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Sun L, Li X, Luo H, Guo H, Zhang J, Chen Z, Lin F, Zhao G. EZH2 can be used as a therapeutic agent for inhibiting endothelial dysfunction. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 213:115594. [PMID: 37207700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is a catalytic subunit of polycomb repressor complex 2 and plays important roles in endothelial cell homeostasis. EZH2 functionally methylates lysine 27 of histone H3 and represses gene expression through chromatin compaction. EZH2 mediates the effects of environmental stimuli by regulating endothelial functions, such as angiogenesis, endothelial barrier integrity, inflammatory signaling, and endothelial mesenchymal transition. Numerous studies have been conducted to determine the significance of EZH2 in endothelial function. The aim of this review is to provide a concise summary of the roles EZH2 plays in endothelial function and elucidate its therapeutic potential in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Cardiovascular Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Injury and Repair Medicine of Henan, Weihui, China
| | - Xuefang Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Injury and Repair Medicine of Henan, Weihui, China
| | - Hui Luo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Injury and Repair Medicine of Henan, Weihui, China
| | - Huige Guo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Injury and Repair Medicine of Henan, Weihui, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Injury and Repair Medicine of Henan, Weihui, China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Injury and Repair Medicine of Henan, Weihui, China
| | - Fei Lin
- Cardiovascular Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Injury and Repair Medicine of Henan, Weihui, China.
| | - Guoan Zhao
- Cardiovascular Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Injury and Repair Medicine of Henan, Weihui, China.
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2
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Cho KW, Andrade M, Bae S, Kim S, Kim JE, Jang EY, Lee S, Husain A, Sutliff RL, Calvert JW, Park C, Yoon YS. Polycomb Group Protein CBX7 Represses Cardiomyocyte Proliferation Through Modulation of the TARDBP/RBM38 Axis. Circulation 2023; 147:1823-1842. [PMID: 37158107 PMCID: PMC10330362 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.122.061131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shortly after birth, cardiomyocytes exit the cell cycle and cease proliferation. At present, the regulatory mechanisms for this loss of proliferative capacity are poorly understood. CBX7 (chromobox 7), a polycomb group (PcG) protein, regulates the cell cycle, but its role in cardiomyocyte proliferation is unknown. METHODS We profiled CBX7 expression in the mouse hearts through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. We overexpressed CBX7 in neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes through adenoviral transduction. We knocked down CBX7 by using constitutive and inducible conditional knockout mice (Tnnt2-Cre;Cbx7fl/+ and Myh6-MCM;Cbx7fl/fl, respectively). We measured cardiomyocyte proliferation by immunostaining of proliferation markers such as Ki67, phospho-histone 3, and cyclin B1. To examine the role of CBX7 in cardiac regeneration, we used neonatal cardiac apical resection and adult myocardial infarction models. We examined the mechanism of CBX7-mediated repression of cardiomyocyte proliferation through coimmunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, and other molecular techniques. RESULTS We explored Cbx7 expression in the heart and found that mRNA expression abruptly increased after birth and was sustained throughout adulthood. Overexpression of CBX7 through adenoviral transduction reduced proliferation of neonatal cardiomyocytes and promoted their multinucleation. On the other hand, genetic inactivation of Cbx7 increased proliferation of cardiomyocytes and impeded cardiac maturation during postnatal heart growth. Genetic ablation of Cbx7 promoted regeneration of neonatal and adult injured hearts. Mechanistically, CBX7 interacted with TARDBP (TAR DNA-binding protein 43) and positively regulated its downstream target, RBM38 (RNA Binding Motif Protein 38), in a TARDBP-dependent manner. Overexpression of RBM38 inhibited the proliferation of CBX7-depleted neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that CBX7 directs the cell cycle exit of cardiomyocytes during the postnatal period by regulating its downstream targets TARDBP and RBM38. This is the first study to demonstrate the role of CBX7 in regulation of cardiomyocyte proliferation, and CBX7 could be an important target for cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Won Cho
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mark Andrade
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Seongho Bae
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sangsung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jin Eyun Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Er Yearn Jang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sangho Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ahsan Husain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Roy L. Sutliff
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - John W. Calvert
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA
| | - Changwon Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Young-sup Yoon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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3
