1
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Zappa F, Intartaglia D, Guarino AM, De Cegli R, Wilson C, Salierno FG, Polishchuk E, Sorrentino NC, Conte I, De Matteis MA. Role of trafficking protein particle complex 2 in medaka development. Traffic 2024; 25:e12924. [PMID: 37963679 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
The skeletal dysplasia spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda (SEDT) is caused by mutations in the TRAPPC2 gene, which encodes Sedlin, a component of the trafficking protein particle (TRAPP) complex that we have shown previously to be required for the export of type II collagen (Col2) from the endoplasmic reticulum. No vertebrate model for SEDT has been generated thus far. To address this gap, we generated a Sedlin knockout animal by mutating the orthologous TRAPPC2 gene (olSedl) of Oryzias latipes (medaka) fish. OlSedl deficiency leads to embryonic defects, short size, diminished skeletal ossification and altered Col2 production and secretion, resembling human defects observed in SEDT patients. Moreover, SEDT knock-out animals display photoreceptor degeneration and gut morphogenesis defects, suggesting a key role for Sedlin in the development of these organs. Thus, by studying Sedlin function in vivo, we provide evidence for a mechanistic link between TRAPPC2-mediated membrane trafficking, Col2 export, and developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Zappa
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, TIGEM, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Daniela Intartaglia
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, TIGEM, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Andrea M Guarino
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, TIGEM, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rossella De Cegli
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, TIGEM, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Cathal Wilson
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, TIGEM, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Elena Polishchuk
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, TIGEM, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Nicolina Cristina Sorrentino
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, TIGEM, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ivan Conte
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, TIGEM, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta De Matteis
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, TIGEM, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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2
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Hojo H. Emerging RUNX2-Mediated Gene Regulatory Mechanisms Consisting of Multi-Layered Regulatory Networks in Skeletal Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032979. [PMID: 36769300 PMCID: PMC9917854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal development is tightly coordinated by chondrocytes and osteoblasts, which are derived from skeletal progenitors, and distinct cell-type gene regulatory programs underlie the specification and differentiation of cells. Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) is essential to chondrocyte hypertrophy and osteoblast differentiation. Genetic studies have revealed the biological functions of Runx2 and its involvement in skeletal genetic diseases. Meanwhile, molecular biology has provided a framework for our understanding of RUNX2-mediated transactivation at a limited number of cis-regulatory elements. Furthermore, studies using next-generation sequencing (NGS) have provided information on RUNX2-mediated gene regulation at the genome level and novel insights into the multiple layers of gene regulatory mechanisms, including the modes of action of RUNX2, chromatin accessibility, the concept of pioneer factors and phase separation, and three-dimensional chromatin organization. In this review, I summarize the emerging RUNX2-mediated regulatory mechanism from a multi-layer perspective and discuss future perspectives for applications in the treatment of skeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Hojo
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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3
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Hojo H, Saito T, He X, Guo Q, Onodera S, Azuma T, Koebis M, Nakao K, Aiba A, Seki M, Suzuki Y, Okada H, Tanaka S, Chung UI, McMahon AP, Ohba S. Runx2 regulates chromatin accessibility to direct the osteoblast program at neonatal stages. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111315. [PMID: 36070691 PMCID: PMC9510047 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional regulator Runx2 (runt-related transcription factor 2) has essential but distinct roles in osteoblasts and chondrocytes in skeletal development. However, Runx2-mediated regulatory mechanisms underlying the distinctive programming of osteoblasts and chondrocytes are not well understood. Here, we perform an integrative analysis to investigate Runx2-DNA binding and chromatin accessibility ex vivo using neonatal osteoblasts and chondrocytes. We find that Runx2 engages with cell-type-distinct chromatin-accessible regions, potentially interacting with different combinations of transcriptional regulators, forming cell-type-specific hotspots, and potentiating chromatin accessibility. Genetic analysis and direct cellular reprogramming studies suggest that Runx2 is essential for establishment of chromatin accessibility in osteoblasts. Functional enhancer studies identify an Sp7 distal enhancer driven by Runx2-dependent binding and osteoblast-specific chromatin accessibility, contributing to normal osteoblast differentiation. Our findings provide a framework for understanding the regulatory landscape encompassing Runx2-mediated and cell-type-distinct enhancer networks that underlie the specification of osteoblasts. Hojo et al. investigate the gene-regulatory landscape underlying specification of skeletal cell types in neonatal mice. Runx2, an osteoblast determinant, engages with cell-type-distinct chromatin-accessible regions and is essential for establishment of chromatin accessibility in osteoblasts. The study provides insights into enhancer networks in skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Hojo
- Laboratory of Clinical Biotechnology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Taku Saito
- Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Xinjun He
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Qiuyu Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Shoko Onodera
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Azuma
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Michinori Koebis
- Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakao
- Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atsu Aiba
- Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masahide Seki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Okada
- Laboratory of Clinical Biotechnology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Sakae Tanaka
- Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Ung-Il Chung
- Laboratory of Clinical Biotechnology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Shinsuke Ohba
- Laboratory of Clinical Biotechnology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan; Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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4
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Time-Dependent Biosensor Fluorescence as a Measure of Bacterial Arsenic Uptake Kinetics and Its Inhibition by Dissolved Organic Matter. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0089122. [PMID: 35913152 PMCID: PMC9397108 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00891-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbe-mediated transformations of arsenic (As) often require As to be taken up into cells prior to enzymatic reaction. Despite the importance of these microbial reactions for As speciation and toxicity, understanding of how As bioavailability and uptake are regulated by aspects of extracellular water chemistry, notably dissolved organic matter (DOM), remains limited. Whole-cell biosensors utilizing fluorescent proteins are increasingly used for high-throughput quantification of the bioavailable fraction of As in water. Here, we present a mathematical framework for interpreting the time series of biosensor fluorescence as a measure of As uptake kinetics, which we used to evaluate the effects of different forms of DOM on uptake of trivalent arsenite. We found that thiol-containing organic compounds significantly inhibited uptake of arsenite into cells, possibly through the formation of aqueous complexes between arsenite and thiol ligands. While there was no evidence for competitive interactions between arsenite and low-molecular-weight neutral molecules (urea, glycine, and glyceraldehyde) for uptake through the aquaglyceroporin channel GlpF, which mediates transport of arsenite across cell membranes, there was evidence that labile DOM fractions may inhibit arsenite uptake through a catabolite repression-like mechanism. The observation of significant inhibition of arsenite uptake at DOM/As ratios commonly encountered in wetland pore waters suggests that DOM may be an important control on the microbial uptake of arsenite in the environment, with aspects of DOM quality playing an important role in the extent of inhibition. IMPORTANCE The speciation and toxicity of arsenic in environments like rice paddy soils and groundwater aquifers are controlled by microbe-mediated reactions. These reactions often require As to be taken up into cells prior to enzymatic reaction, but there is limited understanding of how microbial arsenic uptake is affected by variations in water chemistry. In this study, we explored the effect of dissolved organic matter (DOM) quantity and quality on microbial As uptake, with a focus on the role of thiol functional groups that are well known to form aqueous complexes with arsenic. We developed a quantitative framework for interpreting fluorescence time series from whole-cell biosensors and used this technique to evaluate effects of DOM on the rates of microbial arsenic uptake. We show that thiol-containing compounds significantly decrease rates of As uptake into microbial cells at environmentally relevant DOM/As ratios, revealing the importance of DOM quality in regulating arsenic uptake, and subsequent biotransformation, in the environment.
