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Ryu J, Choi J, Kim M, Cho YU, Hwang SH, Jang S, Park CJ. Suitability of EDTA-anticoagulated Blood for Natural Killer Cell Activity Testing Using Flow Cytometry. Ann Lab Med 2023; 43:307-309. [PMID: 36544345 PMCID: PMC9791016 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2023.43.3.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeayeon Ryu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihyun Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Miyoung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea,Corresponding author: Miyoung Kim, Ph.D. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Centre, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea Tel: +82-2-3010-4498, Fax: +82-2-478-0884 E-mail:
| | - Young-Uk Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Hwang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seongsoo Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan-Jeoung Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Rico LG, Ward MD, Bradford JA, Petriz J. Flow Cytometric Quantification of Cytotoxic Activity in Whole Blood Samples. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e215. [PMID: 34370403 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Current methods for the determination of cell-mediated cytotoxic activity in blood samples usually isolate peripheral blood mononuclear cells by density gradient centrifugation or alternatively use erythrocyte lysis. Both centrifugation and red cell lysis can cause cellular depletion and cell dysfunction, resulting in erroneous measurements. To address limitations of current assays, we developed an improved strategy to determine cellular cytotoxicity using flow cytometry. Viable nucleic acid stains are used to identify live nucleated cells and discriminate them from non-nucleated erythrocytes, platelets, and debris while avoiding lysing and washing steps to maintain cell functionality. To detect target cells, we have used two different labeling approaches. In the first approach, EGFP-labeled K562 human chronic myelogenous leukemia cells provide a "ready-to-use" target without the need of additional for labeling or staining. For the second approach, we perform parallel cytotoxicity assays in the presence of wild-type K562 cells previously loaded with a fluorescent dye that has spectral properties similar to those of EGFP. Given the importance of cytotoxic assays and the deleterious effects of current sample preparation methods, the aim of this study was to adapt this "untouched cells" flow cytometry method to study cytotoxic activity using unlysed whole blood samples and fluorescent target cells. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Sample preparation for cell-mediated cytotoxic activity determination in unlysed whole blood Basic Protocol 2: Protocol preparation, sample acquisition, and gating strategy for flow cytometric identification of cell-mediated cytotoxic activity using unlysed whole blood samples Support Protocol 1: Optimization of the performance of target cell labeling approaches Support Protocol 2: Assessment of the linearity and reproducibility of cytotoxicity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura G Rico
- Functional Cytomics Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Jordi Petriz
- Functional Cytomics Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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Rico LG, Ward MD, Bradford JA, Petriz J. A Novel Flow Cytometric Method to Study Cytotoxic Activity in Whole Blood Samples. Cytometry A 2020; 99:503-510. [PMID: 32910503 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For several decades, cell-mediated cytotoxicity has been measured using the 51 Cr release assay. This assay, however, has several drawbacks and flow cytometry has been used as an alternative to measure cytotoxic activity. Here, we present a quantitative method for cell-mediated cytotoxicity studies, preserving cellular function with minimal sample manipulation. Cytotoxic activity is simply and reproducibly measured as the ability of cytotoxic cells to lyse K562 target cells previously loaded with Calcein-AM vital stain. After spiking a known number of fluorescent viable K562 target cells into whole blood, cell mixtures are incubated for 2 h in a cell incubator and the remaining spiked cells are counted by flow cytometry. In order to discriminate nucleated cells, erythrocytes, and debris, unlysed whole blood is stained with a cell permeable DNA vital fluorescent dye. Cell-mediated lysis is measured by comparing target counts for different effector-to-target ratios. Since the cytotoxicity of these dyes is relatively low, this method can be broadly applied to studies of innate immune response to tumors and infections, especially where target-killing activity might be compromised by small volume samples or low frequency of cytotoxic cells. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura G Rico
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| | | | | | - Jordi Petriz
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
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NK Cell-Mediated Processing Of Chlamydia psittaci Drives Potent Anti-Bacterial Th1 Immunity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4799. [PMID: 30886314 PMCID: PMC6423132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41264-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells critically involved in the early immune response against various pathogens including chlamydia. Here, we demonstrate that chlamydia-infected NK cells prevent the intracellular establishment and growth of the bacteria. Upon infection, they display functional maturation characterized by enhanced IFN-γ secretion, CD146 induction, PKCϴ activation, and granule secretion. Eventually, chlamydia are released in a non-infectious, highly immunogenic form driving a potent Th1 immune response. Further, anti-chlamydial antibodies generated during immunization neutralize the infection of epithelial cells. The release of chlamydia from NK cells requires PKCϴ function and active degranulation, while granule-associated granzyme B drives the loss of chlamydial infectivity. Cellular infection and bacterial release can be undergone repeatedly and do not affect NK cell function. Strikingly, NK cells passing through such an infection cycle significantly improve their cytotoxicity. Thus, NK cells not only protect themselves against productive chlamydial infections but also actively trigger potent anti-bacterial responses.
