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Surin M, Ulrich S. From Interaction to Function in DNA-Templated Supramolecular Self-Assemblies. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:480-498. [PMID: 32328404 PMCID: PMC7175023 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-templated self-assembly represents a rich and growing subset of supramolecular chemistry where functional self-assemblies are programmed in a versatile manner using nucleic acids as readily-available and readily-tunable templates. In this review, we summarize the different DNA recognition modes and the basic supramolecular interactions at play in this context. We discuss the recent results that report the DNA-templated self-assembly of small molecules into complex yet precise nanoarrays, going from 1D to 3D architectures. Finally, we show their emerging functions as photonic/electronic nanowires, sensors, gene delivery vectors, and supramolecular catalysts, and their growing applications in a wide range of area from materials to biological sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Surin
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel MaterialsCenter of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP)University of Mons-UMONS7000MonsBelgium
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2
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Lee SH, Ham S, Nam S, Aratani N, Osuka A, Sim E, Kim D. Investigation and Control of Single Molecular Structures of Meso- Meso Linked Long Porphyrin Arrays. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:5121-5125. [PMID: 29697978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated conformational structures of meso- meso linked porphyrin arrays (Z n) by single molecule fluorescence spectroscopy. Modulation depths ( M values) were measured by excitation polarization fluorescence spectroscopy. The M value decreases from 0.85 to 0.46 as the number of porphyrin units increases from 3 to 128, indicating that longer arrays exhibit coiled structures. Such conformational changes depending on the length have been confirmed by coarse-grained simulation. The histograms of M values and traces of centroid position of emitting sites by localization microscopy showed that the structures of longer arrays changed to more stretched after solvent vapor annealing with tetrahydrofuran.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Naoki Aratani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan
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Ziessel R, Stachelek P, Harriman A, Hedley GJ, Roland T, Ruseckas A, Samuel IDW. Ultrafast Through-Space Electronic Energy Transfer in Molecular Dyads Built around Dynamic Spacer Units. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:4437-4447. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b02415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Ziessel
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Patrycja Stachelek
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Harriman
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon J. Hedley
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, Physical Science Building, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Roland
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, Physical Science Building, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Arvydas Ruseckas
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, Physical Science Building, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Ifor D. W. Samuel
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, Physical Science Building, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The breaking of molecular symmetry through photoexcitation is a ubiquitous but rather elusive process, which, for example, controls the microscopic efficiency of light harvesting in molecular aggregates. A molecular excitation within a π-conjugated segment will self-localize due to strong coupling to molecular vibrations, locally changing bond alternation in a process which is fundamentally nondeterministic. Probing such symmetry breaking usually relies on polarization-resolved fluorescence, which is most powerful on the level of single molecules. Here, we explore symmetry breaking by designing a large, asymmetric acceptor-donor-acceptor (A1-D-A2) complex 10 nm in length, where excitation energy can flow from the donor, a π-conjugated oligomer, to either one of the two boron-dipyrromethene (bodipy) dye acceptors of different color. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) reveals a nondeterministic switching between the energy-transfer pathways from the oligomer to the two acceptor groups on the submillisecond timescale. We conclude that excitation energy transfer, and light harvesting in general, are fundamentally nondeterministic processes, which can be strongly perturbed by external stimuli. A simple demonstration of the relation between exciton localization within the extended π-system and energy transfer to the endcap is given by considering the selectivity of endcap emission through the polarization of the excitation light in triads with bent oligomer backbones. Bending leads to increased localization so that the molecule acquires bichromophoric characteristics in terms of its fluorescence photon statistics.