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5
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Muruganandan S, Pierce R, Teguh DA, Perez RF, Bell N, Nguyen B, Hohl K, Snyder BD, Grinstaff MW, Alberico H, Woods D, Kong Y, Sima C, Bhagat S, Ho K, Rosen V, Gamer L, Ionescu AM. A FoxA2+ long-term stem cell population is necessary for growth plate cartilage regeneration after injury. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2515. [PMID: 35523895 PMCID: PMC9076650 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30247-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal bone growth, achieved through endochondral ossification, is accomplished by a cartilaginous structure, the physis or growth plate, comprised of morphologically distinct zones related to chondrocyte function: resting, proliferating and hypertrophic zones. The resting zone is a stem cell-rich region that gives rise to the growth plate, and exhibits regenerative capabilities in response to injury. We discovered a FoxA2+group of long-term skeletal stem cells, situated at the top of resting zone, adjacent the secondary ossification center, distinct from the previously characterized PTHrP+ stem cells. Compared to PTHrP+ cells, FoxA2+ cells exhibit higher clonogenicity and longevity. FoxA2+ cells exhibit dual osteo-chondro-progenitor activity during early postnatal development (P0-P28) and chondrogenic potential beyond P28. When the growth plate is injured, FoxA2+ cells expand in response to trauma, and produce physeal cartilage for growth plate tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Muruganandan
- Department of Biology, 134 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rachel Pierce
- Department of Biology, 134 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Dian Astari Teguh
- Centre for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | | | - Nicole Bell
- New York University College of Dentistry, 345 E.24th St, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Brandon Nguyen
- Moderna Therapeutics, One Upland Rd, Norwood, Ohio, MA, 02062, USA
| | - Katherine Hohl
- Centre for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, and Medicine, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Ave, SCI 518, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Brian D Snyder
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, and Medicine, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Ave, SCI 518, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Hannah Alberico
- Department of Biology, 134 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Dori Woods
- Department of Biology, 134 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yiwei Kong
- Department of Biology, 134 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Corneliu Sima
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sanket Bhagat
- Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical, 840 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kailing Ho
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Vicki Rosen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Laura Gamer
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Andreia M Ionescu
- Department of Biology, 134 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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6
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Iskandarani L, McHattie T, Robaire B, Hales BF. Effects of Bisphenols A, AF, and S on Endochondral Ossification and the Transcriptome of Murine Limb Buds. Toxicol Sci 2021; 187:234-253. [PMID: 34850234 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenols are a family of chemicals commonly used to produce polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) is associated with a variety of adverse effects; thus, many alternatives to BPA, such as BPAF and BPS, are now emerging in consumer products. We have determined the effects of three bisphenols on endochondral ossification and the transcriptome in a murine limb bud culture system. Embryonic forelimbs were cultured in the presence of vehicle, BPA, BPAF, or BPS. BPA (≥ 10 μM), BPAF (≥ 1 μM) and BPS (≥ 50 μM) reduced the differentiation of hypertrophic chondrocytes and osteoblasts. Chondrogenesis was suppressed by exposure to ≥ 50 μM BPA, ≥ 5 μM BPAF, or 100 μM BPS and osteogenesis was almost completely arrested at 100 μM BPA or 10 μM BPAF. RNA sequencing analyses revealed that the total number of differentially expressed genes increased with time and the concentration tested. BPA exposure differentially regulated 635 genes, BPAF affected 554 genes, while BPS affected 95 genes. Although the genes that were differentially expressed overlapped extensively, each bisphenol also induced chemical-specific alterations in gene expression. BPA and BPAF-treated limbs exhibited a downregulation of RhoGDI signalling genes. Exposure to BPA and BPS resulted in the upregulation of key genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis, while exposure to BPAF induced an upregulation of genes involved in bone formation and in the p53 signalling pathway. These data suggest that BPAF may be more detrimental to endochondral ossification than BPA, while BPS is of comparable toxicity to BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama Iskandarani
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Tessa McHattie
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Bernard Robaire
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Barbara F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
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7
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Abstract
Hypertrophic chondrocytes are the master regulators of endochondral ossification; however, their ultimate cell fates cells remain largely elusive due to their transient nature. Historically, hypertrophic chondrocytes have been considered as the terminal state of growth plate chondrocytes, which are destined to meet their inevitable demise at the primary spongiosa. Chondrocyte hypertrophy is accompanied by increased organelle synthesis and rapid intracellular water uptake, which serve as the major drivers of longitudinal bone growth. This process is delicately regulated by major signaling pathways and their target genes, including growth hormone (GH), insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1), indian hedgehog (Ihh), parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), sex determining region Y-box 9 (Sox9), runt-related transcription factors (Runx) and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs). Hypertrophic chondrocytes orchestrate endochondral ossification by regulating osteogenic-angiogenic and osteogenic-osteoclastic coupling through the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and matrix metallopeptidases-9/13 (MMP-9/13). Hypertrophic chondrocytes also indirectly regulate resorption of the cartilaginous extracellular matrix, by controlling formation of a special subtype of osteoclasts termed "chondroclasts". Notably, hypertrophic chondrocytes may possess innate potential for plasticity, reentering the cell cycle and differentiating into osteoblasts and other types of mesenchymal cells in the marrow space. We may be able to harness this unique plasticity for therapeutic purposes, for a variety of skeletal abnormalities and injuries. In this review, we discuss the morphological and molecular properties of hypertrophic chondrocytes, which carry out important functions during skeletal growth and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn A Hallett
- University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wanida Ono
- University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Noriaki Ono
- University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA.