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Lee JH, Paek SH, Shin HW, Lee SY, Moon BS, Park JE, Lim GD, Kim CY, Heo Y. Effect of fermented soybean products intake on the overall immune safety and function in mice. J Vet Sci 2017; 18:25-32. [PMID: 27030201 PMCID: PMC5366299 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Various functional activities have been reported for the fermented soybean products doenjang (DJ) and cheonggukjang (CGJ), although no systemic investigations of their immune functions have been conducted to date. We examined the effects of an experimental diet of DJ, CGJ, or a mixture of unfermented raw material for 4 weeks on overall immunity and immune safety in mice. No significant alterations were observed in peripheral or splenic immune cells among groups. Enhanced splenic natural killer cell activity was observed in the DJ and CGJ groups compared with the plain diet group. T helper type-1 (Th1)-mediated immune responses were enhanced in the DJ and CGJ groups with an upregulated production ratio of IFN-γ vs. IL-4 and IgG2a vs. IgG1 in stimulated splenic T and B cells, respectively. Resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection was observed in the DJ and CGJ groups. Overall, the results of this study suggest that DJ and CGJ intake consolidates humoral and cellular immunity to Th1 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hee Lee
- Department of Occupational Health, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Se Hee Paek
- Foods Research Institute, CJ CheilJedang Corp., Suwon 16495, Korea
| | - Hye Won Shin
- Foods Research Institute, CJ CheilJedang Corp., Suwon 16495, Korea
| | - Seung Yeon Lee
- Foods Research Institute, CJ CheilJedang Corp., Suwon 16495, Korea
| | - Byoung Seok Moon
- Foods Research Institute, CJ CheilJedang Corp., Suwon 16495, Korea
| | - Jung Eun Park
- Department of Occupational Health, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Gyeong Dong Lim
- Department of Occupational Health, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Chang Yul Kim
- Department of Occupational Health, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Yong Heo
- Department of Occupational Health, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
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Kitaji H, Ookutsu S, Sato M, Miyoshi K. Preincubation with green tea polyphenol extract is beneficial for attenuating sperm injury caused by freezing-thawing in swine. Anim Sci J 2015; 86:922-8. [PMID: 26248791 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols (PFs) extracted from green tea, known to be potent anti-oxidants, have been reported to be effective in increasing the motility and viability of mammalian sperm, preserved in a liquid form. Therefore, we tested whether PFs might also be effective for maintaining the integrity of frozen-thawed boar spermatozoa. Ejaculates, collected from Clawn miniature pigs, were diluted in a semen extender containing various amounts of PFs (0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2% w/v) and then stored at 15°C overnight. The semen samples were processed, using the straw freezing procedure, and then frozen in liquid nitrogen. After rapid thawing at 40°C, the spermatozoa were subjected to several assays to evaluate semen quality. Spermatozoa frozen in a medium containing 0.01% w/v PFs exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher degrees of post-thawed viability and acrosomal integrity than those stored in the absence of PFs. However, no change in the mitochondrial activity was noted between the two groups. The inclusion of 0.01% PFs in the semen extender was significantly (P < 0.05) effective in increasing both the rates of monospermic oocyte formation and of blastocyst formation. These findings indicate that preincubation with the semen extender, containing 0.01% PFs prior to freezing, exerts a protective effect on boar sperm by preventing injuries associated with freezing-thawing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Kitaji
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shoji Ookutsu
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sato
- Section of Gene Expression Regulation, Frontier Science Research Center, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazuchika Miyoshi
