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Solmaz A, Bölükbaşi ÖS, Sari ZA. Green industry work: production of FeCl 3 from iron and steel industry waste (mill scale) and its use in wastewater treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:19795-19814. [PMID: 38367113 PMCID: PMC10927800 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Mill scale (MS) is considered to be a significant metallurgical waste, but there is no economical method yet to utilize its metal content. In this study, which covers various processes in several stages, the solution of iron in MS, which is the Iron and Steel Industry (I&SI) waste, as FeCl3 (MS-FeCl3) in the thermoreactor in the presence of HCl, was investigated. In the next step, the conditions for using this solution as a coagulant in the treatment of I&SI wastewater were investigated using the jar test. The results of the treated water sample were compared by chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), color, and turbidity analyses using commercial aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3) and FeCl3 (C-FeCl3). Additionally, heavy metal analyses were conducted, and the treatment performance of three coagulants was presented. Accordingly, while 2.0 mg/L anionic polyelectrolyte was consumed at a dosage of 4.05 mg/L Al2(SO4)3 at pH 7.0, 0.25 mg/L anionic polyelectrolyte was consumed at a dosage of 1.29 mg/L at pH 5.0 in the C-FeCl3 and MS-FeCl3 studies. Also, Fe, Cr, Mn, Ni, Zn, Cd, Hg, and Pb removal efficiencies were over 93.56% for all three coagulant usage cases. The results showed that the wastewater treatment performance of MS-FeCl3 by the recycling of MS, which is an I&SI waste, was at the same level as C-FeCl3. Thus, thanks to recycling, waste scale can be used as an alternative to commercial products for green production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Solmaz
- Department of Environmental Protection and Control-Iskenderun Vocational School of Higher Education, Iskenderun Technical University, Hatay, Turkey.
| | - Ömer Saltuk Bölükbaşi
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Iskenderun Technical University, 31200, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Zeynel Abidin Sari
- Department of Metallurgy-Iskenderun Vocational School of Higher Education, Iskenderun Technical University, Hatay, Turkey
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Tsai SY, Chang CK, Wei PY, Huang SY, Gavahian M, Santoso SP, Hsieh CW. Effective Removal of Different Heavy Metals Ion (Cu, Pb, and Cd) from Aqueous Solutions by Various Molecular Weight and Salt Types of Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid. Molecules 2024; 29:1054. [PMID: 38474566 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In light of industrial developments, water pollution by heavy metals as hazardous chemicals has garnered attention. Addressing the urgent need for efficient heavy metal removal from aqueous environments, this study delves into using poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) for the bioflocculation of heavy metals. Utilizing γ-PGA variants from Bacillus subtilis with different molecular weights and salt forms (Na-bonded and Ca-bonded), the research evaluates their adsorption capacities for copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) ions. It was found that Na-bonded γ-PGA with a high molecular weight showed the highest heavy metal adsorption (92.2-98.3%), particularly at a 0.5% concentration which exhibited the highest adsorption efficiency. Additionally, the study investigated the interaction of γ-PGA in mixed heavy metal environments, and it was discovered that Na-γ-PGA-HM at a 0.5% concentration showed a superior adsorption efficiency for Pb ions (85.4%), highlighting its selectivity as a potential effective biosorbent for wastewater treatment. This research not only enlightens the understanding of γ-PGA's role in heavy metal remediation but also underscores its potential as a biodegradable and non-toxic alternative for environmental cleanup. The findings pave the way for further exploration into the mechanisms and kinetics of γ-PGA's adsorption properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yen Tsai
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, South Dist., Taichung City 402202, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Kai Chang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, South Dist., Taichung City 402202, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Wei
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, South Dist., Taichung City 402202, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Ying Huang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, No. 43 Yindou Rd., Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Mohsen Gavahian
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan
| | - Shella Permatasari Santoso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Daan Dist., Taipei 106221, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Wei Hsieh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, South Dist., Taichung City 402202, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 404333, Taiwan
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Farshi YR, Ebadi T, Maknoon R, Kowsari E. A novel combined system for efficient nitrate removal using a continuous flow electrocoagulation and sand filtration (FECF) reactor: Statistical analysis by Taguchi design. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:4052-4066. [PMID: 38095796 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a new hybrid bench-scale electrocoagulation-sand filtration (FECF) reactor was developed for purifying nitrate-contaminated samples. Before and after electrochemical treatment, two sand filters were included in this continuous system to facilitate the purification procedure, and the contaminated water flows horizontally through the entire system according to a specific hydraulic gradient within the reactor, resulting in water purification. Significant improvement in treatment performance was observed due to the presence of metal hydroxides in the second filter media that were not fully involved in the electrocoagulation treatment. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis was performed to detect metal hydroxide species in the sand media, and the need for filter regeneration was evaluated by monitoring changes in the system flow rate. Moreover, an evaluation of the effects of different factors including operating time, current intensity, initial pH, type of anode and cathode, initial nitrate concentration, hydraulic head level inside the reactor, number of electrodes, and NaCl electrolyte concentration on the performance of nitrate removal was conducted through the Taguchi design. Further, ANOVA analysis verified the accuracy of the predicted model, and the variables were classified based on their relative importance in the FECF process. According to the regression model, 97% of nitrates were removed with Al electrodes as anode and Fe as cathode, 70 min purification time, current intensity of 3 A, 100 mg/l initial nitrate concentration, pH 8, electrolyte concentration of 1 g/l, electrode number of 6, and 1.5 cm head level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Rezaeizad Farshi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Hafez Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taghi Ebadi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Hafez Ave, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Maknoon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Hafez Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elaheh Kowsari
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Hafez Ave, Tehran, Iran
