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Effect of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles on Bacterial Biofilm Changes in S. aureus and E. coli. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132183. [PMID: 35808019 PMCID: PMC9268453 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One approach for solving the problem of antibiotic resistance and bacterial persistence in biofilms is treatment with metals, including silver in the form of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Green synthesis is an environmentally friendly method to synthesize nanoparticles with a broad spectrum of unique properties that depend on the plant extracts used. AgNPs with antibacterial and antibiofilm effects were obtained using green synthesis from plant extracts of Lagerstroemia indica (AgNPs_LI), Alstonia scholaris (AgNPs_AS), and Aglaonema multifolium (AgNPs_AM). Nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. The ability to quench free radicals and total phenolic content in solution were also evaluated. The antibacterial activity of AgNPs was studied by growth curves as well as using a diffusion test on agar medium plates to determine minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). The effect of AgNPs on bacterial biofilms was evaluated by crystal violet (CV) staining. Average minimum inhibitory concentrations of AgNPs_LI, AgNPs_AS, AgNPs_AM were 15 ± 5, 20 + 5, 20 + 5 μg/mL and 20 ± 5, 15 + 5, 15 + 5 μg/mL against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria, respectively. The E. coli strain formed biofilms in the presence of AgNPs, a less dense biofilm than the S. aureus strain. The highest inhibitory and destructive effect on biofilms was exhibited by AgNPs prepared using an extract from L. indica.
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Mansoori B, Mohammadi A, Amin Doustvandi M, Mohammadnejad F, Kamari F, Gjerstorff MF, Baradaran B, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic therapy for cancer: Role of natural products. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 26:395-404. [PMID: 31063860 PMCID: PMC6579671 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising modality for the treatment of cancer. PDT involves administering a photosensitizing dye, i.e. photosensitizer, that selectively accumulates in tumors, and shining a light source on the lesion with a wavelength matching the absorption spectrum of the photosensitizer, that exerts a cytotoxic effect after excitation. The reactive oxygen species produced during PDT are responsible for the oxidation of biomolecules, which in turn cause cell death and the necrosis of malignant tissue. PDT is a multi-factorial process that generally involves apoptotic death of the tumor cells, degeneration of the tumor vasculature, stimulation of anti-tumor immune response, and induction of inflammatory reactions in the illuminated lesion. Numerous compounds with photosensitizing activity have been introduced commercially. Although many papers have been published with regard to PDT in the last decade, there has been relatively little focus on natural medicinal plant extracts and compounds derived therefrom. Herbal plants and their extracts are natural substances, and in comparison with synthetic chemicals are considered "green". This review focuses on the different mechanisms of PDT and discusses the role of various plant extracts and natural compounds either alone or in combination for carrying out PDT on different types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Mansoori
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - Farzin Kamari
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morten F Gjerstorff
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Coumarins and other components of Daphne oleoides Schreb. subsp. oleoides from Majella National Park. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Yuan S, Duan Z, Lu Y, Ma X, Wang S. Optimization of decolorization process in agar production from Gracilaria lemaneiformis and evaluation of antioxidant activities of the extract rich in natural pigments. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:8. [PMID: 29259883 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-1037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gracilaria lemaneiformis is mainly used as a raw material source for agar industry, and its extract is rich in natural pigments with antioxidant activities. In this study, a solvent reflux extraction method for decolorization of G. lemaneiformis has been developed in agar production. The extraction conditions were optimized as follows: solvent-to-material ratio, 50:1; ethanol concentration, 70%; number of extractions, 3; extraction time, 0.5 h, under which the total antioxidant yield of the extract reached 2.89 ± 0.88 mg/g dried seaweeds. Their IC50 values of DPPH radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and superoxide anion scavenging activity were 21.91 ± 1.8 mg/L, 40.59 ± 1.5 mg/L and 160.87 ± 2.8 mg/L, respectively. Further isolation and spectroscopic analysis of natural pigments suggested the strong antioxidant capacities were attributed to chlorophyll derivatives. The results indicate that the decolorization process was able to improve the agar quality, and the extract containing lots of natural pigments had antioxidant activities which may be used in functional food and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengliang Yuan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023 China
| | - Zhihong Duan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023 China
| | - Yingnian Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023 China
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023 China
| | - Sheng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 5240488 China
