1
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Shah A, Storek J, Woolson R, Pinckney A, Keyes-Elstein L, Wallace PK, Sempowski GD, McSweeney P, Mayes MD, Crofford L, Csuka ME, Phillips K, Khanna D, Simms R, Ballen K, LeClercq S, Clair WS, Nixon AB, Nash R, Wener M, Brasington R, Silver R, Griffith LM, Furst DE, Goldmuntz E, Sullivan KM. Lymphocyte subset abnormalities in early severe scleroderma favor a Th2 phenotype and are not altered by prior immunosuppressive therapy. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2022; 61:4155-4162. [PMID: 35108379 PMCID: PMC9536786 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Scleroderma: Cyclophosphamide or Transplantation (SCOT) trial compared hematopoietic stem cell transplant to CYC treatment in patients with early SSc with progressive skin and lung or kidney involvement. Here we describe lymphocyte phenotype abnormalities at study entry and the relation to prior DMARD therapy. METHODS Lymphocyte subsets (n = 26) measured by flow cytometry were compared in 123 heathy controls and 71 SCOT participants, including those given (n = 57) or not given (n = 14) DMARDs within 12 months of randomization. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, individuals with SSc showed significant reductions in central memory CD8 T cells, activated total and CD4 T cells, γ/δ T cells, memory B cells, myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells and FOXP3+CD25+ Treg cells and increases in naïve CD4 T cells, effector memory CD4 T cells and effector CD8 T cells. A greater bias towards a IL-4+ Th2/T cytotoxic 2 (Tc2) phenotype based on the Th2:Th1 CD4 ratio and Tc2:Tc1 CD8 T cells was also found. Notably, no difference in any lymphocyte subset was observed between those given or not given prior DMARDs. CONCLUSIONS In patients with early, severe SSc, significant lymphocyte subset abnormalities were observed. Prior treatment with immunosuppressive therapy did not impact the immunophenotype, suggesting that lymphocyte disturbances in scleroderma appeared to be due to the disease itself. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov), NCT00114530.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankoor Shah
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jan Storek
- Departments of Medicine and Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Paul K Wallace
- Department of Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
| | | | - Peter McSweeney
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Colorado Blood Cancer Institute, Denver, CO
| | | | - Leslie Crofford
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - M E Csuka
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Kristine Phillips
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Dinesh Khanna
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Robert Simms
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Karen Ballen
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Sharon LeClercq
- Departments of Medicine and Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Andrew B Nixon
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Richard Nash
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Colorado Blood Cancer Institute, Denver, CO
| | - Mark Wener
- Department of Oncology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Richard Silver
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Linda M Griffith
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Daniel E Furst
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ellen Goldmuntz
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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2
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Transcription Factor Evaluation by Flow Cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33928541 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1311-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The development of T helper (Th) cell subsets requires activated T cells that respond to a polarizing cytokine environment, resulting in the activation and expression of specific transcription factors. The subset-specific transcription factors are located either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus, which determine the functional profile of Th populations, inducing the production of specific effector cytokines and functions. Flow cytometry analysis of transcription factors has become very common not only in research but also in immunologic follow-up protocols of patients recruited in clinical trials (as evaluation of CD4+CD25+ FOXP3+ T regulatory cells). Here, we propose and describe one-step protocols to evaluate the expression of transcription factors in mouse and human CD4+ lymphocytes, focusing the critical points of this cytometric approach.