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Pikna Ľ, Heželová M, Remeteiová D, Ružičková S, Findorák R, Briančin J. A Comprehensive View of the Optimization of Chromium (VI) Processing through the Application of Electrocoagulation Using a Pair of Steel Electrodes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3027. [PMID: 37109862 PMCID: PMC10146534 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In the presented article, an electrocoagulation method using a steel cathode and a steel anode was used to obtain chromium from laboratory-prepared model solutions with known compositions. The study aimed to analyze the effect of solution conductivity, pH, and 100% efficiency of chromium removal from the solution, as well as the highest possible Cr/Fe ratio in the final solid product throughout the process of electrocoagulation. Different concentrations of chromium (VI) (100, 1000, and 2500 mg/L) and different pH values (4.5, 6, and 8) were investigated. Various solution conductivities were provided by the addition of 1000, 2000, and 3000 mg/L of NaCl to the studied solutions. Chromium removal efficiency equal to 100% was achieved for all studied model solutions for different experiment times, depending on the selected current intensity. The final solid product contained up to 15% chromium in the form of mixed FeCr hydroxides obtained under optimal experimental conditions: pH = 6, I = 0.1 A, and c (NaCl) = 3000 mg/L. The experiment indicated the advisability of using a pulsed change of electrode polarity, which led to a reduction in the time of the electrocoagulation process. The results may help in the rapid adjustment of the conditions for further electrocoagulation experiments, and they can be used as the optimization experimental matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ľubomír Pikna
- Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Letná 9, 042 00 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Mária Heželová
- Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Letná 9, 042 00 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Dagmar Remeteiová
- Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Letná 9, 042 00 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Silvia Ružičková
- Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Letná 9, 042 00 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Róbert Findorák
- Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Letná 9, 042 00 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Briančin
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia
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5
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Samdan C, Bozkurt T. Optimization of the effect of microelectrodes on Ni 2+ removal in three-dimensional electrode system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:47311-47327. [PMID: 36738410 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25552-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated Ni+2 removal performance in 3DER reactors where electrocoagulation mechanisms and microelectrodes are used together. EDTA modification was carried out on the granule-activated carbon surface to increase the efficiency and affinity of microelectrodes against Ni+2 molecules. The grafting was examined using BET, FT-IR, SEM, EDS, and the elemental mapping methods. With the surface analyses made in this study, it was revealed that EDTA modification on granulated activated carbon was successfully performed. Also, 8.48%wt by mass of EDTA grafting on granular activated carbon was possible. EDTA functionalization did not affect the surface pore structures of CAC much. Under 10 V potential, 97.82% Ni removal efficiency was obtained with 2D in 35 min, while 96.69% removal in 10 min and 100% removal in 15 min were obtained in the 3D reactor. The Ni+2 removal mechanism in 3DER reactors has been determined to conform to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The k2 value obtained for 10 V (1.36 10-2) is 27 times the k2 value obtained for 5 V for 3DER reactors. In addition, using central composite design (CCD), operational parameters such as time, concentration, and potential difference affecting Ni+2 removal in 3DER reactors have been optimized. The most influential parameter is the applied voltage, followed by time and concentration. It has been determined that 3DER reactors using EDTA-modified microelectrodes are highly efficient and suitable for Ni+2 removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canan Samdan
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26480, Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Tugce Bozkurt
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26480, Eskişehir, Turkey
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Sinha R, Kumar R, Sharma P, Kant N, Shang J, Aminabhavi TM. Removal of hexavalent chromium via biochar-based adsorbents: State-of-the-art, challenges, and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 317:115356. [PMID: 35623129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chromium originates from geogenic and extensive anthropogenic activities and significantly impacts natural ecosystems and human health. Various methods have been applied to remove hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from aquatic environmental matrices, including adsorption via different adsorbents, which is considered to be the most common and low-cost approach. Biochar materials have been recognized as renewable carbon sorbents, pyrolyzed from various biomass at different temperatures under limited/no oxygen conditions for heavy metals remediation. This review summarizes the sources, chemical speciation & toxicity of Cr(VI) ions, and raw and modified biochar applications for Cr(VI) remediation from various contaminated matrices. Mechanistic understanding of Cr(VI) adsorption using different biochar-based materials through batch and saturated column adsorption experiments is documented. Electrostatic interaction and ion exchange dominate the Cr(VI) adsorption onto the biochar materials in acidic pH media. Cr(VI) ions tend to break down as HCrO4-, CrO42-, and Cr2O72- ions in aqueous solutions. At low pH (∼1-4), the availability of HCrO4- ions attributes the electrostatic forces of attraction due to the available functional groups such as -NH4+, -COOH, and -OH2+, which encourages higher adsorption of Cr(VI). Equilibrium isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic models help to understand Cr(VI)-biochar interactions and their adsorption mechanism. The adsorption studies of Cr(VI) are summarized through the fixed-bed saturated column experiments and Cr-contaminated real groundwater analysis using biochar-based sorbents for practical applicability. This review highlights the significant challenges in biochar-based material applications as green, renewable, and cost-effective adsorbents for the remediation of Cr(VI). Further recommendations and future scope for the implications of advanced novel biochar materials for Cr(VI) removal and other heavy metals are elegantly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Sinha
- School of Ecology and Environment Studies, Nalanda University, Rajgir, Bihar, 803 116, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- School of Ecology and Environment Studies, Nalanda University, Rajgir, Bihar, 803 116, India
| | - Prabhakar Sharma
- School of Ecology and Environment Studies, Nalanda University, Rajgir, Bihar, 803 116, India.
| | - Nishi Kant
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826 004, Jharkhand, India
| | - Jianying Shang
- Department of Soil and Water Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tejraj M Aminabhavi
- School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, 580 031, India; School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Bidholi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248 007, India; Department of Chemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580 003, India.
