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Liu F, Miyatake K, Tanabe M, Mahmoud AMA, Yadav V, Guo L, Wong CY, Xian F, Iwataki T, Uchida M, Kakinuma K. High-Performance Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers Enabled by Highly Gas Permeable and Dimensionally Stable Anion Exchange Ionomers. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2402969. [PMID: 38828790 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Designing suitable anion exchange ionomers is critical to improving the performance and in situ durability of anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers (AEMWEs) as one of the promising devices for producing green hydrogen. Herein, highly gas-permeable and dimensionally stable anion exchange ionomers (QC6xBA and QC6xPA) are developed, in which bulky cyclohexyl (C6) groups are introduced into the polymer backbones. QC650BA-2.1 containing 50 mol% C6 composition shows 16.6 times higher H2 permeability and 22.3 times higher O2 permeability than that of QC60BA-2.1 without C6 groups. Through-plane swelling of QC650BA-2.1 decreases to 12.5% from 31.1% (QC60BA-2.1) while OH- conductivity slightly decreases (64.9 and 56.2 mS cm-1 for QC60BA-2.1 and QC650BA-2.1, respectively, at 30 °C). The water electrolysis cell using the highly gas permeable QC650BA-2.1 ionomer and Ni0.8Co0.2O in the anode catalyst layer achieves two times higher performance (2.0 A cm-2 at 1.69 V, IR-included) than those of the previous cell using in-house ionomer (QPAF-4-2.0) (1.0 A cm-2 at 1.69 V, IR-included). During 1000 h operation at 1.0 A cm-2, the QC650BA-2.1 cell exhibits nearly constant cell voltage with a decay rate of 1.1 µV h-1 after the initial increase of the cell voltage, proving the effectiveness of the highly gas permeable and dimensionally stable ionomer in AEMWEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghua Liu
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi, 4008510, Japan
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, 1698555, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyatake
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi, 4008510, Japan
- Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi, 4008510, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo, 1698555, Japan
| | - Masako Tanabe
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi, 4008510, Japan
| | | | - Vikrant Yadav
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi, 4008510, Japan
| | - Lin Guo
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi, 4008510, Japan
| | - Chun Yik Wong
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi, 4008510, Japan
| | - Fang Xian
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi, 4008510, Japan
| | - Toshio Iwataki
- Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi, 4008510, Japan
| | - Makoto Uchida
- Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi, 4008510, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Kakinuma
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi, 4008510, Japan
- Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi, 4008510, Japan
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2
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Honig HC, Mostoni S, Presman Y, Snitkoff-Sol RZ, Valagussa P, D'Arienzo M, Scotti R, Santoro C, Muhyuddin M, Elbaz L. Morphological and structural design through hard-templating of PGM-free electrocatalysts for AEMFC applications. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 38770663 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01779j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
This study delves into the critical role of customized materials design and synthesis methods in influencing the performance of electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). It introduces a novel approach to obtain platinum-free (PGM-free) electrocatalysts based on the controlled integration of iron active sites onto the surface of silica nanoparticles (NPs) by using nitrogen-based surface ligands. These NPs are used as hard templates to form tailored nanostructured electrocatalysts with an improved iron dispersion into the carbon matrix. By utilizing a wide array of analytical techniques including infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques, X-ray diffraction and surface area measurements, this work provides insight into the physical parameters that are critical for ORR electrocatalysis with PGM-free electrocatalysts. The new catalysts showed a hierarchical structure containing a large portion of graphitic zones which contribute to the catalyst stability. They also had a high electrochemically active site density reaching 1.47 × 1019 sites g-1 for SAFe_M_P1AP2 and 1.14 × 1019 sites g-1 for SEFe_M_P1AP2, explaining the difference in performance in fuel cell measurements. These findings underscore the potential impact of a controlled materials design for advancing green energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilah C Honig
- Chemistry Department, Bar-Ilan Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
| | - Silvia Mostoni
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca U5, Via Roberto Cozzi 55, 20125, Milano, Italy.
| | - Yan Presman
- Chemistry Department, Bar-Ilan Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
| | - Rifael Z Snitkoff-Sol
- Chemistry Department, Bar-Ilan Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
| | - Paolo Valagussa
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca U5, Via Roberto Cozzi 55, 20125, Milano, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano D'Arienzo
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca U5, Via Roberto Cozzi 55, 20125, Milano, Italy.
| | - Roberto Scotti
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca U5, Via Roberto Cozzi 55, 20125, Milano, Italy.
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies-CNR, Via alla Cascata 56/C, 38123 Povo, TN, Italy
| | - Carlo Santoro
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca U5, Via Roberto Cozzi 55, 20125, Milano, Italy.
| | - Mohsin Muhyuddin
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca U5, Via Roberto Cozzi 55, 20125, Milano, Italy.