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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De Lorenzo BHP, de Oliveira Marchioro L, Greco CR, Suchecki D. Sleep-deprivation reduces NK cell number and function mediated by β-adrenergic signalling. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 57:134-43. [PMID: 25929826 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of sleep time triggers a stress response, leading to augmented levels of glucocorticoids and adrenaline. These hormones regulate components of the innate immune system such as natural killer (NK) and NKT cells. In the present study, we sought to investigate whether and how stress hormones could alter the population and function of NK and NKT cells of mice submitted to different lengths of paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD, from 24 to 72 h). Results showed that 72h of PSD decreased not only NK and NKT cell counts, but also their cytotoxic activity against B16F10 melanoma cells in vitro. Propranolol treatment during PSD reversed these effects, indicating a major inhibitory role of beta-adrenergic receptors (β-AR) on NK cells function. Moreover, both corticosterone plasma levels and expression of beta 2-adrenergic receptors (β2-AR) in NK cells increased by 48 h of PSD. In vitro incubation of NK cells with dexamethasone augmented the level of β2-AR in the cell surface, suggesting that glucocorticoids could induce β2-AR expression. In summary, we propose that reduction of NK and NKT cell number and cytotoxic activity appears to be mediated by glucocorticoids-induced increased expression of β2-AR in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz H P De Lorenzo
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros, 925 - 1° andar, Vila Clementino, 04024-002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Centro Universitário São Camilo, Avenida Nazaré, 1501, Ipiranga, 04263-200 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Laís de Oliveira Marchioro
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros, 925 - 1° andar, Vila Clementino, 04024-002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carollina Ribeiro Greco
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros, 925 - 1° andar, Vila Clementino, 04024-002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Deborah Suchecki
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros, 925 - 1° andar, Vila Clementino, 04024-002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Screening compounds with a novel high-throughput ABCB1-mediated efflux assay identifies drugs with known therapeutic targets at risk for multidrug resistance interference. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60334. [PMID: 23593196 PMCID: PMC3622673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ABCB1, also known as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) or multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1), is a membrane-associated multidrug transporter of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family. It is one of the most widely studied transporters that enable cancer cells to develop drug resistance. Reliable high-throughput assays that can identify compounds that interact with ABCB1 are crucial for developing new therapeutic drugs. A high-throughput assay for measuring ABCB1-mediated calcein AM efflux was developed using a fluorescent and phase-contrast live cell imaging system. This assay demonstrated the time- and dose-dependent accumulation of fluorescent calcein in ABCB1-overexpressing KB-V1 cells. Validation of the assay was performed with known ABCB1 inhibitors, XR9576, verapamil, and cyclosporin A, all of which displayed dose-dependent inhibition of ABCB1-mediated calcein AM efflux in this assay. Phase-contrast and fluorescent images taken by the imaging system provided additional opportunities for evaluating compounds that are cytotoxic or produce false positive signals. Compounds with known therapeutic targets and a kinase inhibitor library were screened. The assay identified multiple agents as inhibitors of ABCB1-mediated efflux and is highly reproducible. Among compounds identified as ABCB1 inhibitors, BEZ235, BI 2536, IKK 16, and ispinesib were further evaluated. The four compounds inhibited calcein AM efflux in a dose-dependent manner and were also active in the flow cytometry-based calcein AM efflux assay. BEZ235, BI 2536, and IKK 16 also successfully inhibited the labeling of ABCB1 with radiolabeled photoaffinity substrate [125I]iodoarylazidoprazosin. Inhibition of ABCB1 with XR9576 and cyclosporin A enhanced the cytotoxicity of BI 2536 to ABCB1-overexpressing cancer cells, HCT-15-Pgp, and decreased the IC50 value of BI 2536 by several orders of magnitude. This efficient, reliable, and simple high-throughput assay has identified ABCB1 substrates/inhibitors that may influence drug potency or drug-drug interactions and predict multidrug resistance in clinical treatment.
