1
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Pradeep S, Zangle TA. LVING reveals the intracellular structure of cell growth. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8544. [PMID: 38609444 PMCID: PMC11014851 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58992-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The continuous balance of growth and degradation inside cells maintains homeostasis. Disturbance of this balance by internal or external factors cause state of disease, while effective disease treatments seek to restore this balance. Here, we present a method based on quantitative phase imaging (QPI) based measurements of cell mass and the velocity of mass transport to quantify the balance of growth and degradation within intracellular control volumes. The result, which we call Lagrangian velocimetry for intracellular net growth (LVING), provides high resolution maps of intracellular biomass production and degradation. We use LVING to quantify the growth in different regions of the cell during phases of the cell cycle. LVING can also be used to quantitatively compare the effect of range of chemotherapy drug doses on subcellular growth processes. Finally, we applied LVING to characterize the effect of autophagy on the growth machinery inside cells. Overall, LVING reveals both the structure and distribution of basal growth within cells, as well as the disruptions to this structure that occur during alterations in cell state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soorya Pradeep
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Thomas A Zangle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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2
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Kaza N, Ojaghi A, Robles FE. Virtual Staining, Segmentation, and Classification of Blood Smears for Label-Free Hematology Analysis. BME Front 2022; 2022:9853606. [PMID: 37850166 PMCID: PMC10521747 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9853606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective and Impact Statement. We present a fully automated hematological analysis framework based on single-channel (single-wavelength), label-free deep-ultraviolet (UV) microscopy that serves as a fast, cost-effective alternative to conventional hematology analyzers. Introduction. Hematological analysis is essential for the diagnosis and monitoring of several diseases but requires complex systems operated by trained personnel, costly chemical reagents, and lengthy protocols. Label-free techniques eliminate the need for staining or additional preprocessing and can lead to faster analysis and a simpler workflow. In this work, we leverage the unique capabilities of deep-UV microscopy as a label-free, molecular imaging technique to develop a deep learning-based pipeline that enables virtual staining, segmentation, classification, and counting of white blood cells (WBCs) in single-channel images of peripheral blood smears. Methods. We train independent deep networks to virtually stain and segment grayscale images of smears. The segmented images are then used to train a classifier to yield a quantitative five-part WBC differential. Results. Our virtual staining scheme accurately recapitulates the appearance of cells under conventional Giemsa staining, the gold standard in hematology. The trained cellular and nuclear segmentation networks achieve high accuracy, and the classifier can achieve a quantitative five-part differential on unseen test data. Conclusion. This proposed automated hematology analysis framework could greatly simplify and improve current complete blood count and blood smear analysis and lead to the development of a simple, fast, and low-cost, point-of-care hematology analyzer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nischita Kaza
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ashkan Ojaghi
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Francisco E. Robles
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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3
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Reinmuth-Selzle K, Tchipilov T, Backes AT, Tscheuschner G, Tang K, Ziegler K, Lucas K, Pöschl U, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Weller MG. Determination of the protein content of complex samples by aromatic amino acid analysis, liquid chromatography-UV absorbance, and colorimetry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:4457-4470. [PMID: 35320366 PMCID: PMC9142416 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fast and accurate determination of the protein content of a sample is an important and non-trivial task of many biochemical, biomedical, food chemical, pharmaceutical, and environmental research activities. Different methods of total protein determination are used for a wide range of proteins with highly variable properties in complex matrices. These methods usually work reasonably well for proteins under controlled conditions, but the results for non-standard and complex samples are often questionable. Here, we compare new and well-established methods, including traditional amino acid analysis (AAA), aromatic amino acid analysis (AAAA) based on the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine, reversed-phase liquid chromatography of intact proteins with UV absorbance measurements at 220 and 280 nm (LC-220, LC-280), and colorimetric assays like Coomassie Blue G-250 dye-binding assay (Bradford) and bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay. We investigated different samples, including proteins with challenging properties, chemical modifications, mixtures, and complex matrices like air particulate matter and pollen extracts. All methods yielded accurate and precise results for the protein and matrix used for calibration. AAA, AAAA with fluorescence detection, and the LC-220 method yielded robust results even under more challenging conditions (variable analytes and matrices). These methods turned out to be well-suited for reliable determination of the protein content in a wide range of samples, such as air particulate matter and pollen. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teodor Tchipilov
- Division 1.5 Protein Analysis, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna T. Backes
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Georg Tscheuschner
- Division 1.5 Protein Analysis, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Tang
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kira Ziegler
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kurt Lucas
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Michael G. Weller
