1
|
Fung KLY, Weare BL, Fay MW, Argent SP, Khlobystov AN. Reactions of polyaromatic molecules in crystals under electron beam of the transmission electron microscope. Micron 2023; 165:103395. [PMID: 36543056 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2022.103395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactivity of a series of related molecules under the 80 keV electron beam have been investigated and correlated with their structures and chemical composition. Hydrogenated and halogenated derivatives of hexaazatrinaphthylene, coronene, and phthalocyanine were prepared by sublimation in vacuum to form solventless crystals then deposited onto transmission electron microscopy (TEM) grids. The transformation of the molecules in the microcrystals were triggered by an 80 keV electron beam in the TEM and studied using correlated selected area electron diffraction, conventional bright field imaging, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The critical fluence (ē nm-2) required to cause a disappearance of the diffraction pattern was recorded and used as a measure of the reactivity of the molecules. The same electron flux (102 ē nm-2 s-1) was used throughout. Fully halogenated molecules were found to be the most stable and did not change significantly under our experimental conditions, followed by fully hydrogenated molecules with critical fluences of 104 ē nm-2. Surprisingly, semi-halogenated molecules that contained an equal number of hydrogen and halogen atoms were found to be the least stable, with critical fluences an order of magnitude lower at 103 ē nm-2. This is attributed to elimination of H-X (where X = F or Cl), followed by polymerisation of aryne / aryl radicals within the crystal. The critical fluence for the semi-fluorinated hexaazatrinaphthylene is the lowest as the presence of water molecules in its crystal lattice significantly decreased the stability of the organic molecules under the electron beam. Semi-halogenation reduces the beam stability of organic molecules compared to the parent hydrogenated molecule, thus providing the chemical guidance for design of electron beam stable materials. Understanding of molecular reactivity in the electron beam is necessary for advancement of molecular imaging and analysis methods by the TEM, molecular materials processing, and electron beam-driven synthesis of novel materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh L Y Fung
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin L Weare
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael W Fay
- Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre, Cripps South, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P Argent
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrei N Khlobystov
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hu CX, Read O, Shin Y, Chen Y, Wang J, Boyes M, Zeng N, Panigrahi A, Kostarelos K, Larrosa I, Vranic S, Casiraghi C. Effects of Lateral Size, Thickness, and Stabilizer Concentration on the Cytotoxicity of Defect-Free Graphene Nanosheets: Implications for Biological Applications. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2022; 5:12626-12636. [PMID: 36185165 PMCID: PMC9513747 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c02403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we apply liquid cascade centrifugation to highly concentrated graphene dispersions produced by liquid-phase exfoliation in water with an insoluble bis-pyrene stabilizer to obtain fractions containing nanosheets with different lateral size distributions. The concentration, stability, size, thickness, and the cytotoxicity profile are studied as a function of the initial stabilizer concentration for each fraction. Our results show that there is a critical initial amount of stabilizer (0.4 mg/mL) above which the dispersions show reduced concentration, stability, and biocompatibility, no matter the lateral size of the flakes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Xia Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Oliver Read
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Yuyoung Shin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Yingxian Chen
- Nanomedicine
Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- National
Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Booth Street East, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Matthew Boyes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Niting Zeng
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Adyasha Panigrahi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine
Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- National
Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Booth Street East, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), UAB Campus Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Igor Larrosa
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sandra Vranic
- Nanomedicine
Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- National
Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Booth Street East, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Cinzia Casiraghi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abbasian H, Rochefort A. Electrostatic patterning on graphene with dipolar self-assembly. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:22014-22021. [PMID: 34570130 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02272e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the influence of electric dipole moment in different periodic two-dimensional network on the electronic structure properties of graphene. Although the control of doping level in graphene within a van der Waals heterostructure constitutes a difficult task, the dipolar nature of the different molecular stacks can be used to control its electrostatic properties. First, we demonstrate that the orientation and magnitude of the adsorbed molecular dipole moments allow to control the electrical behaviour of graphene, and acts as an electrostatic gate that shifts neutrality point of graphene to behave as n- or p-doped materials. Then, we show that the presence of local dipole moment in SAN induces an electrostatic potential in graphene that creates well-defined patterned regions with different electronic characteristics that would influence the confinement of molecular species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Abbasian
- Engineering Physics Department, Polytechnique Montréal, Canada.