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8
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Tsinman TK, Jiang X, Han L, Koyama E, Mauck RL, Dyment NA. Intrinsic and growth-mediated cell and matrix specialization during murine meniscus tissue assembly. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21779. [PMID: 34314047 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100499r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The incredible mechanical strength and durability of mature fibrous tissues and their extremely limited turnover and regenerative capacity underscores the importance of proper matrix assembly during early postnatal growth. In tissues with composite extracellular matrix (ECM) structures, such as the adult knee meniscus, fibrous (Collagen-I rich), and cartilaginous (Collagen-II, proteoglycan-rich) matrix components are regionally segregated to the outer and inner portions of the tissue, respectively. While this spatial variation in composition is appreciated to be functionally important for resisting complex mechanical loads associated with gait, the establishment of these specialized zones is poorly understood. To address this issue, the following study tracked the growth of the murine meniscus from its embryonic formation through its first month of growth, encompassing the critical time-window during which animals begin to ambulate and weight bear. Using histological analysis, region specific high-throughput qPCR, and Col-1, and Col-2 fluorescent reporter mice, we found that matrix and cellular features defining specific tissue zones were already present at birth, before continuous weight-bearing had occurred. These differences in meniscus zones were further refined with postnatal growth and maturation, resulting in specialization of mature tissue regions. Taken together, this work establishes a detailed timeline of the concurrent spatiotemporal changes that occur at both the cellular and matrix level throughout meniscus maturation. The findings of this study provide a framework for investigating the reciprocal feedback between cells and their evolving microenvironments during assembly of a mechanically robust fibrocartilage tissue, thus providing insight into mechanisms of tissue degeneration and effective regenerative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonia K Tsinman
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lin Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eiki Koyama
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert L Mauck
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Dyment
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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9
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Yan H, Hales BF. Effects of an Environmentally Relevant Mixture of Organophosphate Esters Derived From House Dust on Endochondral Ossification in Murine Limb Bud Cultures. Toxicol Sci 2021; 180:62-75. [PMID: 33367866 PMCID: PMC7916738 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used widely as flame retardants and plasticizers but much remains unknown about their potential toxicity. Previously, we reported that 4 individual OPEs suppress endochondral ossification in murine limb bud cultures. However, real-life exposure is to complex OPE mixtures. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that a Canadian household dust-based OPE mixture will affect endochondral ossification in gestation day 13 CD1 mouse embryo limb buds expressing fluorescent markers for the major cell populations involved in the process: collagen type II alpha 1-enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (proliferative chondrocytes), collagen type X alpha 1-mCherry (hypertrophic chondrocytes), and collagen type I alpha 1-yellow fluorescent protein (osteoblasts). Limbs were cultured for 6 days in the presence of vehicle or dilutions of the OPE mixture (1/1 000 000, 1/600 000, and 1/300 000). All 3 OPE mixture dilutions affected cartilage template development and the progression of endochondral ossification, as indicated by the fluorescent markers. The expression of Sox9, the master regulator of chondrogenesis, was unchanged, but the expression of Runx2 and Sp7, which drive chondrocyte hypertrophy and osteoblastogenesis, was dilution-dependently suppressed. RNA-seq revealed that exposure to the 1/300 000 dilution of the OPE mixture for 24 h downregulated 153 transcripts and upregulated 48 others by at least 1.5-fold. Downregulated transcripts were enriched for those related to the immune system and bone formation. In contrast, upregulated transcripts were enriched for those with stress response functions known to be regulated by ATF4 activation. Thus, exposure to the mixture of OPEs commonly found in house dust may have adverse effects on bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yan
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Barbara F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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10
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Yan H, Hales BF. Exposure to tert-Butylphenyl Diphenyl Phosphate, an Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardant and Plasticizer, Alters Hedgehog Signaling in Murine Limb Bud Cultures. Toxicol Sci 2020; 178:251-263. [PMID: 32976586 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate esters have become widely used as flame retardants since the phase out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Previously, we demonstrated that some organophosphate esters, such as tert-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (BPDP), were more detrimental to endochondral ossification in murine limb bud cultures than one of the major polybrominated diphenyl ethers that they replaced, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether. Here, we used a transcriptomic approach to elucidate the mechanism of action of BPDP in the developing limb. Limb buds collected from gestation day 13 CD1 mouse embryos were cultured for 3 or 24 h in the presence of vehicle, 1 μM, or 10 μM BPDP. RNA sequencing analyses revealed that exposure to 1 µM BPDP for 24 h increased the expression of 5 transcripts, including Ihh, and decreased 14 others, including Gli1, Ptch1, Ptch2, and other targets of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Pathway analysis predicted the inhibition of Hh signaling. Attenuation of Hh signaling activity began earlier and reached a greater magnitude after exposure to 10 µM BPDP. Because this pathway is part of the regulatory network governing endochondral ossification, we used a known Hh agonist, purmorphamine, to determine the contribution of Hh signaling inhibition to the negative impact of BPDP on endochondral ossification. Cotreatment of limbs with purmorphamine rescued the detrimental morphological changes in the cartilage template induced by BPDP exposure though it did not restore the expression of key transcription factors, Runx2 and Sp7, to control levels. These data highlight Hh signaling as a developmentally important pathway vulnerable to environmental chemical exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yan
