1
|
Wiegmann V, Gardner RA, Spencer DIR, Baganz F. Equal mixing time enables scale-down and optimization of a CHO cell culture process using a shaken microbioreactor system. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2100360. [PMID: 34494367 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The advancement of microbioreactor technology in recent years has transformed early- and mid-stage process development. The monitoring and control capabilities of microbioreactors not only promote the quick accumulation of process knowledge but has also led to an increased scalability when compared to traditionally used systems such as shake flasks and microtitre plates. This study seeks to establish a framework for the micro-Matrix microbioreactor (Applikon-Biotechnology BV) as process development tool. Using the Dual Indicator System for Mixing Time, the system was initially characterized for mixing properties at varying operating conditions, which was found to yield mixing times between 0.9 and 41.8 s. A matched mixing time was proposed as scale-down criterion for an IgG4 producing GS-CHO fed-batch process between a 5 L stirred tank reactor (STR) and the micro-Matrix microbioreactor. Growth trends, maximum viable cell concentrations, final titre, and glycoprofiles were nearly identical at both scales. The scale-down model was then employed to optimize a bolus feeding regime using response surface methodology, which led to a 25.4% increase of the space-time yield and a 25% increase of the final titre. The optimized feeding strategy was validated at the small-scale and successfully scaled up to the 5 L STR. This work for the first time provides a framework of how the micro-Matrix microbioreactor can be implemented in a bioprocess development workflow and demonstrates scalability of growth and production kinetics as well as IgG4 glycosylation between the micro-Matrix and a benchtop-scale STR system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Wiegmann
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gordon Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | | | - Frank Baganz
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gordon Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Heathman TR, Nienow AW, Rafiq QA, Coopman K, Kara B, Hewitt CJ. Agitation and aeration of stirred-bioreactors for the microcarrier culture of human mesenchymal stem cells and potential implications for large-scale bioprocess development. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
3
|
|
4
|
Minow B, Seidemann J, Tschoepe S, Gloeckner A, Neubauer P. Harmonization and characterization of different single-use bioreactors adopting a new sparger design. Eng Life Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201300130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Peter Neubauer
- Department of Biotechnology; Technische Universität; Berlin Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sieblist C, Jenzsch M, Pohlscheidt M. Influence of pluronic F68 on oxygen mass transfer. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:1278-88. [PMID: 23843368 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pluronic F68 is one of the most used shear protecting additives in cell culture cultivations. It is well known from literature that such surface-active surfactants lower the surface tension at the gas-liquid interface, which influences the mass transfer. In this study, the effect of Pluronic F68 on oxygen mass transfer in aqueous solutions was examined. Therefore, the gassing in/gassing out method and bubble size measurements were used. At low concentrations of 0.02 g/L, a 50% reduction on mass transfer was observed for all tested spargers and working conditions. An explanation of the observed effects by means of Higbie's penetration or Dankwerts surface renewal theory was applied. It could be demonstrated that the suppressed movement of the bubble surface layer is the main cause for the significant drop down of the kL a-values. For Pluronic F68 concentrations above 0.1 g/L, it was observed that it comes to changes in bubble appearance and bubble size strongly dependent on the sparger type. By using the bubble size measurement data, it could be shown that only small changes in mass transfer coefficient (kL ) take place above the critical micelle concentration. Further changes on overall mass transfer at higher Pluronic F68 concentrations are mainly based on increasing of gas holdup and, more importantly, by increasing of the surface area available for mass transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sieblist
- Pharmaceutical Biotech Production, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nienow AW, Rielly CD, Brosnan K, Bargh N, Lee K, Coopman K, Hewitt CJ. The physical characterisation of a microscale parallel bioreactor platform with an industrial CHO cell line expressing an IgG4. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
7
|
Weheliye W, Yianneskis M, Ducci A. On the fluid dynamics of shaken bioreactors- flow characterization and transition. AIChE J 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Weheliye
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; University College London; London; WC1E 7JE; U.K
| | - M. Yianneskis
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; University College London; London; WC1E 7JE; U.K
| | - A. Ducci
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; University College London; London; WC1E 7JE; U.K