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7
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Favero BM, Favero AC, da Silva DC, Hubner P, Souza FS, Souza Hamm JB. Treatment of galvanic effluent through electrocoagulation process: Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni removal and reuse of sludge generated as inorganic pigment. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 43:3107-3120. [PMID: 33858284 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1916089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Galvanic effluents are composed of a wide range of heavy metals, requiring adequate treatment to remove these contaminants and to meet the limits established by environmental agencies. Considering this aspect, the present study had as main objectives: (i) to evaluate the efficiency of the electrocoagulation (EC) in the treatment of a galvanic effluent, with the purpose of removing total Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni and (ii) reuse the sludge generated for inorganic pigment production. EC tests were carried out through factorial design 23 with triplicate central point. pH (3, 7, 11), reaction time (15, 22.5 and 30 min) and current density (10, 17.5 and 25 mA/cm2) were the control variables. Under ideal experimental conditions (pH 7.00; t = 22.5 min and DC = 17.5 mA/cm2) were removed 96.94% of Mn, 97.63% of Cu and 99.99% of total Cr and Ni, allowing to meet the limits provided in CONAMA Resolution 430/2011. The production of inorganic pigments from a mixture of 10% sludge (generated in the ideal experimental condition) and Al2O3 and TiO2 proved to be technically viable. It was obtained 8.27 g of a brown inorganic pigment, composed mainly of Al1.82Cr0.18O3, Ca0.999(Ti0.805Fe0.201)O2.899 and Fe2.18O4Ti0.42. Therefore, the results obtained demonstrate that EC is an effective technique in galvanic effluents treatment. The sludge generated in this process showed to be appropriated to be reused in inorganic pigment production and could be considered as an alternative to reduce the environmental impact related to electroplating process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Carolina Favero
- Master in Environmental Impact Assessment, La Salle University, Canoas, Brazil
| | | | - Patricia Hubner
- Analytical Centre of Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Qu Z, Su T, Zhu S, Chen Y, Yu Y, Xie X, Yang J, Huo M, Bian D. Stepwise extraction of Fe, Al, Ca, and Zn: A green route to recycle raw electroplating sludge. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 300:113700. [PMID: 34517231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electroplating sludge is a hazardous waste produced in large quantities in the electroplating industry during production. It is rich in heavy metal resources and can be recovered as value-added heavy metal products. To recover Zn in electroplating sludge, Fe/Al/Ca impurities were effectively removed as hematite, boehmite, and calcium sulfate, respectively, via a facile hydrothermal method with reduction of nitric acid by addition of glucose. After the sludge was dissolved in nitric acid, the generated solution contained 6.1 g/L of Zn, 2.2 g/L of Fe, 2.5 g/L of Al, and 2.9 g/L of Ca. First, approximately 100% Fe was extracted as hematite nanoparticles containing 94.6 wt% Fe2O3 after the solution was treated at 190 °C for 6 h. Second, when the temperature was elevated to 270 °C, nearly 99% Al was isolated as boehmite particles containing 95.2 wt% Al2O3. Third, more than 98% Ca was removed as anhydrite, which contained 95.9 wt% CaSO4, by adding sulfuric acid. During the steps, the total loss of Zn was less than 3%, and 5.75 g/L of residual Zn was recovered as zincite containing 92.2 wt% ZnO by adjusting the pH to 8. The dissolved Fe, Al, and Ca impurities were successfully removed as purified hematite, boehmite, and anhydrite, respectively, through the stepwise separation method by adjusting reaction temperatures and pH. The high content of Zn in the electroplating sludge was finally purified as zincite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Qu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Ting Su
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Suiyi Zhu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China.
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China; Jilin Institute of Forestry Survey and Design, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Guangdong Shouhui Lantian Engineering and Technology Corporation, Guangzhou, 510075, China
| | - Xinfeng Xie
- Michigan Technological University, School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Houghton, MI, 49932, USA
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Mingxin Huo
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Dejun Bian
- Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
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Madhubashani AMP, Giannakoudakis DA, Amarasinghe BMWPK, Rajapaksha AU, Pradeep Kumara PBT, Triantafyllidis KS, Vithanage M. Propensity and appraisal of biochar performance in removal of oil spills: A comprehensive review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 288:117676. [PMID: 34265555 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the adsorption-based environmental remediation techniques have gained a considerable attention, due to their economic viability and simplicity over other methods. Hence, detailed presentation and analysis were herein focused on describing the role of biochar in oil spill removal. Oil removal by utilizing biochar is assumed as a green-oriented concept. Biochar is a carbon-rich low-cost material with high porosity and specific surface chemistry, with a tremendous potentiality for oil removal from aqueous solutions. Oil sorption properties of biochar mainly depend on the biochar production/synthesis method, and the biomass feedstock type. In order to preserve the stability of functional groups in the structure, biochar needs to be produced/activated at low temperatures (<700 ᵒC). In general, biochar derived from biomass containing high lignin content via slow pyrolysis is more favorable for oil removal. Exceptional characteristics of biochar which intensify the oil removal capability such as hydrophobicity, oleophilicity or/and specific contaminant-surface interaction of biochar can be enhanced and be tuned by chemical and physical activation methods. Considering all the presented results, future perspectives such as the examination of biochar efficacy on oil removal efficiency in multi-element contaminated aqueous solutions to identify the best biomass feedstocks, the production protocols and large-scale field trials, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M P Madhubashani
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka; Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
| | - Dimitrios A Giannakoudakis
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - B M W P K Amarasinghe
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
| | - Anushka Upamali Rajapaksha
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka; Instrument Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - P B Terney Pradeep Kumara
- Department of Oceanography and Marine Geology, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka; Marine Environment Protection Authority, No 177, Nawala Road, Narahenpita, Colombo 05, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka; Instrument Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.
