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Henry MN, MacDonald MA, Orellana CA, Gray PP, Gillard M, Baker K, Nielsen LK, Marcellin E, Mahler S, Martínez VS. Attenuating apoptosis in Chinese hamster ovary cells for improved biopharmaceutical production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1187-1203. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N. Henry
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Michael A. MacDonald
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Camila A. Orellana
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Peter P. Gray
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Marianne Gillard
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Kym Baker
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Patheon Biologics—A Part of Thermo Fisher Scientific Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Lars K. Nielsen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Metabolomics Australia The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Esteban Marcellin
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Metabolomics Australia The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Stephen Mahler
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Verónica S. Martínez
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
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2
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Schweickert PG, Cheng Z. Application of Genetic Engineering in Biotherapeutics Development. J Pharm Innov 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-019-09411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Grilo AL, Mantalaris A. Apoptosis: A mammalian cell bioprocessing perspective. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:459-475. [PMID: 30797096 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of programmed and controlled cell death that accounts for the majority of cellular death in bioprocesses. Cell death affects culture longevity and product quality; it is instigated by several stresses experienced by the cells within a bioreactor. Understanding the factors that cause apoptosis as well as developing strategies that can protect cells is crucial for robust bioprocess development. This review aims to a) address apoptosis from a bioprocess perspective; b) describe the significant apoptotic mechanisms linking them to the most relevant stresses encountered in bioreactors; c) discuss the design of operating conditions in order to avoid cell death; d) focus on industrially relevant cell lines; and e) present anti-apoptosis strategies including cell engineering and model-based optimization of bioprocesses. In addition, the importance of apoptosis in quality-by-design bioprocess development from clone screening to production scale are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio L Grilo
- Biological Systems Engineering Laboratory, Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Athanasios Mantalaris
- Biological Systems Engineering Laboratory, Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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4
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Baek E, Kim CL, Kim MG, Lee JS, Lee GM. Chemical inhibition of autophagy: Examining its potential to increase the specific productivity of recombinant CHO cell lines. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:1953-61. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Baek
- Department of Biological Sciences; KAIST, 335 Gwahak-ro; Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Che Lin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences; KAIST, 335 Gwahak-ro; Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Gyeom Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences; KAIST, 335 Gwahak-ro; Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seong Lee
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Technical University of Denmark; Hørsholm Denmark
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences; KAIST, 335 Gwahak-ro; Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
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5
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Harnessing Chinese hamster ovary cell proteomics for biopharmaceutical processing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.14.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Bandaranayake AD, Almo SC. Recent advances in mammalian protein production. FEBS Lett 2013; 588:253-60. [PMID: 24316512 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian protein production platforms have had a profound impact in many areas of basic and applied research, and an increasing number of blockbuster drugs are recombinant mammalian proteins. With global sales of these drugs exceeding US$120 billion per year, both industry and academic research groups continue to develop cost effective methods for producing mammalian proteins to support pre-clinical and clinical evaluations of potential therapeutics. While a wide range of platforms have been successfully exploited for laboratory use, the bulk of recent biologics have been produced in mammalian cell lines due to the requirement for post translational modification and the biosynthetic complexity of the target proteins. In this review we highlight the range of mammalian expression platforms available for recombinant protein production, as well as advances in technologies for the rapid and efficient selection of highly productive clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok D Bandaranayake
- Departments of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
| | - Steven C Almo
- Departments of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States; Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