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Barbara F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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11
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Yan H, Hales BF. Effects of Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardants on Endochondral Ossification in Ex Vivo Murine Limb Bud Cultures. Toxicol Sci 2020; 168:420-429. [PMID: 30561715 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Phasing out the usage of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants (FRs) in consumer products led to their widespread replacement with organophosphate ester (OPE) FRs, despite scarce safety data. PBDE exposures were associated with the suppression of endochondral ossification but little is known about the effects of OPEs on bones. Here, we used a novel ex vivo murine limb bud culture system to compare the effects of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) with those of several OPEs. Gestation day 13 embryos were collected from transgenic CD1 mice expressing fluorescent markers for the major stages of endochondral ossification: COL2A1-ECFP (chondrogenesis), COL10A1-mCherry (early osteogenesis), and COL1A1-YFP (late osteogenesis). Limbs were excised and cultured for 6 days in the presence of vehicle, BDE-47, or an OPE FR: triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), tert-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (BPDP), tris(methylphenyl) phosphate (TMPP), or isopropylated triphenyl phosphate (IPPP). BDE-47 (50 μM) decreased the extent of chondrogenesis in the digits and COL1A1-YFP expression in the radius and ulna relative to control. In comparison, concentrations of ≥1 μM of all 4 OPEs limited chondrogenesis; osteogenesis (both COL10A1-mCherry and COL1A1-YFP fluorescence) was markedly inhibited at concentrations ≥3 μM. The expression of Sox9, the master regulator of chondrogenesis, was altered by BDE-47, TPHP, and BPDP. BDE-47 exposure had minimal impact on the expression of Runx2 and Sp7, which drive osteogenesis, whereas TPHP and BPDP both suppressed the expression of these transcription factors. These data suggest that OPE FRs may be more detrimental to bone formation than their brominated predecessors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Barbara F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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12
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Paradis FH, Yan H, Huang C, Hales BF. The Murine Limb Bud in Culture as an In Vitro Teratogenicity Test System. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1965:73-91. [PMID: 31069669 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9182-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
There is widespread interest today in the use of in vitro methods to study normal and abnormal development. The limb is attractive in this context since much is known about pattern formation during limb development. The murine limb bud culture technique described in this chapter was developed and refined in the 1970s. In this culture system, limb development mimics the in vivo process, although at a slower rate, where growth and cartilage differentiation lead to the formation of proximal and distal structures with an "in vivo-like" 3D shape. Uniform developmental stages are selected for assessment, exposures are controlled precisely, and the confounding influences of maternal metabolism and transport are avoided. The existence of transgenic mice with fluorescent markers for the different stages of endochondral ossification adds a further dimension to the technique by allowing striking time course observations of the developing limb. Today, limb bud cultures are used to study the roles of genes during embryogenesis and the mechanisms by which chemicals interfere with critical signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- France-Hélène Paradis
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Han Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Chunwei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Barbara F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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13
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Böhm AM, Dirckx N, Tower RJ, Peredo N, Vanuytven S, Theunis K, Nefyodova E, Cardoen R, Lindner V, Voet T, Van Hul M, Maes C. Activation of Skeletal Stem and Progenitor Cells for Bone Regeneration Is Driven by PDGFRβ Signaling. Dev Cell 2019; 51:236-254.e12. [PMID: 31543445 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bone repair and regeneration critically depend on the activation and recruitment of osteogenesis-competent skeletal stem and progenitor cells (SSPCs). Yet, the origin and triggering cues for SSPC propagation and migration remain largely elusive. Through bulk and single-cell transcriptome profiling of fetal osterix (Osx)-expressing cells, followed by lineage mapping, cell tracing, and conditional mouse mutagenesis, we here identified PDGF-PDGFRβ signaling as critical functional mediator of SSPC expansion, migration, and angiotropism during bone repair. Our data show that cells marked by a history of Osx expression, including those arising in fetal or early postnatal periods, represent or include SSPCs capable of delivering all the necessary differentiated progeny to repair acute skeletal injuries later in life, provided that they express functional PDGFRβ. Mechanistically, MMP-9 and VCAM-1 appear to be involved downstream of PDGF-PDGFRβ. Our results reveal considerable cellular dynamism in the skeletal system and show that activation and recruitment of SSPCs for bone repair require functional PDGFRβ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Marei Böhm
- Laboratory of Skeletal Cell Biology and Physiology (SCEBP), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Naomi Dirckx
- Laboratory of Skeletal Cell Biology and Physiology (SCEBP), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert J Tower
- Laboratory of Skeletal Cell Biology and Physiology (SCEBP), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Peredo
- Laboratory of Skeletal Cell Biology and Physiology (SCEBP), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Vanuytven
- Laboratory of Reproductive Genomics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Theunis
- Laboratory of Reproductive Genomics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elena Nefyodova
- Laboratory of Skeletal Cell Biology and Physiology (SCEBP), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruben Cardoen
- Laboratory of Skeletal Cell Biology and Physiology (SCEBP), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Volkhard Lindner
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - Thierry Voet
- Laboratory of Reproductive Genomics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Matthias Van Hul
- Laboratory of Skeletal Cell Biology and Physiology (SCEBP), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christa Maes
