1
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Hatzakis N, Kaestel-Hansen J, de Sautu M, Saminathan A, Scanavachi G, Correia R, Nielsen AJ, Bleshoey S, Boomsma W, Kirchhausen T. Deep learning assisted single particle tracking for automated correlation between diffusion and function. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3716053. [PMID: 38352328 PMCID: PMC10862944 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3716053/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Sub-cellular diffusion in living systems reflects cellular processes and interactions. Recent advances in optical microscopy allow the tracking of this nanoscale diffusion of individual objects with an unprecedented level of precision. However, the agnostic and automated extraction of functional information from the diffusion of molecules and organelles within the sub-cellular environment, is labor-intensive and poses a significant challenge. Here we introduce DeepSPT, a deep learning framework to interpret the diffusional 2D or 3D temporal behavior of objects in a rapid and efficient manner, agnostically. Demonstrating its versatility, we have applied DeepSPT to automated mapping of the early events of viral infections, identifying distinct types of endosomal organelles, and clathrin-coated pits and vesicles with up to 95% accuracy and within seconds instead of weeks. The fact that DeepSPT effectively extracts biological information from diffusion alone illustrates that besides structure, motion encodes function at the molecular and subcellular level.
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2
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Xian S, Xiang Y, Liu D, Fan B, Mitrová K, Ollier RC, Su B, Alloosh MA, Jiráček J, Sturek M, Alloosh M, Webber MJ. Insulin-Dendrimer Nanocomplex for Multi-Day Glucose-Responsive Therapy in Mice and Swine. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308965. [PMID: 37994248 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The management of diabetes in a manner offering autonomous insulin therapy responsive to glucose-directed need, and moreover with a dosing schedule amenable to facile administration, remains an ongoing goal to improve the standard of care. While basal insulins with reduced dosing frequency, even once-weekly administration, are on the horizon, there is still no approved therapy that offers glucose-responsive insulin function. Herein, a nanoscale complex combining both electrostatic- and dynamic-covalent interactions between a synthetic dendrimer carrier and an insulin analogue modified with a high-affinity glucose-binding motif yields an injectable insulin depot affording both glucose-directed and long-lasting insulin availability. Following a single injection, it is even possible to control blood glucose for at least one week in diabetic swine subjected to daily oral glucose challenges. Measurements of serum insulin concentration in response to challenge show increases in insulin corresponding to elevated blood glucose levels, an uncommon finding even in preclinical work on glucose-responsive insulin. Accordingly, the subcutaneous nanocomplex that results from combining electrostatic- and dynamic-covalent interactions between a modified insulin and a synthetic dendrimer carrier affords a glucose-responsive insulin depot for week-long control following a single routine injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Xian
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, 105 McCourtney Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Yuanhui Xiang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, 105 McCourtney Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Dongping Liu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, 105 McCourtney Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Bowen Fan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, 105 McCourtney Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Katarína Mitrová
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Prague, 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Rachel C Ollier
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, 105 McCourtney Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Bo Su
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, 105 McCourtney Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | | | - Jiří Jiráček
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Prague, 16610, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Matthew J Webber
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, 105 McCourtney Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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3
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Spratt J, Dias JM, Kolonelou C, Kiriako G, Engström E, Petrova E, Karampelias C, Cervenka I, Papanicolaou N, Lentini A, Reinius B, Andersson O, Ambrosetti E, Ruas JL, Teixeira AI. Multivalent insulin receptor activation using insulin-DNA origami nanostructures. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 19:237-245. [PMID: 37813939 PMCID: PMC10873203 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01507-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Insulin binds the insulin receptor (IR) and regulates anabolic processes in target tissues. Impaired IR signalling is associated with multiple diseases, including diabetes, cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. IRs have been reported to form nanoclusters at the cell membrane in several cell types, even in the absence of insulin binding. Here we exploit the nanoscale spatial organization of the IR to achieve controlled multivalent receptor activation. To control insulin nanoscale spatial organization and valency, we developed rod-like insulin-DNA origami nanostructures carrying different numbers of insulin molecules with defined spacings. Increasing the insulin valency per nanostructure markedly extended the residence time of insulin-DNA origami nanostructures at the receptors. Both insulin valency and spacing affected the levels of IR activation in adipocytes. Moreover, the multivalent insulin design associated with the highest levels of IR activation also induced insulin-mediated transcriptional responses more effectively than the corresponding monovalent insulin nanostructures. In an in vivo zebrafish model of diabetes, treatment with multivalent-but not monovalent-insulin nanostructures elicited a reduction in glucose levels. Our results show that the control of insulin multivalency and spatial organization with nanoscale precision modulates the IR responses, independent of the insulin concentration. Therefore, we propose insulin nanoscale organization as a design parameter in developing new insulin therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Spratt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - José M Dias
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Kolonelou
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georges Kiriako
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Enya Engström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ekaterina Petrova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christos Karampelias
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Igor Cervenka
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natali Papanicolaou
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Lentini
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Reinius
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olov Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Ambrosetti
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Jorge L Ruas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ana I Teixeira
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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4
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Guo Q, Huang M, Li M, Chen J, Cheng S, Ma L, Gao B. Diversity and Evolutionary Analysis of Venom Insulin Derived from Cone Snails. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:34. [PMID: 38251250 PMCID: PMC10819828 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cone snails possess a diverse array of novel peptide toxins, which selectively target ion channels and receptors in the nervous and cardiovascular systems. These numerous novel peptide toxins are a valuable resource for future marine drug development. In this review, we compared and analyzed the sequence diversity, three-dimensional structural variations, and evolutionary aspects of venom insulin derived from different cone snail species. The comparative analysis reveals that there are significant variations in the sequences and three-dimensional structures of venom insulins from cone snails with different feeding habits. Notably, the venom insulin of some piscivorous cone snails exhibits a greater similarity to humans and zebrafish insulins. It is important to emphasize that these venom insulins play a crucial role in the predatory strategies of these cone snails. Furthermore, a phylogenetic tree was constructed to trace the lineage of venom insulin sequences, shedding light on the evolutionary interconnections among cone snails with diverse diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; (Q.G.); (M.H.); (M.L.); (J.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Meiling Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; (Q.G.); (M.H.); (M.L.); (J.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; (Q.G.); (M.H.); (M.L.); (J.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Jiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; (Q.G.); (M.H.); (M.L.); (J.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Shuanghuai Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; (Q.G.); (M.H.); (M.L.); (J.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Linlin Ma
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery (GRIDD), School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Bingmiao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; (Q.G.); (M.H.); (M.L.); (J.C.); (S.C.)