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Hu Z, Guo D, Yip SS, Zhan D, Misaghi S, Joly JC, Snedecor BR, Shen AY. Chinese hamster ovary K1 host cell enables stable cell line development for antibody molecules which are difficult to express in DUXB11-derived dihydrofolate reductase deficient host cell. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:980-5. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhilan Hu
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Donglin Guo
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Shirley S.M. Yip
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Dejin Zhan
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Shahram Misaghi
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - John C. Joly
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Bradley R. Snedecor
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Amy Y. Shen
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080
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8
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Lee JS, Ha TK, Park JH, Lee GM. Anti-cell death engineering of CHO cells: Co-overexpression of Bcl-2 for apoptosis inhibition, Beclin-1 for autophagy induction. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:2195-207. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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A kinetic-metabolic model based on cell energetic state: study of CHO cell behavior under Na-butyrate stimulation. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2012; 36:469-87. [PMID: 22976819 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-012-0804-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A kinetic-metabolic model approach describing and simulating Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell behavior is presented. The model includes glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, TCA cycle, respiratory chain, redox state and energetic metabolism. Growth kinetic is defined as a function of the major precursors for the synthesis of cell building blocks. Michaelis-Menten type kinetic is used for metabolic intermediates as well as for regulatory functions from energy shuttles (ATP/ADP) and cofactors (NAD/H and NADP/H). Model structure and parameters were first calibrated using results from bioreactor cultures of CHO cells expressing recombinant t-PA. It is shown that the model can simulate experimental data for all available experimental data, such as extracellular glucose, glutamine, lactate and ammonium concentration time profiles, as well as cell energetic state. A sensitivity analysis allowed identifying the most sensitive parameters. The model was then shown to be readily adaptable for studying the effect of sodium butyrate on CHO cells metabolism, where it was applied to the cases with sodium butyrate addition either at mid-exponential growth phase (48 h) or at the early plateau phase (74 h). In both cases, a global optimization routine was used for the simultaneous estimation of the most sensitive parameters, while the insensitive parameters were considered as constants. Finally, confidence intervals for the estimated parameters were calculated. Results presented here further substantiate our previous findings that butyrate treatment at mid-exponential phase may cause a shift in cellular metabolism toward a sustained and increased efficiency of glucose utilization channeled through the TCA cycle.
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CHO cells in biotechnology for production of recombinant proteins: current state and further potential. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 93:917-30. [PMID: 22159888 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3758-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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11
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Jeon MK, Yu DY, Lee GM. Combinatorial engineering of ldh-a and bcl-2 for reducing lactate production and improving cell growth in dihydrofolate reductase-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 92:779-90. [PMID: 21792592 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, rapid glucose metabolism normally leads to inefficient use of glucose, most of which is converted to lactate during cell cultures. Since lactate accumulation during the culture often exerts a negative effect on cell growth and valuable product formation, several genetic engineering approaches have been developed to suppress lactate dehydrogenase-A (LDH-A), the enzyme converting pyruvate into lactate. However, despite the reduced lactate accumulation, such cell cultures are eventually terminated in the late period of the culture, mainly due to apoptosis. Therefore, we developed an apoptosis-resistant, less lactate-producing dhfr(-) CHO cell line (CHO-Bcl2-LDHAsi) by overexpressing Bcl-2, one of the most well-known anti-apoptotic proteins, and by downregulating LDH-A in a dhfr(-) CHO cell line. When the dhfr(-) CHO-Bcl2-LDHAsi cell line was used as a host cell line for the development of recombinant CHO (rCHO) cells producing an Fc-fusion protein, the culture longevity of the rCHO cells was extended without any detrimental effect of genetic engineering on specific protein productivity. Simultaneously, the specific lactate production rate and apparent yield of lactate from glucose were reduced to 21-65% and 37-78% of the control cells, respectively. Taken together, these results show that the use of an apoptosis-resistant, less lactate-producing dhfr(-) CHO cell line as a host cell line saves the time and the effort of establishing an apoptosis-resistant, less lactate-producing rCHO cells for producing therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyoung Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology (WCU), KAIST, 373-1 Kusong-Dong, Yusong-gu, Daejon 305-701, South Korea.
