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Mahabaleshwar H, Asharani PV, Loo TY, Koh SY, Pitman MR, Kwok S, Ma J, Hu B, Lin F, Li Lok X, Pitson SM, Saunders TE, Carney TJ. Slit‐Robo signalling establishes a Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate gradient to polarise fin mesenchyme. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54464. [DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Mahabaleshwar
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Experimental Medicine Building Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
| | - PV Asharani
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB) A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Singapore City Singapore
| | - Tricia Yi Loo
- Mechanobiology Institute National University of Singapore Singapore City Singapore
| | - Shze Yung Koh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Experimental Medicine Building Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
| | - Melissa R Pitman
- Centre for Cancer Biology University of South Australia, and SA Pathology North Tce Adelaide SA Australia
- School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Samuel Kwok
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Experimental Medicine Building Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
| | - Jiajia Ma
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Experimental Medicine Building Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology Carver College of Medicine The University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA
| | - Fang Lin
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology Carver College of Medicine The University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA
| | - Xue Li Lok
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB) A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Singapore City Singapore
| | - Stuart M Pitson
- Centre for Cancer Biology University of South Australia, and SA Pathology North Tce Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Timothy E Saunders
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB) A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Singapore City Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute National University of Singapore Singapore City Singapore
- Warwick Medical School University of Warwick Coventry UK
| | - Tom J Carney
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Experimental Medicine Building Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB) A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Singapore City Singapore
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2
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Rajpar I, Tomlinson RE. Function of peripheral nerves in the development and healing of tendon and bone. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 123:48-56. [PMID: 33994302 PMCID: PMC8589913 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Although the functions of the peripheral nervous system in whole body homeostasis and sensation have been understood for many years, recent investigation has uncovered new roles for innervation in the musculoskeletal system. This review centers on advances regarding the function of nerves in the development and repair of two connected tissues: tendon and bone. Innervation in healthy tendons is generally confined to the tendon sheaths, and tendon-bone attachment units are typically aneural. In contrast to tendon, bone is an innervated and vascularized structure. Historically, the function of abundant peripheral nerves in bone has been limited to pain and some non-painful sensory perception in disease and injury. Indeed, much of our understanding of peripheral nerves in tendons, bones, and entheses is limited to the source and type of innervation in healthy and injured tissues. However, more recent studies have made important observations regarding the appearance, type, and innervation patterns of nerves during embryonic and postnatal development and in response to injury, which suggest a more expansive role for peripheral nerves in the formation of musculoskeletal tissues. Indeed, tendons and bones develop in a close spatiotemporal relationship in the embryonic mesoderm. Models of limb denervation have shed light on the importance of sensory innervation in bone and to a lesser extent, tendon development, and more recent work has unraveled key nerve signaling pathways. Furthermore, loss of sensory innervation also impairs healing of bone fractures and may contribute to chronic tendinopathy. However, more study is required to translate our knowledge of peripheral nerves to therapeutic strategies to combat bone and tendon diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtesam Rajpar
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ryan E Tomlinson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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3
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Lojk J, Marc J. Roles of Non-Canonical Wnt Signalling Pathways in Bone Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10840. [PMID: 34639180 PMCID: PMC8509327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signalling pathway is one of the central signalling pathways in bone development, homeostasis and regulation of bone mineral density. It consists of numerous Wnt ligands, receptors and co-receptors, which ensure tight spatiotemporal regulation of Wnt signalling pathway activity and thus tight regulation of bone tissue homeostasis. This enables maintenance of optimal mineral density, tissue healing and adaptation to changes in bone loading. While the role of the canonical/β-catenin Wnt signalling pathway in bone homeostasis is relatively well researched, Wnt ligands can also activate several non-canonical, β-catenin independent signalling pathways with important effects on bone tissue. In this review, we will provide a thorough overview of the current knowledge on different non-canonical Wnt signalling pathways involved in bone biology, focusing especially on the pathways that affect bone cell differentiation, maturation and function, processes involved in bone tissue structure regulation. We will describe the role of the two most known non-canonical pathways (Wnt/planar cell polarity pathways and Wnt/Ca2+ pathway), as well as other signalling pathways with a strong role in bone biology that communicate with the Wnt signalling pathway through non-canonical Wnt signalling. Our goal is to bring additional attention to these still not well researched but important pathways in the regulation of bone biology in the hope of prompting additional research in the area of non-canonical Wnt signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Lojk
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Janja Marc
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- University Clinical Center Ljubljana, Clinical Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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4
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Abstract
Abstract
Background
Organisms show an incredibly diverse array of body and organ shapes that are both unique to their taxon and important for adapting to their environment. Achieving these specific shapes involves coordinating the many processes that transform single cells into complex organs, and regulating their growth so that they can function within a fully-formed body.
Main text
Conceptually, body and organ shape can be separated in two categories, although in practice these categories need not be mutually exclusive. Body shape results from the extent to which organs, or parts of organs, grow relative to each other. The patterns of relative organ size are characterized using allometry. Organ shape, on the other hand, is defined as the geometric features of an organ’s component parts excluding its size. Characterization of organ shape is frequently described by the relative position of homologous features, known as landmarks, distributed throughout the organ. These descriptions fall into the domain of geometric morphometrics.
Conclusion
In this review, we discuss the methods of characterizing body and organ shape, the developmental programs thought to underlie each, highlight when and how the mechanisms regulating body and organ shape might overlap, and provide our perspective on future avenues of research.