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Jiao N, Qi Y, Lv C, Li H, Yang F. Identification of protein complexes associated with myocardial infarction using a bioinformatics approach. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:3569-3576. [PMID: 30132549 PMCID: PMC6131540 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide. Determination of the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease is crucial for identifying possible therapeutic targets and designing effective treatments. On the basis that MI may be caused by dysfunctional protein complexes rather than single genes, the present study aimed to use a bioinformatics approach to identifying complexes that may serve important roles in the development of MI. By investigating the proteins involved in these identified complexes, numerous proteins have been reported that are related to MI, whereas other proteins interacted with MI-related proteins, which implied that these protein complexes may indeed be related to the development of MI. The protein complexes detected in the present study may aid in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie MI pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianhui Jiao
- Intensive Care Unit, Laiwu People's Hospital, Laiwu, Shandong 271199, P.R. China
| | - Yongjie Qi
- Intensive Care Unit, Laiwu People's Hospital, Laiwu, Shandong 271199, P.R. China
| | - Changli Lv
- Emergency Department, Laiwu People's Hospital, Laiwu, Shandong 271199, P.R. China
| | - Hongjun Li
- Emergency Department, The Central Hospital of Tai'an, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Fengyong Yang
- Intensive Care Unit, Laiwu People's Hospital, Laiwu, Shandong 271199, P.R. China
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4
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Russell‐Hallinan A, Watson CJ, Baugh JA. Epigenetics of Aberrant Cardiac Wound Healing. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:451-491. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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5
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Nowacka-Zawisza M, Wiśnik E. DNA methylation and histone modifications as epigenetic regulation in prostate cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 2017; 38:2587-2596. [PMID: 29048620 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men in Poland after lung cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality after lung and colon cancer. The etiology of most cases of prostate cancer are not fully known, and therefore it is essential to search for the molecular basis of prostate cancer and markers for the early diagnosis of this type of cancer. Epigenetics deals with changes in gene expression that are not determined by changes in the DNA sequence. Epigenetic changes refer to changes in the structure of DNA, which are the result of DNA modification after replication and/or post-translational modification of proteins associated with DNA. In contrast to mutations, epigenetic changes are reversible and occur very rapidly. The major epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation, modification of histone proteins, chemical modification and chromatin remodeling changes in gene expression caused by microRNAs (miRNAs). Epigenetic changes play an important role in malignant transformation and can be specific to types of cancers including prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nowacka-Zawisza
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Wiśnik
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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6
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Yi X, Jiang X, Li X, Jiang DS. Histone lysine methylation and congenital heart disease: From bench to bedside (Review). Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:953-964. [PMID: 28902362 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone post-translational modifications (PTM) as one of the key epigenetic regulatory mechanisms that plays critical role in various biological processes, including regulating chromatin structure dynamics and gene expression. Histone lysine methyltransferase contributes to the establishment and maintenance of differential histone methylation status, which can recognize histone methylated sites and build an association between these modifications and their downstream processes. Recently, it was found that abnormalities in the histone lysine methylation level or pattern may lead to the occurrence of many types of cardiovascular diseases, such as congenital heart disease (CHD). In order to provide new theoretical basis and targets for the treatment of CHD from the view of developmental biology and genetics, this review discusses and elaborates on the association between histone lysine methylation modifications and CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Ding-Sheng Jiang
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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7