- Division 1.5 Protein Analysis, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489 Berlin, Germany
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4
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Ojaghi A, Casteleiro Costa P, Caruso C, Lam WA, Robles FE. Label-free automated neutropenia detection and grading using deep-ultraviolet microscopy. Biomed Opt Express 2021; 12:6115-6128. [PMID: 34745725 PMCID: PMC8547990 DOI: 10.1364/boe.434465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Neutropenia is a condition identified by an abnormally low number of neutrophils in the bloodstream and signifies an increased risk of severe infection. Cancer patients are particularly susceptible to this condition, which can be disruptive to their treatment and even life-threatening in severe cases. Thus, it is critical to routinely monitor neutrophil counts in cancer patients. However, the standard of care to assess neutropenia, the complete blood count (CBC), requires expensive and complex equipment, as well as cumbersome procedures, which precludes easy or timely access to critical hematological information, namely neutrophil counts. Here we present a simple, low-cost, fast, and robust technique to detect and grade neutropenia based on label-free multi-spectral deep-UV microscopy. Results show that the developed framework for automated segmentation and classification of live, unstained blood cells in a smear accurately differentiates patients with moderate and severe neutropenia from healthy samples in minutes. This work has significant implications towards the development of a low-cost and easy-to-use point-of-care device for tracking neutrophil counts, which can not only improve the quality of life and treatment-outcomes of many patients but can also be lifesaving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Ojaghi
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory
University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Paloma Casteleiro Costa
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Christina Caruso
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of
Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics,
Emory University School of Medicine,
Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Wilbur A. Lam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory
University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of
Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics,
Emory University School of Medicine,
Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Francisco E. Robles
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory
University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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5
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Kaza N, Ojaghi A, Robles FE. Hemoglobin quantification in red blood cells via dry mass mapping based on UV absorption. J Biomed Opt 2021; 26:JBO-210112LR. [PMID: 34378368 PMCID: PMC8353376 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.8.086501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The morphological properties and hemoglobin (Hb) content of red blood cells (RBCs) are essential biomarkers to diagnose or monitor various types of hematological disorders. Label-free mass mapping approaches enable accurate Hb quantification from individual cells, serving as promising alternatives to conventional hematology analyzers. Deep ultraviolet (UV) microscopy is one such technique that allows high-resolution, molecular imaging, and absorption-based mass mapping. AIM To compare UV absorption-based mass mapping at four UV wavelengths and understand variations across wavelengths and any assumptions necessary for accurate Hb quantification. APPROACH Whole blood smears are imaged with a multispectral UV microscopy system, and the RBCs' dry masses are computed. This approach is compared to quantitative phase imaging-based mass mapping using data from an interferometric UV imaging system. RESULTS Consistent Hb mass and mean corpuscular Hb values are obtained at all wavelengths, with the precision of the single-cell mass measurements being nearly identical at 220, 260, and 280 nm but slightly lower at 300 nm. CONCLUSIONS A full hematological analysis (including white blood cell identification and characterization, and Hb quantification) may be achieved using a single UV illumination wavelength, thereby improving the speed and cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nischita Kaza
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Ashkan Ojaghi
- Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Francisco E. Robles
- Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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6
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Chapman J, Orrell-Trigg R, Kwoon KY, Truong VK, Cozzolino D. A high-throughput and machine learning resistance monitoring system to determine the point of resistance for Escherichia coli with tetracycline: Combining UV-visible spectrophotometry with principal component analysis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:1511-1519. [PMID: 33399220 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) is routinely used in microbiology as a tool to check the optical density (OD) pertaining to the growth stages of microbial cultures at the single wavelength of 600 nm, better known as the OD600 . Typically, modern UV-Vis spectrophotometers can scan in the region of approximately 200-1000 nm in the electromagnetic spectrum, where users do not extend the use of the instrument's full capability in a laboratory. In this study, the full potential of UV-Vis spectrophotometry (multiwavelength collection) was used to examine bacterial growth phases when treated with antibiotics showcasing the ability to understand the point of resistance when an antibiotic is introduced into the media and therefore understand the biochemical changes of the infectious pathogens. A multiplate reader demonstrated a high throughput experiment (96 samples) to understand the growth of Escherichia coli when varied concentrations of the antibiotic tetracycline was added into the well plates. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis were then used as the data mining techniques to interpret the UV-Vis spectral data and generate machine learning "proof of principle" for the UV-Vis spectrophotometer plate reader. Results from this study showed that the PCA analysis provides an accurate yet simple visual classification and the recognition of E. coli samples belonging to each treatment. These data show significant advantages when compared to the traditional OD600 method where we can now understand biochemical changes in the system rather than a mere optical density measurement. Due to the unique experimental setup and procedure that involves indirect use of antibiotics, the same test could be used for obtaining practical information on the type, resistance, and dose of antibiotic necessary to establish the optimum diagnosis, treatment, and decontamination strategies for pathogenic and antibiotic resistant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Chapman