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Dobrosz-Gómez I, Gómez-García MÁ. Integration of environmental and economic performance of Electro-Coagulation-Anodic Oxidation sequential process for the treatment of soluble coffee industrial effluent. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:142818. [PMID: 33757242 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study examined a sequential Electro-Coagulation-Anodic Oxidation (EC-AO) process, using low-cost electrodes (EC: iron/stainless steel and AO: graphite/stainless steel), as an alternative for the treatment of soluble coffee industrial effluent (a complex mixture of organic macromolecules). Process operational parameters were optimized using experimental design, ANOVA, the response surface methodology, and a constrained nonlinear optimization algorithm. Experimental results allow discussing the role of graphite electrode, the mineralization via hydroxyl radicals and chlorine species (mainly as HClO and ClO- as defined from pH conditions and equilibrium calculations). EC-AO treatment allows achieving ca. 97% decolorization, as well as 72% and 65% of COD and TOC removal, respectively, with total operation costs of 10.81 USD/m3. The Molecular Weight Distribution (MWD) analysis showed that during the EC step, contaminants with molecular weight > 30 kDa were effectively decomposed. In contrast, AO was quite efficient in the mineralization of contaminants with MW in the range of 5 to 10 kDa. A kinetic analysis of EC-AO allowed defining the operation time of ca. 160 min required to meet permissible discharge limits for soluble coffee effluents, established by Colombian legislation; and obtaining COD and TOC degradation rate laws for upcoming studies on process conceptual design. Finally, the EC-AO process yielded an oxidized (AOS = 0.687), biocompatible (BOD5/COD = 0.41) not toxic effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Dobrosz-Gómez
- Departamento de Física y Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Manizales, Campus La Nubia, km 9 vía al Aeropuerto la Nubia, Apartado Aéreo 127, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia.
| | - Miguel-Ángel Gómez-García
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Manizales, Campus La Nubia, km 9 vía al Aeropuerto la Nubia, Apartado Aéreo 127, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
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11
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Adar E, Ilhan F, Aygun A. Different methods applied to remove pollutants from real epoxy paint wastewater: modeling using the response surface method. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2021.1907410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elanur Adar
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Artvin Coruh University, Artvin, Turkey
| | - Fatih Ilhan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Aygun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkey
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12
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Thuy NT, Hoan NX, Van Thanh D, Khoa PM, Tai NT, Hoang PQH, Huy NN. Application of Electrocoagulation for Printing Wastewater Treatment: From Laboratory to Pilot Scale. J ELECTROCHEM SCI TE 2021. [DOI: 10.33961/jecst.2019.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Wang Y, Lin H, Ding L, Hu B. Low-voltage electrochemical treatment to precipitate sulfide during anaerobic digestion of beet sugar wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 747:141243. [PMID: 32791410 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sugar beet processing generates a large amount of wastewater with a high chemical oxygen demand (COD). During wastewater storage and treatment, the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) generated from anaerobic digestion (AD) poses unique safety and environmental challenges due to air emissions to the local environment. A new approach of low-voltage electrochemical treatment using low-cost sacrificial anode material was developed in this study to remove sulfide, maintain a proper pH, and produce low-H2S biogas during the AD of beet sugar wastewater. The wastewater collected was categorized as the medium or high strength wastewater depending on the COD content. By using the medium strength wastewater as the test media, the effects of electrochemical and storage conditions, including the applied voltage, immersed electrode area, initial sulfate level, and operating temperature, on the sulfide removal were studied. The effective electrical charge consumption ranged from 6.0 to 14.4 C·mg-1 S2-, and the headspace H2S concentration was reduced by over 96% for most conditions after 204 h treatment. During the 10-week experiment on high strength wastewater, intermittent electrochemical treatment at 0.7 V applied voltage and 1.2 cm2·L-1 electrode area for two weeks reduced the H2S content in the biogas by up to 96%. The cathodic hydroxyl anion generation during the electrochemical treatment significantly increased the pH from 4.61 to 6.95 and led to earlier biogas production than the one without electrochemical treatment. This technique may feasibly be applied in the AD of other sulfur-compound-rich waste streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchuan Wang
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Hongjian Lin
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; College of Biosystem Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lingkan Ding
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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14
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Viltres H, López YC, Gupta NK, Leyva C, Paz R, Gupta A, Sengupta A. Functional metal-organic frameworks for metal removal from aqueous solutions. SEPARATION & PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2020.1839909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Herlys Viltres
- Centro De Investigación En Ciencia Aplicada Y Tecnología Avanzada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Yeisy C. López
- Centro De Investigación En Ciencia Aplicada Y Tecnología Avanzada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CDMX, Mexico
- Laboratorio De Bioninorgánica, Facultad De Química, Universidad De La Habana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Nishesh Kumar Gupta
- University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Land, Water, and Environment Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT), Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Carolina Leyva
- Centro De Investigación En Ciencia Aplicada Y Tecnología Avanzada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Roxana Paz
- Centro De Investigación En Ciencia Aplicada Y Tecnología Avanzada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Anjali Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, India
| | - Arijit Sengupta
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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15
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Removal Mechanism and Effective Current of Electrocoagulation for Treating Wastewater Containing Ni(II), Cu(II), and Cr(VI). WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12092614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to clarify the removal mechanism and to calculate the effective current of electrocoagulation (i.e., EC) for treating wastewater containing Ni(II), Cu(II), and Cr(VI). The adsorption behavior of various heavy metals onto Al(OH)3 coagulant generated by the EC process was investigated and the estimating method of the corresponding current was established. Results indicate that adsorption of single Ni(II) and Cu(II) by Al(OH)3 coagulant can be simulated by the Langmuir isotherm, while Cr(VI) adsorption fits the Freundlich isotherm better. As treating single heavy metal of wastewater, the removal mechanism of the EC process is the adsorption reaction. Under the coexisting condition, the Ni(II) and Cu(II) will compete for the same active sites on the Al(OH)3 surface and Cu(II) suppresses Ni(II) adsorption. As treating the coexisting heavy metals, Ni(II) removal not only associates with adsorption but also with the coprecipitation. In contrast, Cr(VI) does not compete with other metal ions for the same type of adsorption sites. Whether single or coexisting conditions, the adsorption capacity of heavy metals onto Al(OH)3 coagulants can be used to compute the necessary current to effectively remove heavy metals in the EC system.