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Bucolo C, Maltese A, Maugeri F, Ward KW, Baiula M, Spartà A, Spampinato S. New coumarin-based anti-inflammatory drug: putative antagonist of the integrins alphaLbeta2 and alphaMbeta2. J Pharm Pharmacol 2008; 60:1473-9. [PMID: 18957168 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.11.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate putative antagonism of integrin receptors alphaMbeta2 and alphaLbeta2 by a novel coumarin derivative (BOL-303225-A), its efficacy in-vivo after retinal ischaemia-reperfusion injury, and its bioavailability in rat plasma. A cellular adhesion assay in Jurkat and U937 cells, and a flow cytometry assay with an antibody against the beta2 subunit were conducted. BOL-303225-A bioavailability in rat plasma and the retinal levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO) after ischaemia-reperfusion injury were evaluated after oral administration (10 mg kg(-1)). In-vitro cell viability assays revealed no cytotoxicity for BOL-303225-A over a wide dose range, and IC50 values of 32.3 +/- 1.5 muM and 84.95 +/- 2.3 muM were found for Jurkat and U937 cells, respectively. The drug showed specific binding to the alphaMbeta2 and alphaLbeta2 integrin receptors expressed by U937 and Jurkat cells, respectively, producing a fluorescence shift towards lower values in a concentration-dependent manner. The pharmacokinetic profile of BOL-303225-A exhibited rapid absorption following oral administration in the rat. A significant reduction of retinal MPO levels was observed in drug-treated rats. This study demonstrated that BOL-303225-A acts as an antagonist of the integrin alphaLbeta2 and alphaMbeta2 receptors, suggesting that this drug could be used for ocular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Bucolo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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Funamoto K, Komizu Y, Ichihara H, Tanoue O, Goto K, Ueoka R. Antitumor and Immunostimulatory Effects of Residual Powder from Barley-Shochu Distillation Remnants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.54.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kouta Funamoto
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Sojo University
| | - Yuji Komizu
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Sojo University
| | - Hideaki Ichihara
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Sojo University
| | - Osamu Tanoue
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Sojo University
| | - Koichi Goto
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Sojo University
| | - Ryuichi Ueoka
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Sojo University
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Hopkinson K, Williams EA, Fairburn B, Forster S, Flower DJ, Saxton JM, Pockley AG. A MitoTracker Green-based flow cytometric assay for natural killer cell activity: variability, the influence of platelets and a comparison of analytical approaches. Exp Hematol 2007; 35:350-7. [PMID: 17309815 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A number of flow cytometric assays for natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity have been described, however, the relative merits of analytical approaches and the influence of platelets on measured responses have not been systematically evaluated. Information on the time-dependent variability in measured responses is also limited. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained using Nycoprep 1.077, or Nycoprep 1.077 followed by Nycoprep 1.068 (to remove platelets), and incubated for 3 hours with MitoTracker Green (MTG)-labeled K562 cells. Cells were stained with propidium iodide (PI) and the proportions of viable and nonviable target cells (MTG(+)PI(-), MTG(+)PI(+)) were determined by flow cytometry using quadrant and polygonal region analysis. RESULTS Platelets inhibited NK cell cytotoxicity and the response was underestimated when the nonviable target cell population was not entirely enclosed within the nonviable target cell (upper right) flow cytometric quadrant. The variability in measured NK cell cytotoxic responses in samples obtained from five individuals on three occasions over a 3-week period was 28%, 24%, 26%, and 37%, and 19%, 23%, 27%, and 32% for the quadrant and region analyses (mean coefficient of variation at effector-to-target cell ratios of 100:1, 50:1, 25:1, and 12.5:1, respectively), and 24% and 20% when data were calculated as the area under the cytotoxic curve (AUCC). CONCLUSION Polygonal regions and the calculation of data as the AUCC appear to be the best approach. This study will be of value to investigators that are wishing to incorporate an NK cell cytotoxicity assay into their portfolio of experimental techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Hopkinson