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5
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Ham S, Lee SH, Chung H, Kim D. Structure-property relationships in two-dimensionally extended benzoporphyrin molecules probed using single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:7521-6. [PMID: 26903155 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07527k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of a series of highly π-conjugated benzoporphyrin molecules (s) with different shapes were investigated in the condensed phase using single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy. The fluorescence properties of single s were found to be affected by the number of porphyrin units and their molecular shapes. Notably, the single-molecule fluorescence dynamics of the s revealed an increase in the fluorescence lifetimes and blue shifts of the fluorescence spectra indicative of decreasing π-conjugation pathways in the molecules. The distributions of the spectroscopic parameters and the photostability for the molecules also suggest conformational complexities and heterogeneities. Specifically, as the number of constituent porphyrin units increased, the one-step photobleaching behavior ratio and photostability decreased, and the spectroscopic parameter distributions broadened. The structural properties of the s were also directly determined using defocused wide-field imaging and linear dichroism analyses. In particular, molecules with the same number of constituent porphyrins but different molecular shapes exhibited distinct photophysical properties. In summary, these observations provide guidance for the design of molecular systems that can enhance the performance of molecular electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Ham
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Sang Hyeon Lee
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Heejae Chung
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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6
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Ham S, Lee JE, Song S, Peng X, Hori T, Aratani N, Osuka A, Sim E, Kim D. Direct observation of structural properties and fluorescent trapping sites in macrocyclic porphyrin arrays at the single-molecule level. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:3871-7. [PMID: 26765482 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06859b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
By utilizing single-molecule defocused wide-field fluorescence microscopy, we have investigated the molecular structural properties such as transition dipole moment orientations and the angular relationship among chromophores, as well as structural distortions and flexibilities depending on the ring size, in a series of cyclic porphyrin arrays bearing close likeness in overall architectures to the LH2 complexes in purple bacterial photosynthetic systems. Furthermore, comparing the experimental results with molecular dynamics simulations, we ascertained site selection for fluorescent trapping sites. Collectively, these experimental and computational results provide the basis for structure-property relationships and energy hopping/emitting processes in an important class of artificial light-harvesting molecular systems widely used in molecular electronics technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Ham
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Korea.
| | - Ji-Eun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Korea.
| | - Suhwan Song
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Korea.
| | - Xiaobin Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Hori
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Naoki Aratani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Eunji Sim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Korea.
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Korea.
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Use of biomolecular scaffolds for assembling multistep light harvesting and energy transfer devices. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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The Power of Single-Molecule FRET Microscopy Applied to DNA Nanotechnology. NUCLEIC ACIDS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-38815-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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9
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Volkov IL, Ramazanov RR, Ubyivovk EV, Rolich VI, Kononov AI, Kasyanenko NA. Fluorescent Silver Nanoclusters in Condensed DNA. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:3543-50. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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10
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Suresh M, Mandal AK, Suresh E, Das A. First demonstration of two-step FRET in a synthetic supramolecular assembly. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc50282a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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11
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Blum C, Zijlstra N, Lagendijk A, Wubs M, Mosk AP, Subramaniam V, Vos WL. Nanophotonic control of the Förster resonance energy transfer efficiency. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:203601. [PMID: 23215487 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.203601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the influence of the local density of optical states (LDOS) on the rate and efficiency of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) from a donor to an acceptor. The donors and acceptors are dye molecules that are separated by a short strand of double-stranded DNA. The LDOS is controlled by carefully positioning the FRET pairs near a mirror. We find that the energy transfer efficiency changes with LDOS, and that, in agreement with theory, the energy transfer rate is independent of the LDOS, which allows one to quantitatively control FRET systems in a new way. Our results imply a change in the characteristic Förster distance, in contrast to common lore that this distance is fixed for a given FRET pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Blum