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3
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Wistuba-Hamprecht K, Gouttefangeas C, Weide B, Pawelec G. Immune Signatures and Survival of Patients With Metastatic Melanoma, Renal Cancer, and Breast Cancer. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1152. [PMID: 32582215 PMCID: PMC7296133 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite remarkable recent progress in treating solid cancers, especially the success of immunomodulatory antibody therapies for numerous different cancer types, it remains the case that many patients fail to respond to treatment. It is therefore of immense importance to identify biomarkers predicting clinical responses to treatment and patient survival, which would not only assist in targeting treatments to patients most likely to benefit, but might also provide mechanistic insights into the reasons for success or failure of the therapy. Several peripheral blood or tumor tissue diagnostic and predictive biomarkers known to be informative for cancer patient survival may be applicable for this purpose. The use of peripheral blood (“liquid biopsy”) offers numerous advantages not only for predicting treatment responses at baseline but also for monitoring patients on-therapy. Assessment of the tumor microenvironment and infiltrating immune cells also delivers important information on cancer-host interactions but the requirement for tumor tissues makes this more challenging, especially for monitoring sequential changes in the individual patient. In this contribution, we will review our findings on immune signatures potentially informative for clinical outcome in melanoma, breast cancer and renal cell carcinoma, particularly the outcome of checkpoint blockade, by applying multiparametric flow cytometry and mass cytometry, routine clinical monitoring and functional testing for predicting and following individual patient responses to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Wistuba-Hamprecht
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Immunoguiding Workgroup of the Cancer Immunotherapy Association (CIP/CIMT), Mainz, Germany
- *Correspondence: Kilian Wistuba-Hamprecht
| | - Cécile Gouttefangeas
- Immunoguiding Workgroup of the Cancer Immunotherapy Association (CIP/CIMT), Mainz, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Germany and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Weide
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Germany and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON, Canada
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4
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Jenzer M, Keß P, Nientiedt C, Endris V, Kippenberger M, Leichsenring J, Stögbauer F, Haimes J, Mishkin S, Kudlow B, Kaczorowski A, Zschäbitz S, Volckmar AL, Sültmann H, Jäger D, Duensing A, Schirmacher P, Hohenfellner M, Grüllich C, Stenzinger A, Duensing S. The BRCA2 mutation status shapes the immune phenotype of prostate cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:1621-1633. [PMID: 31549213 PMCID: PMC6805809 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Defects in DNA damage repair caused by mutations in BRCA1/2, ATM or other genes have been shown to play an important role in the development and progression of prostate cancer. The influence of such mutations on anti-tumor immunity in prostate cancer, however, is largely unknown. To better understand the correlation between BRCA1/2 mutations and the immune phenotype in prostate cancer, we characterized the immune infiltrate of eight BRCA2-mutated tumors in comparison with eight BRCA1/2 wild-type patients by T-cell receptor sequencing and immunohistochemistry for CD45, CD4, CD8, FOXP3, and CD163. In addition, we analyzed seven prostate cancer biopsies that were either BRCA2 or ATM-mutated in comparison with wild-type tumors. Whereas in BRCA1/2 wild-type tumors, immune cells were found predominantly extratumorally, most BRCA2-mutated tumors including one biopsy showed a significantly increased intratumoral immune cell infiltration. The ratio of intratumoral to extratumoral immune cells was considerably higher in BRCA2-mutated tumors for all markers and reached statistical significance for CD4 (p = 0.007), CD8 (p = 0.006), and FOXP3 (p = 0.001). However, the intratumoral CD8 to FOXP3 ratio showed a trend to be lower in BRCA2-mutated tumors suggesting a more suppressed tumor immune microenvironment. Our findings provide a rationale for the future use of immune oncological approaches in BRCA2-mutated prostate cancer and may encourage efforts to target immunosuppressive T-cell populations to prime tumors for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Jenzer
- Section of Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Im Neuenheimer Feld 517, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Medical Oncology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Keß
- Section of Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Im Neuenheimer Feld 517, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cathleen Nientiedt
- Section of Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Im Neuenheimer Feld 517, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Medical Oncology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Endris
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kippenberger
- Section of Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Im Neuenheimer Feld 517, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Leichsenring
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Stögbauer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Josh Haimes
- ArcherDX, 2477 55th Street, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | | | - Brian Kudlow
- ArcherDX, 2477 55th Street, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - Adam Kaczorowski
- Section of Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Im Neuenheimer Feld 517, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Zschäbitz
- Section of Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Im Neuenheimer Feld 517, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Medical Oncology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Volckmar
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Holger Sültmann
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center, Cancer Genome Research, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Jäger
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anette Duensing
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Section of Precision Oncology of Urological Malignancies, Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Im Neuenheimer Feld 517, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Hohenfellner
- Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Grüllich
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Section of Translational Urooncology, Department of Medical Oncology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Albrecht Stenzinger
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Stefan Duensing
- Section of Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Im Neuenheimer Feld 517, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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5
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Staats J. Immunophenotyping of Human Regulatory T Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2032:141-177. [PMID: 31522418 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9650-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells, also known as Tregs, play a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis of the immune system and self-tolerance. Tregs express CD3, CD4, CD25, and FOXP3 but lack CD127. CD4 and CD3 identify helper T lymphocytes, of which Tregs are a subset. CD25 is IL-2Rα, an essential activation marker that is expressed in high levels on Tregs. FOXP3 is the canonical transcription factor, important in the development, maintenance, and identification of Tregs. CD127 is IL-7 receptor, expressed inversely with suppression, and is therefore downregulated on Tregs. Flow cytometry is a powerful tool that is capable of simultaneously measuring Tregs along with several markers associated with subpopulations of Tregs, activation, maturation, proliferation, and surrogates of functional suppression. This chapter describes a multicolor flow cytometry-based approach to measure human Tregs, including details for surface staining, fixation/permeabilization, intracellular/intranuclear staining, acquisition of samples on a flow cytometer, plus analysis and interpretation of resulting FCS files.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Staats
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Immune Profiling Core, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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6
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Sbrana S, Tiwari KK, Bevilacqua S, Giungato P, Kallushi E, Solinas M, Mazzone AM. Relationships Between Phenotype and Function of Blood CD4+ T-Cells and Ascending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm: an Experimental Study. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 2019; 34:8-16. [PMID: 30810667 PMCID: PMC6385830 DOI: 10.21470/1678-9741-2018-0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Non-familial ascending thoracic aorta dilation and aneurysms (TAAs) are
silent diseases in elderly patients. Histopathology revealed that
functionally polarized infiltrating CD4+ T-cells play a key role
in aortic wall weakening. Objective To evaluate the possible associations between phenotype and cytokine
production of circulating CD4+ T-lymphocytes and the presence of
TAA in patients with aortic valve disease (AVD). Methods We studied blood samples from 10 patients with TAA and 10 patients with AVD.