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Marquis CP, Low KS, Barford JP, Harbour C. Agitation and aeration effects in suspension mammalian cell cultures. Cytotechnology 2012; 2:163-70. [PMID: 22358730 DOI: 10.1007/bf00133241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/1988] [Accepted: 02/06/1989] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Three different hybridoma cell lines, grown in serum-free media with different levels of Pluronic F-68, were subjected to a shear force of 0.6 N m(-2). Some protective effect due to the polymer was found, indicating it to be a potentially useful adjuvant in serum-free media. Other observations of liquid and gas effects at the reactor level have been included here. A discussion of the difference between suspension and microcarrier cultures, in relation to hydrodynamic effects, is included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C P Marquis
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Higareda AE, Possani LD, Ramírez OT. The use of culture redox potential and oxygen uptake rate for assessing glucose and glutamine depletion in hybridoma cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 56:555-63. [PMID: 18642276 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19971205)56:5<555::aid-bit9>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Culture redox potential (CRP) and oxygen uptake rate (OUR) were monitored on-line during glucose- and glutamine-limited batch cultures of a murine hybridoma cell line that secretes a neutralizing monoclonal antibody specific to toxin 2 of the scorpion Centruroides noxius Hoffmann. It was found that OUR and CRP can be used for assessing the viable cell concentration and growth phases of the culture. Before nutrient depletion, OUR increased exponentially with viable cell concentration, whereas CRP decreased monotonically until cell viability started to decrease. During the death phase, CRP gradually increased. A sudden decrease in OUR occurred upon glucose or glutamine depletion. CRP traced the dissolved oxygen profile during a control action or an operational eventuality, however, during nutrient depletion it did not follow the expected behavior of a system composed mainly by the O(2)/H(2)O redox couple. Such a behavior was not due to the accumulated lactate or ammonia, nor to possible intracellular redox potential changes caused by nutrient depletion, as inferred from respiration inhibition by rotenone or uncoupled respiration by 2,4-dinitrophenol. As shown in this study, operational eventualities can be erroneously interpreted as changes in OUR when using algorithms based solely on oxygen balances. However, simultaneous measurements of CRP and OUR may be used to discriminate real metabolic events from operational failures. The results presented here can be used in advanced real-time algorithms for controling glucose and glutamine at low concentrations, avoiding under- or over-feeding them in hybridoma cultures, and consequently reducing the accumulation of metabolic wastes and improving monoclonal antibody production. (c) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 56: 555-563, 1997.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E Higareda
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad S/N, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, México, telephone: (52-5) 622-7646; fax: (52-7) 317-2388
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Thomassen YE, van der Welle JE, van Eikenhorst G, van der Pol LA, Bakker WA. Transfer of an adherent Vero cell culture method between two different rocking motion type bioreactors with respect to cell growth and metabolic rates. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
11
|
De León A, Mayani H, Ramírez OT. Design, characterization and application of a minibioreactor for the culture of human hematopoietic cells under controlled conditions. Cytotechnology 2011; 28:127-38. [PMID: 19003414 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008042000744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro culture of human hematopoietic cells has recently received considerable attention due to its clinical importance. Most studies of the culture and expansion of hematopoietic cells have been performed in static cultures but only very few reports exist on the use of bioreactors where strict control of environmental variables is maintained. In this work, the design, characterization and application of a fully instrumented minibioreactor for the culture of human hematopoietic cells from umbilical cord blood is presented. The system consists of a stirred- tank reactor where cells are maintained in suspension in an homogeneous environment and without the need of a stromal feeding layer. The minibioreactor was coupled to a data acquisition and control system which continuously monitored pH, dissolved oxygen and redox potential. When operated at 75 rpm with a hanging magnetic bar (impeller-to-tank diameter ratio of 0.57), the dead and mixing times were 120 and 80 s, respectively, and the maximum response rate and volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient were 0.8 mM O2 hr-1, and 1.8 hr-1, respectively. Such characteristics allowed a tight control of pH(until day 11) and dissolved oxygen at predetermined set-points, and up to a 7-fold expansion of hematopoietic progenitors was possible in cultures maintained at 20% dissolved oxygen with respect to air saturation. Growth phase and cell concentration could be inferred on- line through determinations of oxygen uptake rate and culture redox potential. Oxygen uptake rate increased during exponential growth phase to a maximum of 40 muM hr-1. Such an increase closely followed the increase in concentration of hematopoietic progenitors. In contrast, culture redox potential decreased during exponential growth phase and then increased during death phase. The designed system permits not only the maintenance of controlled environmental conditions and on-line identification of fundamental culture parameters, but also the application of control strategies for improving expansion of hematopoietic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A De León