- Nanobiophysics (NBP), MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Yoo H, Furumaki S, Yang J, Lee JE, Chung H, Oba T, Kobayashi H, Rybtchinski B, Wilson TM, Wasielewski MR, Vacha M, Kim D. Excitonic Coupling in Linear and Trefoil Trimer Perylenediimide Molecules Probed by Single-Molecule Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:12878-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jp307394x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Shu Furumaki
- Department of Organic and Polymeric
Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1-S8, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Jaesung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Heejae Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Tatsuya Oba
- Department of Organic and Polymeric
Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1-S8, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Organic and Polymeric
Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1-S8, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Boris Rybtchinski
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern
Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Thea M. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern
Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern
Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Martin Vacha
- Department of Organic and Polymeric
Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1-S8, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Nah Teo
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, California 94305, United States
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14
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Hannestad JK, Gerrard SR, Brown T, Albinsson B. Self-assembled DNA-based fluorescence waveguide with selectable output. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:3178-3185. [PMID: 21901828 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201101144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Using the principle of self-assembly, a fluorescence-based photonic network is constructed with one input and two spatially and spectrally distinct outputs. A hexagonal DNA nanoassembly is used as a scaffold to host both the input and output dyes. The use of DNA to host functional groups enables spatial resolution on the level of single base pairs, well below the wavelength of light. Communication between the input and output dyes is achieved through excitation energy transfer. Output selection is achieved by the addition of a mediator dye intercalating between the DNA base pairs transferring the excitation energy from input to output through energy hopping. This creates a tool for selective excitation energy transfer on the nanometer scale with spectral and spatial control. The ability to direct excitation energy in a controlled way on the nanometer scale is important for the incorporation of photochemical processes in nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas K Hannestad
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Pinheiro AV, Han D, Shih WM, Yan H. Challenges and opportunities for structural DNA nanotechnology. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 6:763-72. [PMID: 22056726 PMCID: PMC3334823 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2011.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 921] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
DNA molecules have been used to build a variety of nanoscale structures and devices over the past 30 years, and potential applications have begun to emerge. But the development of more advanced structures and applications will require a number of issues to be addressed, the most significant of which are the high cost of DNA and the high error rate of self-assembly. Here we examine the technical challenges in the field of structural DNA nanotechnology and outline some of the promising applications that could be developed if these hurdles can be overcome. In particular, we highlight the potential use of DNA nanostructures in molecular and cellular biophysics, as biomimetic systems, in energy transfer and photonics, and in diagnostics and therapeutics for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre V. Pinheiro
- Center for Single Molecule Biophysics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Dongran Han
- Center for Single Molecule Biophysics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - William M. Shih
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Hao Yan
- Center for Single Molecule Biophysics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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16
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Yang J, Lee JE, Lee CY, Aratani N, Osuka A, Hupp JT, Kim D. The Role of Electronic Coupling in Linear Porphyrin Arrays Probed by Single-Molecule Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2011; 17:9219-25. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Su W, Bonnard V, Burley GA. DNA-Templated Photonic Arrays and Assemblies: Design Principles and Future Opportunities. Chemistry 2011; 17:7982-91. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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18
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Friedrich F, Heckel A. Photon Cascade with Clip-On Fluorophores. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:2073-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Sakamoto K, Takashima Y, Hamada N, Ichida H, Yamaguchi H, Yamamoto H, Harada A. Selective Photoinduced Energy Transfer from a Thiophene Rotaxane to Acceptor. Org Lett 2011; 13:672-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol102912g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Sakamoto