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12
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Zhao X, Guo J, Yu Y, Yi S, Yu T, Fu L, Hou L, Chen W. Overexpression of survivin and cyclin D1 in CHO cells confers apoptosis resistance and enhances growth in serum-free suspension culture. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 33:1293-300. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0577-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Kim YG, Lee GM. Bcl-xL overexpression does not enhance specific erythropoietin productivity of recombinant CHO cells grown at 33°C and 37°C. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 25:252-6. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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15
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Hwang SO, Lee GM. Effect of Akt overexpression on programmed cell death in antibody-producing Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biotechnol 2009; 139:89-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Sung YH, Lee GM. Enhanced Human Thrombopoietin Production by Sodium Butyrate Addition to Serum-Free Suspension Culture of Bcl-2-Overexpressing CHO Cells. Biotechnol Prog 2008; 21:50-7. [PMID: 15903240 DOI: 10.1021/bp049892n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
When sodium butyrate (NaBu) was added to serum-free suspension culture of recombinant CHO (rCHO) cells for enhanced expression of human thrombopoietin (hTPO), apoptotic cell death of rCHO cells was induced in a dose-dependent manner and hTPO quality was deteriorated in regard to sialic acid and acidic isoform contents. To overcome these problems, we overexpressed Bcl-2 protein, an antiapoptotic protein, in rCHO cells producing hTPO. Compared to serum-free suspension culture of control cells without Bcl-2 overexpression (R-neo cells) and NaBu addition, a more than 10-fold increase in the maximum hTPO concentration was obtained in serum-free suspension culture of cells with Bcl-2 overexpression (R-bc12-14 cells) and 3 mM NaBu addition. Both the enhanced specific productivity endowed by NaBu and the extended culture longevity provided by the antiapoptotic effect of Bcl-2 overexpression contributed to the enhancement of maximum hTPO concentration. The problem of quality reduction of hTPO induced by NaBu was not solved by Bcl-2 overexpression, but it was not that significant. Compared to the culture in the absence of NaBu, the percentage of hTPO isoforms in pI 3-5 with high in vivo biological activity produced by R-bc12-14 cells was decreased by approximately 18% in the presence of 3 mM. As a result, a more than 6-fold increase in the production of hTPO isoforms in pI 3-5 was achieved in R-bcl2-14 cell culture with 3 mM NaBu addition. Taken together, the data obtained suggest that Bcl-2 overexpression in rCHO cells and NaBu addition in serum-free suspension culture can be an effective means to enhance the production of highly glycosylated protein such as hTPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hee Sung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373-1 Kusong-Dong, Yusong-Gu, Daejon 305-701, Korea
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Mohan C, Kim YG, Koo J, Lee GM. Assessment of cell engineering strategies for improved therapeutic protein production in CHO cells. Biotechnol J 2008; 3:624-30. [PMID: 18293320 DOI: 10.1002/biot.200700249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant glycoprotein therapeutics have proven to be invaluable pharmaceuticals for the treatment of various diseases. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are widely used in industry for the production of these proteins. Several strategies for engineering CHO cells for improved protein production have been tried with considerable results. The focus has mainly been to increase the specific productivity and to extend the culture longevity by preventing programmed cell death. These CHO cell engineering strategies, particularly those developed in Korea, are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaya Mohan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejon, Korea
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18
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Hwang SO, Lee GM. Nutrient deprivation induces autophagy as well as apoptosis in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 99:678-85. [PMID: 17680685 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture for foreign protein production, cells are subjected to programmed cell death (PCD). A rapid death at the end of batch culture is accelerated by nutrient starvation. In this study, type II PCD, autophagy, as well as type I PCD, apoptosis, was found to take place in two antibody-producing CHO cell lines, Ab1 and Ab2, toward the end of batch culture when glucose and glutamine were limiting. The evidence of autophagy was observed from the accumulation of a common autophagic marker, a 16 kDa form of LC3-II during batch culture. Moreover, a significant percentage of the total cells (80% of Ab1 cells and 86% of Ab2 cells) showed autophagic vacuoles containing cytoplasmic material by transmission electron microscopy. An increased level of PARP cleavage and chromosomal DNA fragmentation supported that starvation-induced apoptosis also occurred simultaneously with autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ok Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 335 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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Figueroa B, Ailor E, Osborne D, Hardwick JM, Reff M, Betenbaugh MJ. Enhanced cell culture performance using inducible anti-apoptotic genes E1B-19K and Aven in the production of a monoclonal antibody with Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 97:877-92. [PMID: 17099908 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells are used for the production of numerous biologics including monoclonal antibodies. Unfortunately, mammalian cells can lose viability at later stages in the cell culture process. In this study, the effects of expressing the anti-apoptosis genes, E1B-19K and Aven, separately and in combination on cell growth, survival, and monoclonal antibody (MAb) production were investigated