| | - Lior Elbaz
- Chemistry Department, Bar-Ilan Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
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3
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Feidenhans’l A, Regmi YN, Wei C, Xia D, Kibsgaard J, King LA. Precious Metal Free Hydrogen Evolution Catalyst Design and Application. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5617-5667. [PMID: 38661498 PMCID: PMC11082907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The quest to identify precious metal free hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts has received unprecedented attention in the past decade. In this Review, we focus our attention to recent developments in precious metal free hydrogen evolution reactions in acidic and alkaline electrolyte owing to their relevance to commercial and near-commercial low-temperature electrolyzers. We provide a detailed review and critical analysis of catalyst activity and stability performance measurements and metrics commonly deployed in the literature, as well as review best practices for experimental measurements (both in half-cell three-electrode configurations and in two-electrode device testing). In particular, we discuss the transition from laboratory-scale hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst measurements to those in single cells, which is a critical aspect crucial for scaling up from laboratory to industrial settings but often overlooked. Furthermore, we review the numerous catalyst design strategies deployed across the precious metal free HER literature. Subsequently, we showcase some of the most commonly investigated families of precious metal free HER catalysts; molybdenum disulfide-based, transition metal phosphides, and transition metal carbides for acidic electrolyte; nickel molybdenum and transition metal phosphides for alkaline. This includes a comprehensive analysis comparing the HER activity between several families of materials highlighting the recent stagnation with regards to enhancing the intrinsic activity of precious metal free hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts. Finally, we summarize future directions and provide recommendations for the field in this area of electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yagya N. Regmi
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
- Manchester
Fuel Cell Innovation Centre, Manchester
Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
| | - Chao Wei
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dong Xia
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
- Manchester
Fuel Cell Innovation Centre, Manchester
Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
| | - Jakob Kibsgaard
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Laurie A. King
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
- Manchester
Fuel Cell Innovation Centre, Manchester
Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
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4
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Woo J, Han S, Yoon J. Mn-doped Sequentially Electrodeposited Co-based Oxygen Evolution Catalyst for Efficient Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38662424 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Designing high-performance and durable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts is important for green hydrogen production through anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE). Herein, a series of Mn-doped Co-based OER catalysts supported on FeOxHy (FCMx) are presented to enhance the OER activity. Mn doping effectively reduces the size of the Co oxide particles, thereby augmenting the active surface area. Moreover, Mn doping induces the creation of oxygen vacancies, leading to an efficient structural conversion during the OER, which is confirmed via in situ Raman spectroscopy. Under optimal conditions, the catalyst exhibits an overpotential of 234.4 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and a Tafel slope of 37.2 mV dec-1 under half-cell conditions. The AEMWE single-cell system demonstrates a current density of 1560 mA cm-2 at 1.8 V at 60 °C with a degradation rate of 0.4 mV h-1 for 500 h at 500 mA cm-2. Our development of a robust OER catalyst represents notable progress in the field of nonprecious-metal water electrolysis, marking a step toward cost-effective green hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinse Woo
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghwi Han
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeyong Yoon
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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5
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Radford CL, Saatkamp T, Bennet AJ, Holdcroft S. An organic proton cage that is ultra-resistant to hydroxide-promoted degradation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3395. [PMID: 38649343 PMCID: PMC11035699 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47809-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alkaline polymer membrane electrochemical energy conversion devices offer the prospect of using non-platinum group catalysts. However, their cationic functionalities are currently not sufficiently stable for vapor-phase applications, such as fuel cells. Herein, we report 1,6-diazabicyclo[4.4.4]tetradecan-1,6-ium (in-DBD), a cationic proton cage, that is orders of magnitude more resistant to hydroxide-promoted degradation than state-of-the-art organic cations under ultra-dry conditions and elevated temperature, and the first organic cation-hydroxide to persist at critically low hydration levels ( < 10% RH at 80 °C). This high stability against hydroxide-promoted degradation is due to the unique combination of endohedral protection and intra-bridgehead hydrogen bonding that prevents the removal of the inter-cavity proton and lowers the susceptibility to Hofmann elimination. We anticipate this discovery will facilitate a step-change in the advancement of materials and electrochemical devices utilizing anion-exchange membranes based on in-DBD that will enable stable operation under extreme alkaline conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase L Radford
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Torben Saatkamp
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Andrew J Bennet
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.
| | - Steven Holdcroft
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.
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6
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Li S, Liu T, Zhang W, Wang M, Zhang H, Qin C, Zhang L, Chen Y, Jiang S, Liu D, Liu X, Wang H, Luo Q, Ding T, Yao T. Highly efficient anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers via chromium-doped amorphous electrocatalysts. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3416. [PMID: 38649713 PMCID: PMC11035637 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47736-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In-depth comprehension and modulation of the electronic structure of the active metal sites is crucial to enhance their intrinsic activity of electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) toward anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers (AEMWEs). Here, we elaborate a series of amorphous metal oxide catalysts (FeCrOx, CoCrOx and NiCrOx) with high performance AEMWEs by high-valent chromium dopant. We discover that the positive effect of the transition from low to high valence of the Co site on the adsorption energy of the intermediate and the lower oxidation barrier is the key factor for its increased activity by synchrotron radiation in-situ techniques. Particularly, the CoCrOx anode catalyst achieves the high current density of 1.5 A cm-2 at 2.1 V and maintains for over 120 h with attenuation less than 4.9 mV h-1 in AEMWE testing. Such exceptional performance demonstrates a promising prospect for industrial application and providing general guidelines for the design of high-efficiency AEMWEs systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicheng Li
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Tong Liu
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China.
| | - Mingzhen Wang
- Zhongke Enthalpy (Anhui) New Energy Technology Co. Ltd, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Chunlan Qin
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Yudan Chen
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Shuaiwei Jiang
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Dong Liu
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Xiaokang Liu
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- Experimental Center of Engineering and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Qiquan Luo
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Tao Ding
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China.
| | - Tao Yao
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China.
