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Janickova L, Schwaller B. Parvalbumin-Deficiency Accelerates the Age-Dependent ROS Production in Pvalb Neurons in vivo: Link to Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:571216. [PMID: 33132847 PMCID: PMC7549402 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.571216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia, impairment/malfunctioning of a subpopulation of interneurons expressing the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV) -here termed Pvalb neurons- has gradually emerged as a possible cause. These neurons may represent a hub or point-of-convergence in the etiology of NDD. Increased oxidative stress associated with mitochondria impairment in Pvalb neurons is discussed as an essential step in schizophrenia etiology. Since PV downregulation is a common finding in ASD and schizophrenia individuals and PV-deficient (PV-/-) mice show a strong ASD-like behavior phenotype, we investigated the putative link between PV expression, alterations in mitochondria and oxidative stress. In a longitudinal study with 1, 3, and 6-months old PV-/- and wild type mice, oxidative stress was investigated in 9 Pvalb neuron subpopulations in the hippocampus, striatum, somatosensory cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) and cerebellum. In Pvalb neuron somata in the striatum and TRN, we additionally determined mitochondria volume and distribution at these three time points. In all Pvalb neuron subpopulations, we observed an age-dependent increase in oxidative stress and the increase strongly correlated with PV expression levels, but not with mitochondria density in these Pvalb neurons. Moreover, oxidative stress was elevated in Pvalb neurons of PV-/- mice and the magnitude of the effect was again correlated with PV expression levels in the corresponding wild type Pvalb neuron subpopulations. The PV-dependent effect was insignificant at 1 month and relative differences between WT and PV-/- Pvalb neurons were largest at 3 months. Besides the increase in mitochondria volume in PV's absence in TRN and striatal PV-/- Pvalb neurons fully present already at 1 month, we observed a redistribution of mitochondria from the perinuclear region toward the plasma membrane at all time points. We suggest that in absence of PV, slow Ca2+ buffering normally exerted by PV is compensated by a (mal)adaptive, mostly sub-plasmalemmal increase in mitochondria resulting in increased oxidative stress observed in 3- and 6-months old mice. Since PV-/- mice display core ASD-like symptoms already at 1 month, oxidative stress in Pvalb neurons is not a likely cause for their ASD-related behavior observed at this age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beat Schwaller
- Department of Neurosciences amd Movement Science, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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2
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Wang Y, Chen ZP, Yang ZQ, Zhang XY, Li JM, Wang JJ, Zhu JN. Corticotropin-releasing factor depolarizes rat lateral vestibular nuclear neurons through activation of CRF receptors 1 and 2. Neuropeptides 2019; 76:101934. [PMID: 31130301 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a neuropeptide mainly synthesized in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and has been traditionally implicated in stress and anxiety. Intriguingly, genetic or pharmacological manipulation of CRF receptors affects locomotor activity as well as motor coordination and balance in rodents, suggesting an active involvement of the central CRFergic system in motor control. Yet little is known about the exact role of CRF in central motor structures and the underlying mechanisms. Therefore, in the present study, we focused on the effect of CRF on the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) in the brainstem vestibular nuclear complex, an important center directly contributing to adjustment of muscle tone for both postural maintenance and the alternative change from the extensor to the flexor phase during locomotion. The results show that CRF depolarizes and increases the firing rate of neurons in the LVN. Tetrodotoxin does not block the CRF-induced depolarization and inward current on LVN neurons, suggesting a direct postsynaptic action of the neuropeptide. The CRF-induced depolarization on LVN neurons was partly blocked by antalarmin or antisauvagine-30, selective antagonists for CRF receptors 1 (CRFR1) and 2 (CRFR2), respectively. Furthermore, combined application of antalarmin and antisauvagine-30 totally abolished the CRF-induced depolarization. Immunofluorescence results show that CRFR1 and CRFR2 are co-localized in the rat LVN. These results demonstrate that CRF excites the LVN neurons by co-activation of both CRFR1 and CRFR2, suggesting that via the direct modulation on the LVN, the central CRFergic system may actively participate in the central vestibular-mediated postural and motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhang-Peng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhong-Qin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian-Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jing-Ning Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China.