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 5 Sanban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan, and Center for Advanced Science and Innovation, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takashima
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 5 Sanban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan, and Center for Advanced Science and Innovation, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Norio Hamada
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 5 Sanban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan, and Center for Advanced Science and Innovation, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideki Ichida
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 5 Sanban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan, and Center for Advanced Science and Innovation, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Yamaguchi
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 5 Sanban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan, and Center for Advanced Science and Innovation, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 5 Sanban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan, and Center for Advanced Science and Innovation, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Harada
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 5 Sanban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan, and Center for Advanced Science and Innovation, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Chen J, Zeng F, Wu S. Construction of Energy Transfer Systems within Nanosized Polymer Micelles and their Fluorescence Modulation Properties. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:1036-43. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Yang J, Yoo H, Aratani N, Osuka A, Kim D. Determination of the Superradiance Coherence Length of Directly Linked Linear Porphyrin Arrays at the Single-Molecule Level. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:4323-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200901375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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22
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Yang J, Yoo H, Aratani N, Osuka A, Kim D. Determination of the Superradiance Coherence Length of Directly Linked Linear Porphyrin Arrays at the Single-Molecule Level. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200901375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Vogelsang J, Cordes T, Tinnefeld P. Single-molecule photophysics of oxazines on DNA and its application in a FRET switch. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:486-96. [PMID: 19337662 DOI: 10.1039/b822318c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The role and interplay of triplet states and radical ion states in single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy has recently been elaborated providing us with new insights into the photophysics and photobleaching pathways of fluorescent dyes. Adjustment of fluorophore redox properties in combination with specific redox properties of the environment, i.e. addition of reducing and oxidizing agents, allows control of the emission properties: it has become possible to suppress blinking and to also induce blinking in single-molecule fluorescence transient by selectively opening and closing specific excited state pathways. Induced blinking is, for example, of interest for super-resolution fluorescence microscopy based on the subsequent localization of single fluorophores. For oxazines this control even allowed the separation of the influence of reducing and oxidizing agents, enabling switching the fluorescence of single fluorophores. Here, we study the factors that contribute to the kinetics of the photophysical pathways more closely with a focus on the photophysics of the oxazine ATTO655 labeled to DNA. Our data show that the oxazine ATTO655 interacts with DNA, shielding it efficiently from reagents in solution. Besides redox reactions, the pH also influences the blinking kinetics and especially the off-times. Moreover, we present the extension of ATTO655 as a single-molecule redox sensor to a ratiometric fluorescence-resonance-energy-transfer based sensor. Therefore, we designed FRET probes that showed the highest possible contrast of FRET changes and demonstrate reversible FRET-switching of Cy3B-ATTO655 DNA constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vogelsang
- Angewandte Physik-Biophysik and Center for NanoScience CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstr. 54, 80799, München, Germany.
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Mathew S, Johnston M. The Synthesis and Characterisation of a Free-Base Porphyrin-Perylene Dyad that Exhibits Electronic Coupling in Both the Ground and Excited States. Chemistry 2009; 15:248-53. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Hannestad JK, Sandin P, Albinsson B. Self-Assembled DNA Photonic Wire for Long-Range Energy Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:15889-95. [DOI: 10.1021/ja803407t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas K. Hannestad
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering/Physical Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Sandin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering/Physical Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering/Physical Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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26
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Banerji N, Fürstenberg A, Bhosale S, Sisson AL, Sakai N, Matile S, Vauthey E. Ultrafast Photoinduced Charge Separation in Naphthalene Diimide Based Multichromophoric Systems in Liquid Solutions and in a Lipid Membrane. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:8912-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jp801276p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Banerji