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7
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Quan L, Jiang H, Mei G, Sun Y, You B. Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Overall and Hybrid Water Splitting. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3694-3812. [PMID: 38517093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic water splitting driven by renewable electricity has been recognized as a promising approach for green hydrogen production. Different from conventional strategies in developing electrocatalysts for the two half-reactions of water splitting (e.g., the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions, HER and OER) separately, there has been a growing interest in designing and developing bifunctional electrocatalysts, which are able to catalyze both the HER and OER. In addition, considering the high overpotentials required for OER while limited value of the produced oxygen, there is another rapidly growing interest in exploring alternative oxidation reactions to replace OER for hybrid water splitting toward energy-efficient hydrogen generation. This Review begins with an introduction on the fundamental aspects of water splitting, followed by a thorough discussion on various physicochemical characterization techniques that are frequently employed in probing the active sites, with an emphasis on the reconstruction of bifunctional electrocatalysts during redox electrolysis. The design, synthesis, and performance of diverse bifunctional electrocatalysts based on noble metals, nonprecious metals, and metal-free nanocarbons, for overall water splitting in acidic and alkaline electrolytes, are thoroughly summarized and compared. Next, their application toward hybrid water splitting is also presented, wherein the alternative anodic reactions include sacrificing agents oxidation, pollutants oxidative degradation, and organics oxidative upgrading. Finally, a concise statement on the current challenges and future opportunities of bifunctional electrocatalysts for both overall and hybrid water splitting is presented in the hope of guiding future endeavors in the quest for energy-efficient and sustainable green hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Quan
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Guoliang Mei
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yujie Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Bo You
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
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8
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Liu L, Ma H, Khan M, Hsiao BS. Recent Advances and Challenges in Anion Exchange Membranes Development/Application for Water Electrolysis: A Review. MEMBRANES 2024; 14:85. [PMID: 38668113 PMCID: PMC11051812 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14040085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, anion exchange membranes (AEMs) have aroused widespread interest in hydrogen production via water electrolysis using renewable energy sources. The two current commercial low-temperature water electrolysis technologies used are alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) and proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis. The AWE technology exhibited the advantages of high stability and increased cost-effectiveness with low hydrogen production efficiency. In contrast, PEM water electrolysis exhibited high hydrogen efficiency with low stability and cost-effectiveness, respectively. Unfortunately, the major challenges that AEMs, as well as the corresponding ion transportation membranes, including alkaline hydrogen separator and proton exchange membranes, still face are hydrogen production efficiency, long-term stability, and cost-effectiveness under working conditions, which exhibited critical issues that need to be addressed as a top priority. This review comprehensively presented research progress on AEMs in recent years, providing a thorough understanding of academic studies and industrial applications. It focused on analyzing the chemical structure of polymers and the performance of AEMs and established the relationship between the structure and efficiency of the membranes. This review aimed to identify approaches for improving AEM ion conductivity and alkaline stability. Additionally, future research directions for the commercialization of anion exchange membranes were discussed based on the analysis and assessment of the current applications of AEMs in patents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hongyang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | - Madani Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | - Benjamin S. Hsiao
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
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9
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Adisasmito S, Khoiruddin K, Sutrisna PD, Wenten IG, Siagian UWR. Bipolar Membrane Seawater Splitting for Hydrogen Production: A Review. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:14704-14727. [PMID: 38585051 PMCID: PMC10993265 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The growing demand for clean energy has spurred the quest for sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. Hydrogen has emerged as a promising candidate with its exceptional heating value and zero emissions upon combustion. However, conventional hydrogen production methods contribute to CO2 emissions, necessitating environmentally friendly alternatives. With its vast potential, seawater has garnered attention as a valuable resource for hydrogen production, especially in arid coastal regions with surplus renewable energy. Direct seawater electrolysis presents a viable option, although it faces challenges such as corrosion, competing reactions, and the presence of various impurities. To enhance the seawater electrolysis efficiency and overcome these challenges, researchers have turned to bipolar membranes (BPMs). These membranes create two distinct pH environments and selectively facilitate water dissociation by allowing the passage of protons and hydroxide ions, while acting as a barrier to cations and anions. Moreover, the presence of catalysts at the BPM junction or interface can further accelerate water dissociation. Alongside the thermodynamic potential, the efficiency of the system is significantly influenced by the water dissociation potential of BPMs. By exploiting these unique properties, BPMs offer a promising solution to improve the overall efficiency of seawater electrolysis processes. This paper reviews BPM electrolysis, including the water dissociation mechanism, recent advancements in BPM synthesis, and the challenges encountered in seawater electrolysis. Furthermore, it explores promising strategies to optimize the water dissociation reaction in BPMs, paving the way for sustainable hydrogen production from seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanggono Adisasmito
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung (ITB), Jalan
Ganesa No. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Khoiruddin Khoiruddin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung (ITB), Jalan
Ganesa No. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Putu D. Sutrisna