| | - Alain Rochefort
- Engineering Physics Department, Polytechnique Montréal, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shin Y, Just-Baringo X, Boyes M, Panigrahi A, Zarattini M, Chen Y, Liu X, Morris G, Prestat E, Kostarelos K, Vranic S, Larrosa I, Casiraghi C. Enhanced liquid phase exfoliation of graphene in water using an insoluble bis-pyrene stabiliser. Faraday Discuss 2021; 227:46-60. [PMID: 33295354 DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00114j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stabilisers, such as surfactants, polymers and polyaromatic molecules, offer an effective way to produce graphene dispersions in water by Liquid Phase Exfoliation (LPE) without degrading the properties of graphene. In particular, pyrene derivatives provide better exfoliation efficiency than traditional surfactants and polymers. A stabiliser is expected to be relatively soluble in order to disperse hydrophobic graphene in water. Here, we show that exfoliation can also be achieved with insoluble pyrene stabilisers if appropriately designed. In particular, bis-pyrene stabilisers (BPSs) functionalised with pyrrolidine provide a higher exfoliation efficiency and percentage of single layers compared to traditional pyrene derivatives under the same experimental conditions. This is attributed to the enhanced interactions between BPS and graphene, provided by the presence of two pyrene binding groups. This approach is therefore attractive not only to produce highly concentrated graphene, but also to use graphene to disperse insoluble molecules in water. The enhanced adsorption of BPS on graphene, however, is reflected in higher toxicity towards human epithelial bronchial immortalized cells, limiting the use of this material for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyoung Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hu CX, Shin Y, Read O, Casiraghi C. Dispersant-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation of 2D materials beyond graphene. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:460-484. [PMID: 33404043 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05514j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The extensive research on liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) performed in the last 10 years has enabled a low cost and mass scalable approach to the successful production of a range of solution-processed 2-dimensional (2D) materials suitable for many applications, from composites to energy storage and printed electronics. However, direct LPE requires the use of specific solvents, which are typically toxic and expensive. Dispersant-assisted LPE allows us to overcome this problem by enabling production of solution processed 2D materials in a wider range of solvents, including water. This approach is based on the inclusion of an additive, typically an amphiphilic molecule, designed to interact with both the nanosheet and the solvent, enabling exfoliation and stabilization at the same time. This method has been extensively used for the LPE of graphene and has been discussed in many reviews, whilst little attention has been given to dispersant-assisted LPE of 2D materials beyond graphene. Considering the increasing number of 2D materials and their potential in many applications, from nanomedicine to energy storage and catalysis, this review focuses on the dispersant-assisted LPE of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and less studied 2D materials. We first provide an introduction to the fundamentals of LPE and the type of dispersants that have been used for the production of graphene, we then discuss each class of 2D material, providing an overview on the concentration and properties of the nanosheets obtained. Finally, a perspective is given on some of the challenges that need to be addressed in this field of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Xia Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, M139PL, Manchester, UK.
| | - Yuyoung Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, M139PL, Manchester, UK.
| | - Oliver Read
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, M139PL, Manchester, UK.