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Miranda N, Gerola AP, Novello CR, Ueda-Nakamura T, de Oliveira Silva S, Dias-Filho BP, Hioka N, de Mello JCP, Nakamura CV. Pheophorbide a, a compound isolated from the leaves of Arrabidaea chica, induces photodynamic inactivation of Trypanosoma cruzi. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 19:256-265. [PMID: 28587855 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 6-7 million people are infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas' disease. Only two therapeutic compounds have been found to be useful against this disease: nifurtimox and benznidazole. These drugs have been effective in the acute phase of the disease but less effective in the chronic phase; they also have many side effects. Thus, the search for new compounds with trypanocidal action is necessary. Natural products can be the source of many important substances for the development of drugs to treat this infection. The present study evaluated the biological activity of an extract and fractions of Arrabidaea chica against T. cruzi and observed morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of parasites exposed to the isolated compound pheophorbide a. METHODS The crude hydroethanolic extract of A. chica was prepared. Fractions were obtained by partition and separated by liquid chromatography. RESULTS We observed a progressive increase in activity against epimastigote, trypomastigote, and amastigote forms of the parasite over the course of the fractionation process. Interestingly, we isolated a compound known as a photosensitizer that is used in photodynamic therapy. This method of treatment involving a photosensitizer, activation light and molecular oxygen is of great importance due to its selectivity. Pheophorbide a had activity against the protozoan in the presence of light and caused morphological and ultrastructural changes, demonstrating its potential in photodynamic therapy. CONCLUSIONS Based on the ability of pheophorbide a to eliminate bloodstream forms of T. cruzi, we suggest its use in blood banks for hemoprophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathielle Miranda
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Drugs and Cosmetics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Tânia Ueda-Nakamura
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Drugs and Cosmetics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Department of Basic Sciences of Health, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Sueli de Oliveira Silva
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Drugs and Cosmetics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Department of Basic Sciences of Health, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Benedito Prado Dias-Filho
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Drugs and Cosmetics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Department of Basic Sciences of Health, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Noboru Hioka
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - João Carlos Palazzo de Mello
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Drugs and Cosmetics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Celso Vataru Nakamura
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Drugs and Cosmetics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Department of Basic Sciences of Health, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
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Lim SH, Yam ML, Lam ML, Kamarulzaman FA, Samat N, Kiew LV, Chung LY, Lee HB. Photodynamic Characterization of Amino Acid Conjugated 151-Hydroxypurpurin-7-lactone for Cancer Treatment. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:3164-73. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500351s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siang Hui Lim
- Cancer
Research Initiatives Foundation (CARIF), Sime Darby Medical Centre, Subang
Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mun Li Yam
- Cancer
Research Initiatives Foundation (CARIF), Sime Darby Medical Centre, Subang
Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - May Lynn Lam
- Cancer
Research Initiatives Foundation (CARIF), Sime Darby Medical Centre, Subang
Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fadzly Azhar Kamarulzaman
- Cancer
Research Initiatives Foundation (CARIF), Sime Darby Medical Centre, Subang
Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norazwana Samat
- Cancer
Research Initiatives Foundation (CARIF), Sime Darby Medical Centre, Subang
Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Hong Boon Lee
- Cancer
Research Initiatives Foundation (CARIF), Sime Darby Medical Centre, Subang
Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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Methodology for Porphyrin Isolation by High-Performance Countercurrent Chromatography. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400900630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Countercurrent chromatography is a versatile technique for the isolation of a wide variety of plant substances. However, little attention has been devoted to the application of this technique for the isolation of porphyrins. This class of compounds are of great importance in the medical area and in photocatalysis due to their heterocyclic structure, composed of four modified pyrrol subunits interconnected on their α carbon atoms by methinic bridges. The methanol extract of Gallesia integrifolia was partitioned using different solvents; the dichloromethane fraction was then submitted to countercurrent chromatography. The solvent system composed of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water (1:2.5:2.5:1) was chosen to perform the chromatographic analysis due to the enhanced solubility and the best distribution coefficients of the target compounds. Two porphyrins were isolated by this method and identified as 132-hydroxypheophorbide a methyl ester and pheophorbide a, methyl ester. The solvent system proposed provided good distribution coefficients for both substances (1.27 and 1.87, respectively), and a high resolution factor.