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5
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Oichi T, Otsuru S, Usami Y, Enomoto-Iwamoto M, Iwamoto M. Wnt signaling in chondroprogenitors during long bone development and growth. Bone 2020; 137:115368. [PMID: 32380258 PMCID: PMC7354209 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signaling together with other signaling pathways governs cartilage development and the growth plate function during long bone formation and growth. β-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling is a specific lineage determinant of skeletal mesenchymal cells toward chondrogenic or osteogenic direction. Once cartilage forms and the growth plate organize, Wnt signaling continues to regulate proliferation and differentiation of the growth plate chondrocytes. Although chondrocytes in the growth plate have a high capacity to proliferate, new cells must be supplied to the growth plate from chondroprogenitor population. Advances in in vivo cell tracking techniques have demonstrated the importance of Wnt signaling in driving tissue renewal. The Wnt-responsive cells, genetically marked by the Wnt-reporter system, are found as stem cells in various tissues. Similarly, Wnt-responsive cells are found in the periphery of the growth plate and expanded to constitute entire column structure, indicating that Wnt signaling participates in the regulation of chondroprogenitors in the growth plate. This review will discuss advancements in research of progenitors in the growth plate, specifically focusing on Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Oichi
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Satoru Otsuru
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yu Usami
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Masahiro Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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6
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Schneider AJ, Gawdzik J, Vezina CM, Baker TR, Peterson RE. Sox9 in mouse urogenital sinus epithelium mediates elongation of prostatic buds and expression of genes involved in epithelial cell migration. Gene Expr Patterns 2019; 34:119075. [PMID: 31669249 PMCID: PMC6927329 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2019.119075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies identified Sox9 as a critical mediator of prostate development but the precise stage when Sox9 acts had not been determined. A genetic approach was used to delete Sox9 from mouse urogenital sinus epithelium (UGE) prior to prostate specification. All prostatic bud types (anterior, dorsolateral and ventral) were stunted in Sox9 conditional knockouts (cKOs) even though the number of prostatic buds did not differ from that of controls. We concluded that Sox9 is required for prostatic bud elongation and compared control male, control female, Sox9 cKO male and Sox9 cKO female UGE transcriptomes to identify potential molecular mediators. We identified 702 sex-dependent and 95 Sox9-dependent genes. Thirty-one genes were expressed in both a sex- and Sox9-dependent pattern. A comparison of Sox9 cKO female vs control female UGE transcriptomes revealed 74 Sox9-dependent genes, some of which also function in cell migration. SOX9 regulates, directly or indirectly, a largely different profile of genes in male and female UGE. Eighty-three percent of Sox9-dependent genes in male UGE were not Sox9-dependent in female UGE. Only 16 genes were Sox9-dependent in the UGE of both sexes and seven had cell migration functions. These results support the notion that Sox9 promotes cell migration activities needed for prostate ductal elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Schneider
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Joseph Gawdzik
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Chad M Vezina
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Tracie R Baker
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
| | - Richard E Peterson
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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7
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Mangione F, Martín-Blanco E. The Dachsous/Fat/Four-Jointed Pathway Directs the Uniform Axial Orientation of Epithelial Cells in the Drosophila Abdomen. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2836-2850.e4. [PMID: 30517870 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The achievement of the final form of an individual requires not only the control of cell size and differentiation but also integrative directional cues to instruct cell movements, positions, and orientations. In Drosophila, the adult epidermis of the abdomen is created de novo by histoblasts. As these expand and fuse, they uniformly orient along the anteroposterior axis. We found that the Dachsous/Fat/Four-jointed (Ds/Ft/Fj) pathway is key for their alignment. The refinement of the tissue-wide expression of the atypical cadherins Ds and Ft result in their polarization and directional adhesiveness. Mechanistically, the axially oriented changes in histoblasts respond to the redesign of the epithelial field. We suggest that the role of Ds/Ft/Fj in long-range oriented cell alignment is a general function and that the regulation of the expression of its components will be crucial in other morphogenetic models or during tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Mangione
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Martín-Blanco
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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8
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ya||a: GPU-Powered Spheroid Models for Mesenchyme and Epithelium. Cell Syst 2019; 8:261-266.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Campinho P, Lamperti P, Boselli F, Vermot J. Three-dimensional microscopy and image analysis methodology for mapping and quantification of nuclear positions in tissues with approximate cylindrical geometry. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:20170332. [PMID: 30249780 PMCID: PMC6158202 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organogenesis involves extensive and dynamic changes of tissue shape during development. It is associated with complex morphogenetic events that require enormous tissue plasticity and generate a large variety of transient three-dimensional geometries that are achieved by global tissue responses. Nevertheless, such global responses are driven by tight spatio-temporal regulation of the behaviours of individual cells composing these tissues. Therefore, the development of image analysis tools that allow for extraction of quantitative data concerning individual cell behaviours is central to study tissue morphogenesis. There are many image analysis tools available that permit extraction of cell parameters. Unfortunately, the majority are developed for tissues with relatively simple geometries such as flat epithelia. Problems arise when the tissue of interest assumes a more complex three-dimensional geometry. Here, we use the endothelium of the developing zebrafish dorsal aorta as an example of a tissue with cylindrical geometry and describe the image analysis routines developed to extract quantitative data on individual cells in such tissues, as well as the image acquisition and sample preparation methodology.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Mechanics of development'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Campinho
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch 67404, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Paola Lamperti
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch 67404, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Francesco Boselli
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch 67404, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Julien Vermot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch 67404, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
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10
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DeSesso JM, Scialli AR. Bone development in laboratory mammals used in developmental toxicity studies. Birth Defects Res 2018; 110:1157-1187. [PMID: 29921029 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation of the skeleton in laboratory animals is a standard component of developmental toxicology testing. Standard methods of performing the evaluation have been established, and modification of the evaluation using imaging technologies is under development. The embryology of the rodent, rabbit, and primate skeleton has been characterized in detail and summarized herein. The rich literature on variations and malformations in skeletal development that can occur in the offspring of normal animals and animals exposed to test articles in toxicology studies is reviewed. These perturbations of skeletal development include ossification delays, alterations in number, shape, and size of ossification centers, and alterations in numbers of ribs and vertebrae. Because the skeleton is undergoing developmental changes at the time fetuses are evaluated in most study designs, transient delays in development can produce apparent findings of abnormal skeletal structure. The determination of whether a finding represents a permanent change in embryo development with adverse consequences for the organism is important in study interpretation. Knowledge of embryological processes and schedules can assist in interpretation of skeletal findings.