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3
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Zahola P, Hanics J, Pintér A, Máté Z, Gáspárdy A, Hevesi Z, Echevarria D, Adori C, Barde S, Törőcsik B, Erdélyi F, Szabó G, Wagner L, Kovacs GG, Hökfelt T, Harkany T, Alpár A. Secretagogin expression in the vertebrate brainstem with focus on the noradrenergic system and implications for Alzheimer's disease. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:2061-2078. [PMID: 31144035 PMCID: PMC6591208 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01886-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-binding proteins are widely used to distinguish neuronal subsets in the brain. This study focuses on secretagogin, an EF-hand calcium sensor, to identify distinct neuronal populations in the brainstem of several vertebrate species. By using neural tube whole mounts of mouse embryos, we show that secretagogin is already expressed during the early ontogeny of brainstem noradrenaline cells. In adults, secretagogin-expressing neurons typically populate relay centres of special senses and vegetative regulatory centres of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain. Notably, secretagogin expression overlapped with the brainstem column of noradrenergic cell bodies, including the locus coeruleus (A6) and the A1, A5 and A7 fields. Secretagogin expression in avian, mouse, rat and human samples showed quasi-equivalent patterns, suggesting conservation throughout vertebrate phylogeny. We found reduced secretagogin expression in locus coeruleus from subjects with Alzheimer’s disease, and this reduction paralleled the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase, the enzyme rate limiting noradrenaline synthesis. Residual secretagogin immunoreactivity was confined to small submembrane domains associated with initial aberrant tau phosphorylation. In conclusion, we provide evidence that secretagogin is a useful marker to distinguish neuronal subsets in the brainstem, conserved throughout several species, and its altered expression may reflect cellular dysfunction of locus coeruleus neurons in Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Zahola
- SE NAP B Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Hanics
- SE NAP B Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Pintér
- Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Máté
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Gáspárdy
- Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Hevesi
- SE NAP B Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Diego Echevarria
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Miguel Hernandez de Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Csaba Adori
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum 7D, SE-17165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Swapnali Barde
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum 7D, SE-17165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Beáta Törőcsik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Erdélyi
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Szabó
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ludwig Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum 7D, SE-17165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum 7D, SE-17165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alán Alpár
- SE NAP B Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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4
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Morona R, González A. Pattern of calbindin-D28k and calretinin immunoreactivity in the brain of Xenopus laevis during embryonic and larval development. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:79-108. [PMID: 22678695 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The present study represents a detailed spatiotemporal analysis of the localization of calbindin-D28k (CB) and calretinin (CR) immunoreactive structures in the brain of Xenopus laevis throughout development, conducted with the aim to correlate the onset of the immunoreactivity with the development of compartmentalization of distinct subdivisions recently identified in the brain of adult amphibians and primarily highlighted when analyzed within a segmental paradigm. CR and CB are expressed early in the brain and showed a progressively increasing expression throughout development, although transient expression in some neuronal subpopulations was also noted. Common and distinct characteristics in Xenopus, as compared with reported features during development in the brain of mammals, were observed. The development of specific regions in the forebrain such as the olfactory bulbs, the components of the basal ganglia and the amygdaloid complex, the alar and basal hypothalamic regions, and the distinct diencephalic neuromeres could be analyzed on the basis of the distinct expression of CB and CR in subregions. Similarly, the compartments of the mesencephalon and the main rhombencephalic regions, including the cerebellum, were differently highlighted by their specific content in CB and CR throughout development. Our results show the usefulness of the analysis of the distribution of these proteins as a tool in neuroanatomy to interpret developmental aspects of many brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Morona
- Department of Cell Biology, University Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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5
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Kroehne V, Freudenreich D, Hans S, Kaslin J, Brand M. Regeneration of the adult zebrafish brain from neurogenic radial glia-type progenitors. Development 2011; 138:4831-41. [PMID: 22007133 DOI: 10.1242/dev.072587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Severe traumatic injury to the adult mammalian CNS leads to life-long loss of function. By contrast, several non-mammalian vertebrate species, including adult zebrafish, have a remarkable ability to regenerate injured organs, including the CNS. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that enable or prevent CNS regeneration are largely unknown. To study brain regeneration mechanisms in adult zebrafish, we developed a traumatic lesion assay, analyzed cellular reactions to injury and show that adult zebrafish can efficiently regenerate brain lesions and lack permanent glial scarring. Using Cre-loxP-based genetic lineage-tracing, we demonstrate that her4.1-positive ventricular radial glia progenitor cells react to injury, proliferate and generate neuroblasts that migrate to the lesion site. The newly generated neurons survive for more than 3 months, are decorated with synaptic contacts and express mature neuronal markers. Thus, regeneration after traumatic lesion of the adult zebrafish brain occurs efficiently from radial glia-type stem/progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Kroehne