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Orrell-Trigg
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ki Y Kwoon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vi K Truong
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel Cozzolino
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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7
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Ojaghi A, Carrazana G, Caruso C, Abbas A, Myers DR, Lam WA, Robles FE. Label-free hematology analysis using deep-ultraviolet microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:14779-89. [PMID: 32561645 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001404117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematological analysis, via a complete blood count (CBC) and microscopy, is critical for screening, diagnosing, and monitoring blood conditions and diseases but requires complex equipment, multiple chemical reagents, laborious system calibration and procedures, and highly trained personnel for operation. Here we introduce a hematological assay based on label-free molecular imaging with deep-ultraviolet microscopy that can provide fast quantitative information of key hematological parameters to facilitate and improve hematological analysis. We demonstrate that this label-free approach yields 1) a quantitative five-part white blood cell differential, 2) quantitative red blood cell and hemoglobin characterization, 3) clear identification of platelets, and 4) detailed subcellular morphology. Analysis of tens of thousands of live cells is achieved in minutes without any sample preparation. Finally, we introduce a pseudocolorization scheme that accurately recapitulates the appearance of cells under conventional staining protocols for microscopic analysis of blood smears and bone marrow aspirates. Diagnostic efficacy is evaluated by a panel of hematologists performing a blind analysis of blood smears from healthy donors and thrombocytopenic and sickle cell disease patients. This work has significant implications toward simplifying and improving CBC and blood smear analysis, which is currently performed manually via bright-field microscopy, and toward the development of a low-cost, easy-to-use, and fast hematological analyzer as a point-of-care device and for low-resource settings.
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8
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Jamme F, Cinquin B, Gohon Y, Pereiro E, Réfrégiers M, Froissard M. Synchrotron multimodal imaging in a whole cell reveals lipid droplet core organization. J Synchrotron Radiat 2020; 27:772-778. [PMID: 32381780 PMCID: PMC7206545 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520003847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A lipid droplet (LD) core of a cell consists mainly of neutral lipids, triacylglycerols and/or steryl esters (SEs). The structuration of these lipids inside the core is still under debate. Lipid segregation inside LDs has been observed but is sometimes suggested to be an artefact of LD isolation and chemical fixation. LD imaging in their native state and in unaltered cellular environments appears essential to overcome these possible technical pitfalls. Here, imaging techniques for ultrastructural study of native LDs in cellulo are provided and it is shown that LDs are organized structures. Cryo soft X-ray tomography and deep-ultraviolet (DUV) transmittance imaging are showing a partitioning of SEs at the periphery of the LD core. Furthermore, DUV transmittance and tryptophan/tyrosine auto-fluorescence imaging on living cells are combined to obtain complementary information on cell chemical contents. This multimodal approach paves the way for a new label-free organelle imaging technique in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Jamme
- DISCO Beamline, Synchrotron SOLEIL, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bertrand Cinquin
- DISCO Beamline, Synchrotron SOLEIL, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Yann Gohon
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles 78000, France
| | - Eva Pereiro
- MISTRAL Beamline, ALBA Synchrotron, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08290, Spain
| | | | - Marine Froissard
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles 78000, France
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9
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Carneiro I, Carvalho S, Henrique R, Oliveira L, Tuchin V. Moving tissue spectral window to the deep-ultraviolet via optical clearing. J Biophotonics 2019; 12:e201900181. [PMID: 31465137 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201900181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The optical immersion clearing technique has been successfully applied through the last 30 years in the visible to near infrared spectral range, and has proven to be a promising method to promote the application of optical technologies in clinical practice. To investigate its potential in the ultraviolet range, collimated transmittance spectra from 200 to 1000 nm were measured from colorectal muscle samples under treatment with glycerol-water solutions. The treatments created two new optical windows with transmittance efficiency peaks at 230 and 300 nm, with magnitude increasing with glycerol concentration in the treating solution. Such discovery opens the opportunity to develop clinical procedures to perform diagnosis or treatments in the ultraviolet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isa Carneiro
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Biology, and Epigenetics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia Carvalho
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Biology, and Epigenetics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Biology, and Epigenetics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar - University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Oliveira
- Physics Department - Polytechnic Institute of Porto, School of Engineering, Porto, Portugal
- Centre of Innovation in Engineering and Industrial Technology (CIETI), School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Valery Tuchin
- Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russian Federation
