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Bandyopadhyay A, Kosanam H, Yang RS, Gupta B, Naralakattu N, Pakhale S, Kress J, Richardson D, Ly J. Low-molecular-weight impurity in Poloxamer 188 responsible for atypical cell culture performance for mAb production. J Biotechnol 2022; 351:13-22. [PMID: 35483475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During a recent manufacturing campaign for a monoclonal antibody using a fed-batch process, poor cell culture performance was observed across two manufacturing sites with similar scales and equipment. Root cause analysis indicated that the poor cell culture performance was linked to the production basal media. Genealogy of the precursor raw materials used in the media revealed that a particular lot of Poloxamer 188 (P188) was the common link to the poor-performing media lots. P188 serves a critical role in protecting cells against shear in cell culture bioprocesses. However, the small-scale studies suggested that the poor cell culture performance was cytostatic in nature rather than being caused due to lack of shear protection. Several P188 lots were tested analytically using SEC-MS and RP-LC-MS methods and a unique low molecular weight species was identified in the suspect lot of poloxamer. The impurity was identified to be polypropylene oxide (PPO), a reaction intermediate in P188 synthesis. Spiking studies with PPO further confirmed its cytostatic nature. This case study highlights yet another scenario where lot-to-lot variability continues to impact bioprocesses and re-emphasizes the need for robust analytical and cell-culture raw material screening methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Bandyopadhyay
- Biologics Process Development and Commercialization, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hari Kosanam
- Vaccines Process Development and Commercialization, Merck & Co., Inc, Westpoint, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Rong-Sheng Yang
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Balrina Gupta
- Biologics Upstream Process Development, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Naja Naralakattu
- Global Technical Operations - Raw Materials Center of Excellence, Merck & Co., Inc, Westpoint, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Shital Pakhale
- Biologics Process Development and Commercialization, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jared Kress
- Vaccines Process Development and Commercialization, Merck & Co., Inc, Westpoint, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Douglas Richardson
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jeffrey Ly
- Biologics Process Development and Commercialization, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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Kumar S, Lazau E, Kim C, N Thadhani N, R Prausnitz M. Serum Protects Cells and Increases Intracellular Delivery of Molecules by Nanoparticle-Mediated Photoporation. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:3707-3724. [PMID: 34103912 PMCID: PMC8180297 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s307027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intracellular delivery of molecules is central to applications in biotechnology, medicine, and basic research. Nanoparticle-mediated photoporation using carbon black nanoparticles exposed to pulsed, near-infrared laser irradiation offers a physical route to create transient cell membrane pores, enabling intracellular delivery. However, nanoparticle-mediated photoporation, like other physical intracellular delivery technologies, necessitates a trade-off between achieving efficient uptake of exogenous molecules and maintaining high cell viability. Methods In this study, we sought to shift this balance by adding serum to cells during nanoparticle-mediated photoporation as a viability protectant. DU-145 prostate cancer cells and human dermal fibroblasts were exposed to laser irradiation in the presence of carbon black (CB) nanoparticles and other formulation additives, including fetal bovine serum (FBS) and polymers. Results Our studies showed that FBS can protect cells from viability loss, even at high-fluence laser irradiation conditions that lead to high levels of intracellular delivery in two different mammalian cell types. Further studies revealed that full FBS was not needed: viability protection was achieved with denatured FBS, with just the high molecular weight fraction of FBS (>30 kDa), or even with individual proteins like albumin or hemoglobin. Finally, we found that viability protection was also obtained using certain neutral water-soluble polymers, including Pluronic F127, polyvinylpyrrolidone, poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline), and polyethylene glycol, which were more effective at increased concentration, molecular weight, or hydrophobicity. Conclusion Altogether, these findings suggest an interaction between amphiphilic domains of polymers with the cell membrane to help cells maintain viability, possibly by facilitating transmembrane pore closure. In this way, serum components or synthetic polymers can be used to increase intracellular delivery by nanoparticle-mediated photoporation while maintaining high cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simple Kumar
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Eunice Lazau
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30318, USA
| | - Carter Kim
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30318, USA
| | - Naresh N Thadhani
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Mark R Prausnitz
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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3
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Chang D, Fox R, Hicks E, Ferguson R, Chang K, Osborne D, Hu W, Velev OD. Investigation of interfacial properties of pure and mixed poloxamers for surfactant-mediated shear protection of mammalian cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 156:358-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kent JA, Bommaraju TV, Barnicki SD, Kyung YS, Zhang GG. Industrial Production of Therapeutic Proteins: Cell Lines, Cell Culture, and Purification. HANDBOOK OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [PMCID: PMC7121293 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-52287-6_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A central pillar of the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries continues to be the development of biological drug products manufactured from engineered mammalian cell lines. Since the hugely successful launch of human tissue plasminogen activator in 1987 and erythropoietin in 1988, the biopharmaceutical market has grown immensely. In 2014, biotherapeutics made up a significant portion of global drug sales as 7 of the top 10 and 21 of top 50 selling pharmaceuticals in the world were biologics with over US$100 billion in global sales (Table 1, [1]).