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Surabaya
(UBAYA), Jalan Raya Kalirungkut (Tenggilis), Surabaya 60293, Indonesia
| | - I Gede Wenten
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung (ITB), Jalan
Ganesa No. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Utjok W. R. Siagian
- Department
of Petroleum Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung (ITB), Jalan Ganesa No. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
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10
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Zaffora A, Megna B, Seminara B, Di Franco F, Santamaria M. Ni,Fe,Co-LDH Coated Porous Transport Layers for Zero-Gap Alkaline Water Electrolyzers. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:407. [PMID: 38470738 DOI: 10.3390/nano14050407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Next-generation alkaline water electrolyzers will be based on zero-gap configuration to further reduce costs related to technology and to improve performance. Here, anodic porous transport layers (PTLs) for zero-gap alkaline electrolysis are prepared through a facile one-step electrodeposition of Ni,Fe,Co-based layered double hydroxides (LDH) on 304 stainless steel (SS) meshes. Electrodeposited LDH structures are characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirming the formation of high surface area catalytic layers. Finally, bi and trimetallic LDH-based PTLs are tested as electrodes for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in 1 M KOH solution. The best electrodes are based on FeCo LDH, reaching 10 mA cm-2 with an overpotential value of 300 mV. These PTLs are also tested with a chronopotentiometric measurement carried out for 100 h at 50 mA cm-2, showing outstanding durability without signs of electrocatalytic activity degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zaffora
- Department of Engineering, Palermo University, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Bartolomeo Megna
- Department of Engineering, Palermo University, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Barbara Seminara
- Department of Engineering, Palermo University, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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11
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Bookholt T, Qin X, Lilli B, Enke D, Huck M, Balkenhohl D, Rüwe K, Brune J, Klare JP, Küpper K, Schuster A, Bergjan J, Steinhart M, Gröger H, Daum D, Schäfer H. Increased Readiness for Water Splitting: NiO-Induced Weakening of Bonds in Water Molecules as Possible Cause of Ultra-Low Oxygen Evolution Potential. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2310665. [PMID: 38386292 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The development of non-precious metal-based electrodes that actively and stably support the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in water electrolysis systems remains a challenge, especially at low pH levels. The recently published study has conclusively shown that the addition of haematite to H2 SO4 is a highly effective method of significantly reducing oxygen evolution overpotential and extending anode life. The far superior result is achieved by concentrating oxygen evolution centres on the oxide particles rather than on the electrode. However, unsatisfactory Faradaic efficiencies of the OER and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) parts as well as the required high haematite load impede applicability and upscaling of this process. Here it is shown that the same performance is achieved with three times less metal oxide powder if NiO/H2 SO4 suspensions are used along with stainless steel anodes. The reason for the enormous improvement in OER performance by adding NiO to the electrolyte is the weakening of the intramolecular O─H bond in the water molecules, which is under the direct influence of the nickel oxide suspended in the electrolyte. The manipulation of bonds in water molecules to increase the tendency of the water to split is a ground-breaking development, as shown in this first example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Bookholt
- University of Osnabrück, The Electrochemical Energy and Catalysis Group, Barbarastrasse 7, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Xian Qin
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Fujian Normal University and Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou, 350117, P. R. China
| | - Bettina Lilli
- University of Leipzig, Institute of Chemical Technology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dirk Enke
- University of Leipzig, Institute of Chemical Technology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marten Huck
- University of Osnabrück, The Electrochemical Energy and Catalysis Group, Barbarastrasse 7, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Danni Balkenhohl
- University of Osnabrück, The Electrochemical Energy and Catalysis Group, Barbarastrasse 7, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Klara Rüwe
- University of Osnabrück, The Electrochemical Energy and Catalysis Group, Barbarastrasse 7, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Julia Brune
- University of Osnabrück, The Electrochemical Energy and Catalysis Group, Barbarastrasse 7, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Johann P Klare
- University of Osnabrück Department of Physics, Barbarastrasse 7, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Karsten Küpper
- University of Osnabrück Department of Physics, Barbarastrasse 7, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Anja Schuster
- University of Osnabrück, Inorganic Chemistry II, Barbarastrasse 7, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jenrik Bergjan
- University of Osnabrück, Physical Chemistry, Barbarastrasse 7, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Martin Steinhart
- University of Osnabrück, Physical Chemistry, Barbarastrasse 7, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Harald Gröger
- Bielefeld University, Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Diemo Daum
- Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Landscape Architecture, Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Chemistry, Am Krümpel 31, 49090, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Helmut Schäfer
- University of Osnabrück, The Electrochemical Energy and Catalysis Group, Barbarastrasse 7, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
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12
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Favero S, Stephens IEL, Titirci MM. Anion Exchange Ionomers: Design Considerations and Recent Advances - An Electrochemical Perspective. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308238. [PMID: 37891006 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline-based electrochemical devices, such as anion exchange membrane (AEM) fuel cells and electrolyzers, are receiving increasing attention. However, while the catalysts and membrane are methodically studied, the ionomer is largely overlooked. In fact, most of the studies in alkaline electrolytes are conducted using the commercial proton exchange ionomer Nafion. The ionomer provides ionic conductivity; it is also essential for gas transport and water management, as well as for controlling the mechanical stability and the morphology of the catalyst layer. Moreover, the ionomer has distinct requirements that differ from those of anion-exchange membranes, such as a high gas permeability, and that depend on the specific electrode, such as water management. As a result, it is necessary to tailor the ionomer structure to the specific application in isolation and as part of the catalyst layer. In this review, an overview of the current state of the art for anion exchange ionomers is provided, summarizing their specific requirements and limitations in the context of AEM electrolyzers and fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Favero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, England, SW7 2BU, UK