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Laser Diagnostics of Technical and Living Systems, Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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10
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Litberg TJ, Docter B, Hughes MP, Bourne J, Horowitz S. DNA Facilitates Oligomerization and Prevents Aggregation via DNA Networks. Biophys J 2019; 118:162-171. [PMID: 31839258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that nucleic acids can nucleate protein aggregation in disease-related proteins, but in other cases, they can act as molecular chaperones that prevent protein aggregation, even under extreme conditions. In this study, we describe the link between these two behaviors through a combination of electron microscopy and aggregation kinetics. We find that two different proteins become soluble under harsh conditions through oligomerization with DNA. These DNA/protein oligomers form "networks," which increase the speed of oligomerization. The cases of DNA both increasing and preventing protein aggregation are observed to stem from this enhanced oligomerization. This observation raises interesting questions about the role of nucleic acids in aggregate formation in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore J Litberg
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Brianne Docter
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael P Hughes
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Energy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jennifer Bourne
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Scott Horowitz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado.
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11
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Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for quantitative (bio)chemical analysis, but its application to molecular imaging and microscopy has been limited. Here we introduce ultraviolet hyperspectral interferometric (UHI) microscopy, which leverages coherent detection of optical fields to overcome significant challenges associated with UV spectroscopy when applied to molecular imaging. We demonstrate that this method enables quantitative spectral analysis of important endogenous biomolecules with subcellular spatial resolution and sensitivity to nanometer-scaled structures for label-free molecular imaging of live cells.
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12
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Difilippantonio
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
| | - Thomas Ried
- Section of Cancer Genomics Genetics Branch Center for Cancer Research National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
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13
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Model MA, Petruccelli JC. Intracellular Macromolecules in Cell Volume Control and Methods of Their Quantification. Cell Volume Regulation 2018; 81:237-289. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Abstract
Raman scattering microscopy is becoming one of the hot topics in analytical microscopy as a tool for analyzing advanced nanomaterials, such as biomolecules in a live cell for the study of cellular dynamics, semiconductor devices for characterizing strain distribution and contamination, and nanocarbons and nano-2D materials. In this paper, we review the recent progress in the development of Raman scattering microscopy from the viewpoint of spatial resolution and scattering efficiency. To overcome the extremely small cross section of Raman scattering, we discuss three approaches for the enhancement of scattering efficiency and show that the scattering enhancement synergistically increases the spatial resolution. We discuss the mechanisms of tip-enhanced Raman scattering, deep-UV resonant Raman scattering, and coherent nonlinear Raman scattering for micro- and nanoscope applications. The combinations of these three approaches are also shown as nanometer-resolution Raman scattering microscopy. The critical issues of the structures, materials, and reproducibility of tips and three-dimensionality for TERS; photodegradation for resonant Raman scattering; and laser availability for coherent nonlinear Raman scattering are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kawata
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University , Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Taro Ichimura
- Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN , Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Atsushi Taguchi
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University , Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Kumamoto
- Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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15
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Daloglu MU, Ray A, Gorocs Z, Xiong M, Malik R, Bitan G, McLeod E, Ozcan A. Computational On-Chip Imaging of Nanoparticles and Biomolecules using Ultraviolet Light. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44157. [PMID: 28276489 DOI: 10.1038/srep44157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress in characterization of nanoparticles and biomolecules was enabled by the development of advanced imaging equipment with extreme spatial-resolution and sensitivity. To perform some of these analyses outside of well-resourced laboratories, it is necessary to create robust and cost-effective alternatives to existing high-end laboratory-bound imaging and sensing equipment. Towards this aim, we have designed a holographic on-chip microscope operating at an ultraviolet illumination wavelength (UV) of 266 nm. The increased forward scattering from nanoscale objects at this short wavelength has enabled us to detect individual sub-30 nm nanoparticles over a large field-of-view of >16 mm2 using an on-chip imaging platform, where the sample is placed at ≤0.5 mm away from the active area of an opto-electronic sensor-array, without any lenses in between. The strong absorption of this UV wavelength by biomolecules including nucleic acids and proteins has further enabled high-contrast imaging of nanoscopic aggregates of biomolecules, e.g., of enzyme Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase, abnormal aggregation of which is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) - a fatal neurodegenerative disease. This UV-based wide-field computational imaging platform could be valuable for numerous applications in biomedical sciences and environmental monitoring, including disease diagnostics, viral load measurements as well as air- and water-quality assessment.