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5
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Peng H, Ali A, Lanan M, Hughes E, Wiltberger K, Guan B, Prajapati S, Hu W. Mechanism investigation for poloxamer 188 raw material variation in cell culture. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:767-75. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haofan Peng
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen; Research Triangle Park NC 27709
| | - Amr Ali
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen; Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Maureen Lanan
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen; Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Erik Hughes
- Manufacturing Sciences; Biogen; Research Triangle Park NC 27709
| | - Kelly Wiltberger
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen; Research Triangle Park NC 27709
| | - Bing Guan
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen; Cambridge MA 02142
| | | | - Weiwei Hu
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen; Research Triangle Park NC 27709
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6
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Peng H, Hall KM, Clayton B, Wiltberger K, Hu W, Hughes E, Kane J, Ney R, Ryll T. Development of small scale cell culture models for screening poloxamer 188 lot-to-lot variation. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:1411-8. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haofan Peng
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen Idec; Research Triangle Park; 5000 Davis Drive NC 27709
| | - Kaitlyn M. Hall
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen Idec; Research Triangle Park; 5000 Davis Drive NC 27709
| | - Blake Clayton
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen Idec; Research Triangle Park; 5000 Davis Drive NC 27709
| | - Kelly Wiltberger
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen Idec; Research Triangle Park; 5000 Davis Drive NC 27709
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen Idec; Research Triangle Park; 5000 Davis Drive NC 27709
| | - Erik Hughes
- Manufacturing Sciences, Biogen Idec; Research Triangle Park; NC 27709
| | - John Kane
- Manufacturing Sciences, Biogen Idec; Research Triangle Park; NC 27709
| | - Rachel Ney
- Manufacturing Sciences, Biogen Idec; Research Triangle Park; NC 27709
| | - Thomas Ryll
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen Idec; Cambridge MA 02142
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7
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Wu J. Insights into protective effects of medium additives on animal cells under fluid stresses: the hydrophobic interactions. Cytotechnology 2012; 22:103-9. [PMID: 22358920 DOI: 10.1007/bf00353929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal cells in suspension culture can suffer severe mechanical damage from bursting gas bubbles or other hydrodynamic force sources. Certain chemical additives in the culture media, particularly some surface-active chemicals, can effectively protect animal cells against such damage. Previously we proposed that the protective effect is associated with the adsorption of the additives in the cell membrane through hydrophobic binding of the surface-active molecules to the membrane. Adsorption of the additives to the cell membrane may lead to decreased hydrophobicity of the cell surface, thus eliminating cell adhesion to bubbles and reducing cell damage from bursting bubbles. In this study, we measured the hydrophobicity of two insect cell lines based on cell adhesion to hydrocarbon phase and its influence by surface-active chemicals, Pluronic F68, a methylcellulose and a polyethylene glycol. The experimental results showed strong support for the aforecited cell protection mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wu
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Hu W, Berdugo C, Chalmers JJ. The potential of hydrodynamic damage to animal cells of industrial relevance: current understanding. Cytotechnology 2011; 63:445-60. [PMID: 21785843 PMCID: PMC3176934 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-011-9368-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Suspension animal cell culture is now routinely scaled up to bioreactors on the order of 10,000 L, and greater, to meet commercial demand. However, the concern of the 'shear sensitivity' of animal cells still remains, not only within the bioreactor, but also in the downstream processing. As the productivities continue to increase, titer of ~10 g/L are now reported with cell densities greater than 2 × 10(7) cells/mL. Such high, and potentially higher cell densities will inevitably translate to increased demand in mass transfer and mixing. In addition, achieving productivity gains in both the upstream stage and downstream processes can subject the cells to aggressive environments such as those involving hydrodynamic stresses. The perception of 'shear sensitivity' has historically put an arbitrary upper limit on agitation and aeration in bioreactor operation; however, as cell densities and productivities continue to increase, mass transfer requirements can exceed those imposed by these arbitrary low limits. Therefore, a better understanding of how animal cells, used to produce therapeutic products, respond to hydrodynamic forces in both qualitative and quantitative ways will allow an experimentally based, higher, "upper limit" to be created to guide the design and operation of future commercial, large scale bioreactors. With respect to downstream hydrodynamic conditions, situations have already been achieved in which practical limits with respect to hydrodynamic forces have been experienced. This review mainly focuses on publications from both the academy and industry regarding the effect of hydrodynamic forces on industrially relevant animal cells, and not on the actual scale-up of bioreactors. A summary of implications and remaining challenges will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Hu