- Immunobiology Research Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Bottley G, Cook GP, Blair GE. A Flow Cytometric Assay for Analysis of Natural-Killer Cell-Mediated Cytolysis of Adenovirus-Transformed Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 131:221-30. [PMID: 17656786 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-277-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Natural-killer (NK) cells play an important role in recognizing and eliminating virally infected and transformed cells. To study this process, convenient assays for NK-cell function are required. Conventional NK-cell activity assays measure the release of 51Cr from prelabeled target cells following membrane disruption. This chapter describes nonradiometric assays for NK-cell killing of adenovirus-transformed human cells that can be applied to multiple cell samples using flow cytometry.
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Park GM, Lee S, Park B, Kim E, Shin J, Cho K, Ahn K. Soluble HLA-G generated by proteolytic shedding inhibits NK-mediated cell lysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 313:606-11. [PMID: 14697234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the classical HLA class Ia molecules, the nonclassical HLA-G primary transcript is alternatively spliced to generate several mRNAs that encode four membrane-bound and three soluble isoforms. This study demonstrated that the soluble form of HLA-G can also be generated by metalloproteinase-dependent shedding at post-translational level. These soluble HLA-G1 molecules generated by the cleavage of membrane-bound HLA-G1 associate with beta2-microglobulin and contain bound peptides that are stable at physiological conditions. This report further showed that the soluble HLA-G1 is able to protect HLA class I-negative K562 cells from NK lysis, suggesting that soluble HLA-G could act as an immunoregulator in NK cell recognition and possibly in other immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu Man Park
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
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Kushima K, Fujita M, Shigeta A, Horiuchi H, Matsuda H, Furusawa S. Flow cytometric analysis of chicken NK activity and its use on the effect of restraint stress. J Vet Med Sci 2004; 65:995-1000. [PMID: 14532692 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.65.995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune system is organized by the influence of both neural and endocrine systems. NK activity plays an important role in the innate immunity. In this study, we observed the effects of restraint stress on chicken peripheral blood NK activity. Viability of FITC-labeled RP9 was measured with PI after treatment with the effector cells. Chicken peripheral blood CD8alpha+ cells expressed strong cytotoxic activity, in contrast to thrombocytes, while peripheral blood CD3+ CD8alpha+ cells and CD4+ cells had little cytotoxic activity. Con A supernatant enhanced the cytotoxic activity of CD8alpha+ cells. Therefore, it is considered that these cytotoxic activities measured by flow cytometry (FCM) analysis are NK activity. When chickens were exposed to restraint stress, the levels of serum corticosterone increased transiently over a short period of time while the NK activity decreased. The decreased NK activity, however, did not recover to the intact levels for a long time, even once the serum corticosterone levels had recovered. These data indicate that chicken NK activity is able to be measured by flow cytometric analysis and that restraint stress causes severe damage to the chicken NK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Kushima
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Molecular and Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University Japan
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Presley AD, Fuller KM, Arriaga EA. MitoTracker Green labeling of mitochondrial proteins and their subsequent analysis by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 793:141-50. [PMID: 12880861 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00371-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