- Department of Physical Chemistry, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Fürstenberg
- Department of Physical Chemistry, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Sheshanath Bhosale
- Department of Physical Chemistry, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Adam L. Sisson
- Department of Physical Chemistry, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Physical Chemistry, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Physical Chemistry, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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27
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Finlayson CE, Kim JS, Liddell MJ, Friend RH, Jung SH, Grimsdale AC, Müllen K. Exciplex emission from electroluminescent ladder-type pentaphenylene oligomers bearing both electron- and hole-accepting substituents. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:044703. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2813351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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28
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Neuhauser D, Lopata K. Molecular nanopolaritonics: Cross manipulation of near-field plasmons and molecules. I. Theory and application to junction control. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:154715. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2790436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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29
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Ikeda M, Haraguchi S, Numata M, Shinkai S. Controlled Stability of the Triple-Stranded Helical Structure of a β-1,3-Glucan with a Chromophoric Aromatic Moiety at a Peripheral Position. Chem Asian J 2007; 2:1290-8. [PMID: 17696178 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200700150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized a semiartificial beta-1,3-glucan, curdlan with dialkylaniline groups (CUR-DA), that bears chromophoric aromatic groups at its peripheral positions. Spectroscopic studies as well as microscopic observations indicate that CUR-DA adopts a triple-stranded helical structure in water- or methanol-rich solutions of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). This triple-stranded helical structure exhibits high thermal stability and resistance to base, attributes that are similar to those of the triple-stranded helical structure of native beta-1,3-glucans such as schizophyllan. Moreover, we found that the stability of the triple-stranded helical structure can be easily modulated by solvent composition and metal-ion (Zn2+) binding. As beta-1,3-glucan polysaccharides are known to serve as "polymeric" hosts, including certain DNA molecules, carbon nanotubes, and conjugated polymers, and complexation occurs only with the single-stranded structure, this information is very useful for the creation of these attractive polymeric composites, the controlled release of DNA, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Ikeda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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30
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Xu CS, Kim H, Yang H, Hayden CC. Multiparameter Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Single Quantum Dot−Dye FRET Hybrids. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:11008-9. [PMID: 17705496 DOI: 10.1021/ja074279w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Shan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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31
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Odoi MY, Hammer NI, Rathnayake HP, Lahti PM, Barnes MD. Single-Molecule Studies of a Model Fluorenone. Chemphyschem 2007; 8:1481-6. [PMID: 17533617 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200700133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Single-molecule fluorescence measurements of 2,7-bis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylethenyl)fluorenone (OFOPV) reveal narrow emission spectra concentrated around 540 nm, with weak emission at longer wavelengths. The wide scattering of emission-maximum wavelengths is attributed to varying molecular environments, with dimers or higher-order aggregates contributing to the low-energy emission. This spectral distribution indicates that emission from monomers of this model fluorenone is mostly green, which is consistent with contaminant emission (g-bands) often observed in fluorene- and polyfluorene-based organic light emitting diode (OLED) devices. A histogram of center wavelengths from 118 single-molecule spectra shows good agreement with the green emission previously observed in thermally stressed 2,7-bis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylethenyl)-9,9-diethylfluorene (OFPV). Whereas bulk OFPV exhibits blue fluorescence at about 480 nm, OFOPV bulk thin film measurements reveal red luminescence shifted to 630 nm. This unexpected peak position for bulk OFOPV shifts to higher energies (ca. 540 nm) upon dilution in a solid-state matrix, suggesting that the bulk red emission finds its origins in interactions between fluorenone molecules. Explanations for this red emission include aggregate or excimer formation or intermolecular energy transfer between fluorenone molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y Odoi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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32
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Seibt J, Dehm V, Würthner F, Engel V. Absorption spectroscopy of molecular trimers. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:164308. [PMID: 17477603 DOI: 10.1063/1.2721540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Absorption properties of molecular trimers are studied within a model including a single monomer internal vibrational degree of freedom. Upon photoabsorption, three excited electronic states which are coupled excitonically are accessed. Band shapes resulting from different electronic coupling strengths and geometries are analyzed. It is shown that geometric information can be extracted from the band intensities. Taking data recorded for perylene bisimide aggregates as an example, the spectra for monomer, dimer, and trimer systems are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Seibt