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo, Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62250, México
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pamboukian MM, Pereira CA, Augusto EDFP, Tonso A. Adaptation of the "Dynamic Method" for measuring the specific respiration rate in oxygen transfer systems through diffusion membrane. Biotechnol J 2011; 6:1497-503. [PMID: 21648091 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring the specific respiration rate (Q(O2)) is a valuable tool to evaluate cell growth and physiology. However, for low Q(O2) values the accuracy may depend on the measurement methodology, as it is the case in animal cell culture. The widely used "Dynamic Method" imposes serious difficulties concerning oxygen transfer cancellation, especially through membrane oxygenation. This paper presents an improved procedure to this method, through an automated control of the gas inlet composition that can minimize the residual oxygen transfer driving force during the Q(O2) measurement phase. The improved technique was applied to animal cell cultivation, particularly three recombinant S2 (Drosophila melanogaster) insect cell lines grown in a membrane aeration bioreactor. The average measurements of the proposed method reached 98% of stationary liquid phase balance method, taken as a reference, compared to 21% when the traditional method was used. Furthermore, this methodology does not require knowledge of the volumetric transfer coefficient k(L)a, which may vary during growth.
Collapse
|
13
|
Vallejos JR, Brorson KA, Moreira AR, Rao G. Integrating a 250 mL-spinner flask with other stirred bench-scale cell culture devices: a mass transfer perspective. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:803-10. [PMID: 21523928 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The bioprocess development cycle is a complex task that requires a complete understanding of the engineering of the process (e.g., mass transfer, mixing, CO(2) removal, process monitoring, and control) and its affect on cell biology and product quality. Despite their widespread use in bioprocess development, spinner flasks generally lack engineering characterization of critical physical parameters such as k(L)a, P/V, or mixing time. In this study, mass transfer characterization of a 250-mL spinner flask using optical patch-based sensors is presented. The results quantitatively show the effect of the impeller type, liquid filling volume, and agitation speed on the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (k(L)a) in a 250-mL spinner flask, and how they can be manipulated to match mass transfer capability at large culture devices. Thus, process understanding in spinner flasks can be improved, and these devices can be seamlessly integrated in a rational scale-up strategy from cell thawing to bench-scale bioreactors (and beyond) in biomanufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Vallejos
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xing Z, Kenty BM, Li ZJ, Lee SS. Scale-up analysis for a CHO cell culture process in large-scale bioreactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 103:733-46. [PMID: 19280669 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bioprocess scale-up is a fundamental component of process development in the biotechnology industry. When scaling up a mammalian cell culture process, it is important to consider factors such as mixing time, oxygen transfer, and carbon dioxide removal. In this study, cell-free mixing studies were performed in production scale 5,000-L bioreactors to evaluate scale-up issues. Using the current bioreactor configuration, the 5,000-L bioreactor had a lower oxygen transfer coefficient, longer mixing time, and lower carbon dioxide removal rate than that was observed in bench scale 5- and 20-L bioreactors. The oxygen transfer threshold analysis indicates that the current 5,000-L configuration can only support a maximum viable cell density of 7 x 10(6) cells mL(-1). Moreover, experiments using a dual probe technique demonstrated that pH and dissolved oxygen gradients may exist in 5,000-L bioreactors using the current configuration. Empirical equations were developed to predict mixing time, oxygen transfer coefficient, and carbon dioxide removal rate under different mixing-related engineering parameters in the 5,000-L bioreactors. These equations indicate that increasing bottom air sparging rate is more efficient than increasing power input in improving oxygen transfer and carbon dioxide removal. Furthermore, as the liquid volume increases in a production bioreactor operated in fed-batch mode, bulk mixing becomes a challenge. The mixing studies suggest that the engineering parameters related to bulk mixing and carbon dioxide removal in the 5,000-L bioreactors may need optimizing to mitigate the risk of different performance upon process scale-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zizhuo Xing