| | - Ifan E L Stephens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, England, SW7 2BU, UK
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13
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Patil Kunturu P, Lavorenti M, Bera S, Johnson H, Kinge S, van de Sanden MCM, Tsampas MN. Scaling up BiVO 4 Photoanodes on Porous Ti Transport Layers for Solar Hydrogen Production. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202300969. [PMID: 37792861 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Commercialization of photoelectrochemical (PEC) water-splitting devices requires the development of large-area, low-cost photoanodes with high efficiency and photostability. Herein, we address these challenges by using scalable fabrication techniques and porous transport layer (PTLs) electrode supports. We demonstrate the deposition of W-doped BiVO4 on Ti PTLs using successive-ionic-layer-adsorption-and-reaction methods followed by boron treatment and chemical bath deposition of NiFeOOH co-catalyst. The use of PTLs that facilitate efficient mass and charge transfer allowed the scaling of the photoanodes (100 cm2 ) while maintaining ~90 % of the performance obtained with 1 cm2 photoanodes for oxygen evolution reaction, that is, 2.10 mA cm-2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE. This is the highest reported performance to date. Integration with a polycrystalline Si PV cell leads to bias-free water splitting with a stable photocurrent of 208 mA for 6 h and 2.2 % solar-to-hydrogen efficiency. Our findings highlight the importance of photoelectrode design towards scalable PEC device development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Patil Kunturu
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), 5612AJ, Eindhoven (The, Netherlands
| | - Marek Lavorenti
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), 5612AJ, Eindhoven (The, Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB (The, Netherlands
| | - Susanta Bera
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), 5612AJ, Eindhoven (The, Netherlands
| | - Hannah Johnson
- Toyota Motor Europe NV/SA, Hoge Wei 33, 1930, Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Toyota Motor Europe NV/SA, Hoge Wei 33, 1930, Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Mauritius C M van de Sanden
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), 5612AJ, Eindhoven (The, Netherlands
- Eindhoven Institute for Renewable Energy Systems (EIRES), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven (The, Netherlands
| | - Mihalis N Tsampas
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), 5612AJ, Eindhoven (The, Netherlands
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14
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Zelovich T, Dekel DR, Tuckerman ME. Electrostatic Potential of Functional Cations as a Predictor of Hydroxide Diffusion Pathways in Nanoconfined Environments of Anion Exchange Membranes. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:408-415. [PMID: 38179916 PMCID: PMC10801687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Nanoconfined anion exchange membranes (AEMs) play a vital role in emerging electrochemical technologies. The ability to control dominant hydroxide diffusion pathways is an important goal in the design of nanoconfined AEMs. Such control can shorten hydroxide transport pathways between electrodes, reduce transport resistance, and enhance device performance. In this work, we propose an electrostatic potential (ESP) approach to explore the effect of the polymer electrolyte cation spacing on hydroxide diffusion pathways from a molecular perspective. By exploring cation ESP energy surfaces and validating outcomes through prior ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of nanoconfined AEMs, we find that we can achieve control over preferred hydroxide diffusion pathways by adjusting the cation spacing. The results presented in this work provide a unique and straightforward approach to predict preferential hydroxide diffusion pathways, enabling efficient design of highly conductive nanoconfined AEM materials for electrochemical technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Zelovich
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University (NYU), New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Dario R. Dekel
- Wolfson
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion
− Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- Nancy
& Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Mark E. Tuckerman
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University (NYU), New York, New York 10003, United States
- Courant
Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New
York University (NYU), New York, New York 10012, United States
- NYU-ECNU
Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshan Rd. North, Shanghai 200062, China
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15
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Feng Z, Gupta G, Mamlouk M. Degradation of QPPO-based anion polymer electrolyte membrane at neutral pH. RSC Adv 2023; 13:20235-20242. [PMID: 37416914 PMCID: PMC10321057 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02889e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical stability of anion polymer electrolyte membranes (AEMs) determines the durability of an AEM water electrolyzer (AEMWE). The alkaline stability of AEMs has been widely investigated in the literature. However, the degradation of AEM at neutral pH closer to the practical AEMWE operating condition is neglected, and the degradation mechanism remains unclear. This paper investigated the stability of quaternized poly(p-phenylene oxide) (QPPO)-based AEMs under different conditions, including Fenton solution, H2O2 solution and DI water. The pristine PPO and chloromethylated PPO (ClPPO) showed good chemical stability in the Fenton solution, and only limited weight loss was observed, 2.8% and 1.6%, respectively. QPPO suffered a high mass loss (29%). Besides, QPPO with higher IEC showed a higher mass loss. QPPO-1 (1.7 mmol g-1) lost nearly twice as much mass as QPPO-2 (1.3 mmol g-1). A strong correlation between the degradation rate of IEC and H2O2 concentration was obtained, which implied that the reaction order is above 1. A long-term oxidative stability test at pH neutral condition was also conducted by immersing the membrane in DI at 60 °C water for 10 months. The membrane breaks into pieces after the degradation test. The possible degradation mechanism is that oxygen or OH˙ radicals attack the methyl group on the rearranged ylide, forming aldehyde or carboxyl attached to the CH2 group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Feng