| | - Cinzia Casiraghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, M139PL, Manchester, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shin Y, Vranic S, Just-Baringo X, Gali SM, Kisby T, Chen Y, Gkoutzidou A, Prestat E, Beljonne D, Larrosa I, Kostarelos K, Casiraghi C. Stable, concentrated, biocompatible, and defect-free graphene dispersions with positive charge. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:12383-12394. [PMID: 32490468 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02689a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The outstanding properties of graphene offer high potential for biomedical applications. In this framework, positively charged nanomaterials show better interactions with the biological environment, hence there is strong interest in the production of positively charged graphene nanosheets. Currently, production of cationic graphene is either time consuming or producing dispersions with poor stability, which strongly limit their use in the biomedical field. In this study, we made a family of new cationic pyrenes, and have used them to successfully produce water-based, highly concentrated, stable, and defect-free graphene dispersions with positive charge. The use of different pyrene derivatives as well as molecular dynamics simulations allowed us to get insights on the nanoscale interactions required to achieve efficient exfoliation and stabilisation. The cationic graphene dispersions show outstanding biocompatibility and cellular uptake as well as exceptional colloidal stability in the biological medium, making this material extremely attractive for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyoung Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nagyte V, Kelly DJ, Felten A, Picardi G, Shin Y, Alieva A, Worsley RE, Parvez K, Dehm S, Krupke R, Haigh SJ, Oikonomou A, Pollard AJ, Casiraghi C. Raman Fingerprints of Graphene Produced by Anodic Electrochemical Exfoliation. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:3411-3419. [PMID: 32233490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical exfoliation is one of the most promising methods for scalable production of graphene. However, limited understanding of its Raman spectrum as well as lack of measurement standards for graphene strongly limit its industrial applications. In this work, we show a systematic study of the Raman spectrum of electrochemically exfoliated graphene, produced using different electrolytes and types of solvents in varying amounts. We demonstrate that no information on the thickness can be extracted from the shape of the 2D peak as this type of graphene is defective. Furthermore, the number of defects and the uniformity of the samples strongly depend on the experimental conditions, including postprocessing. Under specific conditions, the formation of short conductive trans-polyacetylene chains has been observed. Our Raman analysis provides guidance for the community on how to get information on defects coming from electrolyte, temperature, and other experimental conditions, by making Raman spectroscopy a powerful metrology tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaiva Nagyte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Kelly
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre Felten
- Synthesis, Irradiation and Analysis of Materials (SIAM), University of Namur, Namur 5000, Belgium
| | - Gennaro Picardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - YuYoung Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Adriana Alieva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Robyn E Worsley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Khaled Parvez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Dehm
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
| | - Ralph Krupke
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Sarah J Haigh
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Antonios Oikonomou
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- The Institute of Photonic Sciences, Castelldefels 08860, Spain
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Cinzia Casiraghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fusco L, Gazzi A, Peng G, Shin Y, Vranic S, Bedognetti D, Vitale F, Yilmazer A, Feng X, Fadeel B, Casiraghi C, Delogu LG. Graphene and other 2D materials: a multidisciplinary analysis to uncover the hidden potential as cancer theranostics. Theranostics 2020; 10:5435-5488. [PMID: 32373222 PMCID: PMC7196289 DOI: 10.7150/thno.40068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer represents one of the main causes of death in the world; hence the development of more specific approaches for its diagnosis and treatment is urgently needed in clinical practice. Here we aim at providing a comprehensive review on the use of 2-dimensional materials (2DMs) in cancer theranostics. In particular, we focus on graphene-related materials (GRMs), graphene hybrids, and graphdiyne (GDY), as well as other emerging 2DMs, such as MXene, tungsten disulfide (WS2), molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), black phosphorus (BP), silicene, antimonene (AM), germanene, biotite (black mica), metal organic frameworks (MOFs), and others. The results reported in the scientific literature in the last ten years (>200 papers) are dissected here with respect to the wide variety of combinations of imaging methodologies and therapeutic approaches, including drug/gene delivery, photothermal/photodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, and immunotherapy. We provide a unique multidisciplinary approach in discussing the literature, which also includes a detailed section on the characterization methods used to analyze the material properties, highlighting the merits and limitations of the different approaches. The aim of this review is to show the strong potential of 2DMs for use as cancer theranostics, as well as to highlight issues that prevent the clinical translation of these materials. Overall, we hope to shed light on the hidden potential of the vast panorama of new and emerging 2DMs as clinical cancer theranostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fusco
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
- Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Arianna Gazzi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Guotao Peng
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yuyoung Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sandra Vranic
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Flavia Vitale
- Department of Neurology, Bioengineering, Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Acelya Yilmazer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Stem Cell Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cinzia Casiraghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lucia Gemma Delogu
