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Wang Y, Hao Z, Pan L. Evaluation of multiple hydrophilic interaction chromatography columns and surrogate matrix for arginine quantification in saliva by high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3580-3593. [PMID: 34405941 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Arginine, a pivotal ingredient in many biochemical synthetic pathways, can be used as a biomarker for many oral care clinical applications. It is still a challenge to develop a sensitive and reliable chromatographic method to quantify arginine as a biomarker in saliva, with or without arginine product pretreatment. The current method solved two critical issues for arginine quantitation in human saliva. The first issue was how to optimize arginine peak shape. A hydrophilic interaction chromatography method based on the column selection, pH and pKa relationship, mobile phase ionic strength, organic solvent consideration, and temperature effects was developed. An optimized chromatographic condition for arginine quantitation in the saliva matrix was obtained. The second issue was how to build confidence in the use of a simple surrogate matrix methodology to replace the more complex traditional standard addition methodology. The surrogate matrix methodology we developed is applicable to the measurement of arginine as a potential non-invasive biomarker in human saliva. The method detection and quantification limit reached 2 and 6 ng/mL. The tailing factor was within the 0.9-1.1 range even though arginine had three pKa values at 2.18, 9.09, and 13.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Cross Category Research and Innovation Department, Technology Center, Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Zhigang Hao
- Cross Category Research and Innovation Department, Technology Center, Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Long Pan
- Cross Category Research and Innovation Department, Technology Center, Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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2
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Kwan SH, Ismail MN. Development of a rapid and improved two-dimensional electrophoresis method for the separation of protein lysate. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4686. [PMID: 31452214 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Researchers frequently use two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) prior to mass spectrometric analysis in a proteomics approach. The i2D-PAGE method, which 'inverts' the dimension of protein separation of the conventional 2D-PAGE, is presented in this publication. Protein lysate of Channa striata, a freshwater snakehead fish, was separated based on its molecular weight in the first dimension and its isoelectric point in the second dimension. The first-dimension separation was conducted on a gel-free separation device, and the protein mixture was fractionated into 12 fractions in chronological order of increasing molecular weight. The second-dimension separation featured isoelectric focusing, which further separated the proteins within the same fraction according to their respective isoelectric point. Advantages of i2D-PAGE include better visualisation of the isolated protein, easy identification on protein isoforms, shorter running time, customisability and reproducibility. Erythropoietin standard was applied to i2D-PAGE to show its effectiveness for separating protein isoforms. Various staining methods such as Coomassie blue staining and silver staining are also applicable to i2D-PAGE. Overall, the i2D-PAGE separation method effectively separates protein lysate and is suitable for application in proteomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Hong Kwan
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang, Malaysia.,Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Central Research Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nazri Ismail
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang, Malaysia
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3
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Improving Proteome Coverage by Reducing Sample Complexity via Chromatography. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 919:83-143. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41448-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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4
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Watanabe-Susaki K, Takada H, Enomoto K, Miwata K, Ishimine H, Intoh A, Ohtaka M, Nakanishi M, Sugino H, Asashima M, Kurisaki A. Biosynthesis of ribosomal RNA in nucleoli regulates pluripotency and differentiation ability of pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells 2015; 32:3099-111. [PMID: 25187421 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells have been shown to have unique nuclear properties, for example, hyperdynamic chromatin and large, condensed nucleoli. However, the contribution of the latter unique nucleolar character to pluripotency has not been well understood. Here, we show that fibrillarin (FBL), a critical methyltransferase for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) processing in nucleoli, is one of the proteins highly expressed in pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells. Stable expression of FBL in ES cells prolonged the pluripotent state of mouse ES cells cultured in the absence of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Analyses using deletion mutants and a point mutant revealed that the methyltransferase activity of FBL regulates stem cell pluripotency. Knockdown of this gene led to significant delays in rRNA processing, growth inhibition, and apoptosis in mouse ES cells. Interestingly, both partial knockdown of FBL and treatment with actinomycin D, an inhibitor of rRNA synthesis, induced the expression of differentiation markers in the presence of LIF and promoted stem cell differentiation into neuronal lineages. Moreover, we identified p53 signaling as the regulatory pathway for pluripotency and differentiation of ES cells. These results suggest that proper activity of rRNA production in nucleoli is a novel factor for the regulation of pluripotency and differentiation ability of ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Watanabe-Susaki
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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5
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Bensaddek D, Nicolas A, Lamond AI. Evaluating the use of HILIC in large-scale, multi dimensional proteomics: Horses for courses? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 391:105-114. [PMID: 26869852 PMCID: PMC4708065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2015.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite many recent advances in instrumentation, the sheer complexity of biological samples remains a major challenge in large-scale proteomics experiments, reflecting both the large number of protein isoforms and the wide dynamic range of their expression levels. However, while the dynamic range of expression levels for different components of the proteome is estimated to be ∼107-8, the equivalent dynamic range of LC-MS is currently limited to ∼106. Sample pre-fractionation has therefore become routinely used in large-scale proteomics to reduce sample complexity during MS analysis and thus alleviate the problem of ion suppression and undersampling. There is currently a wide range of chromatographic techniques that can be applied as a first dimension separation. Here, we systematically evaluated the use of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), in comparison with hSAX, as a first dimension for peptide fractionation in a bottom-up proteomics workflow. The data indicate that in addition to its role as a useful pre-enrichment method for PTM analysis, HILIC can provide a robust, orthogonal and high-resolution method for increasing the depth of proteome coverage in large-scale proteomics experiments. The data also indicate that the choice of using either HILIC, hSAX, or other methods, is best made taking into account the specific types of biological analyses being performed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angus I. Lamond