Flow cytometry was used to quantify: a) CD4+ T-lymphocytes
surface expression of CD25, CD28, and chemokine receptors (CCR5, CXCR3,
CX3CR1); b) fractions of in vitro stimulated
CD4+ T-cells producing cytokines (interferon gamma
[IFN-γ], interleukin [IL]-17A, IL-21, IL-10); c)
CD4+CD25highFoxP3+ regulatory T-cells
(Treg) fraction. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were performed
for cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-23, transforming growth
factor beta [TGF-β]) and chemokines (RANTES, CX3CL1). Results The total
CD4+CD28±CD4+/CX3CR1+
T-cells fraction was higher (P=0.0323) in AVD
(20.452±4.673) than in TAA patients (8.633±2.030). The
frequency ratio of CD4+ T-lymphocytes producing IFN-γ
vs. IL-17A+IL-21 cytokine-producing CD4+ T-cells was
higher (P=0.0239) in AVD (2.102±0.272) than in TAA
(1.365±0.123) patients. The sum of
CD4+CD28±CD4+/CX3CR1+
T-cells correlated positively with values of the previous cytokine ratio
(P=0.0002, R=0.732). The ratio of
CD4+CD28±CD4+/CX3CR1+
T-cells vs. Treg was higher (P=0.0008) in
AVD (20.859±3.393) than in TAA (6.367±1.277) patients. Conclusion Our results show that the presence of TAA in subjects with AVD is associated
with imbalance between phenotypic and cytokine-producing subsets of
circulating CD4+ T-lymphocytes, prevalently oriented towards a pro-fibrotic
and IFN-γ counteracting effect to functional polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silverio Sbrana
- Flow Cytometry Laboratory, CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Massa, Italy
| | - Kaushal Kishore Tiwari
- Cardiac Surgery Department "G. Pasquinucci" Heart Hospital, "G. Monasterio" Foundation, Massa, Italy.,Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore S. Anna, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, College of Medical Sciences, Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Stefano Bevilacqua
- Cardiac Surgery Department "G. Pasquinucci" Heart Hospital, "G. Monasterio" Foundation, Massa, Italy
| | - Paola Giungato
- Cellular Biology Laboratory, CNR Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Pisa, Italy
| | - Enkel Kallushi
- Cardiac Surgery Department "G. Pasquinucci" Heart Hospital, "G. Monasterio" Foundation, Massa, Italy
| | - Marco Solinas
- Cardiac Surgery Department "G. Pasquinucci" Heart Hospital, "G. Monasterio" Foundation, Massa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Mazzone
- Cardiology Department "G. Pasquinucci" Heart Hospital, "G. Monasterio" Foundation, Massa, Italy
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7
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Gamboa JC, Padiernos RBC, Uy MRD, Celestino EF, Mingala CN. Comparative molecular characterization of Forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) gene of swamp-type (Bubalus carabanensis) and riverine-type (Bubalus bubalis) water buffaloes. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 64:1-6. [PMID: 31174683 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
FoxP3 is a forkhead family member that plays an important role in the development and function of a type of CD4 + T cell called T regulatory cells. Molecular characterization of FoxP3 gene in swamp- and riverine-type water buffaloes was conducted to determine its homology and compare it to the FoxP3 gene of other animal species (cattle, goat, sheep, horse, pig, cat, and dog), determine its unique characteristics in water buffaloes, and provide a reference for future studies to analyze its immunological function. FoxP3 nucleotide sequence of swamp- and riverine-type water buffaloes was 99% identical, whereas its protein translation revealed 97% homology. FoxP3 of swamp- and riverine-type water buffaloes were compared to FoxP3 of other animal species and revealed a high degree of homology which suggests that they may have the same biological properties. This study is the first report that describes the genetic characteristic of FoxP3 gene in water buffalo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonifel C Gamboa
- Department of Animal Management, College of Veterinary Science and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz 3120, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Ryan Bismark C Padiernos
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center National Headquarters and Gene Pool, Science City of Muñoz 3120, Nueva Ecija, Philippines; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz 3120, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Mary Rose D Uy
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center National Headquarters and Gene Pool, Science City of Muñoz 3120, Nueva Ecija, Philippines; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz 3120, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Elfren F Celestino
- Department of Animal Management, College of Veterinary Science and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz 3120, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Claro N Mingala
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center National Headquarters and Gene Pool, Science City of Muñoz 3120, Nueva Ecija, Philippines; Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz 3120, Nueva Ecija, Philippines.