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5
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Kæstel-Hansen J, de Sautu M, Saminathan A, Scanavachi G, Da Cunha Correia RFB, Nielsen AJ, Bleshøy SV, Boomsma W, Kirchhausen T, Hatzakis NS. Deep learning assisted single particle tracking for automated correlation between diffusion and function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.16.567393. [PMID: 38014323 PMCID: PMC10680793 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.16.567393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Sub-cellular diffusion in living systems reflects cellular processes and interactions. Recent advances in optical microscopy allow the tracking of this nanoscale diffusion of individual objects with an unprecedented level of precision. However, the agnostic and automated extraction of functional information from the diffusion of molecules and organelles within the sub-cellular environment, is labor-intensive and poses a significant challenge. Here we introduce DeepSPT, a deep learning framework to interpret the diffusional 2D or 3D temporal behavior of objects in a rapid and efficient manner, agnostically. Demonstrating its versatility, we have applied DeepSPT to automated mapping of the early events of viral infections, identifying distinct types of endosomal organelles, and clathrin-coated pits and vesicles with up to 95% accuracy and within seconds instead of weeks. The fact that DeepSPT effectively extracts biological information from diffusion alone indicates that besides structure, motion encodes function at the molecular and subcellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kæstel-Hansen
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen
- Center for 4D cellular dynamics, Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen
- Novo Nordisk Center for Optimised Oligo Escape
- Novo Nordisk foundation Center for Protein Research
| | - Marilina de Sautu
- Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmaceutics Harvard Medical School
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine Boston Children's Hospital
| | - Anand Saminathan
- Department of Cell Biology Harvard Medical School
- Department of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine Boston Children's Hospital
| | - Gustavo Scanavachi
- Department of Cell Biology Harvard Medical School
- Department of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine Boston Children's Hospital
| | - Ricardo F Bango Da Cunha Correia
- Department of Cell Biology Harvard Medical School
- Department of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine Boston Children's Hospital
| | - Annette Juma Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen
- Center for 4D cellular dynamics, Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen
- Novo Nordisk Center for Optimised Oligo Escape
- Novo Nordisk foundation Center for Protein Research
| | - Sara Vogt Bleshøy
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen
- Center for 4D cellular dynamics, Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen
- Novo Nordisk Center for Optimised Oligo Escape
- Novo Nordisk foundation Center for Protein Research
| | | | - Tom Kirchhausen
- Department of Cell Biology Harvard Medical School
- Department of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine Boston Children's Hospital
| | - Nikos S Hatzakis
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen
- Center for 4D cellular dynamics, Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen
- Novo Nordisk Center for Optimised Oligo Escape
- Novo Nordisk foundation Center for Protein Research
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6
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Rück V, Mishra NK, Sørensen KK, Liisberg MB, Sloth AB, Cerretani C, Mollerup CB, Kjaer A, Lou C, Jensen KJ, Vosch T. Bioconjugation of a Near-Infrared DNA-Stabilized Silver Nanocluster to Peptides and Human Insulin by Copper-Free Click Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37441791 PMCID: PMC10402711 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
DNA-stabilized silver nanoclusters (DNA-AgNCs) are biocompatible emitters with intriguing properties. However, they have not been extensively used for bioimaging applications due to the lack of structural information and hence predictable conjugation strategies. Here, a copper-free click chemistry method for linking a well-characterized DNA-AgNC to molecules of interest is presented. Three different peptides and a small protein, human insulin, were tested as labeling targets. The conjugation to the target compounds was verified by MS, HPLC, and time-resolved anisotropy measurements. Moreover, the spectroscopic properties of DNA-AgNCs were found to be unaffected by the linking reactions. For DNA-AgNC-conjugated human insulin, fluorescence imaging studies were performed on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells overexpressing human insulin receptor B (hIR-B). The specific staining of the CHO cell membranes demonstrates that DNA-AgNCs are great candidates for bioimaging applications, and the proposed linking strategy is easy to implement when the DNA-AgNC structure is known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Rück
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Narendra K Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kasper K Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mikkel B Liisberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ane B Sloth
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cecilia Cerretani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian B Mollerup
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chenguang Lou
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Knud J Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tom Vosch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Wu S, Østergaard M, Fredholt F, Christensen NJ, Sørensen KK, Mishra NK, Nielsen HM, Jensen KJ. Ca 2+-Responsive Glyco-insulin. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:518-528. [PMID: 36756787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Chemical modification of peptides and proteins, such as PEGylation and lipidation, creates conjugates with new properties. However, they are typically not dynamic or stimuli-responsive. Self-assembly controlled by a stimulus will allow adjusting properties directly. Here, we report that conjugates of oligogalacturonic acids (OGAs), isolated from plant-derived pectin, are Ca2+-responsive. We report the conjugation of OGA to human insulin (HI) to create new glyco-insulins. In addition, we coupled OGA to model peptides. We studied their self-assembly by dynamic light scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, and circular dichroism, which showed that the self-assembly to form nanostructures depended on the length of the OGA sequence and Zn2+ and Ca2+ concentrations. Subcutaneous administration of OGA12-HI with Zn2+ showed a stable decrease in blood glucose over a longer period of time compared to HI, despite the lower receptor binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunliang Wu