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11
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Gao B, Ajima R, Yang W, Li C, Song H, Anderson MJ, Liu RR, Lewandoski MB, Yamaguchi TP, Yang Y. Coordinated directional outgrowth and pattern formation by integration of Wnt5a and Fgf signaling in planar cell polarity. Development 2018; 145:dev.163824. [PMID: 29615464 DOI: 10.1242/dev.163824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic morphogenesis of a complex organism requires proper regulation of patterning and directional growth. Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling is emerging as a crucial evolutionarily conserved mechanism whereby directional information is conveyed. PCP is thought to be established by global cues, and recent studies have revealed an instructive role of a Wnt signaling gradient in epithelial tissues of both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, it remains unclear whether Wnt/PCP signaling is regulated in a coordinated manner with embryonic patterning during morphogenesis. Here, in mouse developing limbs, we find that apical ectoderm ridge-derived Fgfs required for limb patterning regulate PCP along the proximal-distal axis in a Wnt5a-dependent manner. We demonstrate with genetic evidence that the Wnt5a gradient acts as a global cue that is instructive in establishing PCP in the limb mesenchyme, and that Wnt5a also plays a permissive role to allow Fgf signaling to orient PCP. Our results indicate that limb morphogenesis is regulated by coordination of directional growth and patterning through integration of Wnt5a and Fgf signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China .,Developmental Genetics Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rieko Ajima
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- Developmental Genetics Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Hai Song
- Developmental Genetics Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew J Anderson
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Robert R Liu
- Developmental Genetics Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark B Lewandoski
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Terry P Yamaguchi
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Yingzi Yang
- Developmental Genetics Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA .,Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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12
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Linde-Medina M, Marcucio R. Living tissues are more than cell clusters: The extracellular matrix as a driving force in morphogenesis. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 137:46-51. [PMID: 29398066 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the study of morphogenesis, there is a general tendency to look at the extracellular matrix (ECM) as a mechanically passive agent that simply gives support to cells, and consequently, to place all the explanatory burden on cellular behaviors. Here we aimed to show that not only cells, but also the ECM may be an important force of morphogenesis. Understanding the mechanical role of the ECM broadens our view of morphogenesis and stresses the importance of considering embryonic tissues as a composite of cells and ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Linde-Medina
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco General Hospital, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Ralph Marcucio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco General Hospital, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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13
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Thümecke S, Beermann A, Klingler M, Schröder R. The flipflop orphan genes are required for limb bud eversion in the Tribolium embryo. Front Zool 2017; 14:48. [PMID: 29075305 PMCID: PMC5649079 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-017-0234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unlike Drosophila but similar to other arthropod and vertebrate embryos, the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum develops everted limb buds during embryogenesis. However, the molecular processes directing the evagination of epithelia are only poorly understood. Results Here we show that the newly discovered genes Tc-flipflop1 and Tc-flipflop2 are involved in regulating the directional budding of appendages. RNAi-knockdown of Tc-flipflop results in a variety of phenotypic traits. Most prominently, embryonic limb buds frequently grow inwards rather than out, leading to the development of inverted appendages inside the larval body. Moreover, affected embryos display dorsal closure defects. The Tc-flipflop genes are evolutionarily non-conserved, and their molecular function is not evident. We further found that Tc-RhoGEF2, a highly-conserved gene known to be involved in actomyosin-dependent cell movement and cell shape changes, shows a Tc-flipflop-like RNAi-phenotype. Conclusions The similarity of the inverted appendage phenotype in both the flipflop- and the RhoGEF2 RNAi gene knockdown led us to conclude that the Tc-flipflop orphan genes act in a Rho-dependent pathway that is essential for the early morphogenesis of polarised epithelial movements. Our work describes one of the few examples of an orphan gene playing a crucial role in an important developmental process. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12983-017-0234-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Thümecke
- Institut für Biowissenschaften, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einsteinstr 3, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anke Beermann
- Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Klingler
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department Biologie Abt. Entwicklungsbiologie, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Schröder
- Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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14
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Suzuki T, Morishita Y. A quantitative approach to understanding vertebrate limb morphogenesis at the macroscopic tissue level. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 45:108-114. [PMID: 28502890 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To understand organ morphogenetic mechanisms, it is essential to clarify how spatiotemporally-regulated molecular/cellular dynamics causes physical tissue deformation. In the case of vertebrate limb development, while some of the genes and oriented cell behaviors underlying morphogenesis have been revealed, tissue deformation dynamics remains incompletely understood. We here introduce our recent work on the reconstruction of tissue deformation dynamics in chick limb development from cell lineage tracing data. This analysis has revealed globally-aligned anisotropic tissue deformation along the proximo-distal axis not only in the distal region but also in the whole limb bud. This result points to a need, as a future challenge, to find oriented molecular/cellular behaviors for realizing the observed anisotropic tissue deformation in both proximal and distal regions, which will lead to systems understanding of limb morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Suzuki
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Morishita
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
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15
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Pazzaglia UE, Congiu T, Sibilia V, Casati L, Minini A, Benetti A. Growth and shaping of metacarpal and carpal cartilage anlagen: application of morphometry to the development of short and long bone. A study of human hand anlagen in the fetal period. J Morphol 2017; 278:884-895. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo E. Pazzaglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties; Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia; Italy
| | - Terenzio Congiu
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences; University of Insubria; Varese Italy
| | - Valeria Sibilia
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine; University of Milan; Italy
| | - Lavinia Casati