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16
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Kikawada M, Ono A, Inami W, Kawata Y. Plasmon-Enhanced Autofluorescence Imaging of Organelles in Label-Free Cells by Deep-Ultraviolet Excitation. Anal Chem 2016; 88:1407-11. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Kikawada
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University 3-5-1, Johoku, Naka, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Atushi Ono
- Research
Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University 3-5-1, Johoku, Naka, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
- Department
of Electronics and Materials Science, Shizuoka University 3-5-1, Johoku, Naka, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Wataru Inami
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University 3-5-1, Johoku, Naka, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
- Research
Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University 3-5-1, Johoku, Naka, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Kawata
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University 3-5-1, Johoku, Naka, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
- Research
Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University 3-5-1, Johoku, Naka, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
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Kumamoto Y, Fujita K, Smith NI, Kawata S. Deep-UV biological imaging by lanthanide ion molecular protection. Biomed Opt Express 2016; 7:158-70. [PMID: 26819825 PMCID: PMC4722900 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.000158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Deep-UV (DUV) light is a sensitive probe for biological molecules such as nucleobases and aromatic amino acids due to specific absorption. However, the use of DUV light for imaging is limited because DUV can destroy or denature target molecules in a sample. Here we show that trivalent ions in the lanthanide group can suppress molecular photodegradation under DUV exposure, enabling a high signal-to-noise ratio and repetitive DUV imaging of nucleobases in cells. Underlying mechanisms of the photodegradation suppression can be excitation relaxation of the DUV-absorptive molecules due to energy transfer to the lanthanide ions, and/or avoiding ionization and reactions with surrounding molecules, including generation of reactive oxygen species, which can modify molecules that are otherwise transparent to DUV light. This approach, directly removing excited energy at the fundamental origin of cellular photodegradation, indicates an important first step towards the practical use of DUV imaging in a variety of biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Kumamoto
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Near-field Nanophotonics Research Team, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Currently with the Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Fujita
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nicholas Isaac Smith
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawata
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Near-field Nanophotonics Research Team, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Schonbrun E, Malka R, Di Caprio G, Schaak D, Higgins JM. Quantitative absorption cytometry for measuring red blood cell hemoglobin mass and volume. Cytometry A 2014; 85:332-8. [PMID: 24677669 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We present an optical system, called the quantitative absorption cytometer (QAC), to measure the volume and hemoglobin mass of red blood cells flowing through a microfluidic channel. In contrast to clinical hematology analyzers, where cells are sphered in order for both volume and hemoglobin to be measured accurately, the QAC measures cells in their normal physiological shape. Human red blood cells are suspended in a refractive index-matching absorbing buffer, driven through a microfluidic channel, and imaged using a transmission light microscope onto a color camera. A red and a blue LED illuminate cells and images at each color are used to independently retrieve cell volume and hemoglobin mass. This system shows good agreement with red blood cell indices retrieved by a clinical hematology analyzer and in fact measures a smaller coefficient of variation of hemoglobin concentration. In addition to cell indices, the QAC returns height and mass maps of each measured cell. These quantitative images are valuable for analyzing the detailed morphology of individual cells as well as statistical outliers found in the data. We also measured red blood cells in hypertonic and hypotonic buffers to quantify the correlation between volume and hemoglobin mass under osmotic stress. Because this method is invariant to cell shape, even extremely nonspherical cells in hypertonic buffers can be measured accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Schonbrun
- Rowland Institute at Harvard, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Bocsi J, Tárnok A. DNA amplification and repair: Further insights by cytometry. Cytometry A 2013; 83:891-2. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jozsef Bocsi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology; Heart Centre Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Attila Tárnok
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology; Heart Centre Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM); University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