- Biomolecular Nanoscale Engineering Center, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mads Østergaard
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Freja Fredholt
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Johan Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kasper K Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Narendra K Mishra
- Biomolecular Nanoscale Engineering Center, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne M Nielsen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Knud J Jensen
- Biomolecular Nanoscale Engineering Center, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Enhanced hexamerization of insulin via assembly pathway rerouting revealed by single particle studies. Commun Biol 2023; 6:178. [PMID: 36792809 PMCID: PMC9932072 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin formulations with diverse oligomerization states are the hallmark of interventions for the treatment of diabetes. Here using single-molecule recordings we firstly reveal that insulin oligomerization can operate via monomeric additions and secondly quantify the existence, abundance and kinetic characterization of diverse insulin assembly and disassembly pathways involving addition of monomeric, dimeric or tetrameric insulin species. We propose and experimentally validate a model where the insulin self-assembly pathway is rerouted, favoring monomeric or oligomeric assembly, by solution concentration, additives and formulations. Combining our practically complete kinetic characterization with rate simulations, we calculate the abundance of each oligomeric species from nM to mM offering mechanistic insights and the relative abundance of all oligomeric forms at concentrations relevant both for secreted and administrated insulin. These reveal a high abundance of all oligomers and a significant fraction of hexamer resulting in practically halved bioavailable monomer concentration. In addition to providing fundamental new insights, the results and toolbox presented here can be universally applied, contributing to the development of optimal insulin formulations and the deciphering of oligomerization mechanisms for additional proteins.
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9
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Valkova E, Atanasov V, Vlaykova T, Tacheva T, Zhelyazkova Y, Dimov D, Yakimov K. The Serum Levels of the Heavy Metals Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb and Progression of COPD-A Preliminary Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1427. [PMID: 36674183 PMCID: PMC9858954 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence in previous studies that high levels of heavy metals may play a key role in the development of COPD due to the induction of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. In this preliminary study, we used atomic absorption spectrophotometry to measure the levels of four heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in blood serum of COPD patients and controls over 2 years. Clinical data on disease progression or absence were collected in patients living in the industrial region of Stara Zagora, Bulgaria. The mean values of Cu in the serum of patients with COPD and the control group were 374.29 ± 15.03 μg/L and 238.55 ± 175.31 μg/L, Zn—2010.435 ± 670.006 μg/L and 1672.78 ± 934.27 μg/L, Cd—0.334 ± 0.0216 μg/L and 0.395 ± 0.110 μg/L and Pb—0.0732 ± 0.009 μg/L and 0.075 ± 0.0153 μg/L. This is probably because these elements are biogenic and are used in the body for its anti-oxidant protection. In fact, it cannot be stated with certainty that elevated levels of Cu and Zn in the environment have a negative impact in COPD patients. There was a trend towards higher levels of the toxicants lead and cadmium in COPD patients compared to the control group of patients. There is a statistically unproven trend toward higher levels of lead and cadmium in COPD patients compared to controls, which to some extent supports our hypothesis that there is a relationship between environmental lead and cadmium levels and the COPD manifested. In COPD patients, a positive correlation was found between BMI and serum Cu levels (r = 0.413, p = 0.005). A higher concentration of serum Cu was found in men with BMI ≥ 30, compared to those with BMI < 30. There is also a positive correlation to a lesser extent between CRP and cadmium (r = 0.380; p = 0.019) and lead (r = 0.452; p = 0.004). The correlation of lead and cadmium with PSA also shows that these elements may also be associated with the presence of inflammatory processes. A significant negative correlation exists between Pb in the serum of patients with COPD and their blood hemoglobin (r = −356; p = 0.028). The results of our study suggest that higher doses of the trace elements Cu and Zn do not always have a negative effect in patients with COPD, while the toxicants Pb and Cd may be involved in COPD exacerbation and can be used as prognostic biomarkers for progression. Further studies are warranted to confirm these preliminary results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elica Valkova
- Department of Biological Sciences, Agriculture Faculty, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Vasil Atanasov
- Department of Biological Sciences, Agriculture Faculty, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Tatyana Vlaykova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Tanya Tacheva
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Yanitsa Zhelyazkova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Dimo Dimov
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Kristian Yakimov
- Department of Biological Sciences, Agriculture Faculty, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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10