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University Merz Court Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Chemical Engineering, Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YW UK
| | - Mohamed Mamlouk
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University Merz Court Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
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16
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Aili D, Kraglund MR, Rajappan SC, Serhiichuk D, Xia Y, Deimede V, Kallitsis J, Bae C, Jannasch P, Henkensmeier D, Jensen JO. Electrode Separators for the Next-Generation Alkaline Water Electrolyzers. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2023; 8:1900-1910. [PMID: 37090167 PMCID: PMC10111418 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.3c00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Multi-gigawatt-scale hydrogen production by water electrolysis is central in the green transition when it comes to storage of energy and forming the basis for sustainable fuels and materials. Alkaline water electrolysis plays a key role in this context, as the scale of implementation is not limited by the availability of scarce and expensive raw materials. Even though it is a mature technology, the new technological context of the renewable energy system demands more from the systems in terms of higher energy efficiency, enhanced rate capability, as well as dynamic, part-load, and differential pressure operation capability. New electrode separators that can support high currents at small ohmic losses, while effectively suppressing gas crossover, are essential to achieving this. This Focus Review compares the three main development paths that are currently being pursued in the field with the aim to identify the advantages and drawbacks of the different approaches in order to illuminate rational ways forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Aili
- Department
of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical
University of Denmark, Elektrovej, Building 375, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Rykær Kraglund
- Department
of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical
University of Denmark, Elektrovej, Building 375, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sinu C. Rajappan
- Department
of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical
University of Denmark, Elektrovej, Building 375, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dmytro Serhiichuk
- Department
of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical
University of Denmark, Elektrovej, Building 375, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yifan Xia
- Department
of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical
University of Denmark, Elektrovej, Building 375, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Valadoula Deimede
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Joannis Kallitsis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Chulsung Bae
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Patric Jannasch
- Polymer
& Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Dirk Henkensmeier
- Hydrogen·Fuel
Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of
Science andTechnology, Seoul 02792, Republic
of Korea
- Division
of Energy & Environment Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Green School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic
of Korea
| | - Jens Oluf Jensen
- Department
of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical
University of Denmark, Elektrovej, Building 375, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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17
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Testa D, Zuccante G, Muhyuddin M, Landone R, Scommegna A, Lorenzi R, Acciarri M, Petri E, Soavi F, Poggini L, Capozzoli L, Lavacchi A, Lamanna N, Franzetti A, Zoia L, Santoro C. Giving New Life to Waste Cigarette Butts: Transformation into Platinum Group Metal-Free Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Acid, Neutral and Alkaline Environment. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the core theme of a circular economy, a novel strategy to upcycle cigarette butt waste into platinum group metal (PGM)-free metal nitrogen carbon (M-N-C) electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is presented. The experimental route was composed of (i) the transformation of the powdered cigarette butts into carbonaceous char via pyrolysis at 450 °C, 600 °C, 750 °C and 900 °C, (ii) the porosity activation with KOH and (iii) the functionalization of the activated chars with iron (II) phthalocyanine (FePc). The electrochemical outcomes obtained by the rotating disk electrode (RRDE) technique revealed that the sample pyrolyzed at 450 °C (i.e., cig_450) outperformed the other counterparts with its highest onset (Eon) and half-wave potentials (E1/2) and demonstrated nearly tetra-electronic ORR in acidic, neutral and alkaline electrolytes, all resulting from the optimal surface chemistry and textural properties.
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18
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Clemens AL, Jayathilake BS, Karnes JJ, Schwartz JJ, Baker SE, Duoss EB, Oakdale JS. Tuning Alkaline Anion Exchange Membranes through Crosslinking: A Review of Synthetic Strategies and Property Relationships. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061534. [PMID: 36987313 PMCID: PMC10051716 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkaline anion exchange membranes (AAEMs) are an enabling component for next-generation electrochemical devices, including alkaline fuel cells, water and CO2 electrolyzers, and flow batteries. While commercial systems, notably fuel cells, have traditionally relied on proton-exchange membranes, hydroxide-ion conducting AAEMs hold promise as a method to reduce cost-per-device by enabling the use of non-platinum group electrodes and cell components. AAEMs have undergone significant material development over the past two decades; however, challenges remain in the areas of durability, water management, high temperature performance, and selectivity. In this review, we survey crosslinking as a tool capable of tuning AAEM properties. While crosslinking implementations vary, they generally result in reduced water uptake and increased transport selectivity and alkaline stability. We survey synthetic methodologies for incorporating crosslinks during AAEM fabrication and highlight necessary precautions for each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auston L. Clemens
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Correspondence: (A.L.C.); (J.S.O.)
| | | | - John J. Karnes
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Johanna J. Schwartz
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Sarah E. Baker
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Eric B. Duoss
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - James S. Oakdale
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Correspondence: (A.L.C.); (J.S.O.)