- Process Sciences, Biologics Manufacturing and Process Development, Worldwide Medicines Group, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Syracuse, NY 13221-4755, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Reactor engineering in large scale animal cell culture. Cytotechnology 2006; 50:9-33. [PMID: 19003068 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-006-9005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This article mainly addresses the issues associated with the engineering of large-scale free suspension culture in agitated bioreactors >10,000 L because they have become the system of choice industrially. It is particularly concerned with problems that become increasingly important as the scale increases. However, very few papers have been written that are actually based on such large-scale studies and the few that do rarely address any of the issues quantitatively. Hence, it is necessary very often to extrapolate from small-scale work and this review tries to pull the two types of study together. It is shown that 'shear sensitivity' due to agitation and bursting bubbles is no longer considered a major problem. Homogeneity becomes increasingly important with respect to pH and nutrients at the largest scale and sub-surface feeding is recommended despite 'cleaning in place' concerns. There are still major questions with cell retention/recycle systems at these scales, either because of fouling, of capacity or of potential and different 'shear sensitivity' questions. Fed-batch operation gives rise to cell densities that have led to the use of oxygen and enriched air to meet oxygen demands. This strategy, in turn, gives rise to a CO(2) evolution rate that impacts on pH control, pCO(2) and osmolality. These interactions are difficult to resolve but if higher sparge and agitation intensities could be used to achieve the necessary oxygen transfer, the problem would largely disappear. Thus, the perception of 'shear sensitivity' is still impacting on the development of animal cell culture at the commercial scale. Microcarrier culture is also briefly addressed. Finally, some recommendations for bioreactor configuration and operating strategy are given.
Collapse
|
16
|
Micheletti M, Barrett T, Doig S, Baganz F, Levy M, Woodley J, Lye G. Fluid mixing in shaken bioreactors: Implications for scale-up predictions from microlitre-scale microbial and mammalian cell cultures. Chem Eng Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2005.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
17
|
Johnson M, André G, Chavarie C, Archambault J. Oxygen transfer rates in a mammalian cell culture bioreactor equipped with a cell-lift impeller. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 35:43-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260350107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
18
|
Abstract
Animal cells are affected by hydrodynamic forces that occur in culture vessel, transfer piping, and recovery operations such as microfiltration. Depending on the type, intensity, and duration of the force, and the specifics of the cell, the force may induce various kinds of responses in the subject cells. Both biochemical and physiological responses are observed, including apoptosis and purely mechanical destruction of the cell. This review examines the kinds of hydrodynamic forces encountered in bioprocessing equipment and the impact of those forces on cells. Methods are given for quantifying the magnitude of the specific forces, and the response thresholds are noted for the common types of cells cultured in free suspension, supported on microcarriers, and anchored to stationary surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Chisti
- Institute of Technology and Engineering, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Langheinrich C, Nienow A, Eddleston T, Stevenson N, Emery A, Clayton T, Slater N. Oxygen Transfer in Stirred Bioreactors Under Animal Cell Culture Conditions. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2002. [DOI: 10.1205/096030802753479098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
20
|
Abstract
The gas sparging of culture broth causes damage to suspended animal cells. However, despite this, sparged bioreactors remain the preferred means of cell culture because sparging is a robust method of supplying oxygen, especially on a large scale. This article examines the underlying mechanisms involved in bubble-associated cell damage and the methods available for controlling such damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Chisti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, E-04071, Almería, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Abstract
The scale of operation of freely suspended animal cell culture has been increasing and in order to meet the demand for recombinant therapeutic products, this increase is likely to continue. The most common reactor types used are stirred tanks. Air lift fermenters are also used, albeit less commonly. No specific guidelines have been published for large scale (>/=10 000 L) animal cell culture and reactor designs are often based on those used for microbial systems. However, due to the large difference in energy inputs used for microbial and animal cell systems such designs may be far from optimal. In this review the importance of achieving a balance between mixing, mass transfer and shear effects is emphasised. The implications that meeting this balance has on design of vessels and operation, particularly in terms of strategies to ensure adequate mixing to achieve homogeneity in pH and dissolved gas concentrations are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Varley
- Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering Group, Reading University, Whiteknights, PO Box 226, Reading, U.K