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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33
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Hoogenboom JP, Hernando J, van Dijk EMHP, van Hulst NF, García-Parajó MF. Power-Law Blinking in the Fluorescence of Single Organic Molecules. Chemphyschem 2007; 8:823-33. [PMID: 17387683 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200600783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The blinking behavior of perylene diïmide molecules is investigated at the single-molecule level. We observe long-time scale blinking of individual multi-chromophoric complexes embedded in a poly(methylmethacrylate) matrix, as well as for the monomeric dye absorbed on a glass substrate at ambient conditions. In both these different systems, the blinking of single molecules is found to obey analogous power-law statistics for both the on and off periods. The observed range for single-molecular power-law blinking extends over the full experimental time window, covering four orders of magnitude in time and six orders of magnitude in probability density. From molecule to molecule, we observe a large spread in off-time power-law exponents. The distributions of off-exponents in both systems are markedly different whereas both on-exponent distributions appear similar. Our results are consistent with models that ascribe the power-law behavior to charge separation and (environment-dependent) recombination by electron tunneling to a dynamic distribution of charge acceptors. As a consequence of power-law statistics, single molecule properties like the total number of emitted photons display non-ergodicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P Hoogenboom
- Applied Optics Group, Faculty of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Sánchez-Mosteiro G, van Dijk EMHP, Hernando J, Heilemann M, Tinnefeld P, Sauer M, Koberlin F, Patting M, Wahl M, Erdmann R, van Hulst NF, García-Parajó MF. DNA-based molecular wires: multiple emission pathways of individual constructs. J Phys Chem B 2007; 110:26349-53. [PMID: 17181294 DOI: 10.1021/jp064701f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The extent of photon energy transfer through individual DNA-based molecular wires composed of five dyes is investigated at the single molecular level. Combining single-molecule spectroscopy and pulse interleaved excitation imaging, we have directly resolved the time evolution spectral response of individual constructs, while simultaneously probing DNA integrity. Our data clearly show that intact wires exhibit photon-transfer efficiencies close to 100% across five dyes. Dynamical and multiple pathways for the photon emission resulting from conformational freedom of the wire are readily uncovered. These results provide the basis for guiding the synthesis of DNA-based supramolecular arrays with improved photon transport at the nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Sánchez-Mosteiro
- Applied Optics Group, Faculty of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P. O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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35
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Benvin AL, Creeger Y, Fisher GW, Ballou B, Waggoner AS, Armitage BA. Fluorescent DNA nanotags: supramolecular fluorescent labels based on intercalating dye arrays assembled on nanostructured DNA templates. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:2025-34. [PMID: 17256855 PMCID: PMC2532517 DOI: 10.1021/ja066354t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence detection and imaging are vital technologies in the life sciences and clinical diagnostics. The key to obtaining high-resolution images and sensitive detection is to use fluorescent molecules or particles that absorb and emit visible light with high efficiency. We have synthesized supramolecular complexes consisting of a branched DNA template and fluorogenic intercalating dyes. Because dyes can intercalate up to every other base pair, high densities of fluorophores are assembled yet the DNA template keeps them far enough away from each other to prevent self-quenching. The efficiency with which these noncovalent assemblies absorb light is more than 10-fold greater than that of the individual dye molecules. Förster resonance energy transfer from the intercalated dyes to covalently attached acceptor dyes is very efficient, allowing for wavelength shifting of the emission spectrum. Simple biotinylation of the DNA template allows for labeling of streptavidin-coated synthetic microspheres and mouse T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Benvin
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3890, USA
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36
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Baer R, Lopata K, Neuhauser D. Properties of phase-coherent energy shuttling on the nanoscale. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:014705. [PMID: 17212509 DOI: 10.1063/1.2390697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the possibility of transporting electromagnetic energy as local-plasmon-polariton waves along arrays of silver nanoparticles was demonstrated experimentally [S. A. Maier et al., Nat. Mater. 2, 229 (2003)]. It was shown that dipole coupling facilitates phase-coherent excitation waves, which propagate while competing against decoherence effects occurring within each dot. In this article the authors study the ideal coherent shuttling in such a system, leaving decoherence for future investigation. In the weak field limit, the waves obey a Schrodinger equation, to be solved using either time-dependent wave-packet or energy resolved scattering techniques. The authors study some dynamical characteristics of these waves, emphasizing intuition and insight. Scattering from barriers, longitudinal-transverse coupling and acceleration methods are studied in detail. The authors also discuss briefly two-dimensional arrays and a simple decoherence model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roi Baer