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Just-Baringo X, Shin Y, Panigrahi A, Zarattini M, Nagyte V, Zhao L, Kostarelos K, Casiraghi C, Larrosa I. Palladium catalysed C-H arylation of pyrenes: access to a new class of exfoliating agents for water-based graphene dispersions. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2472-2478. [PMID: 34084412 PMCID: PMC8157272 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05101e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A new and diverse family of pyrene derivatives was synthesised via palladium-catalysed C-H ortho-arylation of pyrene-1-carboxylic acid. The strategy affords easy access to a broad scope of 2-substituted and 1,2-disubstituted pyrenes. The C1-substituent can be easily transformed into carboxylic acid, iodide, alkynyl, aryl or alkyl functionalities. This approach gives access to arylated pyrene ammonium salts, which outperformed their non-arylated parent compound during aqueous Liquid Phase Exfoliation (LPE) of graphite and compare favourably to state-of-the-art sodium pyrene-1-sulfonate PS1. This allowed the production of concentrated and stable suspensions of graphene flakes in water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Just-Baringo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Yuyoung Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Adyasha Panigrahi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Marco Zarattini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Vaiva Nagyte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester AV Hill Building, Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Cinzia Casiraghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Igor Larrosa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang Z, Liu M, Chen S, Wang J, Guo D, Zhong D. On-surface synthesis of gold–coronene molecular wires. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11239-11242. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04540c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorocoronene undergoes selective dehalogenation under the one-dimensional constraint by intermolecular interactions, resulting in the formation of gold–coronene wires on Au(111) surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Wang
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University
- 510275 Guangzhou
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University
- 510275 Guangzhou
| | - Meizhuang Liu
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University
- 510275 Guangzhou
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University
- 510275 Guangzhou
| | - Shenwei Chen
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University
- 510275 Guangzhou
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University
- 510275 Guangzhou
| | - Jiaobing Wang
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- 510275 Guangzhou
- China
| | - Donghui Guo
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University
- 510275 Guangzhou
- China
| | - Dingyong Zhong
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University
- 510275 Guangzhou
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University
- 510275 Guangzhou
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Moore TC, Yang AH, Ogungbesan O, Hartkamp R, Iacovella CR, Zhang Q, McCabe C. Influence of Single-Stranded DNA Coatings on the Interaction between Graphene Nanoflakes and Lipid Bilayers. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:7711-7721. [PMID: 31405277 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b04042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Using molecular dynamics simulations, it is demonstrated that a partial coating of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) reduces the penetration depth of a graphene nanoflake (GNF) into a phospholipid bilayer by attenuating the hydrophobic force that drives the penetration. As the GNF penetrates the bilayer, the ssDNA remains adsorbed to the GNF outside of the bilayer where it shields the graphene from the surrounding water. The penetration depth is found to be controlled by the amount of ssDNA coating the GNF, with a sparser coating resulting in a deeper penetration since the ssDNA shields less of the GNF surface. As the coating density is increased, the likelihood of the GNF entering the bilayer is reduced where it instead tends to lie flat on the bilayer surface with the sugar phosphate backbone of ssDNA interacting with the hydrophilic lipid head groups. While no bilayer disruption is observed for a partially inserted ssDNA-coated GNF, a larger, bare, partially inserted GNF is found to preferentially extract phospholipids from the bilayer, offering further evidence of lipid extraction as a main cytotoxicity mechanism of GNFs. Therefore, a coating of ssDNA may reduce the cytotoxicity of GNFs by shielding the unfavorable graphene-water interaction, thus preventing graphene penetration and lipid extraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olu Ogungbesan
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering , University of Maryland Baltimore County , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Weippert J, Hauns J, Bachmann J, Böttcher A, Yao X, Yang B, Narita A, Müllen K, Kappes MM. A TPD-based determination of the graphite interlayer cohesion energy. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:194701. [PMID: 30466281 DOI: 10.1063/1.5052728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) spectroscopy was used to determine the binding energies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons C n H m (22 ≤ n ≤ 60) with highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. These energies were then used to estimate the dispersive graphite interlayer cohesion by means of a refined extrapolation method proposed by Björk et al. This yields a cohesion energy of 44.0 ± 3.8 meV per carbon atom. We discuss some limits of the TPD-based approach and contrast our values with previous determinations of the interlayer cohesion energy of graphite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Weippert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, KIT, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jakob Hauns
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, KIT, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Julian Bachmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, KIT, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Artur Böttcher
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, KIT, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Xuelin Yao