- Biotechnology Center and DFG-Research Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universitat Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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6
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Eugène D, Idoux E, Beraneck M, Moore LE, Vidal PP. Intrinsic membrane properties of central vestibular neurons in rodents. Exp Brain Res 2011; 210:423-36. [PMID: 21331527 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2569-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies in rodents have shown that the functional efficacy of several neurotransmitter receptors and the intrinsic membrane excitability of central vestibular neurons, as well as the organization of synaptic connections within and between vestibular nuclei can be modified during postnatal development, after a lesion of peripheral vestibular organs or in vestibular-deficient mutant animals. This review mainly focuses on the intrinsic membrane properties of neurons of the medial vestibular nuclei of rodents, their postnatal maturation, and changes following experimental or congenital alterations in vestibular inputs. It also presents the concomitant modifications in the distribution of these neurons into different neuron types, which has been based on their membrane properties in relation to their anatomical, biochemical, or functional properties. The main points discussed in this review are that (1) the intrinsic membrane properties can be used to distinguish between two dominant types of neurons, (2) the system remains plastic throughout the whole life of the animal, and finally, (3) the intracellular calcium concentration has a major effect on the intrinsic membrane properties of central vestibular neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Eugène
- Centre d'Etudes de la SensoriMotricité (CESeM), UMR 8194, CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris cedex 06, France
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7
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Potier B, Turpin FR, Sinet PM, Rouaud E, Mothet JP, Videau C, Epelbaum J, Dutar P, Billard JM. Contribution of the d-Serine-Dependent Pathway to the Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Cognitive Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2010; 2:1. [PMID: 20552041 PMCID: PMC2874399 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.24.001.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An association between age-related memory impairments and changes in functional plasticity in the aging brain has been under intense study within the last decade. In this article, we show that an impaired activation of the strychnine-insensitive glycine site of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDA-R) by its agonist d-serine contributes to deficits of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus of memory-impaired aged rats. Supplementation with exogenous d-serine prevents the age-related deficits of isolated NMDA-R-dependent synaptic potentials as well as those of theta-burst-induced long-term potentiation and synaptic depotentiation. Endogenous levels of d-serine are reduced in the hippocampus with aging, that correlates with a weaker expression of serine racemase synthesizing the amino acid. On the contrary, the affinity of d-serine binding to NMDA-R is not affected by aging. These results point to a critical role for the d-serine-dependent pathway in the functional alterations of the brain underlying memory impairment and provide key information in the search for new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of memory deficits in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Potier
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM, U894, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes Paris, France
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8
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Turpin FR, Potier B, Dulong JR, Sinet PM, Alliot J, Oliet SHR, Dutar P, Epelbaum J, Mothet JP, Billard JM. Reduced serine racemase expression contributes to age-related deficits in hippocampal cognitive function. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 32:1495-504. [PMID: 19800712 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To gain insight into the contribution of d-serine to impaired cognitive aging, we compared the metabolic pathway and content of the amino acid as well as d-serine-dependent synaptic transmission and plasticity in the hippocampus of young and old rats of the Wistar and Lou/C/Jall strains. Wistar rats display cognitive impairments with aging that are not found in the latter strain, which is therefore considered a model of healthy aging. Both mRNA and protein levels of serine racemase, the d-serine synthesizing enzyme, were decreased in the hippocampus but not in the cerebral cortex or cerebellum of aged Wistar rats, whereas the expression of d-amino acid oxidase, which degrades the amino acid, was not affected. Consequently, hippocampal levels of endogenous d-serine were significantly lower. In contrast, serine racemase expression and d-serine levels were not altered in the hippocampus of aged Lou/C/Jall rats. Ex vivo electrophysiological recordings in hippocampal slices showed a marked reduction in N-methyl-d-aspartate-receptor (NMDA-R)-mediated synaptic potentials and theta-burst-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 area of aged Wistar rats, which were restored by exogenous d-serine. In contrast, NMDA-R activation, LTP induction and responses to d-serine were not altered in aged Lou/C/Jall rats. These results further strengthen the notion that the serine racemase-dependent pathway is a prime target of hippocampus-dependent cognitive deficits with aging. Understanding the processes that specifically affect serine racemase during aging could thus provide key insights into the treatment of memory deficits in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Turpin
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM, UMR 894, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Paris, F-75014, France.