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Wang W, Jiang Y, Huang Z, Nguyen HVT, Liu B, Hartweg M, Shirakura M, Qin KP, Johnson JA. Discrete, Chiral Polymer-Insulin Conjugates. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23332-23339. [PMID: 36126328 PMCID: PMC10440729 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Polymer conjugation has been widely used to improve the stability and pharmacokinetics of therapeutic biomacromolecules; however, conventional methods to generate such conjugates often use disperse and/or achiral polymers with limited functionality. The heterogeneity of such conjugates may lead to manufacturing variability, poorly controlled biological performance, and limited ability to optimize structure-property relationships. Here, using insulin as a model therapeutic polypeptide, we introduce a strategy for the synthesis of polymer-protein conjugates based on discrete, chiral polymers synthesized through iterative exponential growth (IEG). These conjugates eliminate manufacturing variables originating from polymer dispersity and poorly controlled absolute configuration. Moreover, they offer tunable molecular features, such as conformational rigidity, that can be modulated to impact protein function, enabling faster or longer-lasting blood glucose responses in diabetic mice when compared to PEGylated insulin and the commercial insulin variant Lantus. Furthermore, IEG-insulin conjugates showed no signs of decreased activity, immunogenicity, or toxicity following repeat dosing. This work represents a significant step toward the synthesis of precise synthetic polymer-biopolymer conjugates and reveals that fine tuning of synthetic polymer structure may be used to optimize such conjugates in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yivan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Zhihao Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hung V.-T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Manuel Hartweg
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Masamichi Shirakura
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - K. Peter Qin
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeremiah A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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11
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Anand U, Bandyopadhyay A, Jha NK, Pérez de la Lastra JM, Dey A. Translational aspect in peptide drug discovery and development: An emerging therapeutic candidate. Biofactors 2022; 49:251-269. [PMID: 36326181 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades, protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have been used as the main target for drug development. However, with larger or superficial binding sites, it has been extremely difficult to disrupt PPIs with small molecules. On the other hand, intracellular PPIs cannot be targeted by antibodies that cannot penetrate the cell membrane. Peptides that have a combination of conformational rigidity and flexibility can be used to target difficult binding interfaces with appropriate binding affinity and specificity. Since the introduction of insulin nearly a century ago, more than 80 peptide drugs have been approved to treat a variety of diseases. These include deadly diseases such as cancer and human immunodeficiency virus infection. It is also useful against diabetes, chronic pain, and osteoporosis. Today, more research is being done on these drugs as lessons learned from earlier approaches, which are still valid today, complement newer approaches such as peptide display libraries. At the same time, integrated genomics and peptide display libraries are new strategies that open new avenues for peptide drug discovery. The purpose of this review is to examine the problems in elucidating the peptide-protein recognition mechanism. This is important to develop peptide-based interventions that interfere with endogenous protein interactions. New approaches are being developed to improve the binding affinity and specificity of existing approaches and to develop peptide agents as potentially useful drugs. We also highlight the key challenges that must be overcome in peptide drug development to realize their potential and provide an overview of recent trends in peptide drug development. In addition, we take an in-depth look at early efforts in human hormone discovery, smart medicinal chemistry and design, natural peptide drugs, and breakthrough advances in molecular biology and peptide chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttpal Anand
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - José M Pérez de la Lastra
- Biotechnology of Macromolecules Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, IPNA-CSIC, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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12
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Huang C, Palani A, Yang Z, Deng Q, Reddy V, Nargund RP, Lin S, Altezza S, Bianchi E, Orvieto F, Carrington P. Discovery of Insulin/GLP-1/Glucagon Triagonists for the Treatment of Diabetes and Obesity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1255-1261. [PMID: 35978702 PMCID: PMC9377023 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of insulin and incretin-based therapies has emerged as a potential promising tactic for the treatment of diabetes. Here we report the first example of a unimolecular triagonist to simultaneously target insulin, GLP-1, and glucagon receptors, aiming for better glycemic control and superior weight loss. The strategy for constructing such a unimolecular triagonist is the conjugation of the insulin moiety and GLP-1R/GCGR coagonist peptide via alkyne-azide click chemistry. Two tractable series differentiated by insulin conjugation sites, B1F and B29K, were identified. Triagonist 13 prepared through the conjugation at insulin B1F and position 24 of GLP-1R/GCGR coagonist exhibited insulin activity comparable to that of insulin degludec and potent and balanced GLP-1R and GCGR activities. Pharmacokinetic profiles of 13 in both rat and minipig were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Huang
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Anandan Palani
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Yang
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 2015
Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Qiaolin Deng
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 2015
Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Vijay Reddy
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 2015
Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ravi P. Nargund
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 2015
Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Songnian Lin
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 2015
Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Simona Altezza
- Peptide
Chemistry Unit, Peptides and Small Molecules R&D, IRBM S.p.A., Via Pontina km 30600, 00071 Pomezia (RM), Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bianchi
- Peptide
Chemistry Unit, Peptides and Small Molecules R&D, IRBM S.p.A., Via Pontina km 30600, 00071 Pomezia (RM), Italy