MitoTracker Green (MTG) is a mitochondrial-selective fluorescent label commonly used in confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. It is expected that this dye selectively accumulates in the mitochondrial matrix where it covalently binds to mitochondrial proteins by reacting with free thiol groups of cysteine residues. Here we demonstrate that MTG can be used as a protein labeling reagent that is compatible with a subsequent analysis by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF). Although the MTG-labeled proteins and MTG do not seem to electrophoretically separate, an enhancement in fluorescence intensity of the product indicates that only proteins with free thiol groups are capable of reacting with MTG. In addition we propose that MTG is a partially selective label towards some mitochondrial proteins. This selectivity stems from the high MTG concentration in the mitochondrial matrix that favors alkylation of the available thiol groups in this subcellular compartment. To that effect we treated mitochondria-enriched fractions that had been prepared by differential centrifugation of an NS-1 cell lysate. This fraction was solubilized with an SDS-containing buffer and analyzed by CE-LIF. The presence of a band with fluorescence stronger than MTG alone also indicated the presence of an MTG-protein product. Confirming that MTG is labeling mitochondrial proteins was done by treating the solubilized mitochondrial fraction with 5-furoylquinoline-3-carboxaldehyde (FQ), a fluorogenic reagent that reacts with primary amino groups, and analysis by CE-LIF using two separate detection channels: 520 nm for MTG-labeled species and 635 nm for FQ-labeled species. In addition, these results indicate that MTG labels only a subset of proteins in the mitochondria-enriched fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Presley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Posevitz V, Vizler C, Benyhe S, Duda E, Borsodi A. Restraint stress and anti-tumor immune response in mice. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2003; 54:167-76. [PMID: 14535622 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.54.2003.2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Psychological stress modulates the immune system through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the sympatho-adrenomedullary axis and the opioid system. According to literature data, restraint stress increases the immune cell apoptosis, decreases the spleen and thymus cell content, the natural killer (NK) activity in the spleen, and it compromises the anti-tumor immune response in mice. We immobilized mice in two consecutive nights, and then determined the cell number, apoptosis, NK cell content, NK activity and the level of cytokine mRNAs (TNF-beta, TNF-alpha, IL-4, IL-5, IL-1alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-6, IL-1beta and IL-3) in the thymus and spleen. No consistent changes were detected in any of the immune parameters either in C57Bl/6 or in DBA/2 mice. Stressed or control B6 mice were injected with B16 melanoma cells immediately after the immobilization or one week later. No significant differences were found in the growth of primary tumors and lung metastases in stressed and control animals. Taken together, our mice, kept in a general-purpose non-SPF animal house, seemed to be refractory to the stress-induced immunomodulation. Our interpretation is that stress-induced immunomodulation can occur only in mice isolated from any background stressors, or rather natural stimuli, throughout their life.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Posevitz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
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Nagy T, Glavinas H, Szincsák N, Hunyadi J, Jánossy T, Duda E, Vizler C, Juhász I. Tumor cells expressing membrane-bound tumor necrosis factor activate macrophages and have a compromised growth in immunosuppressed and immunodeficient mice. Cancer Lett 2003; 196:49-56. [PMID: 12860289 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(03)00181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha producing tumors as vaccines were demonstrated to induce a therapeutic anti-tumor immune response, but their clinical use is limited by the toxicity of soluble TNF. We investigated the growth characteristics and immunomodulatory properties of HeLa cells producing an uncleavable transmembrane form of TNF (preTNF). The growth of the transformed tumors was compromised in both immunosuppressed and severe combined immunodeficient mice; no signs of TNF toxicity were detected. Macrophages co-cultured with the transformed cells showed increased phagocytosis and cytokine production, indicating that activated macrophages may be the mediators of the anti-tumor effect. preTNF producing tumor cells are promising safe anti-tumor vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tünde Nagy
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
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