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen Idec Inc., 5000 Davis Drive, RTP, NC 27709 USA
| | - Claudia Berdugo
- Scientist / Research & Development, BD Biosciences, 54 Loveton Circle, Sparks, MD 21152 USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Chalmers
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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An investigation of small-molecule surfactants to potentially replace pluronic F-68 for reducing bubble-associated cell damage. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 101:119-27. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.21872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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10
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Kim Y, Hong S, Lee SH, Lee K, Yun S, Kang Y, Paek KK, Ju BK, Kim B. Novel platform for minimizing cell loss on separation process: Droplet-based magnetically activated cell separator. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2007; 78:074301. [PMID: 17672779 DOI: 10.1063/1.2751414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
To reduce the problem of cell loss due to adhesion, one of the basic phenomena in microchannel, we proposed the droplet-based magnetically activated cell separator (DMACS). Based on the platform of the DMACS-which consists of permanent magnets, a coverslip with a circle-shaped boundary, and an injection tube-we could collect magnetically (CD45)-labeled (positive) cells with high purity and minimize cell loss due to adhesion. To compare separation efficiency between the MACS and the DMACS, the total number of cells before and after separation with both the separators was counted by flow cytometry. We could find that the number (3241/59 940) of cells lost in the DMACS is much less than that (22 360/59 940) in the MACS while the efficiency of cell separation in the DMACS (96.07%) is almost the same as that in the MACS (96.72%). Practically, with fluorescent images, it was visually confirmed that the statistical data are reliable. From the viability test by using Hoechst 33 342, it was also demonstrated that there was no cell damage on a gas-liquid interface. Conclusively, DMACS will be a powerful tool to separate rare cells and applicable as a separator, key component of lab-on-a-chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngho Kim
- Department of R&D, Cerno Instruments, Seoul 136-764, Korea
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11
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van Hee P, Elumbaring ACMR, van der Lans RGJM, Van der Wielen LAM. Selective recovery of polyhydroxyalkanoate inclusion bodies from fermentation broth by dissolved-air flotation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2006; 297:595-606. [PMID: 16337647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2005.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Revised: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 11/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Selective dissolved-air flotation for the separation of medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) inclusion bodies (IBs) from Pseudomonas putida cell debris is investigated. Measurements show that both P. putida cell debris and PHA IBs have an iso-electric point of approximately pH 3.5. Selective aggregation and as a result selective flotation of PHA IBs was observed near this pH. Qualitative prediction of the aggregation behaviour was possible on the basis of the Van der Waals, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. In some cases however, the stability of the suspension could not be explained with these forces alone. It was therefore suggested that additional interactions, such as steric/brush effects, play an important role in the aggregation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim van Hee
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
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12