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Langheinrich C, Nienow A, Eddleston T, Stevenson N, Emery A, Clayton T, Slater N. Liquid Homogenization Studies in Animal Cell Bioreactors of up to 8 m3 in Volume. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 1998. [DOI: 10.1205/096030898531873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
24
|
Design, characterization and application of a minibioreactor for the culture of human hematopoietic cells under controlled conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-4786-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
25
|
Yoshida M, Kitamura A, Yamagiwa K, Ohkawa A. Gas hold-up and volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient in an aerated agitated vessel without baffles having forward-reverse rotating impellers. CAN J CHEM ENG 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.5450740105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
26
|
Emery AN, Jan DC, al-Rubeai M. Oxygenation of intensive cell-culture system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1995; 43:1028-33. [PMID: 8590652 DOI: 10.1007/bf00166920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The abilities of various methods of oxygenation to meet the demands of high-cell-density culture were investigated using a spin filter perfusion system in a bench-top bioreactor. Oxygen demand at high cell density could not be met by sparging with air inside a spin filter (oxygen transfer values in this condition were comparable with those for surface aeration). Sparging with air outside a spin filter gave adequate oxygen transfer for the support of cell concentrations above 10(7) ml-1 in fully aerobic conditions but the addition of antifoam to control foaming caused blockage of the spinfilter mesh. Bubble-free aeration through immersed silicone tubing with pure oxygen gave similar oxygen transfer rates to that of sparging with air but without the problems of bubble damage and fouling of the spin filter. A supra-optimal level of dissolved oxygen (478% air saturation) inhibited cell growth. However, cells could recover from this stress and reach high density after reduction of the dissolved oxygen level to 50% air saturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A N Emery
- BBSRC Centre for Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang SJ, Zhong JJ, Chen YL, Yu JT. Characterization and modeling of oxygen transfer in a 20-l modified cell-lift bioreactor with a double-screen cage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(95)98179-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
28
|
Zhang S, Handa-Corrigan A, Spier RE. Oxygen transfer properties of bubbles in animal cell culture media. Biotechnol Bioeng 1992; 40:252-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260400209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
29
|
Design parameters and performance of a surface baffled helical ribbon impeller bioreactor for the culture of shear sensitive cells. Chem Eng Sci 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2509(92)87063-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
30
|
Murhammer DW, Pfalzgraf EC. Effects of pluronic F-68 on oxygen transport in an agitated, sparged bioreactor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02439343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
31
|
Jolicoeur M, Chavarie C, Carreau PJ, Archambault J. Development of a helical-ribbon impeller bioreactor for high-density plant cell suspension culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 1992; 39:511-21. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260390506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
32
|
Oh SK, Nienow AW, al-Rubeai M, Emery AN. Further studies of the culture of mouse hybridomas in an agitated bioreactor with and without continuous sparging. J Biotechnol 1992; 22:245-70. [PMID: 1367982 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(92)90144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
TB/C3 mouse hybridoma cells have been grown at 2 controlled dO2 conditions by headspace and sparged oxygenation. Also a variety of sparging rates and sparger sizes and positions have been employed. Headspace oxygenation at dO2 levels from 5% to 100% of saturation give essentially the same performance as controls. Sparging is generally damaging to cells, the extent of damage decreasing with reduced sparging rate until at below about 0.02 vvm results equivalent to the unsparged conditions are obtained. Damage is clearly linked with bubble-cell interactions at the air-medium interface where bubbles bursting in clusters and of a size less than 5 mm appear to be the most lethal. When the interaction of air sparging with the agitator flow leads to an increase in the number of smaller bubbles and cluster bursts, cell damage is further increased. Pluronic F-68 reduces damage very significantly. Biological aspects are briefly discussed in the light of various biological tests. The practical implications of this work for large scale, free suspension cell culture are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S K Oh
- SERC Centre for Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, U.K
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Oh S, Nienow A, Al-Rubeai M, Emery A. The effects of agitation intensity with and without continuous sparging on the growth and antibody production of hybridoma cells. J Biotechnol 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(89)90128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
35
|
|
36
|
Ozturk SS, Palsson BO, Midgley AR, Halberstadt CR. Transtubular bioreactor: A perfusion device for mammalian cell cultivation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01876222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|