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine; University of Milan; Italy
| | - Andrea Minini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties; Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia; Italy
| | - Anna Benetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences; University of Brescia; Italy
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16
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Yang Y, Mlodzik M. Wnt-Frizzled/planar cell polarity signaling: cellular orientation by facing the wind (Wnt). Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2016; 31:623-46. [PMID: 26566118 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100814-125315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of planar cell polarity (PCP) in epithelial and mesenchymal cells is a critical, evolutionarily conserved process during development and organogenesis. Analyses in Drosophila and several vertebrate model organisms have contributed a wealth of information on the regulation of PCP. A key conserved pathway regulating PCP, the so-called core Wnt-Frizzled PCP (Fz/PCP) signaling pathway, was initially identified through genetic studies of Drosophila. PCP studies in vertebrates, most notably mouse and zebrafish, have identified novel factors in PCP signaling and have also defined cellular features requiring PCP signaling input. These studies have shifted focus to the role of Van Gogh (Vang)/Vangl genes in this molecular system. This review focuses on new insights into the core Fz/Vangl/PCP pathway and recent advances in Drosophila and vertebrate PCP studies. We attempt to integrate these within the existing core Fz/Vangl/PCP signaling framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115;
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029;
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17
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Newman SA. 'Biogeneric' developmental processes: drivers of major transitions in animal evolution. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150443. [PMID: 27431521 PMCID: PMC4958937 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Using three examples drawn from animal systems, I advance the hypothesis that major transitions in multicellular evolution often involved the constitution of new cell-based materials with unprecedented morphogenetic capabilities. I term the materials and formative processes that arise when highly evolved cells are incorporated into mesoscale matter 'biogeneric', to reflect their commonality with, and distinctiveness from, the organizational properties of non-living materials. The first transition arose by the innovation of classical cell-adhesive cadherins with transmembrane linkage to the cytoskeleton and the appearance of the morphogen Wnt, transforming some ancestral unicellular holozoans into 'liquid tissues', and thereby originating the metazoans. The second transition involved the new capabilities, within a basal metazoan population, of producing a mechanically stable basal lamina, and of planar cell polarization. This gave rise to the eumetazoans, initially diploblastic (two-layered) forms, and then with the addition of extracellular matrices promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transformation, three-layered triploblasts. The last example is the fin-to-limb transition. Here, the components of a molecular network that promoted the development of species-idiosyncratic endoskeletal elements in gnathostome ancestors are proposed to have evolved to a dynamical regime in which they constituted a Turing-type reaction-diffusion system capable of organizing the stereotypical arrays of elements of lobe-finned fish and tetrapods. The contrasting implications of the biogeneric materials-based and neo-Darwinian perspectives for understanding major evolutionary transitions are discussed.This article is part of the themed issue 'The major synthetic evolutionary transitions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Newman
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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18
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Linde-Medina M, Hallgrímsson B, Marcucio R. Beyond cell proliferation in avian facial morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:190-6. [PMID: 26637960 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The upper jaw in vertebrates forms from several prominences that arise around the stomodeum or primitive mouth. These prominences undergo coordinated growth and morphogenesis to fuse and form the face. Undirected, regionalized cell proliferation is thought to be the driving force behind the morphogenesis of the facial prominences. However, recent findings suggest that directed cell behaviors in the mesenchyme (e.g., directed cell division, directed cell movement, convergent extension) might be required for successful face formation. Here we discuss the evidence for this view and how directed behaviors may interact with the basement membrane to regulate morphogenesis of the facial region. We believe that future research in these largely unexplored areas could significantly impact our understanding of facial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Linde-Medina
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco General Hospital, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Benedikt Hallgrímsson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Calgary, McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ralph Marcucio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco General Hospital, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
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19
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Nödl MT, Fossati SM, Domingues P, Sánchez FJ, Zullo L. The making of an octopus arm. EvoDevo 2015; 6:19. [PMID: 26052417 PMCID: PMC4458049 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-015-0012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most of our current findings on appendage formation and patterning stem from studies on chordate and ecdysozoan model organisms. However, in order to fully understand the evolution of animal appendages, it is essential to include information on appendage development from lophotrochozoan representatives. Here, we examined the basic dynamics of the Octopus vulgaris arm's formation and differentiation - as a highly evolved member of the lophotrochozoan super phylum - with a special focus on the formation of the arm's musculature. RESULTS The octopus arm forms during distinct phases, including an early outgrowth from an epithelial thickening, an elongation, and a late differentiation into mature tissue types. During early arm outgrowth, uniform proliferation leads to the formation of a rounded bulge, which subsequently elongates along its proximal-distal axis by means of actin-mediated epithelial cell changes. Further differentiation of all tissue layers is initiated but end-differentiation is postponed to post-hatching stages. Interestingly, muscle differentiation shows temporal differences in the formation of distinct muscle layers. Particularly, first myocytes appear in the area of the future transverse prior to the longitudinal muscle layer, even though the latter represents the more dominant muscle type at hatching stage. Sucker rudiments appear as small epithelial outgrowths with a mesodermal and ectodermal component on the oral part of the arm. During late differentiation stages, cell proliferation becomes localized to a distal arm region termed the growth zone of the arm. CONCLUSIONS O. vulgaris arm formation shows both, similarities to known model species as well as species-specific patterns of arm formation. Similarities include early uniform cell proliferation and actin-mediated cell dynamics, which lead to an elongation along the proximal-distal axis. Furthermore, the switch to an adult-like progressive distal growth mode during late differentiation stages is reminiscent of the vertebrate progress zone. However, tissue differentiation shows a species-specific delay, which is correlated to a paralarval pelagic phase after hatching and concomitant emerging behavioral modifications. By understanding the general dynamics of octopus arm formation, we established a basis for further studies on appendage patterning, growth, and differentiation in a representative of the lophotrochozoan super phylum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Therese Nödl