for a commercial Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) mammalian cell line. CHO cells were observed to undergo apoptosis following a model insult, glucose deprivation, and at later stages of batch cell culture. The CHO cell line was then genetically modified to express the anti-apoptotic proteins E1B-19K and/or Aven using an ecdysone-inducible expression system. Stable transfected pools induced to express Aven or E1B-19K alone were found to survive 1-2 days longer than the parent cell line following glucose deprivation while the expression of both genes in concert increased cell survival by 3 days. In spinner flask batch studies, a clonal isolate engineered to express both anti-apoptosis genes exhibited a longer operating lifetime and higher final MAb titer as a result of higher viable cell densities and viabilities. Interestingly, survival was increased in the absence of an inducer, most likely as a result of leaky expression of the anti-apoptosis genes confirmed in subsequent PCR studies. In fed-batch bioreactors, the expression of both anti-apoptosis genes resulted in higher growth rates and cell densities in the exponential phase and significantly higher viable cell densities, viabilities, and extended survival during the post-exponential phase. As a result, the integral of viable cells (IVC) was between 40 and 100% higher for cell lines engineered to express both Aven and E1B-19K in concert, and the operational lifetime of the fed-batch bioreactors was increased from 2 to 5 days. The maximum titers of MAb were also increased by 40-55% for bioreactors containing cells expressing Aven and E1B-19K. These increases in volumetric productivity arose primarily from enhancements in viable cell density over the course of the fed-batch culture period since the specific productivities for the cells expressing anti-apoptosis genes were comparable or slightly lower than the parental hosts. These results demonstrate that expression of anti-apoptosis genes can enhance culture performance and increase MAb titers for mammalian CHO cell cultures especially under conditions such as extended fed-batch bioreactor operation.
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Gammell P. MicroRNAs: recently discovered key regulators of proliferation and apoptosis in animal cells : Identification of miRNAs regulating growth and survival. Cytotechnology 2007; 53:55-63. [PMID: 19003190 PMCID: PMC2267611 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-007-9049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The relatively recent discovery of miRNAs has added a completely new dimension to the study of the regulation of gene expression. The mechanism of action of miRNAs, the conservation between diverse species and the fact that each miRNA can regulate a number of targets and phenotypes clearly indicates the importance of these molecules. In this review the current state of knowledge relating to miRNA expression and gene regulation is presented, outlining the key morphological and biochemical features controlled by miRNAs with particular emphasis on the key phenotypes that impact on cell growth in bioreactors, namely proliferation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Gammell
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, 11, Ireland,
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21
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Kumar N, Gammell P, Clynes M. Proliferation control strategies to improve productivity and survival during CHO based production culture : A summary of recent methods employed and the effects of proliferation control in product secreting CHO cell lines. Cytotechnology 2007; 53:33-46. [PMID: 19003188 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-007-9047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese Hamster Ovary cells are the primary system for the production of recombinant proteins for therapeutic use. Protein productivity is directly proportional to viable biomass, viability and culture longevity of the producer cells and a number of approaches have been taken to optimise these parameters. Cell cycle arrest, particularly in G1 phase, typically using reduced temperature cultivation and nutritional control have been used to enhance productivity in production cultures by prolonging the production phase, but the mechanism by which these approaches work is still not fully understood. In this article, we analyse the public literature on proliferation control approaches as they apply to production cell lines with particular reference to what is known about the mechanisms behind each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Kumar
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, 11, Ireland
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22
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Kuystermans D, Krampe B, Swiderek H, Al-Rubeai M. Using cell engineering and omic tools for the improvement of cell culture processes. Cytotechnology 2007; 53:3-22. [PMID: 19003186 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-007-9055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant strides have been made in mammalian cell based biopharmaceutical process and cell line development over the past years. With several established mammalian host cell lines and expression systems, optimization of selection systems to reduce development times and improvement of glycosylation patterns are only some of the advances being made to improve cell culture processes. In this article, the advances pertaining to cell line development and cell engineering strategies are discussed. An overview of the cell engineering strategies to enhance cellular characteristics by genetic manipulation are illustrated, focusing on the use of genomics and proteomics tools and their application in such endeavors. Included in this review are some of the early studies using the 'omic' technique to understand cellular mechanisms of product synthesis and secretion, apoptosis, cell proliferation and the influence of the physicochemical environment. The article highlights the significance of integrating genomics and proteomics data with the vast amounts of bioprocess data for improved analysis of the biological pathways involved. Further improvements of the techniques and methodologies used are needed but ultimately, the new cell engineering strategies should provide great insight into the regulatory networks within the cell in a bioprocess environment and how to manipulate them to increase overall productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrin Kuystermans