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8
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The Association of Peripheral Blood Regulatory T-Cell Concentrations With Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A Brief Report. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2018; 27:11-16. [PMID: 27759594 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000000845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a mounting body of evidence demonstrating higher percentages of regulatory T (Treg) cells in the peripheral blood of patients with cancer in comparison to healthy controls, but there is a paucity of epidemiological literature characterizing circulating Treg cells among patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). To investigate the role of peripheral Treg cells in ovarian neoplasms, we conducted a case-control study to characterize circulating concentrations of Treg cells among patients with EOC, women with benign ovarian conditions, and healthy controls without a history of cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Participants were identified for inclusion due to their participation in the Data Bank and BioRepository program at Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo, NY. Patients included 71 women with a primary diagnosis of EOC and 195 women with a diagnosis of benign ovarian conditions. Controls included 101 age- and race-matched women without a history of cancer. Nonfasting, pretreatment peripheral blood levels of CD3+CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Treg cells were measured using flow cytometric analyses and expressed as a percentage of total CD3+ cells and as a percentage of total CD3+CD4+ cells. RESULTS Compared to healthy controls and women with benign ovarian conditions, patients with EOC had significantly higher frequency of Treg cells (P < 0.04). In multivariable logistic regression analyses using Treg frequency expressed as a percentage of CD+3 cells, we observed a significant positive association between Treg cell percentage and EOC risk, with each 1% increase associated with a 37% increased risk of EOC (odds ratio, 1.37; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.80). We observed a similar trend when Treg frequency was expressed as a percentage of CD3+CD+4 cells (odds ratio, 1.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.99-1.49). CONCLUSIONS The current study provides support that peripheral Treg cell frequency is elevated in patients with EOC in comparison to women with benign ovarian conditions and healthy controls.
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9
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Kondělková K, Vokurková D, Krejsek J, Borská L, Fiala Z, Andrýs C. Regulatory T cells (Treg) and Their Roles in Immune System with Respect to Immunopathological Disorders. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2016; 53:73-7. [DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2016.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a specialized subpopulation of T cells that act to suppress immune response, thereby maintaining homeostasis and self-tolerance. It has been shown that Tregs are able to inhibit T cell proliferation and cytokine production and play a critical role in preventing autoimmunity. Different subsets with various functions of Treg cells exist. Tregs can be usually identified by flow cytometry. The most specific marker for these cells is FoxP3, which is localized intracellulary. Selected surface markers such as CD25high (high molecular density) and CD127low (low molecular density) could serve as surrogate markers to detect Tregs in a routine clinical practice. Dysregulation in Treg cell frequency or functions may lead to the development of autoimmune disease. Therapeutical Treg modulation is considered to be a promising therapeutical approach to treat some selected disorders, such as allergies, and to prevent allograft rejection.
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10
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Gunduz E, Sermet S, Musmul A. Peripheral blood regulatory T cell levels are correlated with some poor prognostic markers in newly diagnosed lymphoma patients. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2015; 90:449-54. [PMID: 26444991 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a specialized subpopulation of CD4+ T cells which maintain the immune system homeostasis. They may increase during cancer progression and have been correlated with a worse prognosis in many malignancies. However, the role of Treg cells in lymphoma is debated. METHODS In this study, we assessed the peripheral blood levels of CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Tregs in newly diagnosed patients with lymphoma and tried to find a relationship with patient characteristics. Twenty one patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), 40 patients with non Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and 30 healthy sex matched controls were included in the study. Analysis were done by 3-color flow cytometry and only helper T cells were selected directly using CD4perCP as a gating strategy. RESULTS In HL group; there was a positive correlation with IPS, CRP, LDH and negative correlation with albumin, absolute lymphocyte count. Tregs were higher in male HL patients. In NHL group; there was a positive correlation with stage, IPI, CRP, LDH and a negative correlation with albumin ve absolute lymphocyte count. CONCLUSIONS There is a relationship between peripheral blood Treg levels and some poor prognostic parameters in newly diagnosed lymphoma patients. This relationship suggests a possible prognostic role of Tregs in lymphoma. Further research is needed in determining how to use Tregs as a prognostic factor. © 2015 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eren Gunduz
- Department of Hematology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University School of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey.