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16
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Choi AES, Futalan CCM, Yee JJ. Fuzzy optimization for the removal of uranium from mine water using batch electrocoagulation: A case study. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2019.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Wang J, Zhang D, Liu S, Wang C. Enhanced removal of chromium(III) for aqueous solution by EDTA modified attapulgite: Adsorption performance and mechanism. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137391. [PMID: 32143033 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid modified attapulgite (EDTA-ATP) was developed as a novel and promising adsorbent for removal of aqueous Cr(Ш). The structure and surface properties of EDTA-ATP were characterized and the results indicated that EDTA moieties have been successfully anchored on the surface of ATP. Adsorption of Cr(III) on EDTA-ATP and aminopropyl-modified attapulgite (APTES-ATP) monotonously reduced with decreasing pH, and Cr(III) adsorption on EDTA-ATP is substantially higher than APTES-ATP in tested pH range, especially at lower pH. Presence of citric acid and gelatin had no obvious influence on Cr(III) adsorption to EDTA-ATP, but significantly reduced Cr(III) adsorption on APTES-ATP. Coexisting cations resulted in decreased Cr(III) adsorption on EDTA-ATP by competition with Cr(III) for surface-bound EDTA groups of the adsorbent. Adsorption isotherm of Cr(III) on EDTA-ATP followed the Langmuir model and the maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbent for Cr(III) was 131.37 mg/g at 25 °C and pH 3.0. Cr(Ш) loaded adsorbent could be regenerated easily in HCl solution and the regenerated adsorbent still exhibited high adsorption capacity for Cr(III). XPS analysis confirmed that the enhanced Cr(III) adsorption on EDTA-ATP was ascribed to form the stable complexes between Cr(III) and surface-bound carboxyl and amino groups of the adsorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization of Inorganic Materials, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Dan Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization of Inorganic Materials, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Shaochong Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization of Inorganic Materials, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Chuanyi Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization of Inorganic Materials, Xi'an 710021, China.
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18
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Sun D, Hong X, Cui Z, Du Y, Hui KS, Zhu E, Wu K, Hui KN. Treatment of landfill leachate using magnetically attracted zero-valent iron powder electrode in an electric field. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 388:121768. [PMID: 31843409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study combined electro-oxidation (EO) and electrocoagulation (EC) process (EO/EC) to treat landfill leachate by using RuO2-IrO2/Ti plate and microscale zero-valent iron powder composite anode. EO was achieved by direct oxidation and indirect oxidation on RuO2-IrO2/Ti plate, whereas EC was achieved using iron powder to lose electrons and produce coagulants in situ. The influences of variables including type of anode material, applied voltage, zero-valent iron dosage, interelectrode gap, and reaction temperature on EO/EC were evaluated. Results showed that at an applied voltage of 10 V, zero-valent iron dosage of 0.2 g, interelectrode gap of 1 cm, and non-temperature-controlled mode, the removal efficiencies were 72.5 % for total organic carbon (TOC), 98.5 % for ammonia, and 98.6 % for total phosphorus (TP). Some heavy metals and hardness were also removed. Further analysis indicated that the removal of TOC, ammonia, and TP followed pseudo-first order, pseudo-zero order, and pseudo-second order kinetic models, respectively. Other characteristics were examined by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Overall, our results showed that EO/EC can be used to efficiently remove organic matter, ammonia, TP, and heavy metals from landfill leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongni Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China; State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Mineral Metallurgical Resources Utilization and Pollution Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - Xiaoting Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China.
| | - Zhonghua Cui
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, PR China
| | - Yingying Du
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - K S Hui
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Enhao Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Keming Wu
- State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Mineral Metallurgical Resources Utilization and Pollution Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - K N Hui
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, China
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19
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Combined Electrocoagulation and Chemical Coagulation in Treating Brewery Wastewater. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12030726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Significant over-strength discharge fees are often imposed on breweries for the disposal of high-strength effluent to sanitary sewers. In this research work, the removal performances of electrocoagulation (EC) compared with operating electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation in sequence (EC-CC) or vice-versa (CC-EC) was examined to determine the capability of treatment in reducing the strength of the wastewater. Optimal operating parameters regarding electrolysis time, initial pH, and applied power were determined in conjunction with nutrient removal performance, electrode consumption and energy usage. Combined EC-CC treatment has been demonstrated to be economically feasible for brewery wastewater applications from an energy consumption perspective due to the efficiency of nutrient removal and the reduction of sewer discharge costs. Treatment by EC-CC at 5 W for 20 min using aluminum electrodes resulted in enhanced and consistent removal efficiencies of 26%, 74%, 76%, and 85% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), reactive phosphorous (RP), total phosphorous (TP) and total suspended solids (TSS), respectively. Energy consumption was the main contributor to operating cost. By considering potential recovered over-strength discharge fees (ODF), EC-CC treatment is economically feasible and beneficial in a brewery wastewater application. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the CC-EC process to remove phosphorous, organics and solids from brewery wastewater at lower power supply, so that the recovered ODF cost for CC-EC at 5 W-EC is 23% higher than at 10 W-EC.