| | - Federica Orvieto
- Peptide
Chemistry Unit, Peptides and Small Molecules R&D, IRBM S.p.A., Via Pontina km 30600, 00071 Pomezia (RM), Italy
| | - Paul Carrington
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 2015
Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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13
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Mikkelsen JH, Gustafsson MBF, Skrydstrup T, Jensen KB. Selective N-Terminal Acylation of Peptides and Proteins with Tunable Phenol Esters. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:625-633. [PMID: 35320668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Selective modification of peptides and proteins is of foremost importance for the development of biopharmaceuticals and exploring biochemical pathways, as well as other applications. Here, we present a study on the development of a general and easily applicable selective method for N-terminal acylation of biomolecules, applying a new type of phenol esters. Key to the success was the development of highly tunable phenol activators bearing in the ortho-position, sulfonic acid or sulfonamide, acting as a steric shield for hydrolysis, and electron-withdrawing groups in the other ortho- and para-position for controlling the reactivity of the activated phenol esters. A library of heptapeptides, testing all 20 natural amino acids positioned at the N-terminal, were acylated in a selective manner at the N-terminus. The majority showed high conversion and excellent Nα-selectivity. Several biologically relevant biomolecules, including DesB30 insulin and human growth hormone, could also be modified at the N-terminal in a highly selective way, exemplified by either a fluorophore or a fatty acid sidechain. Finally, taking advantage of the possibility to accurately adjust the reactivity of the phenol esters, we present a potential strategy for the construction of dual active biopharmaceuticals through the employment of a bifunctional acylation linker and demonstrate its use in the creation of a GLP-1 insulin analogue, coupled through the lysine residue of GLP-1 and the N-terminal PheB1 amine of DesB30 insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper H Mikkelsen
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760 Måløv, Denmark.,Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Troels Skrydstrup
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kim B Jensen
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
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14
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Insulins for the long term management of diabetes mellitus in dogs: a review. Canine Med Genet 2022; 9:1. [PMID: 35152907 PMCID: PMC8842735 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-022-00114-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The year 2021 marked the centenary of the isolation of a therapeutic form of insulin and its successful use in dogs. This was a landmark moment that subsequently and rapidly led to the commercial manufacture of insulin for use in humans. The impact of insulin was almost miraculous as those destined to die from their diabetes mellitus returned to life. Over the past 100 years, insulin formulations have been modified to attempt to provide a predictable and prolonged duration of action while avoiding the development of hypoglycaemia. This has led to an ever-growing variety of insulin types in human medicine, many of which have subsequently been used in dogs. The purpose of this review article is to provide an overview of available insulin types and their application to the chronic management of canine diabetes mellitus.
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15
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Engudar G, Rodríguez-Rodríguez C, Mishra NK, Bergamo M, Amouroux G, Jensen KJ, Saatchi K, Häfeli UO. Metal-ion coordinated self-assembly of human insulin directs kinetics of insulin release as determined by preclinical SPECT/CT imaging. J Control Release 2022; 343:347-360. [PMID: 35085699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human insulin (HI) has fascinating metal-facilitated self-assembly properties that are essential for its biological function. HI has a natural Zn2+ binding site and we have previously shown that covalently attached abiotic ligands (e.g., bipyridine, terpyridine) can lead to the formation of nanosized oligomeric structures through the coordination of metal ions. Here we studied the hypothesis that metal ions can be used to directly control the pharmacokinetics of insulin after covalent attachment of an abiotic ligand that binds metal ions. We evaluated the pharmacokinetics (PK) and biodistribution of HI self-assemblies directed by metal ion coordination (i.e., Fe2+/Zn2+, Eu3+/Zn2+, Fe2+/Co3+) using preclinical SPECT/CT imaging and ex vivo gamma counting. HI was site-specifically modified with terpyridine (Tpy) at the PheB1 or LysB29 position to create conjugates that bind either Fe2+ or Eu3+, while its natural binding site (e.g., HisB10) preferentially coordinates with either Zn2+ or Co3+. HI was also functionalized with trans-cyclooctene (TCO) opposite to Tpy at PheB1 or LysB29, respectively, to allow for tetrazine-TCO coupling via a tetrazine-modified DTPA followed by 111In-radiolabeling for SPECT/CT imaging. When the 111In-B29Tpy-HI conjugate was coordinated with Fe2+/Zn2+, its retention at the injection site 6 h after injection was ~8-fold higher than the control without the metal ions, while its kidney accumulation was lower. 111In-B1Tpy-HI showed comparable retention at the injection site 6 h after injection and slightly increased retention at 24 h. However, higher kidney accumulation and residence time of degraded 111In-B1Tpy-HI was observed compared to that of 111In-B29Tpy-HI. Quantitative PK analysis based on SPECT/CT images confirmed slower distribution from the injection site of the HI-metal ion assemblies compared to control HI conjugates. Our results show that the Tpy-binding site (i.e., PheB1 or LysB29) on HI and its coordination with the added metal ions (i.e., Fe2+/Zn2+ or Fe2+/Co3+) directed the distribution half-life of HI significantly. This clearly indicates that the PK of insulin can be controlled by complexation with different metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokce Engudar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Narendra Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Marta Bergamo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Guillaume Amouroux
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Knud J Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Katayoun Saatchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Urs O Häfeli