| | - Serap Sermet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University School of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Musmul
- Department of Biostatistics, , Eskisehir Osmangazi University School of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey
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11
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Santegoets SJAM, Dijkgraaf EM, Battaglia A, Beckhove P, Britten CM, Gallimore A, Godkin A, Gouttefangeas C, de Gruijl TD, Koenen HJPM, Scheffold A, Shevach EM, Staats J, Taskén K, Whiteside TL, Kroep JR, Welters MJP, van der Burg SH. Monitoring regulatory T cells in clinical samples: consensus on an essential marker set and gating strategy for regulatory T cell analysis by flow cytometry. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:1271-86. [PMID: 26122357 PMCID: PMC4554737 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1729-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cell (Treg)-mediated immunosuppression is considered a major obstacle for successful cancer immunotherapy. The association between clinical outcome and Tregs is being studied extensively in clinical trials, but unfortunately, no consensus has been reached about (a) the markers and (b) the gating strategy required to define human Tregs in this context, making it difficult to draw final conclusions. Therefore, we have organized an international workshop on the detection and functional testing of Tregs with leading experts in the field, and 40 participants discussing different analyses and the importance of different markers and context in which Tregs were analyzed. This resulted in a rationally composed ranking list of "Treg markers". Subsequently, the proposed Treg markers were tested to get insight into the overlap/differences between the most frequently used Treg definitions and their utility for Treg detection in various human tissues. Here, we conclude that the CD3, CD4, CD25, CD127, and FoxP3 markers are the minimally required markers to define human Treg cells. Staining for Ki67 and CD45RA showed to provide additional information on the activation status of Tregs. The use of markers was validated in a series of PBMC from healthy donors and cancer patients, as well as in tumor-draining lymph nodes and freshly isolated tumors. In conclusion, we propose an essential marker set comprising antibodies to CD3, CD4, CD25, CD127, Foxp3, Ki67, and CD45RA and a corresponding robust gating strategy for the context-dependent analysis of Tregs by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia J A M Santegoets
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands,
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12
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Garcia Santana CA, Tung JW, Gulnik S. Human treg cells are characterized by low/negative CD6 expression. Cytometry A 2014; 85:901-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James W. Tung
- Life Science Global Application and Reagent Development; Beckman Coulter Inc.; Miami Florida 33196
| | - Sergei Gulnik
- Life Science Research; Beckman Coulter Inc.; Miami Florida 33196
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13
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Demaret J, Saison J, Venet F, Malcus C, Poitevin-Later F, Lepape A, Ferry T, Monneret G. Assessment of a novel flow cytometry technique of one-step intracellular staining: Example of FOXP3 in clinical samples. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2013; 84:187-93. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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14
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15
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Nettenstrom L, Alderson K, Raschke EE, Evans MD, Sondel PM, Olek S, Seroogy CM. An optimized multi-parameter flow cytometry protocol for human T regulatory cell analysis on fresh and viably frozen cells, correlation with epigenetic analysis, and comparison of cord and adult blood. J Immunol Methods 2012; 387:81-8. [PMID: 23058673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Multi-parameter flow cytometry analysis of T regulatory (Treg) cells is a widely used approach in basic and translational research studies. This approach has been complicated by a lack of specific markers for Treg cells and lack of uniformity in the quantification of Treg cells. Given the central role of Treg cells in the inception and perpetuation of diverse immune responses as well as its target as a therapeutic, it is imperative to have established methodologies for Treg cell analysis that are robust and usable for studies with multiple subjects as well as multicenter studies. In this study, we describe an optimized multi-parameter flow cytometry protocol for the quantification of human Treg cells from freshly obtained and viably frozen samples and correlations with epigenetic Treg cell analysis (TSDR demethylation). We apply these two methodologies to characterize Treg cell differences between cord blood and adult peripheral blood. In summary, the optimized protocol appears to be robust for Treg cell quantification from freshly isolated or viably frozen cells and the multi-parameter flow cytometry findings are strongly positively correlated with TSDR demethylation thus providing several options for the characterization of Treg cell frequency and function in large translational or clinical studies.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cryopreservation/methods
- DNA Methylation
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Fetal Blood/cytology
- Flow Cytometry/methods
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Linear Models
- Middle Aged
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nettenstrom
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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16
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Predictors of immunosuppressive regulatory T lymphocytes in healthy women. J Cancer Epidemiol 2012; 2012:191090. [PMID: 22969801 PMCID: PMC3433139 DOI: 10.1155/2012/191090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppressive regulatory T (Treg) cells play an important role in antitumor immunity, self-tolerance, transplantation tolerance, and attenuation of allergic response. Higher proportion of Treg cells has been observed in peripheral blood of cancer cases compared to controls. Little is known about potential epidemiological predictors of Treg cell levels in healthy individuals. We conducted a cross-sectional study including 75 healthy women, between 20 and 80 years of age, who participated in the Data Bank and BioRepository (DBBR) program at Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), Buffalo, NY, USA. Peripheral blood levels of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Treg cells were measured using flow cytometric analysis. A range of risk factors was evaluated using Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and linear regression. Age, smoking, medications for treatment of osteoporosis, postmenopausal status, body mass index (BMI), and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) were found to be significant positive predictors of Treg cell levels in peripheral blood (P ≤ 0.05). Higher education, exercise, age at first birth, oral contraceptives, and use of Ibuprofen were found be significant (P < 0.05) negative predictors of Treg levels. Thus, various epidemiological risk factors might explain interindividual variation in immune response to pathological conditions, including cancer.