- Laboratory of Skeletal Cell Biology and Physiology (SCEBP), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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14
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Serowoky MA, Patel DD, Hsieh JW, Mariani FV. The use of commercially available adhesive tapes to preserve cartilage and bone tissue integrity during cryosectioning. Biotechniques 2019; 65:191-196. [PMID: 30284932 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2018-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of fluorescent tags to monitor protein expression and to lineage-trace cells has become a standard complement to standard histological techniques in the fields of embryology, pathology and regenerative medicine. Unfortunately, traditional paraffin embedding protocols can substantially diminish or abolish the native emission signal of the fluorophore of interest. To preserve the fluorescent signal, an alternative is to use cryosectioning; however, this can often result in undesirable artefacts such as tearing or shattering - particularly for mineralized tissues such as bone and cartilage. Here we present a method of using a commercially available tape to stabilize murine femur tissue, thus allowing for cryosectioning of cartilage and bone tissues carrying fluorescent tags without the need for demineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell A Serowoky
- Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, CA, USA
| | - Divya D Patel
- Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, CA, USA
| | - Jason W Hsieh
- Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, CA, USA
| | - Francesca V Mariani
- Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, CA, USA
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of the review is to summarize the current knowledge on the process of chondrocyte-to-osteoblast transdifferentiation during endochondral bone formation and its potential implications in fracture healing and disease. RECENT FINDINGS Lineage tracing experiments confirmed the transdifferentiation of chondrocytes into osteoblasts. More recent studies lead to the discovery of molecules involved in this process, as well as to the hypothesis that these cells may re-enter a stem cell-like phase prior to their osteoblastic differentiation. This review recapitulates the current knowledge regarding chondrocyte transdifferentiating into osteoblasts, the developmental and postnatal events where transdifferentiation appears to be relevant, and the molecules implicated in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Ingeborg Wolff
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Department of Bone and Skeletal Research, Medical Faculty of the Westphalian Wilhelms University Münster, Munster, Germany
| | - Christine Hartmann
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Department of Bone and Skeletal Research, Medical Faculty of the Westphalian Wilhelms University Münster, Munster, Germany.
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16
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Kuwahara ST, Serowoky MA, Vakhshori V, Tripuraneni N, Hegde NV, Lieberman JR, Crump JG, Mariani FV. Sox9+ messenger cells orchestrate large-scale skeletal regeneration in the mammalian rib. eLife 2019; 8:40715. [PMID: 30983567 PMCID: PMC6464605 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most bones in mammals display a limited capacity for natural large-scale repair. The ribs are a notable exception, yet the source of their remarkable regenerative ability remains unknown. Here, we identify a Sox9-expressing periosteal subpopulation that orchestrates large-scale regeneration of murine rib bones. Deletion of the obligate Hedgehog co-receptor, Smoothened, in Sox9-expressing cells prior to injury results in a near-complete loss of callus formation and rib bone regeneration. In contrast to its role in development, Hedgehog signaling is dispensable for the proliferative expansion of callus cells in response to injury. Instead, Sox9-positive lineage cells require Hh signaling to stimulate neighboring cells to differentiate via an unknown signal into a skeletal cell type with dual chondrocyte/osteoblast properties. This type of callus cell may be critical for bridging large bone injuries. Thus despite contributing to only a subset of callus cells, Sox9-positive progenitors play a major role in orchestrating large-scale bone regeneration. Editorial note This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie T Kuwahara
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Maxwell A Serowoky
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Venus Vakhshori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Nikita Tripuraneni
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Neel V Hegde
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Jay R Lieberman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States
| | - J Gage Crump
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Francesca V Mariani
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States
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17
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Pinyon JL, Klugmann M, Lovell NH, Housley GD. Dual-Plasmid Bionic Array-Directed Gene Electrotransfer in HEK293 Cells and Cochlear Mesenchymal Cells Probes Transgene Expression and Cell Fate. Hum Gene Ther 2019; 30:211-224. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy L. Pinyon
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, and UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matthias Klugmann
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, and UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nigel H. Lovell
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gary D. Housley
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, and UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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18
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Mouse Cre-LoxP system: general principles to determine tissue-specific roles of target genes. Lab Anim Res 2018; 34:147-159. [PMID: 30671100 PMCID: PMC6333611 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2018.34.4.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models are commonly preferred for studying the human disease due to genetic and pathophysiological similarities between mice and humans. In particular, Cre-loxP system is widely used as an integral experimental tool for generating the conditional. This system has enabled researchers to investigate genes of interest in a tissue/cell (spatial control) and/or time (temporal control) specific manner. A various tissue-specific Cre-driver mouse lines have been generated to date, and new Cre lines are still being developed. This review provides a brief overview of Cre-loxP system and a few commonly used promoters for expression of tissue-specific Cre recombinase. Also, we finally introduce some available links to the Web sites that provides detailed information about Cre mouse lines including their characterization.