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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16
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Bucur P, Fülöp I, Sipos E. Insulin Complexation with Cyclodextrins-A Molecular Modeling Approach. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27020465. [PMID: 35056780 PMCID: PMC8778189 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Around 5% of the population of the world is affected with the disease called diabetes mellitus. The main medication of the diabetes is the insulin; the active form is the insulin monomer, which is an instable molecule, because the long storage time, or the high temperature, can cause the monomer insulin to adapt an alternative fold, rich in β-sheets, which is pharmaceutically inactive. The aim of this study is to form different insulin complexes with all the cyclodextrin used for pharmaceutical excipients (native cyclodextrin, methyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl and sulfobutylether substituted β-cyclodextrin), in silico condition, with the AutoDock molecular modeling program, to determine the best type of cyclodextrin or cyclodextrin derivate to form a complex with an insulin monomer, to predict the molar ratio, the conformation of the complex, and the intermolecular hydrogen bonds formed between the cyclodextrin and the insulin. From the results calculated by the AutoDock program it can be predicted that insulin can make a stable complex with 5–7 molecules of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin or sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin, and by forming a complex potentially can prevent or delay the amyloid fibrillation of the insulin and increase the stability of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pálma Bucur
- Department of Drugs Industry and Pharmaceutical Management, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (P.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Ibolya Fülöp
- Department of Toxicology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Emese Sipos
- Department of Drugs Industry and Pharmaceutical Management, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (P.B.); (E.S.)
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17
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Vargas-Uricoechea H. Current State and Principles of Basal Insulin Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Med Res 2022; 14:8-21. [PMID: 35211212 PMCID: PMC8827224 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr4660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with basal insulins is a fundamental part of management in many patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Multiple management schemes may be indicated in these individuals, for example, the use of oral antihyperglycemic agents with basal insulins (basal-supported oral therapy) or the combinations of basal insulins with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; each of these strategies makes it easier to achieve glycemic control goals. A basic knowledge of the physiology, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic aspects of the different basal insulins is essential to achieve treatment goals and compliance. This review addresses the principles of management with basal insulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernando Vargas-Uricoechea
- Metabolic Diseases Study Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad del Cauca, Popayan, Colombia.
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18
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Jensen KB, Mikkelsen JH, Jensen SP, Kidal S, Friberg G, Skrydstrup T, Gustafsson MBF. New Phenol Esters for Efficient pH-Controlled Amine Acylation of Peptides, Proteins, and Sepharose Beads in Aqueous Media. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 33:172-179. [PMID: 34962390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the discovery, synthesis, and use of novel water-soluble acylation reagents for efficient and selective modification, cross-linking, and labeling of proteins and peptides, as well as for their use in the effective modification of sepharose beads under pH control in aqueous media. The reagents are based on a 2,4-dichloro-6-sulfonic acid phenol ester core combined with a variety of linker structures. The combination of these motifs leads to an ideal balance between hydrolytic stability and reactivity. At high pH, good to excellent conversions (up to 95%) and regioselectivity (up to 99:1 Nε/Nα amine ratio) in the acylation were realized, exemplified by the chemical modification of incretin peptides and insulin. At neutral pH, an unusually high preference toward the N-terminal phenylalanine in an insulin derivative was observed (>99:1 Nα/Nε), which is up until now unprecedented in the literature for more elaborate reagents. In addition, the unusually high hydrolytic stability of these reagents and their ability to efficiently react at low concentrations (28 μM or 0.1 mg/mL) are exemplified with a hydroxy linker-based reagent and are a unique feature of this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim B Jensen
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk Research Park, Måløv 2760, Denmark
| | - Jesper H Mikkelsen
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk Research Park, Måløv 2760, Denmark.,Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Simon P Jensen
- CMC API Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Smørmosevej 17-19, Bagsværd 2880, Denmark
| | - Steffen Kidal
- CMC API Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Smørmosevej 17-19, Bagsværd 2880, Denmark
| | - Gitte Friberg
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk Research Park, Måløv 2760, Denmark
| | - Troels Skrydstrup
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
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19
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David J, Gómez S, Guerra D, Guerra D, Restrepo A. A Comprehensive Picture of the Structures, Energies, and Bonding in the Alanine Dimers. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:2401-2412. [PMID: 34554628 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High level quantum mechanical computations and extensive stochastic searches of the potential energy surfaces of the Alanine dimers uncover rich and complex structural and interaction landscapes. A total of 416 strongly bound (up 13.4 kcal mol-1 binding energies at the DLPNO-CCSD(T)/6-311++G(d,p) level corrected by the basis set superposition error and by the zero point vibrational energies over B3LYP-D3 geometries), close energy equilibrium structures were located, bonded via 32 specific types of intermolecular contacts including Y⋅⋅⋅H-X primary and Y⋅⋅⋅H-C secondary hydrogen bonds, H⋅⋅⋅H dihydrogen contacts, and non conventional anti-electrostatic Y δ - ⋯ X δ - interactions. The putative global minimum is triply degenerate, corresponding to the structure of the common dimer of a carboxylic acid. All quantum descriptors of chemical bonding point to a multitude of weak individual interactions within each dimer, whose cumulative effect results in large binding energies and in an attractive fluxional wall of non-covalent interactions in the interstitial region between the monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge David