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
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6
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Sun B. Proteomics and glycoproteomics of pluripotent stem-cell surface proteins. Proteomics 2014; 15:1152-63. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingyun Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University; Burnaby British Columbia Canada
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Structural analysis of N- and O-glycans using ZIC-HILIC/dialysis coupled to NMR detection. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 72:207-215. [PMID: 25117693 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation, an important and complex post-translational modification (PTM), is involved in various biological processes, including the receptor-ligand and cell-cell interaction, and plays a crucial role in many biological functions. However, little is known about the glycan structures of important biological complex samples, and the conventional glycan enrichment strategy (i.e., size-exclusion column [SEC] separation) prior to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) detection is time-consuming and tedious. In this study, we developed a glycan enrichment strategy that couples Zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (ZIC-HILIC) with dialysis to enrich the glycans from the pronase E digests of RNase B, followed by NMR analysis of the glycoconjugate. Our results suggest that the ZIC-HILIC enrichment coupled with dialysis is a simple, fast, and efficient sample preparation approach. The approach was thus applied to analysis of a biological complex sample, the pronase E digest of the secreted proteins from the fungus Aspergillus niger. The NMR spectra revealed that the secreted proteins from A. niger contain both N-linked glycans with a high-mannose core similar to the structure of the glycan from RNase B, and O-linked glycans bearing mannose and glucose with 1→3 and 1→6 linkages. In all, our study provides compelling evidence that ZIC-HILIC separation coupled with dialysis is very effective and accessible in preparing glycans for the downstream NMR analysis, which could greatly facilitate the future NMR-based glycoproteomics research.
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Kowno M, Watanabe-Susaki K, Ishimine H, Komazaki S, Enomoto K, Seki Y, Wang YY, Ishigaki Y, Ninomiya N, Noguchi TAK, Kokubu Y, Ohnishi K, Nakajima Y, Kato K, Intoh A, Takada H, Yamakawa N, Wang PC, Asashima M, Kurisaki A. Prohibitin 2 regulates the proliferation and lineage-specific differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells in mitochondria. PLoS One 2014; 9:e81552. [PMID: 24709813 PMCID: PMC3977857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pluripotent state of embryonic stem (ES) cells is controlled by a network of specific transcription factors. Recent studies also suggested the significant contribution of mitochondria on the regulation of pluripotent stem cells. However, the molecules involved in these regulations are still unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we found that prohibitin 2 (PHB2), a pleiotrophic factor mainly localized in mitochondria, is a crucial regulatory factor for the homeostasis and differentiation of ES cells. PHB2 was highly expressed in undifferentiated mouse ES cells, and the expression was decreased during the differentiation of ES cells. Knockdown of PHB2 induced significant apoptosis in pluripotent ES cells, whereas enhanced expression of PHB2 contributed to the proliferation of ES cells. However, enhanced expression of PHB2 strongly inhibited ES cell differentiation into neuronal and endodermal cells. Interestingly, only PHB2 with intact mitochondrial targeting signal showed these specific effects on ES cells. Moreover, overexpression of PHB2 enhanced the processing of a dynamin-like GTPase (OPA1) that regulates mitochondrial fusion and cristae remodeling, which could induce partial dysfunction of mitochondria. Conclusions/Significance Our results suggest that PHB2 is a crucial mitochondrial regulator for homeostasis and lineage-specific differentiation of ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Kowno
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kanako Watanabe-Susaki
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hisako Ishimine
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinji Komazaki
- Department of Anatomy, Saitama Medical School, Moroyama, Iruma, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kei Enomoto
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Seki
- Department of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ying Ying Wang
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yohei Ishigaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoto Ninomiya
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taka-aki K. Noguchi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuko Kokubu
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keigoh Ohnishi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Nakajima
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kato
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Intoh
- Department of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitomi Takada
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Norio Yamakawa
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Pi-Chao Wang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Makoto Asashima
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, The University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akira Kurisaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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9
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Abstract
Multidimensional liquid chromatography (LC) combined with mass spectrometry (MS) has become a standard technique in proteomics to reduce sample complexity and to tackle the dynamic range in protein abundance. Fractionation is necessary to obtain a comprehensive analysis of complex biological samples such as tissue and mammalian cell lines. However, extensive fractionation comes at the expense of sample loss, presenting a bottleneck in the analysis of limited amounts of material. In this protocol, we describe a two-dimensional chromatographic strategy based on a combination of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC; with a zwitterionic packing material, ZIC-cHILIC) and reversed-phase chromatography, which allows proteomic analyses with minimal sample loss. Experimental aspects related to obtaining maximum recovery are discussed, including how to optimally prepare samples for this system. Examples involving protein lysates originating from cultured cell lines and cells sorted by flow cytometry are used to show the power, sensitivity and versatility of the technique. Once the ZIC-cHILIC fractionation system has been optimized and standardized, this protocol requires ∼5-6 d, including sample preparation and fraction analysis.