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Ulbricht C, Bramwell R, Catapang M, Giese N, Isaac R, Le TD, Montalbano J, Tanguay-Colucci S, Trelour NJ, Weissner W, Windsor RC, Wortley J, Yoon H, Zeolla MM. An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Chlorophyll by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. J Diet Suppl 2014; 11:198-239. [DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2013.859853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Jong WW, Tan PJ, Kamarulzaman FA, Mejin M, Lim D, Ang I, Naming M, Yeo TC, Ho ASH, Teo SH, Lee HB. Photodynamic activity of plant extracts from Sarawak, Borneo. Chem Biodivers 2014; 10:1475-86. [PMID: 23939795 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a medical treatment that involves the irradiation of an administered photosensitizing drug with light of a particular wavelength to activate the photosensitizer to kill abnormal cells. To date, only a small number of photosensitizers have been clinically approved for PDT, and researchers continue to look for new molecules that have more desirable properties for clinical applications. Natural products have long been important sources of pharmaceuticals, and there is a great potential for discovery of novel chemotypes from under-explored biodiversities in the world. The objective of this study is to mine the terrestrial plants in Sarawak, Borneo Island, for new photosensitizers for PDT. In a screening program from 2004 to 2008, we prepared and studied 2,400 extracts from 888 plants for their photosensitizing activities. This report details the bioprospecting process, preparation and testing of extracts, analysis of the active samples, fractionation of four samples, and isolation and characterization of photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Wui Jong
- Sarawak Biodiversity Centre (SBC), KM 20 Jalan Borneo Heights, Semengoh, Locked Bag No. 3032, 93990 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
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Samat N, Tan PJ, Shaari K, Abas F, Lee HB. Prioritization of natural extracts by LC-MS-PCA for the identification of new photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. Anal Chem 2014; 86:1324-31. [PMID: 24405504 DOI: 10.1021/ac403709a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an alternative treatment for cancer that involves administration of a photosensitive drug or photosensitizer that localizes at the tumor tissue followed by in situ excitation at an appropriate wavelength of light. Tumour tissues are then killed by cytotoxic reactive oxygen species generated by the photosensitizer. Targeted excitation and photokilling of affected tissues is achieved through focal light irradiation, thereby minimizing systemic side effects to the normal healthy tissues. Currently, there are only a small number of photosensitizers that are in the clinic and many of these share the same structural core based on cyclic tetrapyrroles. This paper describes how metabolic tools are utilized to prioritize natural extracts to search for structurally new photosensitizers from Malaysian biodiversity. As proof of concept, we analyzed 278 photocytotoxic extracts using a hyphenated technique of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with principal component analysis (LC-MS-PCA) and prioritized 27 extracts that potentially contained new photosensitizers for chemical dereplication using an in-house UPLC-PDA-MS-Photocytotoxic assay platform. This led to the identification of 2 new photosensitizers with cyclic tetrapyrrolic structures, thereby demonstrating the feasibility of the metabolic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norazwana Samat
- Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation (CARIF), Drug Discovery Laboratory, 12A, Jalan TP 5, Taman Perindustrian UEP, 47600 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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12
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Zhao Y, Wang X, Wang H, Liu T, Xin Z. Two new noroleanane-type triterpene saponins from the methanol extract of Salicornia herbacea. Food Chem 2013; 151:101-9. [PMID: 24423508 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two new noroleanane-type triterpene saponins, Salbige A (1) and Salbige B (2), have been isolated from the aerial parts of Salicornia herbacea together with five other known compounds, including echinocystic acid (3), gypsogenin (4), pheophorbide a (5), (13(2)S)-hydroxy-pheophorbide a (6) and (13(2)S)-hydro-pheophorbide-lactone a (7). The chemical structures of these compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and on the basis of their chemical reactivity. This work represents the first recorded example of the isolation of these compounds from S. herbacea. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited potent antiproliferative activities and high levels of selectivity towards A549 cancer cells, with IC50 values of 52.35 and 79.39 μM, respectively, whereas compound 5 showed high levels of inhibitory activity against A549 and HepG2 cancer cells with IC50 values of 6.15 and 17.56 μM, respectively. None of these compounds exhibited antioxidant activities except for compound 7, which showed weak antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Tianxing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhihong Xin