- Escuela de Ciencias, Departamento de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Eafit, AA 3300, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sara Gómez
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Classe di Scienze, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Doris Guerra
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Dario Guerra
- Departamento de Educación y Ciencias Básicas, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Calle 73 No. 76 A-354, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Albeiro Restrepo
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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20
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Mishra NK, Østergaard M, Midtgaard SR, Strindberg SS, Winkler S, Wu S, Sørensen TJ, Hassenkam T, Poulsen JCN, Lo Leggio L, Nielsen HM, Arleth L, Christensen NJ, Thulstrup PW, Jensen KJ. Controlling the fractal dimension in self-assembly of terpyridine modified insulin by Fe 2+ and Eu 3+ to direct in vivo effects. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:8467-8473. [PMID: 33984105 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr00414j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal ion-induced self-assembly (SA) of proteins into higher-order structures can provide new, dynamic nano-assemblies. Here, the synthesis and characterization of a human insulin (HI) analog modified at LysB29 with the tridentate chelator 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (Tpy) is described. SA of this new insulin analog (LysB29Tpy-HI) in the presence of the metal ions Fe2+ and Eu3+ at different concentrations was studied in solution by fluorescence luminescence and CD spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and small-angle X-ray scattering, while surface assembly was probed by AFM. Unique oligomerization was observed in solution, as Fe2+ yielded small magenta-colored discrete non-native assemblies, while Eu3+ caused the formation of large fractal assemblies. Binding of both metal ions to Tpy was demonstrated spectroscopically, and emission lifetime experiments revealed a distinct Eu3+ coordination geometry that included two water molecules. SAXS suggested that LysB29Tpy-HI with Fe2+ oligomerized to a discrete, roughly octameric species, while LysB29Tpy-HI with Eu3+ gave very large assemblies that could be modelled as fractals. The fractal dimensionality increased with the Eu3+ concentration. We propose that this is a consequence of Eu3+ binding to both Tpy and to free carboxylic acid groups on the insulin surface. LysB29Tpy-HI maintained insulin receptor affinity, and showed extended blood glucose lowering and plasma concentration after subcutaneous injection in rats. The combination of metal ion directed SA and native SA provides control of nano-scale fractal dimensionality and points towards use in therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Kumar Mishra
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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21
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Chandrashekar C, Hossain MA, Wade JD. Chemical Glycosylation and Its Application to Glucose Homeostasis-Regulating Peptides. Front Chem 2021; 9:650025. [PMID: 33912539 PMCID: PMC8072350 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.650025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides and proteins are attractive targets for therapeutic drug development due to their exquisite target specificity and low toxicity profiles. However, their complex structures give rise to several challenges including solubility, stability, aggregation, low bioavailability, and poor pharmacokinetics. Numerous chemical strategies to address these have been developed including the introduction of several natural and non-natural modifications such as glycosylation, lipidation, cyclization and PEGylation. Glycosylation is considered to be one of the most useful modifications as it is known to contribute to increasing the stability, to improve solubility, and increase the circulating half-lifves of these biomolecules. However, cellular glycosylation is a highly complex process that generally results in heterogenous glycan structures which confounds quality control and chemical and biological assays. For this reason, much effort has been expended on the development of chemical methods, including by solid phase peptide synthesis or chemoenzymatic processes, to enable the acquisition of homogenous glycopeptides to greatly expand possibilities in drug development. In this mini-review, we highlight the importance of such chemical glycosylation methods for improving the biophysical properties of naturally non-glycosylated peptides as applied to the therapeutically essential insulin and related peptides that are used in the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitra Chandrashekar
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohammed Akhter Hossain
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John D Wade
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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22
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Sørensen KK, Mishra NK, Paprocki MP, Mehrotra A, Jensen KJ. High-Performance Reversed-Phase Flash Chromatography Purification of Peptides and Chemically Modified Insulins. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1818-1822. [PMID: 33443297 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Preparative reversed-phase HPLC is the established method for the purification of peptides, but has significant limitations. We systematically investigated the use of high-performance reversed-phase flash chromatography (HPFC) to rapidly purify laboratory-scale quantities of crude, synthetic peptides and chemically modified insulins. We demonstrated these methods for a diverse set of peptides, including short, medium, and long peptides. Depending on the purity profile of the peptide, HPFC can be used either as the sole purification method, or as a pre-purification method prior to final HPLC purification. Furthermore, HPFC is suitable for the purification of peptides that are not fully in solution. We provide guidelines for the HPFC of synthetic peptides and small proteins, including the choice of columns, eluents, and gradients. We believe that HPFC is a valuable alternative to HPLC purification of peptides and small proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper K Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Narendra K Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Maciej P Paprocki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Knud J Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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23