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9
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Carrascal L, Nieto-Gonzalez JL, Torres B, Nunez-Abades P. Changes in somatodendritic morphometry of rat oculomotor nucleus motoneurons during postnatal development. J Comp Neurol 2009; 514:189-202. [PMID: 19274669 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the somatodendritic shaping of rat oculomotor nucleus motoneurons (Mns) during postnatal development. The Mns were functionally identified in slice preparation, intracellularly injected with neurobiotin, and three-dimensionally reconstructed. Most of the Mns (approximately 85%) were multipolar and the rest (approximately 15%) bipolar. Forty multipolar Mns were studied and grouped as follows: 1-5, 6-10, 11-15, and 21-30 postnatal days. Two phases were distinguished during postnatal development (P1-P10 and P11-P30). During the first phase, there was a progressive increase in the dendritic complexity; e.g., the number of terminals per neuron increased from 26.3 (P1-P5) to 47.7 (P6-P10) and membrane somatodendritic area from 11,289.9 microm(2) (P1-P5) to 19,235.8 microm(2) (P6-P10). In addition, a few cases of tracer coupling were observed. During the second phase, dendritic elongation took place; e.g., the maximum dendritic length increased from 486.7 microm (P6-P10) to 729.5 microm in adult Mns, with a simplification of dendritic complexity to values near those for the newborn, and a slow, progressive increase in membrane area from 19,235.8 microm(2) (P6-P10) to 24,700.3 microm(2) (P21-P30), while the somatic area remained constant. In conclusion, the electrophysiological changes reported in these Mns with maturation (Carrascal et al. [2006] Neuroscience 140:1223-1237) cannot be fully explained by morphometric variations; the dendritic elongation and increase in dendritic area are features shared with other pools of Mns, whereas changes in dendritic complexity depend on each population; the first phase paralleled the establishment of vestibular circuitry and the second paralleled eyelid opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Carrascal
- Department of Physiology and Zoology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
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10
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Eugène D, Deforges S, Vibert N, Vidal PP. Vestibular Critical Period, Maturation of Central Vestibular Neurons, and Locomotor Control. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1164:180-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Eugène D, Deforges S, Guimont F, Idoux E, Vidal PP, Moore LE, Vibert N. Developmental regulation of the membrane properties of central vestibular neurons by sensory vestibular information in the mouse. J Physiol 2007; 583:923-43. [PMID: 17627998 PMCID: PMC2277192 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.133710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the lack of vestibular input on the membrane properties of central vestibular neurons was studied by using a strain of transgenic, vestibular-deficient mutant KCNE1(-/-) mice where the hair cells of the inner ear degenerate just after birth. Despite the absence of sensory vestibular input, their central vestibular pathways are intact. Juvenile and adult homozygous mutant have a normal resting posture, but show a constant head bobbing behaviour and display the shaker/waltzer phenotype characterized by rapid bilateral circling during locomotion. In juvenile mice, the KCNE1 mutation was associated with a strong decrease in the expression of the calcium-binding proteins calbindin, calretinin and parvalbumin within the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) and important modifications of the membrane properties of MVN neurons. In adult mice, however, there was almost no difference between the membrane properties of MVN neurons of homozygous and control or heterozygous mutant mice, which have normal inner ear hair cells and show no behavioural symptoms. The expression levels of calbindin and calretinin were lower in adult homozygous mutant animals, but the amount of calcium-binding proteins expressed in the MVN was much greater than in juvenile mice. These data demonstrate that suppression of sensory vestibular inputs during a 'sensitive period' around birth can generate the circling/waltzing behaviour, but that this behaviour is not due to persistent abnormalities of the membrane properties of central vestibular neurons. Altogether, maturation of the membrane properties of central vestibular neurons is delayed, but not impaired by the absence of sensory vestibular information.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Calbindin 2
- Calbindins
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Chelating Agents/pharmacology
- Critical Period, Psychological
- Egtazic Acid/analogs & derivatives
- Egtazic Acid/pharmacology
- Electric Capacitance
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Hair Cells, Vestibular/pathology
- Hair Cells, Vestibular/physiology
- Head Movements/physiology
- Membrane Potentials/drug effects
- Membrane Potentials/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Parvalbumins/genetics
- Parvalbumins/metabolism
- Patch-Clamp Techniques
- Phenotype
- Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated/genetics
- Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- S100 Calcium Binding Protein G/genetics
- S100 Calcium Binding Protein G/metabolism
- Vestibular Nuclei/growth & development
- Vestibular Nuclei/pathology
- Vestibular Nuclei/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- D Eugène
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie des Réseaux Sensorimoteurs, UMR 7060, CNRS-Université Paris Descartes, Paris.