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Singh AP, Foley J, Tandon A, Phadke D, Karimi Kinyamu H, Archer TK. A role for BRG1 in the regulation of genes required for development of the lymphatic system. Oncotarget 2017; 8:54925-54938. [PMID: 28903392 PMCID: PMC5589631 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vasculature is an important part of the cardiovascular system with multiple functions, including regulation of the return of interstitial fluid (lymph) to the bloodstream, immune responses, and fat absorption. Consequently, lymphatic vasculature defects are involved in many pathological processes, including tumor metastasis and lymphedema. BRG1 is an important player in the developmental window when the lymphatic system is initiated. In the current study, we used tamoxifen inducible Rosa26CreERT2-BRG1floxed/floxed mice that allowed temporal analysis of the impact of BRG1 inactivation in the embryo. The BRG1floxed/floxed/Cre-TM embryos exhibited edema and hemorrhage at embryonic day-13 and began to die. BRG1 deficient embryos had abnormal lymphatic sac linings with fewer LYVE1 positive lymphatic endothelial cells. Indeed, loss of BRG1 attenuated expression of a subset of lymphatic genes in-vivo. Furthermore, BRG1 binds at the promoters of COUP-TFII and LYVE1, suggesting that BRG1 modulates expression of these genes in the developing embryos. Conversely, re-expression of BRG1 in cells lacking endogenous BRG1 resulted in induction of lymphatic gene expression in-vitro, suggesting that BRG1 was both required and sufficient for lymphatic gene expression. These studies provide important insights into intrinsic regulation of BRG1-mediated lymphatic-gene expression, and further an understanding of lymphatic gene dysregulation in lymphedema and other disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajeet Pratap Singh
- Chromatin and Gene Expression Section, Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.,Present address: Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Julie Foley
- Special Techniques Group, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Arpit Tandon
- Sciome.com, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dhiral Phadke
- Sciome.com, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - H Karimi Kinyamu
- Chromatin and Gene Expression Section, Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Trevor K Archer
- Chromatin and Gene Expression Section, Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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8
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Talkhabi M, Zonooz ER, Baharvand H. Boosters and barriers for direct cardiac reprogramming. Life Sci 2017; 178:70-86. [PMID: 28427897 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Heart disease is currently the most significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, which accounts for approximately 33% of all deaths. Recently, a promising and alchemy-like strategy has been developed called direct cardiac reprogramming, which directly converts somatic cells such as fibroblasts to cardiac lineage cells such as cardiomyocytes (CMs), termed induced CMs or iCMs. The first in vitro cardiac reprogramming study, mediated by cardiac transcription factors (TFs)-Gata4, Tbx5 and Mef2C-, was not enough efficient to produce an adequate number of fully reprogrammed, functional iCMs. As a result, numerous combinations of cardiac TFs exist for direct cardiac reprogramming of mouse and human fibroblasts. However, the efficiency of direct cardiac reprogramming remains low. Recently, a number of cellular and molecular mechanisms have been identified to increase the efficiency of direct cardiac reprogramming and the quality of iCMs. For example, microgrooved substrate, cardiogenic growth factors [VEGF, FGF, BMP4 and Activin A], and an appropriate stoichiometry of TFs boost the direct cardiac reprogramming. On the other hand, serum, TGFβ signaling, activators of epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and some epigenetic factors (Bmi1 and Ezh2) are barriers for direct cardiac reprogramming. Manipulating these mechanisms by the application of boosters and removing barriers can increase the efficiency of direct cardiac reprogramming and possibly make iCMs reliable for cell-based therapy or other potential applications. In this review, we summarize the latest trends in cardiac TF- or miRNA-based direct cardiac reprogramming and comprehensively discuses all molecular and cellular boosters and barriers affecting direct cardiac reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Talkhabi
- Department of Animal Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Elmira Rezaei Zonooz
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Brunner R, Lai HL, Deliu Z, Melman E, Geenen DL, Wang QT. Asxl2 -/- Mice Exhibit De Novo Cardiomyocyte Production during Adulthood. J Dev Biol 2016; 4:jdb4040032. [PMID: 29615595 PMCID: PMC5831801 DOI: 10.3390/jdb4040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart attacks affect more than seven million people worldwide each year. A heart attack, or myocardial infarction, may result in the death of a billion cardiomyocytes within hours. The adult mammalian heart does not have an effective mechanism to replace lost cardiomyocytes. Instead, lost muscle is replaced with scar tissue, which decreases blood pumping ability and leads to heart failure over time. Here, we report that the loss of the chromatin factor ASXL2 results in spontaneous proliferation and cardiogenic differentiation of a subset of interstitial non-cardiomyocytes. The adult Asxl2-/- heart displays spontaneous overgrowth without cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Thymidine analog labeling and Ki67 staining of 12-week-old hearts revealed 3- and 5-fold increases of proliferation rate for vimentin⁺ non-cardiomyocytes in Asxl2-/- over age- and sex-matched wildtype controls, respectively. Approximately 10% of proliferating non-cardiomyocytes in the Asxl2-/- heart express the cardiogenic marker NKX2-5, a frequency that is ~7-fold higher than that observed in the wildtype. EdU lineage tracing experiments showed that ~6% of pulsed-labeled non-cardiomyocytes in Asxl2-/- hearts differentiate into mature cardiomyocytes after a four-week chase, a phenomenon not observed for similarly pulse-chased wildtype controls. Taken together, these data indicate de novo cardiomyocyte production in the Asxl2-/- heart due to activation of a population of proliferative cardiogenic non-cardiomyocytes. Our study suggests the existence of an epigenetic barrier to cardiogenicity in the adult heart and raises the intriguing possibility of unlocking regenerative potential via transient modulation of epigenetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Brunner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Hsiao-Lei Lai