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Secondary metabolites from Sida rhombifolia L. (Malvaceae) and the vasorelaxant activity of cryptolepinone. Molecules 2013; 18:2769-77. [PMID: 23455668 PMCID: PMC6269840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18032769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytochemical study of Sida rhombifolia L. (Malvaceae) led to the isolation through chromatographic techniques of eleven secondary metabolites: sitosterol (1a) and stigmasterol (1b), sitosterol-3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (2a) and stigmasterol-3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (2b), phaeophytin A (3), 17³-ethoxypheophorbide A (4), 13²-hydroxy phaeophytin B (5), 17³-ethoxypheophorbide B (6), 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone (7), cryptolepinone (8) and a salt of cryptolepine (9). Their structures were identified by ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR using one- and two-dimensional techniques. In addition, the vasorelaxant activity of cryptolepinone in rat mesenteric artery rings is reported herein for the first time.
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Phaeophytin analogues from Ligularia knorringiana. Molecules 2012; 17:5219-24. [PMID: 22565475 PMCID: PMC6268028 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17055219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new phaeophytin, ligulariaphytin A, together with five known phaeophytins, were isolated from the aerial parts of Ligularia knorringiana. The structure of ligulariaphytin A was elucidated as 131-hydroxy-131,132-peroxyphaeophorbide A ethyl ester (1), and the five known compounds were identified as 132-hydroxyphaeophorbide A ethyl ester (2), 173-ethoxyphaeophorbide A (3), phaeophytin B (4), phaeophytin A (5), and phaeophorbide B ethyl ester (6), respectively, based on spectroscopic analysis and by comparison of their spectral data with those reported previously in the literature. All compounds were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activities against cultured Hela cell, and were found to show only very weak cytotoxicity.
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Cieckiewicz E, Angenot L, Gras T, Kiss R, Frédérich M. Potential anticancer activity of young Carpinus betulus leaves. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 19:278-283. [PMID: 22014503 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
As part of our continuing research for anticancer compounds from the Walloon Region forest, EtOAc extract from Carpinus betulus leaves was phytochemically studied, leading to the bioguided isolation of pheophorbide a, which is responsible of anticancer properties of C. betulus young leaves. This compound was identified using nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrophotometric data and comparison with a commercial standard. Evaluation of the growth inhibitory activities of pheophorbide a using MTT colorimetric assay and phase-contrast microscopy in various human cancer cell lines confirmed the photoactivable properties of this compound. Our research showed, for the first time, the presence of pheophorbide a, a chlorophyll derived compound, which we quantified in high quantities in young leaves of C. betulus. This is in contrast with the literature which generally describes pheophorbide a as a catabolic product of chlorophyll, then preferentially present in old leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Cieckiewicz
- University of Liège, CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Liège, Belgium