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12
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Puyal J, Martineau M, Mothet JP, Nicolas MT, Raymond J. Changes in D-serine levels and localization during postnatal development of the rat vestibular nuclei. J Comp Neurol 2006; 497:610-21. [PMID: 16739185 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The patterns of development of the vestibular nuclei (VN) and their main connections involving glutamate neurotransmission offer a good model for studying the function of the glial-derived neuromodulator D-serine in synaptic plasticity. In this study we show that D-serine is present in the VN and we analyzed its distribution and the levels of expression of serine racemase and D-amino acid oxidase (D-AAO) at different stages of postnatal (P) development. From birth to P21, high levels of D-serine were detected in glial cells and processes in all parts of the VN. This period corresponded to high expression of serine racemase and low expression of D-AAO. On the other hand, in the mature VN D-serine displayed very low levels and was mainly localized in neuronal cell bodies and dendrites. This drop of D-serine in adult stages corresponded to an increasing expression of D-AAO at mature stages. High levels of glial D-serine during the first 3 weeks of postnatal development correspond to an intense period of plasticity and synaptogenesis and maturation of VN afferents, suggesting that D-serine could be involved in these phenomena. These results demonstrate for the first time that changes in D-serine levels and distribution occur during postnatal development in the central nervous system. The strong decrease of D-serine levels and the glial-to-neuronal switch suggests that D-serine may have distinct functional roles depending on the developmental stage of the vestibular network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Puyal
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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13
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Mothet JP, Rouaud E, Sinet PM, Potier B, Jouvenceau A, Dutar P, Videau C, Epelbaum J, Billard JM. A critical role for the glial-derived neuromodulator D-serine in the age-related deficits of cellular mechanisms of learning and memory. Aging Cell 2006; 5:267-74. [PMID: 16842499 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2006.00216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-associated deficits in learning and memory are closely correlated with impairments of synaptic plasticity. Analysis of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr)-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) in CA1 hippocampal slices indicates that the glial-derived neuromodulator D-serine is required for the induction of synaptic plasticity. During aging, the content of D-serine and the expression of its synthesizing enzyme serine racemase are significantly decreased in the hippocampus. Impaired LTP and NMDAr-mediated synaptic potentials in old rats are rescued by exogenous D-serine. These results highlight the critical role of glial cells and presumably astrocytes, through the availability of D-serine, in the deficits of synaptic mechanisms of learning and memory that occur in the course of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Mothet
- Neurobiologie de la Croissance et de la Sénescence, UMR 549 INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Descartes, 2 ter rue d'Alésia, 75014 Paris, France
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Víg J, Takács J, Abrahám H, Kovács GG, Hámori J. Calretinin‐immunoreactive unipolar brush cells in the developing human cerebellum. Int J Dev Neurosci 2005; 23:723-9. [PMID: 16289944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2005.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Revised: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the temporal and spatial characteristics of the development of unipolar brush cells (UBCs) in the human cerebellar vermis. Consistently with previous studies in rodents and cat, we have found that unipolar brush cells appear at a relatively late phase of cerebellar development and their development continues up to and beyond the first postnatal year. A series of 23 normal human brains, including 5 adult and 18 fetal or infant brains (between the 24th gestational week and the 11th postnatal month) were used. In order to visualize unipolar brush cells, calretinin-immunocytochemistry was performed on formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks of the cerebellar vermis. Our results show that calretinin-immunoreactive unipolar brush cells are not yet present in the cerebellar vermis at the 28th gestational week. At birth, they are present in a relatively small number, mostly in the vestibular lobules. At the 3rd, 5th, 8.5th and 11th postnatal months the number of calretinin-immunoreactive unipolar brush cells gradually increase, first appearing in the vestibular lobules, followed by the invasion of the later developing vermal lobules, spreading in a rostro-caudal and proximo-distal direction. Although at the 11th postnatal month unipolar brush cells exhibited adult-like morphological and distributional features, their number appeared to be lower than in the adult cerebellum. The late maturation of unipolar brush cells implies that the cytoarchitectonical development of the human cerebellum is not completed by the end of the first postnatal year.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Víg
- Neurobiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Legaz I, Olmos L, Real MA, Guirado S, Dávila JC, Medina L. Development of neurons and fibers containing calcium binding proteins in the pallial amygdala of mouse, with special emphasis on those of the basolateral amygdalar complex. J Comp Neurol 2005; 488:492-513. [PMID: 15973681 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We studied the development of neurons and fibers containing calbindin, calretinin, and parvalbumin in the mouse pallial amygdala, with special emphasis on those of the basolateral amygdalar complex. Numerous calbindin-immunoreactive (CB+) cells were observed in the incipient basolateral amygdalar complex and cortical amygdalar area from E13.5. At E16.5, CB+ cells became more abundant in the lateral and basolateral nuclei than in the basomedial nucleus, showing a pattern very similar to that of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons. Many CB+ cells observed in the pallial amygdala appeared to originate in the anterior entopeduncular area/ganglionic eminences of the subpallium. The density of CB+ cells gradually increased in the pallial amygdala until the first postnatal week and appeared to decrease later, coinciding with the postnatal appearance of parvalbumin cells and raising the possibility of a partial phenotypic shift. Calretinin (CR) immunoreactivity could be observed in a few cells and fibers in the pallial amygdala at E14.5, and by E16.5 it became a good marker of the different nuclei of the basolateral amygdalar complex. Numerous CB+ and CR+ varicosities, part of which have an intrinsic origin, were observed in the basolateral amygdalar complex from E16.5, and some surrounded unstained perikarya and/or processes before birth, indicating an early formation of inhibitory networks. Each calcium binding protein showed a distinct spatiotemporal expression pattern of development in the mouse pallial amygdala. Any alteration in the development of neurons and fibers containing calcium binding proteins of the pallial amygdala may result in important disorders of emotional and social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Legaz
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Puyal J, Grassi S, Dieni C, Frondaroli A, Demêmes D, Raymond J, Pettorossi VE. Developmental shift from long-term depression to long-term potentiation in the rat medial vestibular nuclei: role of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors. J Physiol 2003; 553:427-43. [PMID: 12972627 PMCID: PMC2343569 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.051995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of high frequency stimulation (HFS) of the primary vestibular afferents on synaptic transmission in the ventral part of the medial vestibular nuclei (vMVN) were studied during postnatal development and compared with the changes in the expression of the group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) subtypes, mGluR1 and mGluR5. During the first stages of development, HFS always induced a mGluR5- and GABAA-dependent long-term depression (LTD) which did not require NMDA receptor and mGluR1 activation. The probability of inducing LTD decreased progressively throughout the development and it was zero at about the end of the second postnatal week. Conversely, long-term potentiation (LTP) appeared at the beginning of the second week and its occurrence increased to reach the adult value at the end of the third week. Of interest, the sudden change in the LTP frequency occurred at the time of eye opening, about the end of the second postnatal week. LTP depended on NMDA receptor and mGluR1 activation. In parallel with the modifications in synaptic plasticity, we observed that the expression patterns and localizations of mGluR5 and mGluR1 in the medial vestibular nuclei (MVN) changed during postnatal development. At the earlier stages the mGluR1 expression was minimal, then increased progressively. In contrast, mGluR5 expression was initially high, then decreased. While mGluR1 was exclusively localized in neuronal compartments and concentrated at the postsynaptic sites at all stages observed, mGluR5 was found mainly in neuronal compartments at immature stages, then preferentially in glial compartments at mature stages. These results provide the first evidence for a progressive change from LTD to LTP accompanied by a distinct maturation expression of mGluR1 and mGluR5 during the development of the MVN.
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MESH Headings
- 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate/pharmacology
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Bicuculline/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western
- Chromones/pharmacology
- Electric Stimulation
- Electrophysiology
- GABA-A Receptor Antagonists
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization
- Long-Term Potentiation/drug effects
- Long-Term Potentiation/physiology
- Long-Term Synaptic Depression/drug effects
- Long-Term Synaptic Depression/physiology
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Immunoelectron
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5
- Receptors, GABA-A/physiology
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/genetics
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/physiology
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/physiology
- Vestibular Nuclei/growth & development
- Vestibular Nuclei/physiology
- Vestibular Nuclei/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Puyal
- INSERM U432, University of Montpellier II, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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