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Abstract
The pancreatic peptide hormone insulin, first discovered exactly 100 years ago, is essential for glycemic control and is used as a therapeutic for the treatment of type 1 and, increasingly, type 2 diabetes. With a worsening global diabetes epidemic and its significant health budget imposition, there is a great demand for new analogues possessing improved physical and functional properties. However, the chemical synthesis of insulin's intricate 51-amino acid, two-chain, three-disulfide bond structure, together with the poor physicochemical properties of both the individual chains and the hormone itself, has long represented a major challenge to organic chemists. This review provides a timely overview of the past efforts to chemically assemble this fascinating hormone using an array of strategies to enable both correct folding of the two chains and selective formation of disulfide bonds. These methods not only have contributed to general peptide synthesis chemistry and enabled access to the greatly growing numbers of insulin-like and cystine-rich peptides but also, today, enable the production of insulin at the synthetic efficiency levels of recombinant DNA expression methods. They have led to the production of a myriad of novel analogues with optimized structural and functional features and of the feasibility for their industrial manufacture.
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24
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Mannerstedt K, Mishra NK, Engholm E, Lundh M, Madsen CS, Pedersen PJ, Le-Huu P, Pedersen SL, Buch-Månson N, Borgström B, Brimert T, Fink LN, Fosgerau K, Vrang N, Jensen KJ. An Aldehyde Responsive, Cleavable Linker for Glucose Responsive Insulins. Chemistry 2021; 27:3166-3176. [PMID: 33169429 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A glucose responsive insulin (GRI) that responds to changes in blood glucose concentrations has remained an elusive goal. Here we describe the development of glucose cleavable linkers based on hydrazone and thiazolidine structures. We developed linkers with low levels of spontaneous hydrolysis but increased level of hydrolysis with rising concentrations of glucose, which demonstrated their glucose responsiveness in vitro. Lipidated hydrazones and thiazolidines were conjugated to the LysB29 side-chain of HI by pH-controlled acylations providing GRIs with glucose responsiveness confirmed in vitro for thiazolidines. Clamp studies showed increased glucose infusion at hyperglycemic conditions for one GRI indicative of a true glucose response. The glucose responsive cleavable linker in these GRIs allow changes in glucose levels to drive the release of active insulin from a circulating depot. We have demonstrated an unprecedented, chemically responsive linker concept for biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Narendra Kumar Mishra
- Gubra ApS, Hørsholm Kongevej, 11B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark.,Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ebbe Engholm
- Gubra ApS, Hørsholm Kongevej, 11B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark.,Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Morten Lundh
- Gubra ApS, Hørsholm Kongevej, 11B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | | | | | - Priska Le-Huu
- Gubra ApS, Hørsholm Kongevej, 11B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | | | | | - Björn Borgström
- Red Glead Discovery AB, Scheelevägen 17, 22363, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Brimert
- Red Glead Discovery AB, Scheelevägen 17, 22363, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lisbeth N Fink
- Gubra ApS, Hørsholm Kongevej, 11B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Keld Fosgerau
- Gubra ApS, Hørsholm Kongevej, 11B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Niels Vrang
- Gubra ApS, Hørsholm Kongevej, 11B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Knud J Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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25
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Morimoto M, Cao W, Bergman RG, Raymond KN, Toste FD. Chemoselective and Site-Selective Reductions Catalyzed by a Supramolecular Host and a Pyridine-Borane Cofactor. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2108-2114. [PMID: 33471541 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular catalysts emulate the mechanism of enzymes to achieve large rate accelerations and precise selectivity under mild and aqueous conditions. While significant strides have been made in the supramolecular host-promoted synthesis of small molecules, applications of this reactivity to chemoselective and site-selective modification of complex biomolecules remain virtually unexplored. We report here a supramolecular system where coencapsulation of pyridine-borane with a variety of molecules including enones, ketones, aldehydes, oximes, hydrazones, and imines effects efficient reductions under basic aqueous conditions. Upon subjecting unprotected lysine to the host-mediated reductive amination conditions, we observed excellent ε-selectivity, indicating that differential guest binding within the same molecule is possible without sacrificing reactivity. Inspired by the post-translational modification of complex biomolecules by enzymatic systems, we then applied this supramolecular reaction to the site-selective labeling of a single lysine residue in an 11-amino acid peptide chain and human insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Morimoto
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Wendy Cao
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Robert G Bergman
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kenneth N Raymond
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - F Dean Toste
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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