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17
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Bjerg L, Brosbøl-Ravnborg A, Tørring C, Dige A, Bundgaard B, Petersen T, Höllsberg P. Altered frequency of T regulatory cells is associated with disability status in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 249:76-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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18
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Decker T, Fischer G, Bücke W, Bücke P, Stotz F, Grüneberger A, Gropp-Meier M, Wiedemann G, Pfeiffer C, Peschel C, Götze K. Increased number of regulatory T cells (T-regs) in the peripheral blood of patients with Her-2/neu-positive early breast cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2012; 138:1945-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-012-1258-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Dige A, Hvas CL, Deleuran B, Kelsen J, Bendix-Struve M, Dahlerup JF, Agnholt J. Adalimumab treatment in Crohn's disease does not induce early changes in regulatory T cells. Scand J Gastroenterol 2011; 46:1206-14. [PMID: 21793633 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2011.603157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anti-TNF-α antibodies has been suggested to modulate regulatory T cell (Treg) percentages in rheumatoid arthritis, but results from studies of Crohn's disease (CD) are conflicting. We investigated dynamic changes of circulating Tregs in CD during treatment with the anti-TNF-α-antibody adalimumab (Humira®, Abbott Laboratories A/S, Emdrupvej 28C, DK-2100 Copenhagen). MATERIAL AND METHODS Blood samples from 26 CD patients were analysed using flow cytometry before and 1 and 26 weeks after initiation of adalimumab treatment to determine the percentage of Tregs among CD4+ T cells. RESULTS In spite of a significant decline in disease activity scores and biochemical markers of inflammation, during the first week of treatment, we did not observe early modulating effects of adalimumab on Treg percentages. However, we found a long-term increase in Treg percentages in responders who had low Treg percentages (<5%) at baseline (p = 0.04). Treg percentage was inversely associated with disease activity (CD activity index or CDAI) (Spearman's rank correlation, ρ = -0.47, p = 0.02). High Treg percentages among CD4+ T cells at baseline predicted clinical response to adalimumab. CONCLUSIONS Adalimumab treatment did not induce early modulatory effects on Treg percentage, even in responders. This finding suggests that adalimumab does not have a direct or selective effect on Tregs. However, Treg percentage was associated with disease activity and high Treg percentage predicted response to adalimumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Dige
- Department of Medicine V (Hepatology and Gastroenterology), Gastro-Immuno Research Laboratory (GIRL), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
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Low-dose rabbit antithymocyte globulin induction therapy results in prolonged selective lymphocyte depletion irrespective of maintenance immunosuppression. Transplant Proc 2011; 43:462-5. [PMID: 21440734 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit antithymocyte globulin therapy (rATG) is a potent lymphocyte-depleting agent commonly used following renal transplantation to reduce the risk of acute rejection. Standard doses (7-10 mg/kg) of rATG result in profound lymphopenia and predispose patients to infection and malignancy. The effects of lower doses of rATG (LoD-rATG, 3-5 mg/kg) on peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) are as yet unknown. In this prospective clinical trial, PBL subsets were characterized by flow cytometry over 12 months following LoD-rATG therapy. All patients were initially treated with standard doses of tacrolimus, mycophenolic acid, and prednisone. At 3 months, patients were randomized to either lower doses of tacrolimus or sirolimus to examine the effects of maintenance immunosuppression on PBL reemergence. LoD-rATG therapy resulted in prolonged suppression of CD19+ B cells, total CD3+ T cells, as well as naïve and memory CD4+ T cell and CD4/CD25/Foxp3+ T-regulatory subsets irrespective of chronic immunosuppressive therapy. Selective depletion was only noted in the CD4CD45RA+ naïve T-cell subset resulting in an altered memory/naïve CD4+ ratio. LoD-rATG failed to deplete CD8+ T cells, which increased their relative contribution to the total CD3+ pool. All other lymphocyte subsets maintained near normal proportions. Thus, LoD-rATG therapy may lessen the adverse effects of full dose rATG while maintaining overall efficacy.