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19
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Fu Y, Zhang D, Li P, Han Y, You J, Wei Q, Yang W. Tailoring Ni-Fe-Se film on Ni foam via electrodeposition optimization for efficient oxygen evolution reaction. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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20
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Xu Z, Peng C, Zheng G. Coupling Value-Added Anodic Reactions with Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203147. [PMID: 36380419 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction features a promising approach to realize carbon neutrality. However, its competitiveness is limited by the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at anode, which consumes a large portion of energy. Coupling value-added anodic reactions with CO2 electroreduction has been emerging as a promising strategy in recent years to enhance the full-cell energy efficiency and produce valuable chemicals at both cathode and anode of the electrolyzer. This review briefly summarizes recent progresses on the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction, and the economic feasibility of different CO2 electrolysis systems is discussed. Then a comprehensive summary of recent advances in the coupled electrolysis of CO2 and potential value-added anodic reactions is provided, with special focus on the specific cell designs. Finally, current challenges and future opportunities for the coupled electrolysis systems are proposed, which are targeted to facilitate progress in this field and push the CO2 electrolyzers to a more practical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zikai Xu
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Chen Peng
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Gengfeng Zheng
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
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21
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Bonizzoni S, Stucchi D, Caielli T, Sediva E, Mauri M, Mustarelli P. Morpholinium‐Modified, Polyketone‐Based Anion Exchange Membranes for Water Electrolysis. ChemElectroChem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202201077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bonizzoni
- Department of Materials Science University of Milano Bicocca Via Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italy
| | - Diego Stucchi
- Department of Materials Science University of Milano Bicocca Via Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italy
| | - Tommaso Caielli
- Department of Materials Science University of Milano Bicocca Via Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italy
| | - Eva Sediva
- Department of Materials Science University of Milano Bicocca Via Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italy
| | - Michele Mauri
- Department of Materials Science University of Milano Bicocca Via Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italy
| | - Piercarlo Mustarelli
- Department of Materials Science University of Milano Bicocca Via Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italy
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22
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Rakhshani S, Araneo R, Pucci A, Rinaldi A, Giuliani C, Pozio A. Synthesis and Characterization of a Composite Anion Exchange Membrane for Water Electrolyzers (AEMWE). MEMBRANES 2023; 13:membranes13010109. [PMID: 36676916 PMCID: PMC9860756 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Anion exchange membranes (AEM) have gained attention recently as a promising candidate for low-cost water electrolysis systems to produce hydrogen, linked with renewable energy resources as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. The development of potential materials for producing and analyzing AEM is an imperative step towards commercialization and plays a competitive role in the hydrogen production industry. In this article, we developed a composite anion exchange membrane prepared by activating a commercial support structure (Celgard® 3401) with a commercially available functional group (Fumion® FAA-3) through a phase-inversion process. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis demonstrated the phase-inversion procedure as an effective methodology. Furthermore, the cell performance test result (with Celgard/Fumion) was very promising and even better in comparison with a commercial membrane commonly applied in alkaline electrolysis (Fumasep). We also developed a testing procedure for membrane performance evaluation during electrolysis which is very critical considering the effect of CO2 absorption on membrane conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Rakhshani
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering, University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Araneo
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering, University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Pucci
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Rinaldi
- ENEA, C.R. Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Giuliani
- ENEA, C.R. Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Alfonso Pozio
- ENEA, C.R. Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
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23
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Abstract
Poly(xanthene)s (PXs) carrying trimethylammonium, methylpiperidinium, and quinuclidinium cations were synthesized and studied as a new class of anion exchange membranes (AEMs). The polymers were prepared in a superacid-mediated polyhydroxyalkylation involving 4,4'-biphenol and 1-bromo-3-(trifluoroacetylphenyl)-propane, followed by quaternization reactions with the corresponding amines. The architecture with a rigid PX backbone decorated with cations via flexible alkyl spacer chains resulted in AEMs with high ionic conductivity, thermal stability and alkali-resistance. For example, hydroxide conductivities up to 129 mS cm-1 were reached at 80 °C, and all the AEMs showed excellent alkaline stability with less than 4% ionic loss after treatment in 2 M aq. NaOH at 90 °C during 720 h. Critically, the diaryl ether links of the PX backbone remained intact after the harsh alkaline treatment, as evidenced by both 1H NMR spectroscopy and thermogravimetry. Our combined findings suggest that PX AEMs are viable materials for application in alkaline fuel cells and electrolyzers.
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24
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Caprì A, Gatto I, Lo Vecchio C, Trocino S, Carbone A, Baglio V. Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis Based on Nickel Ferrite Catalysts. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202201056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Caprì
- Istituto di Tecnolologie Avanzate per l'Energia “Nicola Giordano” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-ITAE) Via S. Lucia sopra Contesse 5 98126 Messina Italy
| | - Irene Gatto
- Istituto di Tecnolologie Avanzate per l'Energia “Nicola Giordano” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-ITAE) Via S. Lucia sopra Contesse 5 98126 Messina Italy
| | - Carmelo Lo Vecchio
- Istituto di Tecnolologie Avanzate per l'Energia “Nicola Giordano” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-ITAE) Via S. Lucia sopra Contesse 5 98126 Messina Italy
| | - Stefano Trocino
- Istituto di Tecnolologie Avanzate per l'Energia “Nicola Giordano” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-ITAE) Via S. Lucia sopra Contesse 5 98126 Messina Italy
| | - Alessandra Carbone
- Istituto di Tecnolologie Avanzate per l'Energia “Nicola Giordano” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-ITAE) Via S. Lucia sopra Contesse 5 98126 Messina Italy
| | - Vincenzo Baglio
- Istituto di Tecnolologie Avanzate per l'Energia “Nicola Giordano” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-ITAE) Via S. Lucia sopra Contesse 5 98126 Messina Italy
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25
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Hua D, Huang J, Fabbri E, Rafique M, Song B. Development of Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis and the Associated Challenges: A Review. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daxing Hua
- Department of Physics Institution Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 P.R. China
| | - Jinzhen Huang
- Paul Scherrer Institute Forschungsstrasse 111 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Emiliana Fabbri
- Paul Scherrer Institute Forschungsstrasse 111 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Moniba Rafique
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 P.R. China
| | - Bo Song
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 P.R. China
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26