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara M Fossati
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Centro Oceanografico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografia, Subida Radio Faro, 50 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Francisco J Sánchez
- Centro Oceanografico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografia, Subida Radio Faro, 50 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Letizia Zullo
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
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20
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Lau K, Tao H, Liu H, Wen J, Sturgeon K, Sorfazlian N, Lazic S, Burrows JTA, Wong MD, Li D, Deimling S, Ciruna B, Scott I, Simmons C, Henkelman RM, Williams T, Hadjantonakis AK, Fernandez-Gonzalez R, Sun Y, Hopyan S. Anisotropic stress orients remodelling of mammalian limb bud ectoderm. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:569-79. [PMID: 25893915 PMCID: PMC4955842 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The physical forces that drive morphogenesis are not well characterized in vivo, especially among vertebrates. In the early limb bud, dorsal and ventral ectoderm converge to form the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), although the underlying mechanisms are unclear. By live imaging mouse embryos, we show that prospective AER progenitors intercalate at the dorsoventral boundary and that ectoderm remodels by concomitant cell division and neighbour exchange. Mesodermal expansion and ectodermal tension together generate a dorsoventrally biased stress pattern that orients ectodermal remodelling. Polarized distribution of cortical actin reflects this stress pattern in a β-catenin- and Fgfr2-dependent manner. Intercalation of AER progenitors generates a tensile gradient that reorients resolution of multicellular rosettes on adjacent surfaces, a process facilitated by β-catenin-dependent attachment of cortex to membrane. Therefore, feedback between tissue stress pattern and cell intercalations remodels mammalian ectoderm.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/metabolism
- Animals
- Anisotropy
- Cell Communication
- Cell Division
- Cell Polarity
- Ectoderm/metabolism
- Ectoderm/physiology
- Embryo Culture Techniques
- Embryonic Stem Cells/physiology
- Feedback
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genotype
- Limb Buds/metabolism
- Limb Buds/physiology
- Mechanotransduction, Cellular
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Video
- Models, Biological
- Morphogenesis
- Phenotype
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Stress, Mechanical
- Time Factors
- beta Catenin/genetics
- beta Catenin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Lau
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Hirotaka Tao
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Haijiao Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Jun Wen
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Kendra Sturgeon
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Natalie Sorfazlian
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Savo Lazic
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jeffrey T. A. Burrows
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Michael D. Wong
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto M5T 3H7, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Danyi Li
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Steven Deimling
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Brian Ciruna
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ian Scott
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Craig Simmons
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - R. Mark Henkelman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto M5T 3H7, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Trevor Williams
- Program in Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | | | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G9, Canada
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 3G5, Canada
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Sevan Hopyan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada
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21
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Morishita Y, Kuroiwa A, Suzuki T. Quantitative analysis of tissue deformation dynamics reveals three characteristic growth modes and globally aligned anisotropic tissue deformation during chick limb development. Development 2015; 142:1672-83. [PMID: 25858459 PMCID: PMC4419272 DOI: 10.1242/dev.109728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-level characterization of deformation dynamics is crucial for understanding organ morphogenetic mechanisms, especially the interhierarchical links among molecular activities, cellular behaviors and tissue/organ morphogenetic processes. Limb development is a well-studied topic in vertebrate organogenesis. Nevertheless, there is still little understanding of tissue-level deformation relative to molecular and cellular dynamics. This is mainly because live recording of detailed cell behaviors in whole tissues is technically difficult. To overcome this limitation, by applying a recently developed Bayesian approach, we here constructed tissue deformation maps for chick limb development with high precision, based on snapshot lineage tracing using dye injection. The precision of the constructed maps was validated with a clear statistical criterion. From the geometrical analysis of the map, we identified three characteristic tissue growth modes in the limb and showed that they are consistent with local growth factor activity and cell cycle length. In particular, we report that SHH signaling activity changes dynamically with developmental stage and strongly correlates with the dynamic shift in the tissue growth mode. We also found anisotropic tissue deformation along the proximal-distal axis. Morphogenetic simulation and experimental studies suggested that this directional tissue elongation, and not local growth, has the greatest impact on limb shaping. This result was supported by the novel finding that anisotropic tissue elongation along the proximal-distal axis occurs independently of cell proliferation. Our study marks a pivotal point for multi-scale system understanding in vertebrate development. Summary: Chick limb morphogenesis occurs through issue elongation independently of cell proliferation, with three tissue growth modes correlated with SHH expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Morishita
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, Kobe 650-0047, Japan RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuroiwa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takayuki Suzuki
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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22
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Hu D, Young NM, Li X, Xu Y, Hallgrímsson B, Marcucio RS. A dynamic Shh expression pattern, regulated by SHH and BMP signaling, coordinates fusion of primordia in the amniote face. Development 2015; 142:567-74. [PMID: 25605783 DOI: 10.1242/dev.114835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of morphogenesis are not well understood, yet shaping structures during development is essential for establishing correct organismal form and function. Here, we examine mechanisms that help to shape the developing face during the crucial period of facial primordia fusion. This period of development is a time when the faces of amniote embryos exhibit the greatest degree of similarity, and it probably results from the necessity for fusion to occur to establish the primary palate. Our results show that hierarchical induction mechanisms, consisting of iterative signaling by Sonic hedgehog (SHH) followed by Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), regulate a dynamic expression pattern of Shh in the ectoderm covering the frontonasal (FNP) and maxillary (MxP) processes. Furthermore, this Shh expression domain contributes to the morphogenetic processes that drive the directional growth of the globular process of the FNP toward the lateral nasal process and MxP, in part by regulating cell proliferation in the facial mesenchyme. The nature of the induction mechanism that we discovered suggests that the process of fusion of the facial primordia is intrinsically buffered against producing maladaptive morphologies, such as clefts of the primary palate, because there appears to be little opportunity for variation to occur during expansion of the Shh expression domain in the ectoderm of the facial primordia. Ultimately, these results might explain why this period of development constitutes a phylotypic stage of facial development among amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco General Hospital, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, The University of California at San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Nathan M Young