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Cheung MC, LaCroix R, McKenna BK, Liu L, Winkelman J, Ehrlich DJ. Intracellular protein and nucleic acid measured in eight cell types using deep-ultraviolet mass mapping. Cytometry A 2013; 83:540-51. [PMID: 23504822 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We present measurements by deep-ultraviolet mass mapping of nucleic acid (NA) and protein for five commonly cultured and three primary cell types. The dry mass distribution at submicron resolution was determined on a single-cell basis for 250-500 cells from each of these types. Since the method carries a direct reference to a spectrophotometric standard (molar extinction coefficient), we are able to calibrate the absolute weight distributions both on a cell-to-cell basis within each type and across types. We also provide a calibration in absolute mass units for fluorescence-based measurements (flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy). As might be expected the cultured cell lines show a high concentration of nucleic acids in the nuclear compartment, much larger than the genomic 2C number even in the G1 stage. The whole-cell nucleic-acid/protein ratio was found to be a characteristic of cell lines that persists independent of cell cycle and, as a result, this ratio has some value for phenotyping. Primary chicken red blood cells (cRBC), often used as a cytometry standard, were determined to have a nuclear-isolated nucleic acid content much closer to the genomic number than the cultured cell lines (cRBC: 3.00 pg total NA, 2.30 pg DNA, and 0.70 pg RNA). The individual blastomeres (n = 54) from mouse embryos at eight-cell stage were measured and found to vary by more than a factor or two in total protein and nucleic acid content (0.8-2.3 ng total protein, 70-150 pg total NA). The ratio of nucleic acid to protein was more nearly constant for each blastomere from a particular embryo and this ratio was found to be an identifying characteristic that varies from embryo to embryo obtained from a single flushing of a mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man C Cheung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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Bradshaw MJ, Cheung MC, Ehrlich DJ, Smith ML. Using molecular mechanics to predict bulk material properties of fibronectin fibers. PLoS Comput Biol 2012; 8:e1002845. [PMID: 23300425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The structural proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM) form fibers with finely tuned mechanical properties matched to the time scales of cell traction forces. Several proteins such as fibronectin (Fn) and fibrin undergo molecular conformational changes that extend the proteins and are believed to be a major contributor to the extensibility of bulk fibers. The dynamics of these conformational changes have been thoroughly explored since the advent of single molecule force spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations but remarkably, these data have not been rigorously applied to the understanding of the time dependent mechanics of bulk ECM fibers. Using measurements of protein density within fibers, we have examined the influence of dynamic molecular conformational changes and the intermolecular arrangement of Fn within fibers on the bulk mechanical properties of Fn fibers. Fibers were simulated as molecular strands with architectures that promote either equal or disparate molecular loading under conditions of constant extension rate. Measurements of protein concentration within micron scale fibers using deep ultraviolet transmission microscopy allowed the simulations to be scaled appropriately for comparison to in vitro measurements of fiber mechanics as well as providing estimates of fiber porosity and water content, suggesting Fn fibers are approximately 75% solute. Comparing the properties predicted by single molecule measurements to in vitro measurements of Fn fibers showed that domain unfolding is sufficient to predict the high extensibility and nonlinear stiffness of Fn fibers with surprising accuracy, with disparately loaded fibers providing the best fit to experiment. This work shows the promise of this microstructural modeling approach for understanding Fn fiber properties, which is generally applicable to other ECM fibers, and could be further expanded to tissue scale by incorporating these simulated fibers into three dimensional network models. There is growing awareness of the role of mechanical properties within biological tissues. Cells both generate force and are sensitive to applied forces, however nuanced sensitivity to externally applied forces also extends outside the cell to the fibrous structural proteins of the extracellular matrix. It has been shown that stretching these proteins under force can change their biochemical properties in a way that impacts tissue function. In this work we were able, for the first time, to measure the concentration of protein within fibronectin extracellular matrix fibers. This key measurement then enabled us to evaluate a model that links mechanical properties of fibers directly to molecular structural changes that form the physical basis for force sensitivity. The model was found to be predictive of fiber mechanical properties without fitting. This combination of modeling and experiment also offers insights into molecular forces, as well as estimates of fiber hydration and porosity.
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