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Zhao HF, Yue YT, Fan YL, Wang JX, Li WH, Wei F, Liu M, Yu YH, Lu WT, Zhang G. In-situ Electrochemical Transformed Cu Oxide from Cu Sulfide for Efficient Upgrading of Biomass Derived 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural in Anion Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201625. [PMID: 36184569 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical transformation of biomass to high value-added products is attractive. Herein, Cu sulfide-mediated in-situ synthesis of Cu oxide was achieved for efficient electro-oxidation of biomass derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). The copper foam-supported Cu sulfide (Cu-S/CF) was in-situ converted to Cu oxide during the electro-oxidation process. The in-situ formed Cu oxide presented high HMF conversion, FDCA yield, and faradaic efficiency in 1 m KOH with HMF concentration up to 100 mm. The oxidation of HMF on Cu oxide started with the formation of high-valence Cu species with the assistance of OH- , which then oxidized HMF spontaneously. An anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzer with Cu-S/CF as the anode was assembled to continuously produce FDCA with H2 generation at the cathode. The AEM electrolyzer ran stably for 60 h with FDCA content higher than 85 % at a cell voltage between 1.50 and 1.60 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Fan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, 430056, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Jianghan University, 430056, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, School of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Jianghan University, 430056, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ting Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, 430056, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Jianghan University, 430056, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, School of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Jianghan University, 430056, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Lin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, 430056, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Jianghan University, 430056, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, School of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Jianghan University, 430056, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Xiang Wang
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, School of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Jianghan University, 430056, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, 430056, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Jianghan University, 430056, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, School of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Jianghan University, 430056, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, 430056, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Jianghan University, 430056, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, School of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Jianghan University, 430056, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, 430056, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Jianghan University, 430056, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, School of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Jianghan University, 430056, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Hua Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, 430056, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Jianghan University, 430056, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, School of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Jianghan University, 430056, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Wang-Ting Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, 430056, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Jianghan University, 430056, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, School of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Jianghan University, 430056, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Geng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, P. R. China
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27
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Nemeth T, Nauser T, Gubler L. On the Radical-Induced Degradation of Quaternary Ammonium Cations for Anion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201571. [PMID: 36131629 PMCID: PMC9828592 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Four benzylic-type quaternary ammonium (QA) compounds with different electron density at the phenyl group were evaluated for their susceptibility against degradation by radicals. Time-resolved absorption spectroscopy indicated that radicals with oxidizing and reducing character were formed upon oxidation by HO⋅ and O⋅- (conjugate base of HO⋅). It was estimated that, dependent on the QA, 18-41 % of the formed radicals were oxidizing with standard electrode potentials (E0 ) above 0.276 V and 13-23 % exceeded 0.68 V, while 13-48 % were reducing with E0 <-0.448 V. The stability of these model compounds against oxidation and reductive dealkylation was evaluated at both neutral and strongly alkaline conditions, pH 14. Under both conditions, electron-donating groups promoted radical degradation, while electron-withdrawing ones increased stability. Therefore, durability against radical-induced degradation shows an opposite trend to alkaline stability and needs to be considered during the rational design of novel anion-exchange membranes for fuel cells and electrolyzers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Nemeth
- Electrochemistry LaboratoryPaul Scherrer Institut5232Villigen PSISwitzerland
- Laboratory of Inorganic ChemistryETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 18093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Thomas Nauser
- Laboratory of Inorganic ChemistryETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 18093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Lorenz Gubler
- Electrochemistry LaboratoryPaul Scherrer Institut5232Villigen PSISwitzerland
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28
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Krivina RA, Lindquist GA, Beaudoin SR, Stovall TN, Thompson WL, Twight LP, Marsh D, Grzyb J, Fabrizio K, Hutchison JE, Boettcher SW. Anode Catalysts in Anion-Exchange-Membrane Electrolysis without Supporting Electrolyte: Conductivity, Dynamics, and Ionomer Degradation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2203033. [PMID: 35790033 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anion-exchange-membrane water electrolyzers (AEMWEs) in principle operate without soluble electrolyte using earth-abundant catalysts and cell materials and thus lower the cost of green H2 . Current systems lack competitive performance and the durability needed for commercialization. One critical issue is a poor understanding of catalyst-specific degradation processes in the electrolyzer. While non-platinum-group-metal (non-PGM) oxygen-evolution catalysts show excellent performance and durability in strongly alkaline electrolyte, this has not transferred directly to pure-water AEMWEs. Here, AEMWEs with five non-PGM anode catalysts are built and the catalysts' structural stability and interactions with the alkaline ionomer are characterized during electrolyzer operation and post-mortem. The results show catalyst electrical conductivity is one key to obtaining high-performing systems and that many non-PGM catalysts restructure during operation. Dynamic Fe sites correlate with enhanced degradation rates, as does the addition of soluble Fe impurities. In contrast, electronically conductive Co3 O4 nanoparticles (without Fe in the crystal structure) yield AEMWEs from simple, standard preparation methods, with performance and stability comparable to IrO2 . These results reveal the fundamental dynamic catalytic processes resulting in AEMWE device failure under relevant conditions, demonstrate a viable non-PGM catalyst for AEMWE operation, and illustrate underlying design rules for engineering anode catalyst/ionomer layers with higher performance and durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raina A Krivina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Oregon Center for Electrochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Grace A Lindquist
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Oregon Center for Electrochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Sarah R Beaudoin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Oregon Center for Electrochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Timothy Nathan Stovall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Oregon Center for Electrochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Willow L Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Oregon Center for Electrochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Liam P Twight
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Oregon Center for Electrochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Douglas Marsh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Oregon Center for Electrochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Joseph Grzyb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Oregon Center for Electrochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Kevin Fabrizio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - James E Hutchison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Shannon W Boettcher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Oregon Center for Electrochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
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