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21
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Type I diabetes-associated tolerogenic properties of interleukin-2. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:289343. [PMID: 21647403 PMCID: PMC3102343 DOI: 10.1155/2011/289343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) results from insulin-producing beta cells destruction by diabetogenic T lymphocytes in humans and nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. The breakdown of tolerance has been associated with a defect in the number and the function of naturally occurring regulatory T cells (nTreg) that are the master player in peripheral tolerance. Gene knockout experiments in mouse models have shown a nonredundant activity of IL-2 related to its critical role in inducing nTreg and controlling peripheral T cell tolerance. Whereas strong evidence has suggested that IL-2 is critically required for nTreg-mediated T1D control, several fundamental questions remain to be addressed. In this paper, we highlight the recent findings and controversies regarding the tolerogenic properties of IL-2 mediated through nTreg. We further discuss a potential link between the immunomodulatory role of interleukin-2 and the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes.
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22
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Islet transplantation in type 1 diabetic patients using calcineurin inhibitor-free immunosuppressive protocols based on T-cell adhesion or costimulation blockade. Transplantation 2011; 90:1595-601. [PMID: 20978464 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181fe1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The applicability of islet transplantation as treatment for type 1 diabetes is limited by long-term graft dysfunction, immunosuppressive drug toxicity, need for multiple donors, and increased risk of allosensitization. We describe two immunosuppressive regimens based on the costimulation blocker belatacept (BELA) or the antileukocyte functional antigen-1 antibody efalizumab (EFA), which permit long-term islet allograft survival and address some of these concerns. METHODS Ten patients with type 1 diabetes with hypoglycemic unawareness received intraportal allogeneic islet transplants. Immunosuppression consisted of antithymocyte globulin induction and maintenance with sirolimus or mycophenolate and BELA (n=5) or EFA (n=5). RESULTS All five BELA-treated patients achieved independence after single transplants; one resumed partial insulin use 305 days after transplant but is now independent after a second transplant. All five patients treated with EFA achieved independence after one (3/5) or two (2/5) islet transplants and remained independent while on EFA (392-804 days). After EFA was discontinued because of withdrawal of the drug from the market, two patients resumed intermittent insulin use; the others remain independent. No patient in either group developed significant side effects related to the study drugs, and none have been sensitized to alloantigens. All have stable renal function. CONCLUSIONS These two novel immunosuppressive regimens are effective, well tolerated, and the first calcineurin inhibitor/steroid-sparing islet protocols resulting in long-term insulin independence. Although EFA is no longer available for clinical use, these early results demonstrate that a regimen using BELA may be an effective alternative to improve graft function and longevity while minimizing renal and β-cell toxicity.
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23
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Al Ustwani O, Francis J, Wallace PK, Ambrus J, Wetzler M. Treating myelodysplastic syndrome improves an accompanying autoimmune disease along with a reduction in regulatory T-cells. Leuk Res 2011; 35:e35-6. [PMID: 21247634 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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24
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Dieterlen MT, Eberhardt K, Tarnok A, Bittner HB, Barten MJ. Flow Cytometry-Based Pharmacodynamic Monitoring After Organ Transplantation. Methods Cell Biol 2011; 103:267-84. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385493-3.00011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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25
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Presicce P, Moreno-Fernandez ME, Lages CS, Orsborn KI, Chougnet CA. Association of two clones allows for optimal detection of human FOXP3. Cytometry A 2010; 77:571-9. [PMID: 20162533 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
FOXP3 is a key transcription factor expressed by regulatory T cells (Treg cells). However, differences in staining and analysis protocols have led to conflicting results. Moreover, the transient upregulation of FOXP3 that follows activation in non-Treg cells renders the interpretation of FOXP3 data more difficult in humans than in mice. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), isolated CD25(-) or CD25(+)CD4(+) T cells were stained with three different anti-FOXP3 clones (PCH101, 206D, and 259D) alone or in combination, and using different permeabilization methods. FOXP3 expression was evaluated following T cell activation by several pathways. Gating based on a population that did not express FOXP3 (such as CD3(-)CD4(-) T cells) allowed for the optimal characterization of Treg cells. The 206D clone detected a lower percentage of cells than PCH101 or 259D. In contrast, 259D stained a population of activated T cells that PCH101 did not. Staining with two clones together consistently increased the proportion of FOXP3(+) cells. However, it is likely that only the double positive cells are Treg cells, as they expressed the highest CD25 and lowest CD127 levels. Our results emphasize that the choice of staining protocol leads to very different results concerning the frequency of Treg cells in humans. A more consistent identification of these cells will improve the knowledge of their biology, particularly during disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Presicce
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH45229, USA
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26