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering and Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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23
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Arden N, Betenbaugh MJ. Regulating apoptosis in mammalian cell cultures. Cytotechnology 2006; 50:77-92. [PMID: 19003072 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-006-9008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell culture technology has become a widely accepted method used to derive therapeutic and diagnostic protein products. Mammalian cells adapted to grow in bioreactors now play an integral role in the development of these biologicals. A major limiting factor determining the output efficiency of mammalian cell cultures however, is apoptosis or programmed cell death. Methods to delay apoptosis and increase the longevity of cell cultures can lead to more economical processes. Researchers have shown that both genetic and chemical strategies to block apoptotic signals can increase cell culture productivity. Here, we discuss various strategies which have been implemented to improve cellular viabilities and productivities in batch cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilou Arden
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
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Barnes LM, Dickson AJ. Mammalian cell factories for efficient and stable protein expression. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2006; 17:381-6. [PMID: 16806893 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2006.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As the commercial market for therapeutic protein production from mammalian cells has expanded, so has the requirement for improved efficiency and stability of production. Rapid developments have been made in understanding the molecular environment of transgenes in chromatin, including elucidation of the contribution of epigenetic modifications to expression, and this understanding is being used to enhance expression from host cells. Technical advances surrounding the 'omics' revolution are enabling the rational identification of complex control factors that define the flow of information from transgene to desired protein. Using information from 'omics' interrogations, directed cell engineering has been employed to enhance the translational and secretory capacity of host cells. Taken together, these recent advances are likely to lead to improved routes for protein production in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Barnes
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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Chiang GG, Sisk WP. Bcl-x(L) mediates increased production of humanized monoclonal antibodies in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 91:779-92. [PMID: 15986489 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced product yields, reduction in throughput time, improved cost-effectiveness and product quality are examples of benefits gained by delaying apoptotic cell death in bioreactors. To examine the effect on recombinant protein production, bcl-x(L) was overexpressed in a CHO cell line secreting humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the alpha1beta1 integrin. When cell lines overexpressing bcl-x(L) were compared to the parent, cell viability was increased by 20% and titers by 80%. Total viable cell densities were similar and specific productivities were enhanced by almost two-fold on scale-up to bioreactors. Comparison in a chemically defined media demonstrated an even greater sustained viability in bcl-x(L) expressing cells by 50% and up to 90% increase in titer with no impact on product quality. Caspase 3 activities were monitored as a marker for apoptotic cell death. In the presence of Bcl-x(L), caspase activities were reduced to background levels. The role of Bcl-x(L) in protecting cells from premature death was further examined in studies performed in the presence of NaBu, at concentrations known to trigger cell death. Results demonstrated that cells expressing bcl-x(L) retained 88% cell viability with >2 fold increase in titer. Bcl-x(L) was similarly overexpressed in a different CHO cell line producing a humanized mAb against the chemokine MCP1. Once again, production titer was increased by 80% and viability by 75%. Together the studies have shown that overexpression of bcl-x(L) in production cell lines was able to significantly increase the titer by enhancing both the specific activity and total cell viability while maintaining product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela G Chiang
- Cellular Engineering Technology Group, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
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Andersen DC, Reilly DE. Production technologies for monoclonal antibodies and their fragments. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2005; 15:456-62. [PMID: 15464378 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2004.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, monoclonal antibodies have emerged as an increasingly important class of human therapeutics. A variety of forms of antibodies, including fragments such as Fabs, Fab'2s and single-chain Fvs, are also being evaluated for a range of different purposes. A variety of expression systems and improvements within these systems have been developed to address these growing and diverse needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana C Andersen
- Genentech, Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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van De Goor J. Improvement of Industrial Cell Culture Processes by Caspase-9 Dominant Negative and Other Apoptotic Inhibitors. CELL ENGINEERING 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-2217-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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