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Tan PJ, Appleton DR, Mustafa MR, Lee HB. Rapid identification of cyclic tetrapyrrolic photosensitisers for photodynamic therapy using on-line hyphenated LC-PDA-MS coupled with photo-cytotoxicity assay. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2012; 23:52-59. [PMID: 21692117 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Photodynamic therapy is a treatment modality that involves site-directed generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species by light-activated photosensitisers. OBJECTIVE In order to rapidly identify new photosensitisers from natural extracts, we developed a liquid chromatography-photodiode array-mass spectrometry (LC-PDA-MS) method to rapidly identify plant extracts that contain photosensitisers, particularly those possessing a cyclic tetrapyrrole structure. METHOD Six previously isolated compounds (1-6) were identified in bioactive fractions derived from 15 plant extracts on the basis of their chromatographic retention times, UV-visible profiles, accurate mass and fragmentation patterns. RESULTS Samples containing uncommon photosensitisers were rapidly identified using this method, and subsequent scale-up isolation efforts led to two new compounds (7 and 8) which were confirmed to be active photosensitisers in a photo-cytotoxicity assay. CONCLUSION This method serves as a useful tool in prioritising samples that may contain new photosensitisers out of a larger group of photo-cytotoxic natural products extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Tan
- Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation, Second floor, Outpatient Centre, Sime Darby Medical Centre, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Pheophorbide a-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy Triggers HLA Class I-Restricted Antigen Presentation in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Transl Oncol 2011; 3:114-22. [PMID: 20360936 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.09262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunomodulatory effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) have been reported in several photosensitizers. Pheophorbide a (Pa), a chlorophyll derivative, shows antitumor effects on a number of human cancers in a PDT approach (Pa-PDT); however, the potential effect of Pa-PDT on the anticancer immunity has never been studied. In the present work, the underlying action mechanism of Pa-PDT was systemically investigated with a human hepatoma cell line HepG2. We found that Pa-PDT significantly inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells with a half maximal inhibitory concentration/endoplasmic reticulum of 0.35 microM at 24 hours by the induction of apoptosis, as shown by externalization of phosphatidylserine, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, and activation of the caspases cascade in the treated cells. Interestingly, using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis, a 57-kDa disulfide-isomerase-like ER resident protein (ERp57) that belongs to the HLA class I-restricted antigen-processing machinery was found to be mediated during the Pa-PDT treatment. This activation of antigen presentation was confirmed by Western blot analysis and immunostaining. Furthermore, a cross-presentation of antigen with HLA class I proteins and 70-kDa heat shock protein was found in Pa-PDT-treated cells, as shown by the confocal microscopic observation and immunoprecipitation assay. Nevertheless, the immunogenicity of HepG2 cells was increased by Pa-PDT treatment that triggered phagocytic capture by human macrophages. Our findings provide the first evidence that Pa-PDT can trigger both apoptosis and cancer immunity in the tumor host.
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Lim SH, Lee HB, Ho ASH. A new naturally derived photosensitizer and its phototoxicity on head and neck cancer cells. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:1152-8. [PMID: 21534974 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In our screening for photosensitizers from natural resources, 15(1)-hydroxypurpurin-7-lactone ethyl methyl diester (compound 1) was isolated for the first time from an Araceae plant. To evaluate the efficacy of compound 1 as a photosensitizer for head and neck cancers, compound 1 was studied in reference to a known photosensitizer pheophorbide-a (Pha), in terms of photophysical properties, singlet oxygen generation and in in vitro experiments (intracellular uptake and phototoxicity assays) in two oral (HSC2 and HSC3) and two nasopharyngeal (HK1 and C666-1) cancer cell lines. In this study, compound 1 exhibited higher intracellular uptake over 24 h compared with Pha in both HSC3 and HK1 cells. When activated by ≥4.8 J cm(-2) of light, compound 1 was slightly more potent as a photosensitizer than Pha by consistently having marginally lower IC(50) values across different cell lines. In flow cytometry experiments to study the mechanism of photoactivated cell death in HSC3, compound 1 was observed to induce more pronounced apoptosis compared with Pha, which may have been driven by the transient G(2)/M cell cycle block which was also observed. These promising results on compound 1 warrant its further investigation as a clinically useful photodynamic therapy agent for head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siang Hui Lim
- Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation (CARIF), Sime Darby Medical Centre, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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Tan PJ, Ong CY, Danial A, Yusof HM, Neoh BK, Lee HB. Cyclic Tetrapyrrolic Photosensitisers from the leaves of Phaeanthus ophthalmicus. Chem Cent J 2011; 5:32. [PMID: 21682931 PMCID: PMC3149563 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-5-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Twenty-seven extracts from 26 plants were identified as photo-cytotoxic in the course of our bioassay guided screening program for photosensitisers from 128 extracts prepared from 64 terrestrial plants in two different collection sites in Malaysia - Royal Belum Forest Reserve in the State of Perak and Gunung Nuang in the State of Selangor. One of the photo-cytotoxic extracts from the leaves of Phaeanthus ophtalmicus was further investigated. Results The ethanolic extract of the leaves from Phaeanthus ophtalmicus was able to reduce the in vitro viability of leukaemic HL60 cells to < 50% when exposed to 9.6 J/cm2 of a broad spectrum light at a concentration of 20 μg/mL. Dereplication of the photo-cytotoxic fractions from P. ophthalmicus extracts based on TLC Rf values and HPLC co-injection of reference tetrapyrrolic compounds enabled quick identification of known photosensitisers, pheophorbide-a, pheophorbide-a methyl ester, 132-hydroxypheophorbide-a methyl ester, pheophytin-a and 151-hydroxypurpurin 7-lactone dimethyl ester. In addition, compound 1 which was not previously isolated as a natural product was also identified as 7-formyl-151-hydroxypurpurin-7-lactone methyl ester using standard spectroscopic techniques. Conclusions Our results suggest that the main photosensitisers in plants are based on the cyclic tetrapyrrole structure and photosensitisers with other structures, if present, are present in very minor amounts or are not as active as those with the cyclic tetrapyrrole structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Jean Tan
- Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation (CARIF), Sime Darby Medical Centre,1, Jalan SS12/1A, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Adzhar Kamarulzaman F, Shaari K, Siong Hock Ho A, Haji Lajis N, Hwang Teo S, Boon Lee H. Derivatives of Pheophorbide-a and Pheophorbide-b from Photocytotoxic Piper penangense Extract. Chem Biodivers 2011; 8:494-502. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Lim SH, Nowak-Sliwinska P, Kamarulzaman FA, van den Bergh H, Wagnières G, Lee HB. The neovessel occlusion efficacy of 15-hydroxypurpurin-7-lactone dimethyl ester induced with photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:397-402. [PMID: 20074086 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00684.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the photodynamic therapy (PDT) induced efficacy of a semi-synthesized analogue 15(1)-hydroxypurpurin-7-lactone dimethyl ester or G2, in terms of chick chorioallantoic membrane blood vessel occlusion was evaluated in reference to verteporfin. Early formulation studies showed that G2 prepared in a system of cremophor EL 2.5% and ethanol 2.5% in saline was biocompatible up to 20 microL volume of injection. Following injection, G2 accumulation peaked within the first minute and its extravasation from intra- to extra-vascular occurred somewhat slower as compared with verteporfin. In the PDT study, closure of capillaries and small neovessels was observed with 4 microg per embryo of G2 and a light dose of 20 J cm(-2) at a fluence rate of 40 mW cm(-2) filtered at 400-440 nm-a result that may be considered optimum for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Also, partial occlusion of the large vessels was observed using the same dose of G2 and light-an effect which is desirable for cancer treatment. From this study, we conclude that G2 has the potential to be developed as a therapeutic agent for photodynamic treatment for AMD and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siang Hui Lim
- Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation (CARIF), Sime Darby Medical Centre, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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Lai CS, Mas RHMH, Nair NK, Mansor SM, Navaratnam V. Chemical constituents and in vitro anticancer activity of Typhonium flagelliforme (Araceae). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 127:486-494. [PMID: 19833183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Typhonium flagelliforme is an indigenous plant of Malaysia and is used by the local communities to treat cancer. This study aims to identify the chemical constituents of Typhonium flagelliforme particularly those which have antiproliferative properties towards human cancer cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Purification of the chemical constituents by various chromatographic procedures was guided by the antiproliferative activity. Identification of the chemical constituents was carried out by various spectroscopic techniques including high resolution MS and NMR. The antiproliferative activity was assayed using MTT on NCI-H23 (lung cancer) and HS578T (breast cancer) cell lines. Microscopic observation and DeadEnd colourimetric TUNEL assay was used to identify the apoptotic mode of cell death. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Four pheophorbide related compounds, namely pheophorbide-a, pheophorbide-a', pyropheophorbide-a and methyl pyropheophorbide-a were identified in the most active fraction, D/F19. These constituents exhibited antiproliferative activity against cancer cells and the activity increased following photoactivation. However, the greater antiproliferative activity exhibited by D/F19 itself compared to the pheophorbides and its other subfractions suggests some form of synergistic action between the constituents. The inhibitory effect of D/F19 and the pheophorbides was apoptotic in the absence of light. Other chemical constituents that have been identified in this study include hexadecanoic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, campesterol, stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol. Most of the chemical constituents identified in this plant have not been reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon-Sheen Lai
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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Phytotoxic Chlorophyll Derivatives from Petrorhagia velutina (Guss.) Ball et Heyw Leaves. Nat Prod Commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1000500124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this investigation the phytochemical study of chlorophyll derivatives from leaf extract of Petrorhagia velutina, a eurimediterranean plant species typical of macchia vegetation is reported. A new pheophorbide, as well as nine other chlorophyll derivatives were isolated and their structures determined predominantly based on 1D and 2D NMR methods. The phytotoxicity against Raphanus sativus L. was evaluated. A significant photoinduced phytotoxicity was evident for both germination and root elongation.
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The chlorophyll catabolite, pheophorbide a, confers predation resistance in a larval tortoise beetle shield defense. J Chem Ecol 2009; 35:281-8. [PMID: 19127385 PMCID: PMC2758384 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-008-9577-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Larval insect herbivores feeding externally on leaves are vulnerable to numerous and varied enemies. Larvae of the Neotropical herbivore, Chelymorpha alternans (Chrysomelidae:Cassidinae), possess shields made of cast skins and feces, which can be aimed and waved at attacking enemies. Prior work with C. alternans feeding on Merremia umbellata (Convolvulaceae) showed that shields offered protection from generalist predators, and polar compounds were implicated. This study used a ubiquitous ant predator, Azteca lacrymosa, in field bioassays to determine the chemical constitution of the defense. We confirmed that intact shields do protect larvae and that methanol-water leaching significantly reduced shield effectiveness. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) of the methanolic shield extract revealed two peaks at 20.18 min and 21.97 min, both with a molecular ion at m/z 593.4, and a strong UV absorption around 409 nm, suggesting a porphyrin-type compound. LC-MS analysis of a commercial standard confirmed pheophorbide a (Pha) identity. C. alternans shields contained more than 100 μg Pha per shield. Shields leached with methanol-water did not deter ants. Methanol-water-leached shields enhanced with 3 μg of Pha were more deterrent than larvae with solvent-leached shields, while those with 5 μg additional Pha provided slightly less deterrence than larvae with intact shields. Solvent-leached shields with 10 μg added Pha were comparable to intact shields, even though the Pha concentration was less than 10% of its natural concentration. Our findings are the first to assign an ecological role for a chlorophyll catabolite as a deterrent in an insect defense.
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Bouillaguet S, Owen B, Wataha JC, Campo MA, Lange N, Schrenzel J. Intracellular reactive oxygen species in monocytes generated by photosensitive chromophores activated with blue light. Dent Mater 2008; 24:1070-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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