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco General Hospital, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, The University of California at San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco General Hospital, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, The University of California at San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA National Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecule, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yanhua Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco General Hospital, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, The University of California at San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA Epitomizes, Inc., 1418 Moganshan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310011, China
| | - Benedikt Hallgrímsson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Calgary, McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Ralph S Marcucio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco General Hospital, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, The University of California at San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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23
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Linde-Medina M, Newman SA. Limb, tooth, beak: three modes of development and evolutionary innovation of form. J Biosci 2014; 39:211-23. [PMID: 24736155 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-013-9355-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The standard model of evolutionary change of form, deriving from Darwin's theory via the Modern Synthesis, assumes a gradualistic reshaping of anatomical structures, with major changes only occurring by many cycles of natural selection for marginal adaptive advantage. This model, with its assertion that a single mechanism underlies both micro- and macroevolutionary change, contains an implicit notion of development which is only applicable in some cases. Here we compare the embryological processes that shape the vertebrate limb bud, the mammalian tooth and the avian beak. The implied notion of development in the standard evolutionary picture is met only in the case of the vertebrate limb, a single-primordium organ with morphostatic shaping, in which cells rearrange in response to signalling centres which are essentially unchanged by cell movement. In the case of the tooth, a single-primordium organ with morphodynamic shaping in which the strengths and relationships between signalling centres is influenced by the cell and tissue movements they induce, and the beak, in which the final form is influenced by the collision and rearrangement of multiple tissue primordia, abrupt appearance of qualitatively different forms (i.e. morphological novelties) can occur with small changes in system parameters induced by a genetic change, or by an environmental factor whose effects can be subsequently canalized genetically. Bringing developmental mechanisms and, specifically, the material properties of tissues as excitable media into the evolutionary picture, demonstrates that gradualistic change for incremental adaptive advantage is only one of the possible modes of morphological evolution.
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24
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Dai M, Wang Y, Fang L, Irwin DM, Zhu T, Zhang J, Zhang S, Wang Z. Differential expression of Meis2, Mab21l2 and Tbx3 during limb development associated with diversification of limb morphology in mammals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106100. [PMID: 25166052 PMCID: PMC4148388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are the only mammals capable of self-powered flight using wings. Differing from mouse or human limbs, four elongated digits within a broad wing membrane support the bat wing, and the foot of the bat has evolved a long calcar that spread the interfemoral membrane. Our recent mRNA sequencing (mRNA-Seq) study found unique expression patterns for genes at the 5' end of the Hoxd gene cluster and for Tbx3 that are associated with digit elongation and wing membrane growth in bats. In this study, we focused on two additional genes, Meis2 and Mab21l2, identified from the mRNA-Seq data. Using whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) we validated the mRNA-Seq results for differences in the expression patterns of Meis2 and Mab21l2 between bat and mouse limbs, and further characterize the timing and location of the expression of these two genes. These analyses suggest that Meis2 may function in wing membrane growth and Mab21l2 may have a role in AP and DV axial patterning. In addition, we found that Tbx3 is uniquely expressed in the unique calcar structure found in the bat hindlimb, suggesting a role for this gene in calcar growth and elongation. Moreover, analysis of the coding sequences for Meis2, Mab21l2 and Tbx3 showed that Meis2 and Mab21l2 have high sequence identity, consistent with the functions of genes being conserved, but that Tbx3 showed accelerated evolution in bats. However, evidence for positive selection in Tbx3 was not found, which would suggest that the function of this gene has not been changed. Together, our findings support the hypothesis that the modulation of the spatiotemporal expression patterns of multiple functional conserved genes control limb morphology and drive morphological change in the diversification of mammalian limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Dai
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Fang
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - David M. Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tengteng Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junpeng Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyi Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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25
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Nissimov JN, Das Chaudhuri AB. Hair curvature: a natural dialectic and review. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 89:723-66. [PMID: 24617997 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although hair forms (straight, curly, wavy, etc.) are present in apparently infinite variations, each fibre can be reduced to a finite sequence of tandem segments of just three types: straight, bent/curly, or twisted. Hair forms can thus be regarded as resulting from genetic pathways that induce, reverse or modulate these basic curvature modes. However, physical interconversions between twists and curls demonstrate that strict one-to-one correspondences between them and their genetic causes do not exist. Current hair-curvature theories do not distinguish between bending and twisting mechanisms. We here introduce a multiple papillary centres (MPC) model which is particularly suitable to explain twisting. The model combines previously known features of hair cross-sectional morphology with partially/completely separated dermal papillae within single follicles, and requires such papillae to induce differential growth rates of hair cortical material in their immediate neighbourhoods. The MPC model can further help to explain other, poorly understood, aspects of hair growth and morphology. Separate bending and twisting mechanisms would be preferentially affected at the major or minor ellipsoidal sides of fibres, respectively, and together they exhaust the possibilities for influencing hair-form phenotypes. As such they suggest dialectic for hair-curvature development. We define a natural-dialectic (ND) which could take advantage of speculative aspects of dialectic, but would verify its input data and results by experimental methods. We use this as a top-down approach to first define routes by which hair bending or twisting may be brought about and then review evidence in support of such routes. In particular we consider the wingless (Wnt) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways as paradigm pathways for molecular hair bending and twisting mechanisms, respectively. In addition to the Wnt canonical pathway, the Wnt/Ca(2+) and planar cell polarity (PCP) pathways, and others, can explain many alternatives and specific variations of hair bending phenotypes. Mechanisms for hair papilla budding or its division by bisection or fission can explain MPC formation. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) and mesenchymal-to-epithelial (MET) transitions, acting in collaboration with epithelial-mesenchymal communications are also considered as mechanisms affecting hair growth and its bending and twisting. These may be treated as sub-mechanisms of an overall development from neural-crest stem cell (NCSC) lineages to differentiated hair follicle (HF) cell types, thus providing a unified framework for hair growth and development.
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26
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Abstract
During development, mechanical forces cause changes in size, shape, number, position, and gene expression of cells. They are therefore integral to any morphogenetic processes. Force generation by actin-myosin networks and force transmission through adhesive complexes are two self-organizing phenomena driving tissue morphogenesis. Coordination and integration of forces by long-range force transmission and mechanosensing of cells within tissues produce large-scale tissue shape changes. Extrinsic mechanical forces also control tissue patterning by modulating cell fate specification and differentiation. Thus, the interplay between tissue mechanics and biochemical signaling orchestrates tissue morphogenesis and patterning in development.
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27
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Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP), a process controlling coordinated, uniformly polarized cellular behaviors in a field of cells, has been identified to be critically required for many fundamental developmental processes. However, a global directional cue that establishes PCP in a three-dimensional tissue or organ with respect to the body axes remains elusive. In vertebrate, while Wnt-secreted signaling molecules have been implicated in regulating PCP in a β-catenin-independent manner, whether they function permissively or act as a global cue to convey directional information is not clearly defined. In addition, the underlying molecular mechanism by which Wnt signal is transduced to core PCP proteins is largely unknown. In this chapter, I review the roles of Wnt signaling in regulating PCP during vertebrate development and update our knowledge of its regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gao
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Mazahery AR, Suzuki K, Nagafuchi A, Miyajima M, Nakagata N, Orvis GD, Behringer RR, Yamada G. Functional analysis of ectodermal β-catenin during external genitalia formation. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2013; 53:34-41. [PMID: 23480356 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
β-catenin is a molecule belonging to the armadillo family of proteins that is a crucial core-component of cellular adherens junctions, and a component of the canonical Wnt-signaling pathway. We attempted to analyze the functional significance of ectodermal-derived β-catenin during the development of the mouse genital tubercle, a mammalian anlage of the external genitalia. For this purpose, the conditional loss of function mouse mutant Wnt7a-Cre;β-cat(f/f) was utilized. Loss of ectodermal β-catenin leads to the formation of urethral cleft during preputial uprising. Although expression of E-cadherin was retained in the genital tubercle ectoderm of mutants, probably through plakoglobin compensatory expression, expression of other crucial adherens junction components such as α-catenin and F-actin in the cell-cell border were distinctly reduced. We also showed that β-catenin is necessary for the expression of its transcriptional downstream target Lef-1 which was localized in the basal layer of the preputial ectoderm, excluding the midventral region at E15.5. Such specialized region was observed to possess cytoplasmic β-catenin expression at this stage. Coincidentally, mitotically active cells were also found in the basal layer of the preputial ectoderm excluding the midventral region. In mutant genital tubercle, cell proliferation in the preputial ectoderm was decreased. Taken together, we suggest that ectodermal β-catenin is necessary not only to maintain adherens junction integrity, but also to regulate cell proliferation possibly through Lef-1 functions. Thus, β-catenin is shown to perform dual functions, initially as an adhesion molecule and later on as a possible transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Reza Mazahery
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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Zhang YT, Alber MS, Newman SA. Mathematical modeling of vertebrate limb development. Math Biosci 2012; 243:1-17. [PMID: 23219575 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we review the major mathematical and computational models of vertebrate limb development and their roles in accounting for different aspects of this process. The main aspects of limb development that have been modeled include outgrowth and shaping of the limb bud, establishment of molecular gradients within the bud, and formation of the skeleton. These processes occur interdependently during development, although (as described in this review), there are various interpretations of the biological relationships among them. A wide range of mathematical and computational methods have been used to study these processes, including ordinary and partial differential equation systems, cellular automata and discrete, stochastic models, finite difference methods, finite element methods, the immersed boundary method, and various combinations of the above. Multiscale mathematical modeling and associated computational simulation have become integrated into the study of limb morphogenesis and pattern formation to an extent with few parallels in the field of developmental biology. These methods have contributed to the design and analysis of experiments employing microsurgical and genetic manipulations, evaluation of hypotheses for limb bud outgrowth, interpretation of the effects of natural mutations, and the formulation of scenarios for the origination and evolution of the limb skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Tao Zhang
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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30
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The importance of geometry in mathematical models of developing systems. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2012; 22:547-52. [PMID: 23107453 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the interaction between the spatial variation of extracellular signals and the interpretation of such signals in embryonic development is difficult without a mathematical model, but the inherent limitations of a model can have a profound impact on its utility. A central issue is the level of abstraction needed, and here we focus on the role of geometry in models and how the choice of the spatial dimension can influence the conclusions reached. A widely studied system in which the proper choice of geometry is critical is embryonic development of Drosophila melanogaster, and we discuss recent work in which 3D embryo-scale modeling is used to identify key modes of transport, analyze gap gene expression, and test BMP-mediated positive feedback mechanisms.