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
- PTM Biolabs Inc., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Zane Deliu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Elan Melman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
- The School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA.
| | - David L Geenen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
- Physician Assistant Studies, Grand Valley State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
| | - Q Tian Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
- Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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10
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Ebert AD, Diecke S, Chen IY, Wu JC. Reprogramming and transdifferentiation for cardiovascular development and regenerative medicine: where do we stand? EMBO Mol Med 2016; 7:1090-103. [PMID: 26183451 PMCID: PMC4568945 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201504395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart disease remains a leading cause of mortality and a major worldwide healthcare burden. Recent advances in stem cell biology have made it feasible to derive large quantities of cardiomyocytes for disease modeling, drug development, and regenerative medicine. The discoveries of reprogramming and transdifferentiation as novel biological processes have significantly contributed to this paradigm. This review surveys the means by which reprogramming and transdifferentiation can be employed to generate induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) and induced cardiomyocytes (iCMs). The application of these patient-specific cardiomyocytes for both in vitro disease modeling and in vivo therapies for various cardiovascular diseases will also be discussed. We propose that, with additional refinement, human disease-specific cardiomyocytes will allow us to significantly advance the understanding of cardiovascular disease mechanisms and accelerate the development of novel therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje D Ebert
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sebastian Diecke
- Max Delbrück Center, Berlin, Germany Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ian Y Chen
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article provides an overview, highlighting recent findings, of a major mechanism of gene regulation and its relevance to the pathophysiology of heart failure. RECENT FINDINGS The syndrome of heart failure is a complex and highly prevalent condition, one in which the heart undergoes substantial structural remodeling. Triggered by a wide range of disease-related cues, heart failure pathophysiology is governed by both genetic and epigenetic events. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as chromatin/DNA modifications and noncoding RNAs, have emerged as molecular transducers of environmental stimuli to control gene expression. Here, we emphasize metabolic milieu, aging, and hemodynamic stress as they impact the epigenetic landscape of the myocardium. SUMMARY Recent studies in multiple fields, including cancer, stem cells, development, and cardiovascular biology, have uncovered biochemical ties linking epigenetic machinery and cellular energetics and mitochondrial function. Elucidation of these connections will afford molecular insights into long-established epidemiological observations. With time, exploitation of the epigenetic machinery therapeutically may emerge with clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Cyndi Morales
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Thomas G. Gillette
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joseph A. Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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12
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Kim JD, Kim E, Koun S, Ham HJ, Rhee M, Kim MJ, Huh TL. Proper Activity of Histone H3 Lysine 4 (H3K4) Methyltransferase Is Required for Morphogenesis during Zebrafish Cardiogenesis. Mol Cells 2015; 38:580-6. [PMID: 25997738 PMCID: PMC4469916 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
While increasing evidence indicates the important function of histone methylation during development, how this process influences cardiac development in vertebrates has not been explored. Here, we elucidate the functions of two histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation enzymes, SMYD3 and SETD7, during zebrafish heart morphogenesis using gene expression profiling by whole mount in situ hybridization and antisense morpholino oligonucleotide (MO)-based gene knockdown. We find both smyd3 and setd7 are highly expressed within developing zebrafish heart and knock-down of these genes led to severe defects in cardiac morphogenesis without altering the expressions pattern of heart markers, including cmlc2, vmhc, and amhc. Furthermore, double knock-down by coinjection of smyd3 and setd7 MOs caused the synergistic defects in heart development. As similar to knock-down effect, overexpression of these genes also caused the heart morphogenesis defect in zebrafish. These results indicate that histone modifying enzymes, SMYD3 and SETD7, appear to function synergistically during heart development and their proper functioning is essential for normal heart morphogenesis during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Dae Kim