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bo Yang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, KIT, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zeng X, Zhu L, Zheng X, Cecchini M, Huang X. Harnessing complexity in molecular self-assembly using computer simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:6767-6776. [PMID: 29479585 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06181a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In molecular self-assembly, hundreds of thousands of freely-diffusing molecules associate to form ordered and functional architectures in the absence of an actuator. This intriguing phenomenon plays a critical role in biology and has become a powerful tool for the fabrication of advanced nanomaterials. Due to the limited spatial and temporal resolutions of current experimental techniques, computer simulations offer a complementary strategy to explore self-assembly with atomic resolution. Here, we review recent computational studies focusing on both thermodynamic and kinetic aspects. As we shall see, thermodynamic approaches based on modeling and statistical mechanics offer initial guidelines to design nanostructures with modest computational effort. Computationally more intensive analyses based on molecular dynamics simulations and kinetic network models (KNMs) reach beyond it, opening the door to the rational design of self-assembly pathways. Current limitations of these methodologies are discussed. We anticipate that the synergistic use of thermodynamic and kinetic analyses based on computer simulations will provide an important contribution to the de novo design of self-assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangze Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zberecki K, Wierzbicki M, Swirkowicz R, Barnaś J. Unique magnetic and thermoelectric properties of chemically functionalized narrow carbon polymers. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:045303. [PMID: 27882898 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/29/4/045303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We analyze magnetic, transport and thermoelectric properties of narrow carbon polymers, which are chemically functionalized with nitroxide groups. Numerical calculations of the electronic band structure and the corresponding transmission function are based on density functional theory. Transport and thermoelectric parameters are calculated in the linear response regime, with particular interest in charge and spin thermopowers (charge and spin Seebeck effects). Such nanoribbons are shown to have thermoelectric properties described by large thermoelectric efficiency, which makes these materials promising from the application point of view.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Zberecki
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology,ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Haar S, Bruna M, Lian JX, Tomarchio F, Olivier Y, Mazzaro R, Morandi V, Moran J, Ferrari AC, Beljonne D, Ciesielski A, Samorì P. Liquid-Phase Exfoliation of Graphite into Single- and Few-Layer Graphene with α-Functionalized Alkanes. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:2714-21. [PMID: 27349897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has unique physical and chemical properties, making it appealing for a number of applications in optoelectronics, sensing, photonics, composites, and smart coatings, just to cite a few. These require the development of production processes that are inexpensive and up-scalable. These criteria are met in liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE), a technique that can be enhanced when specific organic molecules are used. Here we report the exfoliation of graphite in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, in the presence of heneicosane linear alkanes terminated with different head groups. These molecules act as stabilizing agents during exfoliation. The efficiency of the exfoliation in terms of the concentration of exfoliated single- and few-layer graphene flakes depends on the functional head group determining the strength of the molecular dimerization through dipole-dipole interactions. A thermodynamic analysis is carried out to interpret the impact of the termination group of the alkyl chain on the exfoliation yield. This combines molecular dynamics and molecular mechanics to rationalize the role of functionalized alkanes in the dispersion and stabilization process, which is ultimately attributed to a synergistic effect of the interactions between the molecules, graphene, and the solvent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Haar
- Institut de Science et d'Ingeńierie Supramolećulaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC), Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 8 alleé Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Matteo Bruna
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge , 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Xiang Lian
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center for Research in Molecular Electronics and Photonics, University of Mons , Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Flavia Tomarchio
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge , 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center for Research in Molecular Electronics and Photonics, University of Mons , Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Raffaello Mazzaro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per la Microelettronica e i Microsistemi (IMM) Sede di Bologna , Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna , Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vittorio Morandi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per la Microelettronica e i Microsistemi (IMM) Sede di Bologna , Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Joseph Moran
- Institut de Science et d'Ingeńierie Supramolećulaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC), Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 8 alleé Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Andrea C Ferrari
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge , 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center for Research in Molecular Electronics and Photonics, University of Mons , Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Artur Ciesielski
- Institut de Science et d'Ingeńierie Supramolećulaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC), Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 8 alleé Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Institut de Science et d'Ingeńierie Supramolećulaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC), Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 8 alleé Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Conti S, Cecchini M. Predicting molecular self-assembly at surfaces: a statistical thermodynamics and modeling approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:31480-31493. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05249e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A self-consistent framework based on modeling and statistical mechanics for the theoretical interpretation of self-assembly at surfaces and interfaces is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Conti
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Fonctions Moléculaires ISIS
- UMR 7006 CNRS
- Université de Strasbourg
- F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex
- France
| | - Marco Cecchini
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Fonctions Moléculaires ISIS
- UMR 7006 CNRS
- Université de Strasbourg
- F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex
- France
| |
Collapse
|