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20
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Syam Babu D, Anantha Singh TS, Nidheesh PV, Suresh Kumar M. Industrial wastewater treatment by electrocoagulation process. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2019.1671866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Syam Babu
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - T. S. Anantha Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deenadayal Petroleum University, Gujarat, India
| | - P. V. Nidheesh
- Environmental Impact and Sustainability Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | - M. Suresh Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Environmental Impact and Sustainability Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
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21
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Easy fabrication of mussel inspired coated foam and its optimization for the facile removal of copper from aqueous solutions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 552:401-411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Liu Y, Yang J, Jiang W, Chen Y, Yang C, Wang T, Li Y. Experimental studies on the enhanced performance of lightweight oil recovery using a combined electrocoagulation and magnetic field processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 205:601-609. [PMID: 29715674 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
On marine oil spill, inflammable lightweight oil has characteristics of explosion risk and contamination of marine enviroment, therefore treatment of stable emulsion with micron oil droplets is urgent. This study aimed to propose a combined electrocoagulation and magnetic field processes to enhance performance of lightweight oil recovery with lower energy consumption. The effects of current density, electrolysis time, strength and direction of magnetic field on the overall treatment efficiency of the reactor were explored. Furthermore, the comparison between coupling device and only electrocoagulation through tracking oil removal in nine regions between the electrodes. The results were shown that the permanent magnets applied was found to enhance demulsification process within electrocoagulation reactor. For a given current density of 60 A m-2 at 16 min, Lorentz force downward was proved to promote the sedimentation of coagulants. As the magnetic field strength increases from 20 to 60 mT, oil removal efficiency was observed to increase and then decrease, and simultaneously energy consumption reduced and then present constantly. The results were found that the magnetic field strength of 40 mT was optimal within electrocoagulation reactor, which can not only diminishe difference of mass transfer rate along the height of vertical plate but also consume lowest energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Safety, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Safety, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Wenming Jiang
- College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Safety, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Yimei Chen
- College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Safety, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Chaojiang Yang
- College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Safety, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Tianyu Wang
- College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Safety, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Yuxing Li
- College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Safety, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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23
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Nekhunguni PM, Tavengwa NT, Tutu H. Sorption of uranium(VI) onto hydrous ferric oxide-modified zeolite: Assessment of the effect of pH, contact time, temperature, selected cations and anions on sorbent interactions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 204:571-582. [PMID: 28938196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Zeolites are commonly used as adsorbents for metal removal in most applications e.g. in wastewater. However, the ubiquity of iron in such systems may, in the long-term, distort the true interactions and mechanisms of contaminant removal as a result of modification of the zeolite surface. In this study, this potential phenomenon was assessed for the removal of uranium(VI) from aqueous solution by hydrous ferric oxide-modified zeolite (HFOMZ). This was prepared by precipitating iron hydroxide (the common precipitate of iron in aqueous systems) onto zeolite. The prepared HFOMZ was characterised by the scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Batch adsorption experiments were performed to assess the effect of: pH, initial uranium(VI) concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time, temperature, presence of cations (Pb2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Mn2+ and Co2+) and anions ( [Formula: see text] , [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] ) on the adsorption of uranium(VI). Kinetic studies under these conditions indicated that the pseudo second-order kinetic model (R2 > 0.99) best described the adsorption behaviour, implying that this could be proceeding through a chemisorption process. The experimental data was best described by the Freundlich isotherm model (R2 > 0.93), an implication that the adsorption surface was heterogeneous. The thermodynamic parameters calculated from the experimental data suggested that the adsorption of U(VI) onto HFOMZ was spontaneous and exothermic in nature. The adsorption of U(VI) onto HFOMZ was dominated by complexation with strong ionizable hydroxyl sites on the hydrous ferric oxide surfaces and the edge sites of the zeolite. At pH values from 2 to 6, increased adsorption was observed and this decreased at higher pH values (above 6). This corresponded with the changes in speciation as determined by the PHREEQC modelling code. The presence of the cations (Pb2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Mn2+ and Co2+) and anions ( [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] ) resulted in a significant decrease in the adsorption capacity of U(VI) by HFOMZ, implying that in a system where these anions and cations are present in high concentrations over time, U(VI) will adsorb less onto the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pfano Mathews Nekhunguni
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, WITS, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nikita Tawanda Tavengwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | - Hlanganani Tutu
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, WITS, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Al-Saydeh SA, El-Naas MH, Zaidi SJ. Copper removal from industrial wastewater: A comprehensive review. J IND ENG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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25
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Babaei AA, Ghanbari F, Yengejeh RJ. Simultaneous use of iron and copper anodes in photoelectro-Fenton process: concurrent removals of dye and cadmium. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2017; 75:1732-1742. [PMID: 28402315 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectro-Fenton (PEF) was carried out for concurrent removals of inorganic and organic pollutants with simultaneous applications of two different anodes (iron and copper). Cadmium and Direct Orange 26 (DO26) were selected as samples of the contaminants of textile wastewater and influential parameters (pH, current density, H2O2 dosage and electrolysis time) of PEF were evaluated on Cd and DO26 removals. Both mechanisms of coagulation and oxidation affected the removal of both pollutants. Optimal conditions were achieved with pH = 4.0, current density of 5 mA/cm2, 3 mM H2O2 and 40 min electrolysis time, and under these conditions, the dye was completely removed and the Cd removal efficiency was about 80%. Unlike H2O2, persulfate had no scavenging effect in high dosages. The effects of different anions and two matrixes (tap water and wastewater) on Cd and dye removals were investigated. The results showed that decolorization was reduced by the phosphate and nitrate ions while chloride ion accelerated the decolorization rate. In terms of Cd removal, no significant change was observed in the presence of the anions except for phosphate ion. The sludge of PEF was assessed by Fourier transform infrared, field emission scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Akbar Babaei
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran E-mail:
| | - Farshid Ghanbari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran E-mail: ; Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Abstract
AbstractThe conventional coagulation technique of textile wastewater treatments is plagued with the issue of low removal rate of pollutants and generation of a large quantity of sludge. Recently, electrocoagulation (EC) technique gained immense attention due to its efficiency. The technique involves dissolution of the sacrificial anodes to provide an active metal hydroxide as a strong coagulant that destabilizes and amasses particles and then removes them by precipitation or adsorption. EC process is influenced by operating parameters such as applied current density, electrodes material and configuration, type of electrical connection, pH and conductivity of the solution, and mixing state. Consequently, this work reviewed the major and minor reactions of EC process with operational parameters, design of EC cell, mass transfer studies and modeling, and industrial wastewater applications. The work also includes comparison of EC technique with conventional coagulation and combinations with other techniques. Special emphasis is on removal of pollutants from textile wastewater. Further, the electrical energy supplies and cost analysis are also discussed. Even though several publications have covered EC process recently, no review work has treated the systematic process design and how to minimize the effect of passivation layer deposited on the surface of the electrodes. EC process with rotating electrodes has been recommended to reduce this phenomenon. The effect of electrodes geometry is considered to enhance the conductivity of the cell and reduce energy consumption. The studies of ionic mass transfer were not implemented before special by limiting current method during the EC process. Moreover, no aforementioned studies used computational fluid dynamics modeling to present the mass transfer inside the EC reactor.