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19
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Shkhyan R, Van Handel B, Bogdanov J, Lee S, Yu Y, Scheinberg M, Banks NW, Limfat S, Chernostrik A, Franciozi CE, Alam MP, John V, Wu L, Ferguson GB, Nsair A, Petrigliano FA, Vangsness CT, Vadivel K, Bajaj P, Wang L, Liu NQ, Evseenko D. Drug-induced modulation of gp130 signalling prevents articular cartilage degeneration and promotes repair. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 77:760-769. [PMID: 29436471 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human adult articular cartilage (AC) has little capacity for repair, and joint surface injuries often result in osteoarthritis (OA), characterised by loss of matrix, hypertrophy and chondrocyte apoptosis. Inflammation mediated by interleukin (IL)-6 family cytokines has been identified as a critical driver of proarthritic changes in mouse and human joints, resulting in a feed-forward process driving expression of matrix degrading enzymes and IL-6 itself. Here we show that signalling through glycoprotein 130 (gp130), the common receptor for IL-6 family cytokines, can have both context-specific and cytokine-specific effects on articular chondrocytes and that a small molecule gp130 modulator can bias signalling towards anti-inflammatory and antidegenerative outputs. METHODS High throughput screening of 170 000 compounds identified a small molecule gp130 modulator termed regulator of cartilage growth and differentiation (RCGD 423) that promotes atypical homodimeric signalling in the absence of cytokine ligands, driving transient increases in MYC and pSTAT3 while suppressing oncostatin M- and IL-6-mediated activation of ERK and NF-κB via direct competition for gp130 occupancy. RESULTS This small molecule increased proliferation while reducing apoptosis and hypertrophic responses in adult chondrocytes in vitro. In a rat partial meniscectomy model, RCGD 423 greatly reduced chondrocyte hypertrophy, loss and degeneration while increasing chondrocyte proliferation beyond that observed in response to injury. Moreover, RCGD 423 improved cartilage healing in a rat full-thickness osteochondral defect model, increasing proliferation of mesenchymal cells in the defect and also inhibiting breakdown of cartilage matrix in de novo generated cartilage. CONCLUSION These results identify a novel strategy for AC remediation via small molecule-mediated modulation of gp130 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruzanna Shkhyan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ben Van Handel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jacob Bogdanov
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Siyoung Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yifan Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Mila Scheinberg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nicholas W Banks
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sean Limfat
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Arthur Chernostrik
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carlos Eduardo Franciozi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Orthoapedic Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mohammad Parvez Alam
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Varghese John
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ling Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Gabriel B Ferguson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ali Nsair
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM), University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Frank A Petrigliano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM), University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - C Thomas Vangsness
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kanagasabai Vadivel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM), University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Paul Bajaj
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM), University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Liming Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nancy Q Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Denis Evseenko
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM), University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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20
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Stiers PJ, van Gastel N, Moermans K, Stockmans I, Carmeliet G. Regulatory elements driving the expression of skeletal lineage reporters differ during bone development and adulthood. Bone 2017; 105:154-162. [PMID: 28863946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To improve bone healing or regeneration more insight in the fate and role of the different skeletal cell types is required. Mouse models for fate mapping and lineage tracing of skeletal cells, using stage-specific promoters, have advanced our understanding of bone development, a process that is largely recapitulated during bone repair. However, validation of these models is often only performed during development, whereas proof of the activity and specificity of the used promoters during the bone regenerative process is limited. Here, we show that the regulatory elements of the 6kb collagen type II promoter are not adequate to drive gene expression during bone repair. Similarly, the 2.3kb promoter of collagen type I lacks activity in adult mice, but the 3.2kb promoter is suitable. Furthermore, Cre-mediated fate mapping allows the visualization of progeny, but this label retention may hinder to distinguish these cells from ones with active expression of the marker at later time points. Together, our results show that the lineage-specific regulatory elements driving gene expression during bone development differ from those required later in life and during bone repair, and justify validation of lineage-specific cell tracing and gene silencing strategies during fracture healing and bone regenerative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter-Jan Stiers
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nick van Gastel
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen Moermans
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Stockmans
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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21
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Fernando WA, Papantoniou I, Mendes LF, Hall GN, Bosmans K, Tam WL, Teixeira LM, Moos M, Geris L, Luyten FP. Limb derived cells as a paradigm for engineering self-assembling skeletal tissues. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:794-807. [PMID: 28603948 DOI: 10.1002/term.2498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mimicking developmental events has been proposed as a strategy to engineer tissue constructs for regenerative medicine. However, this approach has not yet been investigated for skeletal tissues. Here, it is demonstrated that ectopic implantation of day-14.5 mouse embryonic long bone anlagen, dissociated into single cells and randomly incorporated in a bioengineered construct, gives rise to epiphyseal growth plate-like structures, bone and marrow, which share many morphological and molecular similarities to epiphyseal units that form after transplanting intact long bone anlage, demonstrating substantial robustness and autonomy of complex tissue self-assembly and the overall organogenesis process. In vitro studies confirm the self-aggregation and patterning capacity of anlage cells and demonstrate that the model can be used to evaluate the effects of large and small molecules on biological behaviour. These results reveal the preservation of self-organizing and self-patterning capacity of anlage cells even when disconnected from their developmental niche and subjected to system perturbations such as cellular dissociation. These inherent features make long bone anlage cells attractive as a model system for tissue engineering technologies aimed at creating constructs that have the potential to self-assemble and self-pattern complex architectural structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warnakulasuriya A Fernando
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, Belgium.,Prometheus Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Belgium
| | - Ioannis Papantoniou
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, Belgium.,Prometheus Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Belgium