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11
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Di Palma S, Hennrich ML, Heck AJ, Mohammed S. Recent advances in peptide separation by multidimensional liquid chromatography for proteome analysis. J Proteomics 2012; 75:3791-813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Guo H, Liu R, Yang J, Yang B, Liang X, Chu C. A novel click lysine zwitterionic stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1223:47-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Gika H, Theodoridis G, Mattivi F, Vrhovsek U, Pappa-Louisi A. Retention prediction of a set of amino acids under gradient elution conditions in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:376-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Peng XT, Yuan BF, Feng YQ. Grafting of silica with a hydrophilic triol acrylamide polymer via surface-initiated “grafting from” method for hydrophilic-interaction chromatography. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:3123-30. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Zhu P, Bowden P, Zhang D, Marshall JG. Mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins from human blood. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:685-732. [PMID: 24737629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
It is difficult to convey the accelerating rate and growing importance of mass spectrometry applications to human blood proteins and peptides. Mass spectrometry can rapidly detect and identify the ionizable peptides from the proteins in a simple mixture and reveal many of their post-translational modifications. However, blood is a complex mixture that may contain many proteins first expressed in cells and tissues. The complete analysis of blood proteins is a daunting task that will rely on a wide range of disciplines from physics, chemistry, biochemistry, genetics, electromagnetic instrumentation, mathematics and computation. Therefore the comprehensive discovery and analysis of blood proteins will rank among the great technical challenges and require the cumulative sum of many of mankind's scientific achievements together. A variety of methods have been used to fractionate, analyze and identify proteins from blood, each yielding a small piece of the whole and throwing the great size of the task into sharp relief. The approaches attempted to date clearly indicate that enumerating the proteins and peptides of blood can be accomplished. There is no doubt that the mass spectrometry of blood will be crucial to the discovery and analysis of proteins, enzyme activities, and post-translational processes that underlay the mechanisms of disease. At present both discovery and quantification of proteins from blood are commonly reaching sensitivities of ∼1 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peihong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 2K3
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17
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Click novel glycosyl amino acid hydrophilic interaction chromatography stationary phase and its application in enrichment of glycopeptides. Talanta 2011; 85:1642-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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18
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Di Palma S, Boersema PJ, Heck AJR, Mohammed S. Zwitterionic Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography (ZIC-HILIC and ZIC-cHILIC) Provide High Resolution Separation and Increase Sensitivity in Proteome Analysis. Anal Chem 2011; 83:3440-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac103312e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Di Palma
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J. Boersema
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. R. Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shabaz Mohammed
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Abstract The establishment of efficient methods for promoting stem cell differentiation into target cells is important not only in regenerative medicine, but also in drug discovery. In addition to embryonic stem (ES) cells and various somatic stem cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord blood, a novel dedifferentiation technology that allows the generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has been recently developed. Although an increasing number of stem cell populations are being described, there remains a lack of protocols for driving the differentiation of these cells. Regeneration of organs from stem cells in vitro requires precise blueprints for each differentiation step. To date, studies using various model organisms, such as zebrafish, Xenopus laevis, and gene-targeted mice, have uncovered several factors that are critical for the development of organs. We have been using X. laevis, the African clawed frog, which has developmental patterns similar to those seen in humans. Moreover, Xenopus embryos are excellent research tools for the development of differentiation protocols, since they are available in high numbers and are sufficiently large and robust for culturing after simple microsurgery. In addition, Xenopus eggs are fertilized externally, and all stages of the embryo are easily accessible, making it relatively easy to study the functions of individual gene products during organogenesis using microinjection into embryonic cells. In the present review, we provide examples of methods for in vitro organ formation that use undifferentiated Xenopus cells. We also describe the application of amphibian differentiation protocols to mammalian stem cells, so as to facilitate the development of efficient methodologies for in vitro differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kurisaki
- Organ Development Research Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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20
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Okabayashi K, Ohnuma K, Asashima M. Development of in vitro differentiation systems using vertebrate stem cells. Inflamm Regen 2009. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.29.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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