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27
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Kenova TA, Vasil’eva IS, Kornienko VL. Removal of thiocyanates and heavy metal ions from simulated wastewater solutions by electro- and peroxyelectrocoagulation. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427216090093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Adamovic S, Prica M, Dalmacija B, Rapajic S, Novakovic D, Pavlovic Z, Maletic S. Feasibility of electrocoagulation/flotation treatment of waste offset printing developer based on the response surface analysis. ARAB J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Sharifi M, Baghdadi M. Enhanced selectivity and capacity of clinoptilolite for Cd2+ removal from aqueous solutions by incorporation of magnetite nanoparticles and surface modification with cysteine. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2016; 73:2284-2293. [PMID: 27148732 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2016.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, magnetic zeolite (MZ) nanocomposite modified with cysteine was developed in order to enhance selectivity and capacity of clinoptilolite for cadmium ion. The prepared MZ nanocomposite is containing clinoptilolite and magnetite nanoparticles with weight ratio of 3:1. The synthesized nanocomposite was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and vibrating sample magnetometer. Surface modification was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Experiments were carried out to find the optimum conditions for modification of clinoptilolite and to investigate the effective parameters (pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and temperature) on the adsorption of Cd(2+) ion by modified clinoptilolite. The results showed enhanced selectivity of modified MZ in the presence of other naturally occurring cations (Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+) and Mg(2+)) and ammonium. Kinetic and equilibrium data were well fitted by a pseudo second-order and Langmuir model, respectively, with high correlation coefficients. The maximum adsorption capacities of the modified and non-modified clinoptilolite were found to be 20.0 mg/g and 5.2 mg/g, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters revealed that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic under studied conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumeh Sharifi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Ghods Street, Enghelab Ave., Tehran, Iran E-mail:
| | - Majid Baghdadi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Ghods Street, Enghelab Ave., Tehran, Iran E-mail:
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Liu R, Liu B, Zhu L, He Z, Ju J, Lan H, Liu H. Effects of fluoride on the removal of cadmium and phosphate by aluminum coagulation. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 32:118-125. [PMID: 26040738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the effects of pH and fluoride at different molar ratios of fluoride to Al (RF:Al) on the removal of cadmium (Cd2+) and phosphate by Al coagulation. Fluoride at RF:Al≥3:1 inhibits the removal of Cd over wide Al dose ranges from 5 to 10 mg/L as Al. The removal of phosphate decreases significantly at high RF:Al of 10:1 whereas at lowered RF:Al (i.e., ≤6:1), an adverse effect is observed only at insufficient Al doses below 2 mg/L. Fluoride shows inhibitive effects towards the removal of Cd at pH7 and 8 and that of phosphate at pH6. Fluoride decreases the ζ-potential in both systems, and the decreasing extent is positively correlated to the elevated RF:Al. The Al fluoride interactions include the formation of Al-F complexes and the adsorption of fluoride onto Al(OH)3 precipitates, i.e., the formation of Al(OH)nFm. Al-F complex formation inhibits Al hydrolysis and increases residual Al levels, and a more significant increase was observed at lower pH. Al-F complexes at high RF:Al complicate the coagulation behavior of Al towards both negative and positive ionic species. Moreover, fluoride at low RF:Al shows little effect on Al coagulation behavior towards Cd2+ and phosphate, and the spent defluoridation adsorbent, i.e., aluminum (Al) hydro(oxide) with adsorbed fluoride at RF:Al of below 0.1:1, may be reclaimed as a coagulant after being dissolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Lijun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zan He
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jiawei Ju
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Huachun Lan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Efficient removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by chitosan-coated geotextiles based on polyethylene terephthalate. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-015-1933-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Calcium pretreatedHevea brasiliensissawdust has been used as an effective and efficient adsorbent for the removal of copper ion from the contaminated water. Batch experiment was conducted to check the effect of pH, initial concentration, contact time, and adsorbent dose. The results conclude that adsorption capacity of adsorbent was influenced by operating parameters. Maximum adsorption capacity found from the batch adsorption process was 37.74 mg/g at pH of 5.6. Various isotherm models like Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin were used to compare the theoretical and experimental data, whereas the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion models were applied to study the kinetics of the batch adsorption process. Dynamic studies were also conducted in packed-bed column using different bed depths and the maximum adsorption capacity of 34.29 was achieved. Characterizations of the adsorbent were done by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.