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Posselt AM, Bellin MD, Tavakol M, Szot GL, Frassetto LA, Masharani U, Kerlan RK, Fong L, Vincenti FG, Hering BJ, Bluestone JA, Stock PG. Islet transplantation in type 1 diabetics using an immunosuppressive protocol based on the anti-LFA-1 antibody efalizumab. Am J Transplant 2010; 10:1870-80. [PMID: 20659093 PMCID: PMC2911648 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The applicability of islet transplantation as treatment for type 1 diabetes is limited by renal and islet toxicities of currently available immunosuppressants. We describe a novel immunosuppressive regimen using the antileukocyte functional antigen-1 antibody efalizumab which permits long-term islet allograft survival while reducing the need for corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors (CNI). Eight patients with type 1 diabetes and hypoglycemic unawareness received intraportal allogeneic islet transplants. Immunosuppression consisted of antithymocyte globulin induction followed by maintenance with efalizumab and sirolimus or mycophenolate. When efalizumab was withdrawn from the market in mid 2009, all patients were transitioned to regimens consisting of mycophenolate and sirolimus or mycophenolate and tacrolimus. All patients achieved insulin independence and four out of eight patients became independent after single-islet transplants. Insulin independent patients had no further hypoglycemic events, hemoglobin A1c levels decreased and renal function remained stable. Efalizumab was well tolerated and no serious adverse events were encountered. Although long-term follow-up is limited by discontinuation of efalizumab and transition to conventional imunnosuppression (including CNI in four cases), these results demonstrate that insulin independence after islet transplantation can be achieved with a CNI and steroid-free regimen. Such an approach may minimize renal and islet toxicity and thus further improve long-term islet allograft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Posselt
- Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Melena D. Bellin
- Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Mehdi Tavakol
- Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Gregory L. Szot
- Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lynda A. Frassetto
- Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Umesh Masharani
- Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Robert K. Kerlan
- Interventional Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lawrence Fong
- Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Flavio G. Vincenti
- Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Jeffrey A. Bluestone
- Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Peter G. Stock
- Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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27
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Ziegler AG, Nepom GT. Prediction and pathogenesis in type 1 diabetes. Immunity 2010; 32:468-78. [PMID: 20412757 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A combination of genetic and immunological features is useful for prediction of autoimmune diabetes. Patterns of immune response correspond to the progression from a preclinical phase of disease to end-stage islet damage, with biomarkers indicating transition from susceptibility to active autoimmunity, and to a final loss of immune regulation. Here, we review the markers that provide evidence for immunological checkpoint failure and that also provide tools for assessment of individualized disease risk. When viewed in the context of genetic variation that influences immune response thresholds, progression from susceptibility to overt disease displays predictable modalities of clinical presentation resulting from a sequential series of failed homeostatic checkpoints for selection and activation of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette-G Ziegler
- Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Kölner Platz 1, 80804 München, Germany.
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28
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Law JP, Hirschkorn DF, Owen RE, Biswas HH, Norris PJ, Lanteri MC. The importance of Foxp3 antibody and fixation/permeabilization buffer combinations in identifying CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Cytometry A 2010; 75:1040-50. [PMID: 19845018 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3 is a key marker for CD4(+) regulatory T cells (T(regs)) and was used in developing a multiparameter flow cytometric panel to identify T(regs). Achieving reproducible staining and analysis first required optimization of Foxp3 staining. We present a comparative study of PCH101, 236A/E7, 3G3, 206D, 150D, and 259D/C7 clones of anti-human-Foxp3 antibodies used in combination with five different fixation/permeabilization buffers. Staining for CD25, CD152, and CD127 was also compared between fixation/permeabilization treatments. Promising antibody/buffer combinations were tested in a panel of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 10 individuals, and then on fresh versus frozen cells from four individuals. Finally, different fluorochromes coupled to two representative antibodies were compared to optimize separation of Foxp3(+) from Foxp3(-) events. Foxp3 gates were set using two gating strategies based on CD127(+)CD25(-) "non-T(regs)" or based on isotype controls. For Foxp3 staining, the best conditions for fixation/permeabilization were obtained using the eBioscience Foxp3, Imgenex, BioLegend, and BD Foxp3 buffers. Comparing results from 10 subjects, 259D/C7, PCH101, 236A/E7, and 206D antibodies yielded statistically higher levels of Foxp3 cells than those by 150D and 3G3 antibodies (mean = 6.9, 5.1, 4.7, and 3.7% compared with 1.7, and 0.3% of CD25(+)Foxp3(+) events within CD4(+) cells, respectively). Importantly, the "nonspecificity" of some antibodies observed with a Foxp3 gate based on isotype controls could be eliminated by setting the Foxp3 gate on "non-T(regs)". Better separation of Foxp3(+) and Foxp3(-) populations was observed using the PCH101 clone coupled to Alexa647 compared with FITC or the 259D/C7 clone coupled to PE compared with Alexa488 fluorochrome. Foxp3 staining can be highly variable and depends on the choice of antibody/buffer pair and the fluorochrome used. Selecting the correct population for setting the Foxp3 gate is critical to avoid including non-T(regs) in the Foxp3(+) gate. The experiments presented here will aid in optimization of flow cytometry staining panels to quantify T(reg) frequencies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline P Law
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California 94118, USA
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29
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Lanza F. Toward standardization of Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell measurement in clinical settings. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2009; 76:67-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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