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology (BK 21 plus program), Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701,
Korea
| | - Eunmi Kim
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology (BK 21 plus program), Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701,
Korea
| | - Soonil Koun
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology (BK 21 plus program), Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701,
Korea
| | - Hyung-Jin Ham
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology (BK 21 plus program), Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701,
Korea
| | - Myungchull Rhee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764,
Korea
| | - Myoung-Jin Kim
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology (BK 21 plus program), Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701,
Korea
| | - Tae-Lin Huh
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology (BK 21 plus program), Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701,
Korea
- Korea Basic Science Institute Daegu Center, Daegu 702-701,
Korea
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13
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Loscalzo J, Handy DE. Epigenetic modifications: basic mechanisms and role in cardiovascular disease (2013 Grover Conference series). Pulm Circ 2014; 4:169-74. [PMID: 25006435 DOI: 10.1086/675979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics refers to heritable traits that are not a consequence of DNA sequence. Three classes of epigenetic regulation exist: DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNA action. In the cardiovascular system, epigenetic regulation affects development, differentiation, and disease propensity or expression. Defining the determinants of epigenetic regulation offers opportunities for novel strategies for disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Loscalzo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Diane E Handy
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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McGinley AL, Li Y, Deliu Z, Wang QT. Additional sex combs-likefamily genes are required for normal cardiovascular development. Genesis 2014; 52:671-86. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. McGinley
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago Illinois
| | - Yanyang Li
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago Illinois
| | - Zane Deliu
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago Illinois
| | - Q. Tian Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago Illinois
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15
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Govan JM, Uprety R, Thomas M, Lusic H, Lively MO, Deiters A. Cellular delivery and photochemical activation of antisense agents through a nucleobase caging strategy. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:2272-82. [PMID: 23915424 DOI: 10.1021/cb400293e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides are powerful tools to regulate gene expression in cells and model organisms. However, a transfection or microinjection is typically needed for efficient delivery of the antisense agent. We report the conjugation of multiple HIV TAT peptides to a hairpin-protected antisense agent through a light-cleavable nucleobase caging group. This conjugation allows for the facile delivery of the antisense agent without a transfection reagent, and photochemical activation offers precise control over gene expression. The developed approach is highly modular, as demonstrated by the conjugation of folic acid to the caged antisense agent. This enabled targeted cell delivery through cell-surface folate receptors followed by photochemical triggering of antisense activity. Importantly, the presented strategy delivers native oligonucleotides after light-activation, devoid of any delivery functionalities or modifications that could otherwise impair their antisense activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeane M. Govan
- North Carolina State University, Department of Chemistry, Raleigh,
North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Rajendra Uprety
- North Carolina State University, Department of Chemistry, Raleigh,
North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Meryl Thomas
- North Carolina State University, Department of Chemistry, Raleigh,
North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Hrvoje Lusic
- North Carolina State University, Department of Chemistry, Raleigh,
North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Mark O. Lively
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Center for Structural Biology, Winston-Salem,
North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Alexander Deiters
- North Carolina State University, Department of Chemistry, Raleigh,
North Carolina 27695, United States
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