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31
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Glimm T, Headon D, Kiskowski MA. Computational and mathematical models of chondrogenesis in vertebrate limbs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 96:176-92. [PMID: 22692890 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The production of cartilage (chondrogenic patterning) in the limb is one of the best-studied examples of the emergence of form in developmental biology. At the core of the theoretical study is an effort to understand the mechanism that establishes the characteristic distribution of cartilage in the embryonic limb, which defines the future sites and shapes of bones that will be present in the mature limb. This review article gives an overview of the history and current state of a rich literature of mathematical and computational models that seek to contribute to this problem. We describe models for the mechanisms of limb growth and shaping via interaction with various chemical fields, as well as models addressing the intrinsic self-organization capabilities of the embryonic mesenchymal tissue, such as reaction-diffusion and mechanochemical models. We discuss the contributions of these models to the current understanding of chondrogenesis in vertebrate limbs, as well as their relation to the varied conceptual models that have been proposed by experimentalists.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Glimm
- Department of Mathematics, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA.
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Cooper LN, Cretekos CJ, Sears KE. The evolution and development of mammalian flight. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 1:773-9. [DOI: 10.1002/wdev.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Wartlick O, Mumcu P, Jülicher F, Gonzalez-Gaitan M. Understanding morphogenetic growth control -- lessons from flies. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2011; 12:594-604. [PMID: 21850035 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Morphogens are secreted signalling molecules that control the patterning and growth of developing organs. How morphogens regulate patterning is fairly well understood; however, how they control growth is less clear. Four principal models have been proposed to explain how the morphogenetic protein Decapentaplegic (DPP) controls the growth of the wing imaginal disc in the fly. Recent studies in this model system have provided a wealth of experimental data on growth and DPP gradient properties, as well as on the interactions of DPP with other signalling pathways. These findings have allowed a more precise formulation and evaluation of morphogenetic growth models. The insights into growth control by the DPP gradient will also be useful for understanding other morphogenetic growth systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ortrud Wartlick
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Shaheen R, Faqeih E, Sunker A, Morsy H, Al-Sheddi T, Shamseldin H, Adly N, Hashem M, Alkuraya. F. Recessive mutations in DOCK6, encoding the guanidine nucleotide exchange factor DOCK6, lead to abnormal actin cytoskeleton organization and Adams-Oliver syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 89:328-33. [PMID: 21820096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adams-Oliver syndrome (AOS) is defined by the combination of aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) and terminal transverse limb defects (TTLD). It is usually inherited as an autosomal-dominant trait, but autosomal-recessive inheritance has also been documented. In an individual with autosomal-recessive AOS, we combined autozygome analysis with exome sequencing to identify a homozygous truncating mutation in dedicator of cytokinesis 6 gene (DOCK6) which encodes an atypical guanidine exchange factor (GEF) known to activate two members of the Rho GTPase family: Cdc42 and Rac1. Another homozygous truncating mutation was identified upon targeted sequencing of DOCK6 in an unrelated individual with AOS. Consistent with the established role of Cdc42 and Rac1 in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton, we demonstrate a cellular phenotype typical of a defective actin cytoskeleton in patient cells. These findings, combined with a Dock6 expression profile that is consistent with an AOS phenotype as well as the very recent demonstration of dominant mutations of ARHGAP31 in AOS, establish Cdc42 and Rac1 as key molecules in the pathogenesis of AOS and suggest that other regulators of these Rho GTPase proteins might be good candidates in the quest to define the genetic spectrum of this genetically heterogeneous condition.
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Romereim SM, Dudley AT. Cell polarity: The missing link in skeletal morphogenesis? Organogenesis 2011; 7:217-28. [PMID: 22064549 DOI: 10.4161/org.7.3.18583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive genetic analysis of the dynamic multi-phase process that transforms a small population of lateral plate mesoderm into the mature limb skeleton, the mechanisms by which signaling pathways regulate cellular behaviors to generate morphogenetic forces are not known. Recently, a series of papers have offered the intriguing possibility that regulated cell polarity fine-tunes the morphogenetic process via orienting cell axes, division planes and cell movements. Wnt5a-mediated non-canonical signaling, which may include planar cell polarity, has emerged as a common thread in the otherwise distinct signaling networks that regulate morphogenesis in each phase of limb development. These findings position the limb as a key model to elucidate how global tissue patterning pathways direct local differences in cell behavior that, in turn, generate growth and form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Romereim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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