis I, van Geffen M, Van't Veer C, van Heerde WL, Boltje TJ, Rutjes FPJT. Synthesis and Evaluation of Glycosyl Luciferins. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302547. [PMID: 37849395 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Measuring glycosidase activity is important to monitor any aberrations in carbohydrate hydrolase activity, but also for the screening of potential glycosidase inhibitors. To this end, synthetic substrates are needed which provide an enzyme-dependent read-out upon hydrolysis by the glycosidase. Herein, we present two new routes for the synthesis of caged luminescent carbohydrates, which can be used for determining glycosidase activity with a luminescent reporter molecule. The substrates were validated with glycosidase and revealed a clear linear range and enzyme-dependent signal upon the in situ generation of the luciferin moiety from the corresponding nitrile precursors. Besides, we showed that these compounds could directly be synthesized from unprotected glycosyl-α-fluorides in a two-step procedure with yields up to 75 %. The intermediate methyl imidate appeared a key intermediate which also reacted with d-cysteine to give the corresponding d-luciferin substrate rendering this a highly attractive method for synthesizing glycosyl luciferins in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Sondag
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank F J de Kleijne
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sam Castermans
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Isa Chatzakis
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark van Geffen
- Enzyre BV, Novio Tech Campus, Transistorweg 5-i, 6534 AT, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Van't Veer
- Enzyre BV, Novio Tech Campus, Transistorweg 5-i, 6534 AT, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Waander L van Heerde
- Enzyre BV, Novio Tech Campus, Transistorweg 5-i, 6534 AT, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Haematology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Haemophilia Treatment Centre, Nijmegen Eindhoven Maastricht (HTC-NEM), The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Boltje
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris P J T Rutjes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Nakaya M, Wakamatsu M, Motegi H, Tanaka A, Sutherland K, Ishikawa M, Ozaki M, Shirato H, Hamada K, Hamada T. A real-time measurement system for gene expression rhythms from deep tissues of freely moving mice under light-dark conditions. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 32:101344. [PMID: 36160030 PMCID: PMC9489493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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3
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Martin-Burgos B, Wang W, William I, Tir S, Mohammad I, Javed R, Smith S, Cui Y, Arzavala J, Mora D, Smith CB, van der Vinne V, Molyneux PC, Miller SC, Weaver DR, Leise TL, Harrington ME. Methods for Detecting PER2:LUCIFERASE Bioluminescence Rhythms in Freely Moving Mice. J Biol Rhythms 2021; 37:78-93. [PMID: 34873943 DOI: 10.1177/07487304211062829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are driven by daily oscillations of gene expression. An important tool for studying cellular and tissue circadian rhythms is the use of a gene reporter, such as bioluminescence from the reporter gene luciferase controlled by a rhythmically expressed gene of interest. Here we describe methods that allow measurement of circadian bioluminescence from a freely moving mouse housed in a standard cage. Using a LumiCycle In Vivo (Actimetrics), we determined conditions that allow detection of circadian rhythms of bioluminescence from the PER2 reporter, PER2::LUC, in freely behaving mice. The LumiCycle In Vivo applies a background subtraction that corrects for effects of room temperature on photomultiplier tube (PMT) output. We tested delivery of d-luciferin via a subcutaneous minipump and in the drinking water. We demonstrate spikes in bioluminescence associated with drinking bouts. Further, we demonstrate that a synthetic luciferase substrate, CycLuc1, can support circadian rhythms of bioluminescence, even when delivered at a lower concentration than d-luciferin, and can support longer-term studies. A small difference in phase of the PER2::LUC bioluminescence rhythms, with females phase leading males, can be detected with this technique. We share our analysis scripts and suggestions for further improvements in this method. This approach will be straightforward to apply to mice with tissue-specific reporters, allowing insights into responses of specific peripheral clocks to perturbations such as environmental or pharmacological manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wanqi Wang
- Neuroscience Program, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
| | - Ivana William
- Neuroscience Program, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
| | - Selma Tir
- Neuroscience Program, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
| | - Innus Mohammad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Reja Javed
- Neuroscience Program, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
| | - Stormi Smith
- Neuroscience Program, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
| | - Yilin Cui
- Neuroscience Program, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
| | | | - Dalilah Mora
- Neuroscience Program, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
| | - Ciearra B Smith
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Vincent van der Vinne
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts
| | | | - Stephen C Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - David R Weaver
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Tanya L Leise
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts
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Hamada K, Ishii Y, Yoshida Y, Nakaya M, Sato Y, Kanai M, Kikuchi Y, Yamaguchi T, Iijima N, Sutherland K, Hamada T. The analysis of Period1 gene expression in vivo and in vitro using a micro PMT system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 577:64-70. [PMID: 34507067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To detect a small amount of Period1 (Per1) expression, we developed a micro-photomultiplier tube (μPMT) system which can be used both in vivo and in vitro. Using this system, we succeeded in detecting Per1 gene expression in the skin of freely moving mice over 240 times higher compared with that of the tissue contact optical sensor (TCS) as previously reported. For in vitro studies, we succeeded in detecting elevated Per1 expression by streptozotocin (STZ) treatment in the scalp hairs at an early stage of diabetes, when glucose content in the blood was still normal. In addition, we could detect elevated Per1 expression in a single whisker hair at the time of diabetes onset. These results show that our μPMT system responds to minute changes in gene expression in freely moving mice in vivo and in mice hair follicles in vitro. Furthermore, Per1 in the hair can be used for a marker of diabetic aggravation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Hamada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Ishii
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Yukina Yoshida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Mizuki Nakaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Megumi Kanai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kikuchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamaguchi
- Center for Basic Medical Research, International University of Health and Welfare, Ohtawara, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Norio Iijima
- Center for Basic Medical Research, International University of Health and Welfare, Ohtawara, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kenneth Sutherland
- Global Center for Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8012, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Hamada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan; Department of Biological Response and Regulation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan; Hakujikai Institute of Gerontology, 5-11-1, Shikahama, Adachi Ward, Tokyo, 123-0864, Japan.
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5
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Kanou H, Nagasawa K, Ishii Y, Chishima A, Hayashi J, Haga S, Sutherland K, Ishikawa M, Ozaki M, Shirato H, Hamada K, Hamada T. Period1 gene expression in the olfactory bulb and liver of freely moving streptozotocin-treated diabetic mouse. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 560:14-20. [PMID: 33965785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Clock genes express circadian rhythms in most organs. These rhythms are organized throughout the whole body, regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain. Disturbance of these clock gene expression rhythms is a risk factor for diseases such as obesity. In the present study, to explore the role of clock genes in developing diabetes, we examined the effect of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced high glucose on Period1 (Per1) gene expression rhythm in the liver and the olfactory bub (OB) in the brain. We found a drastic increase of Per1 expression in both tissues after STZ injection while blood glucose content was low. After a rapid expression peak, Per1 expression showed no rhythm. Associated with an increase of glucose content, behavior became arrhythmic. Finally, we succeeded in detecting an increase of Per1 expression in mice hair follicles on day 1 after STZ administration, before the onset of symptoms. These results show that elevated Per1 expression by STZ plays an important role in the aggravation of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harumi Kanou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Kouki Nagasawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Ishii
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Aya Chishima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Juri Hayashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Sanae Haga
- Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Bioimaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenneth Sutherland
- Global Center for Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8012, Japan
| | - Masayori Ishikawa
- Global Center for Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8012, Japan; Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University. Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Michitaka Ozaki
- Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Bioimaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Biological Response and Regulation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shirato
- Global Center for Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8012, Japan; Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kazuko Hamada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Hamada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan; Department of Biological Response and Regulation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan; Hakujikai Institute of Gerontology, 5-11-1, Shikahama, Adachi Ward, Tokyo, 123-0864, Japan.
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