| | - Luis F Mendes
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, Belgium.,Prometheus Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Belgium
| | - Gabriella Nilsson Hall
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, Belgium.,Prometheus Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Bosmans
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, Belgium.,Prometheus Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Belgium
| | - Wai L Tam
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, Belgium.,Prometheus Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Belgium
| | - Liliana M Teixeira
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, Belgium.,Prometheus Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Belgium
| | - Malcolm Moos
- Division of Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, Belgium.,Prometheus Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Belgium.,Biomechanics Research Unit, Belgium
| | - Frank P Luyten
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, Belgium.,Prometheus Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Belgium
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22
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Kaul R, O’Brien MH, Dutra E, Lima A, Utreja A, Yadav S. The Effect of Altered Loading on Mandibular Condylar Cartilage. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160121. [PMID: 27472059 PMCID: PMC4966927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to delineate the cellular, mechanical and morphometric effects of altered loading on the mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) and subchondral bone. We hypothesized that altered loading will induce differentiation of cells by accelerating the lineage progression of the MCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four-week-old male Dkk3 XCol2A1XCol10A1 mice were randomly divided into two groups: (1) Loaded-Altered loading of MCC was induced by forced mouth opening using a custom-made spring; (2) Control-served as an unloaded group. Mice were euthanized and flow cytometery based cell analysis, micro-CT, gene expression analysis, histology and morphometric measurements were done to assess the response. RESULTS Our flow cytometery data showed that altered loading resulted in a significant increase in a number of Col2a1-positive (blue) and Col10a1-positive (red) expressing cells. The gene expression analysis showed significant increase in expression of BMP2, Col10a1 and Sox 9 in the altered loading group. There was a significant increase in the bone volume fraction and trabecular thickness, but a decrease in the trabecular spacing of the subchondral bone with the altered loading. Morphometric measurements revealed increased mandibular length, increased condylar length and increased cartilage width with altered loading. Our histology showed increased mineralization/calcification of the MCC with 5 days of loading. An unexpected observation was an increase in expression of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase activity in the fibrocartilaginous region with loading. CONCLUSION Altered loading leads to mineralization of fibrocartilage and drives the lineage towards differentiation/maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Kaul
- Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States of America
| | - Mara H. O’Brien
- Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States of America
| | - Eliane Dutra
- Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States of America
| | - Alexandro Lima
- Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States of America
| | - Achint Utreja
- Division of Orthodontics, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, United States of America
| | - Sumit Yadav
- Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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He X, Ohba S, Hojo H, McMahon AP. AP-1 family members act with Sox9 to promote chondrocyte hypertrophy. Development 2016; 143:3012-23. [PMID: 27471255 DOI: 10.1242/dev.134502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An analysis of Sox9 binding profiles in developing chondrocytes identified marked enrichment of an AP-1-like motif. Here, we have explored the functional interplay between Sox9 and AP-1 in mammalian chondrocyte development. Among AP-1 family members, Jun and Fosl2 were highly expressed within prehypertrophic and early hypertrophic chondrocytes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq) showed a striking overlap in Jun- and Sox9-bound regions throughout the chondrocyte genome, reflecting direct binding of each factor to the same enhancers and a potential for protein-protein interactions within AP-1- and Sox9-containing complexes. In vitro reporter analysis indicated that direct co-binding of Sox9 and AP-1 at target motifs promoted gene activity. By contrast, where only one factor can engage its DNA target, the presence of the other factor suppresses target activation consistent with protein-protein interactions attenuating transcription. Analysis of prehypertrophic chondrocyte removal of Sox9 confirmed the requirement of Sox9 for hypertrophic chondrocyte development, and in vitro and ex vivo analyses showed that AP-1 promotes chondrocyte hypertrophy. Sox9 and Jun co-bound and co-activated a Col10a1 enhancer in Sox9 and AP-1 motif-dependent manners consistent with their combined action promoting hypertrophic gene expression. Together, the data support a model in which AP-1 family members contribute to Sox9 action in the transition of chondrocytes to the hypertrophic program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjun He
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Shinsuke Ohba
- Department of Bioengineering, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hironori Hojo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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24
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Steyer B, Carlson-Stevermer J, Angenent-Mari N, Khalil A, Harkness T, Saha K. High content analysis platform for optimization of lipid mediated CRISPR-Cas9 delivery strategies in human cells. Acta Biomater 2016; 34:143-158. [PMID: 26747759 PMCID: PMC4961091 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-viral gene-editing of human cells using the CRISPR-Cas9 system requires optimized delivery of multiple components. Both the Cas9 endonuclease and a single guide RNA, that defines the genomic target, need to be present and co-localized within the nucleus for efficient gene-editing to occur. This work describes a new high-throughput screening platform for the optimization of CRISPR-Cas9 delivery strategies. By exploiting high content image analysis and microcontact printed plates, multi-parametric gene-editing outcome data from hundreds to thousands of isolated cell populations can be screened simultaneously. Employing this platform, we systematically screened four commercially available cationic lipid transfection materials with a range of RNAs encoding the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Analysis of Cas9 expression and editing of a fluorescent mCherry reporter transgene within human embryonic kidney cells was monitored over several days after transfection. Design of experiments analysis enabled rigorous evaluation of delivery materials and RNA concentration conditions. The results of this analysis indicated that the concentration and identity of transfection material have significantly greater effect on gene-editing than ratio or total amount of RNA. Cell subpopulation analysis on microcontact printed plates, further revealed that low cell number and high Cas9 expression, 24h after CRISPR-Cas9 delivery, were strong predictors of gene-editing outcomes. These results suggest design principles for the development of materials and transfection strategies with lipid-based materials. This platform could be applied to rapidly optimize materials for gene-editing in a variety of cell/tissue types in order to advance genomic medicine, regenerative biology and drug discovery. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE CRISPR-Cas9 is a new gene-editing technology for "genome surgery" that is anticipated to treat genetic diseases. This technology uses multiple components of the Cas9 system to cut out disease-causing mutations in the human genome and precisely suture in therapeutic sequences. Biomaterials based delivery strategies could help transition these technologies to the clinic. The design space for materials based delivery strategies is vast and optimization is essential to ensuring the safety and efficacy of these treatments. Therefore, new methods are required to rapidly and systematically screen gene-editing efficacy in human cells. This work utilizes an innovative platform to generate and screen many formulations of synthetic biomaterials and components of the CRISPR-Cas9 system in parallel. On this platform, we watch genome surgery in action using high content image analysis. These capabilities enabled us to identify formulation parameters for Cas9-material complexes that can optimize gene-editing in a specific human cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Steyer