- Department of Physical Chemistry and the Lise Meitner and Fritz Haber Centers, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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37
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Melnikov SM, Yeow EKL, Uji-i H, Cotlet M, Müllen K, De Schryver FC, Enderlein J, Hofkens J. Origin of Simultaneous Donor−Acceptor Emission in Single Molecules of Peryleneimide−Terrylenediimide Labeled Polyphenylene Dendrimers. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:708-19. [PMID: 17249814 DOI: 10.1021/jp0655625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Förster type resonance energy transfer (FRET) in donor-acceptor peryleneimide-terrylenediimide dendrimers has been examined at the single molecule level. Very efficient energy transfer between the donor and the acceptor prevent the detection of donor emission before photobleaching of the acceptor. Indeed, in solution, on exciting the donor, only acceptor emission is detected. However, at the single molecule level, an important fraction of the investigated individual molecules (about 10-15%) show simultaneous emission from both donor and acceptor chromophores. The effect becomes apparent mostly after photobleaching of the majority of donors. Single molecule photon flux correlation measurements in combination with computer simulations and a variety of excitation conditions were used to determine the contribution of an exciton blockade to this two-color emission. Two-color defocused wide-field imaging showed that the two-color emission goes hand in hand with an unfavorable orientation between one of the donors and the acceptor chromophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey M Melnikov
- Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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38
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Kukolka F, Müller BK, Paternoster S, Arndt A, Niemeyer CM, Bräuchle C, Lamb DC. A single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer analysis of fluorescent DNA-protein conjugates for nanobiotechnology. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2006; 2:1083-9. [PMID: 17193172 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200600202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of nanobiotechnological devices requires the ability to build various components with nanometer accuracy. DNA is a well-established nanoscale building block that self assembles due to specific interactions that are encoded in its sequence. Recently, it has become possible to couple proteins to DNA, thereby expanding the capabilities of DNA for use with molecular photonics and bioelectronics. Here, we present the design and characterization of a supramolecular Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) system by using a fluorescent protein bound to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), a fluorophore attached to a second ssDNA molecule, and a complementary strand for hybridizing the two fluorophores together. The FRET efficiency was studied by using both ensemble and single-pair FRET measurements. The distance between the two fluorophores was determined from the single-pair FRET efficiency and could be described by a simple cylindrical model for the DNA. Hence, DNA can be used as a scaffold for positioning fluorescent proteins, as well as traditional fluorophores, with nanometer accuracy and shows great potential for use in the future of nanobiotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kukolka
- Fachbereich Chemie Biologisch-Chemische Mikrostrukturtechnik, Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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39
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Benniston AC, Harriman A, Li P, Patel PV, Sams CA. A Strategy for the Synthesis of Metal Bis(2,2‘:6‘,2‘ ‘-terpyridine)-Terminated Molecular Dyads Having Controlled Torsion Angles at the Central Biphenyl Linker. J Org Chem 2006; 71:3481-93. [PMID: 16626129 DOI: 10.1021/jo0600555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of binuclear complexes comprising bis(2,2':6',2' '-terpyridine)ruthenium(II) and -osmium(II) centers connected via a geometrically constrained 4,4'-biphenyl bridge is described. These compounds have been prepared by a "synthesis-at-metal" approach as well as by the conventional method of synthesizing the ligand and subsequently attaching the metal center. A computational investigation into the behavior of the biphenyl-based bridges has been used to provide lowest-energy conformations and to estimate the degree of internal fluctuation about the mean torsion angle. It is shown that the length of the constraining strap determines both the torsion angle and the internal flexibility, with longer straps twisting the biphenyl group so as to relax stereochemical interactions between the linking oxygen atoms. Longer straps can be formed from poly(ethylene glycol) residues that provide an additional binding site for small cations. Electrospray mass spectrometry carried out on solutions of these crown ether-like bridges confirmed that Li+, Na+, and K+ ions bind in the form of 1:1 complexes. This range of compounds should permit rational examination of how the torsion angle affects the rate of through-bond electron transfer, electron exchange, and charge shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Benniston
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences, Bedson Building, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
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40
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