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van Hee P, Hoeben MA, van der Lans RGJM, van der Wielen LAM. Strategy for selection of methods for separation of bioparticles from particle mixtures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 94:689-709. [PMID: 16570310 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The desired product of bioprocesses is often produced in particulate form, either as an inclusion body (IB) or as a crystal. Particle harvesting is then a crucial and attractive form of product recovery. Because the liquid phase often contains other bioparticles, such as cell debris, whole cells, particulate biocatalysts or particulate by-products, the recovery of product particles is a complex process. In most cases, the particulate product is purified using selective solubilization or extraction. However, if selective particle recovery is possible, the already high purity of the particles makes this downstream process more favorable. This work gives an overview of typical bioparticle mixtures that are encountered in industrial biotechnology and the various driving forces that may be used for particle-particle separation, such as the centrifugal force, the magnetic force, the electric force, and forces related to interfaces. By coupling these driving forces to the resisting forces, the limitations of using these driving forces with respect to particle size are calculated. It shows that centrifugation is not a general solution for particle-particle separation in biotechnology because the particle sizes of product and contaminating particles are often very small, thus, causing their settling velocities to be too low for efficient separation by centrifugation. Examples of such separation problems are the recovery of IBs or virus-like particles (VLPs) from (microbial) cell debris. In these cases, separation processes that use electrical forces or fluid-fluid interfaces show to have a large potential for particle-particle separation. These methods are not yet commonly applied for large-scale particle-particle separation in biotechnology and more research is required on the separation techniques and on particle characterization to facilitate successful application of these methods in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- P van Hee
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands.
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13
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Sobczuk TM, Camacho FG, Grima EM, Chisti Y. Effects of agitation on the microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Porphyridium cruentum. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2005; 28:243-50. [PMID: 16247611 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-005-0030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of mechanical agitation on the microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Porphyridium cruentum was investigated in aerated continuous cultures with and without the added shear protectant Pluronic F68. Damage to cells was quantified through a decrease in the steady state concentration of the biomass in the photobioreactor. For a given aeration rate, the steady state biomass concentration rose with increasing rate of mechanical agitation until an upper limit on agitation speed was reached. This maximum tolerable agitation speed depended on the microalgal species. Further increase in agitation speed caused a decline in the steady state concentration of the biomass. An impeller tip speed of >1.56 m s(-1) damaged P. tricornutum in aerated culture. In contrast, the damage threshold tip speed for P. cruentum was between 2.45 and 2.89 m s(-1). Mechanical agitation was not the direct cause of cell damage. Damage occurred because of the rupture of small gas bubbles at the surface of the culture, but mechanical agitation was instrumental in generating the bubbles that ultimately damaged the cells. Pluronic F68 protected the cells against damage and increased the steady state concentration of the biomass relative to operation without the additive. The protective effect of Pluronic was concentration-dependent over the concentration range of 0.01-0.10% w/v.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mazzuca Sobczuk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, 04071, Almería, Spain
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15
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Abstract
The gas sparging of culture broth causes damage to suspended animal cells. However, despite this, sparged bioreactors remain the preferred means of cell culture because sparging is a robust method of supplying oxygen, especially on a large scale. This article examines the underlying mechanisms involved in bubble-associated cell damage and the methods available for controlling such damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chisti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, E-04071, Almería, Spain.
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16
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Meier SJ, Hatton TA, Wang DIC. Cell death from bursting bubbles: Role of cell attachment to rising bubbles in sparged reactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19990220)62:4<468::aid-bit10>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Wu J, Ruan Q, Peter Lam H. Effects of surface-active medium additives on insect cell surface hydrophobicity relating to cell protection against bubble damage. Enzyme Microb Technol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(97)00009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Molina Grima E, Chisti Y, Moo-Young M. Characterization of shear rates in airlift bioreactors for animal cell culture. J Biotechnol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(97)00043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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