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Elimination of Pb2+ through electrocoagulation: Applicability of adsorptive stripping voltammetry for monitoring the lead concentration during its elimination. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Kabuk HA, Avsar Y, Ilhan F, Ulucan K. Comparison of pH Adjustment and Electrocoagulation Processes on Treatability of Metal Plating Wastewater. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2013.839705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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35
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Jack F, Bostock J, Tito D, Harrison B, Brosnan J. Electrocoagulation for the removal of copper from distillery waste streams. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frances Jack
- The Scotch Whisky Research Institute; The Robertson Trust Building, Research Avenue North, Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AP UK
| | - John Bostock
- Elentec Ltd; Stanton, Glyn Garth Menai Bridge LL59 5PE UK
| | - Duarte Tito
- Elentec Ltd; Stanton, Glyn Garth Menai Bridge LL59 5PE UK
| | - Barry Harrison
- The Scotch Whisky Research Institute; The Robertson Trust Building, Research Avenue North, Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AP UK
| | - James Brosnan
- The Scotch Whisky Research Institute; The Robertson Trust Building, Research Avenue North, Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AP UK
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Khandegar V, Saroha AK. Electrocoagulation for the treatment of textile industry effluent--a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2013; 128:949-63. [PMID: 23892280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Various techniques such as physical, chemical, biological, advanced oxidation and electrochemical are used for the treatment of industrial effluent. The commonly used conventional biological treatment processes are time consuming, need large operational area and are not effective for effluent containing toxic elements. Advanced oxidation techniques result in high treatment cost and are generally used to obtain high purity grade water. The chemical coagulation technique is slow and generates large amount of sludge. Electrocoagulation has recently attracted attention as a potential technique for treating industrial effluent due to its versatility and environmental compatibility. This technique uses direct current source between metal electrodes immersed in the effluent, which causes the dissolution of electrode plates into the effluent. The metal ions, at an appropriate pH, can form wide range of coagulated species and metal hydroxides that destabilize and aggregate particles or precipitate and adsorb the dissolved contaminants. Therefore, the objective of the present manuscript is to review the potential of electrocoagulation for the treatment of industrial effluents, mainly removal of dyes from textile effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Khandegar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India
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Ji F, Li C, Xu J, Liu P. Dynamic adsorption of Cu(II) from aqueous solution by zeolite/cellulose acetate blend fiber in fixed-bed. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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38
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Removal of copper, zinc and nickel present in natural water containing Ca2+ and ions by electrocoagulation. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kuokkanen V, Kuokkanen T, Rämö J, Lassi U. Recent Applications of Electrocoagulation in Treatment of Water and Wastewater—A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/gsc.2013.32013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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40
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Ait Ouaissa Y, Chabani M, Amrane A, Bensmaili A. Removal of Cr(VI) from Model Solutions by a Combined Electrocoagulation Sorption Process. Chem Eng Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201200375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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41
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Kabdaşlı I, Arslan-Alaton I, Ölmez-Hancı T, Tünay O. Electrocoagulation applications for industrial wastewaters: a critical review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/21622515.2012.715390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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42
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Berkovic AM, Bertolotti SG, Villata LS, Gonzalez MC, Pis Diez R, Mártire DO. Photoinduced reduction of divalent mercury by quinones in the presence of formic acid under anaerobic conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 89:1189-1194. [PMID: 22884492 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The laser flash photolysis technique (λ(exc)=355 nm) was used to investigate the mechanism of the HgCl(2) reduction mediated by CO(2)(-) radicals generated from quenching of the triplet states of 1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ) by formic acid. Kinetic simulations of the experimental signals support the proposed reaction mechanism. This system is of potential interest in the development of UV-A photoinduced photolytic procedures for the treatment of Hg(II) contaminated waters. The successful replacement of NQ with a commercial fulvic acid, as a model compound of dissolved organic matter, showed that the method is applicable to organic matter-containing waters without the addition of quinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Berkovic
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CC 16, Suc. 4, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
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Saha R, Mukherjee K, Saha I, Ghosh A, Ghosh SK, Saha B. Removal of hexavalent chromium from water by adsorption on mosambi (Citrus limetta) peel. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-012-0754-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Saha R, Saha I, Nandi R, Ghosh A, Basu A, Ghosh SK, Saha B. Application of Chattim tree (devil tree,Alstonia scholaris) saw dust as a biosorbent for removal of hexavalent chromium from contaminated water. CAN J CHEM ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.21703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Tu YJ, Chang CK, You CF, Wang SL. Treatment of complex heavy metal wastewater using a multi-staged ferrite process. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 209-210:379-384. [PMID: 22316684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Complete removal of heavy metal from complex heavy-metal wastewater (CHMW) requires advanced technology. This study investigated the feasibility of a multi-staged ferrite process (MSFP) for treating CHMW, containing Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, Ag, Hg, Ni, Sn and Mn. Our experimental results showed that most of the supernatants after conventional single-step ferrite process could conform to the effluent standard of Environmental Protection Administration in Taiwan. However, the sludge could not satisfy the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) limits due to high Cd, Cu, and Pb concentrations. The performance of MSFP in removing heavy metals from wastewater was subsequently investigated and the parameters of three treating steps in MSFP were optimized under 70°C and 90°C at pH 9, and 80°C at pH 10. After the three-staged procedures, all heavy metals in supernatant and sludge could fulfill the contamination levels regulated by law. In addition, the sludge generated from the MSFP was examined by XRD and forms a stable spinel structure, which could be effectively separated by external magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Jen Tu
- Earth Dynamic System Research Center, National Cheng-Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan, ROC.
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