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jared Carlson-Stevermer
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nicolas Angenent-Mari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Andrew Khalil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ty Harkness
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Krishanu Saha
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medical History and Bioethics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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25
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Gohil SV, Kuo C, Adams DJ, Maye P, Rowe DW, Nair LS. Evaluation of the donor cell contribution in rh
BMP
‐2 mediated bone formation with chitosan thermogels using fluorescent protein reporter mice. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:928-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shalini V. Gohil
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUConn HealthFarmington Connecticut06030
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, The Raymond Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering SciencesUConn HealthFarmington Connecticut06030
| | - Chia‐Ling Kuo
- Connecticut Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of ConnecticutFarmington Connecticut06030
| | - Douglas J. Adams
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUConn HealthFarmington Connecticut06030
| | - Peter Maye
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dental MedicineUConn HealthFarmington Connecticut06030
| | - David W. Rowe
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dental MedicineUConn HealthFarmington Connecticut06030
| | - Lakshmi S. Nair
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUConn HealthFarmington Connecticut06030
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, The Raymond Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering SciencesUConn HealthFarmington Connecticut06030
- Departments of Material Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Material ScienceUniversity of ConnecticutStorrs Connecticut06269
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26
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Paradis FH, Hales BF. The Effects of Class-Specific Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors on the Development of Limbs During Organogenesis. Toxicol Sci 2015; 148:220-8. [PMID: 26251326 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play a major role in chromatin remodeling, gene regulation, and cellular signaling. While the role of each class of HDAC during normal development is unclear, several HDAC inhibitors are embryotoxic; the mechanisms leading to the teratogenicity of HDAC inhibitors are not known. Here, we investigated the effects of class-specific HDAC inhibitors on the development of organogenesis-stage murine limbs. Timed-pregnant COL2A1-ECFP, COL10A1-mCherry, and COL1A1-YFP CD1 reporter mice were euthanized on gestation day 12; embryonic forelimbs were excised and cultured in vitro for 1, 3, and 6 days in the presence or absence of MS275 (a class I HDAC inhibitor), MC1568 (a class III HDAC inhibitor), Sirtinol (a class II HDAC inhibitor), or valproic acid, our positive control. Fluorescently tagged COL2A1, COL10A1, and COL1A1 served as markers of the differentiation of proliferative chondrocytes, hypertrophic chondrocytes, and osteoblasts, respectively. MS275 and valproic acid caused a reduction in expression of all three markers, suggesting effects on both chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. MC1568 had no effect on chondrocyte markers and mildly inhibited COL1A1 expression at 6 days. Sirtinol had no effect on COL2A1 expression or chondrocyte differentiation 1 day following exposure; however, it caused a drastic regression in limb cartilage and reduced the expression of all three differentiation markers to nearly undetectable levels at 6 days. MS275 and Sirtinol caused a 2.2- and 2.7-fold increase, respectively, in cleaved-caspase 3, a marker of apoptosis, suggesting embryotoxicity. These data demonstrate that inhibition of class I or III HDACs causes severe developmental toxicity and is highly teratogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- France-Hélène Paradis
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Barbara F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3G 1Y6
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27
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Hagiwara Y, Dyment N, Jiang X, Huang J, Ackert-Bicknell C, Adams D, Rowe D. Fixation stability dictates the differentiation pathway of periosteal progenitor cells in fracture repair. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:948-56. [PMID: 25639792 PMCID: PMC4891973 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study compared fracture repair stabilized by intramedullary pin (IMP) or external fixation (EF) in GFP reporter mice. A modified IMP was used as control while EF utilized six needles inserted transversely through the tibia and into a segment of a syringe barrel. X-rays taken at days 0, 14, and 35 showed that IMP resulted in significant three-dimensional deformity with a large callus while EF showed minimal deformity and callus formation. Cryohistological analysis of IMP at day 14 confirmed a large ColX-RFPchry+ callus surrounded by woven bone (Col3.6-GFPcyan) and TRAP+ osteoclasts with mature bone (hOC-GFPtpz) at the base. By day 35, cartilaginous components had been resorbed and an outer cortical shell (OCS) showed evidence of inward modeling. In contrast, the EF at day 14 showed no evidence of cartilage formation. Instead, periosteal-derived osteoblasts (Col3.6-GFPcyan) entered the fracture cleft and formed woven bone that spanned the marrow space. By day 35, mature bone had formed that was contiguous with the opposing cortical bone. Fracture site stability greatly affects the cellular response during repair and must be considered in the preclinical models that test therapies for improving fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Hagiwara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nippon Medical School Hospital, Tokyo 113, JAPAN
| | | | | | | | - C. Ackert-Bicknell
- Dept. Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - D.J. Adams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New England Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
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Dyment NA, Breidenbach AP, Schwartz AG, Russell RP, Aschbacher-Smith L, Liu H, Hagiwara Y, Jiang R, Thomopoulos S, Butler DL, Rowe DW. Gdf5 progenitors give rise to fibrocartilage cells that mineralize via hedgehog signaling to form the zonal enthesis. Dev Biol 2015; 405:96-107. [PMID: 26141957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The sequence of events that leads to the formation of a functionally graded enthesis is not clearly defined. The current study demonstrates that clonal expansion of Gdf5 progenitors contributes to linear growth of the enthesis. Prior to mineralization, Col1+ cells in the enthesis appose Col2+ cells of the underlying primary cartilage. At the onset of enthesis mineralization, cells at the base of the enthesis express alkaline phosphatase, Indian hedgehog, and ColX as they mineralize. The mineralization front then extends towards the tendon midsubstance as cells above the front become encapsulated in mineralized fibrocartilage over time. The hedgehog (Hh) pathway regulates this process, as Hh-responsive Gli1+ cells within the developing enthesis mature from unmineralized to mineralized fibrochondrocytes in response to activated signaling. Hh signaling is required for mineralization, as tissue-specific deletion of its obligate transducer Smoothened in the developing tendon and enthesis cells leads to significant reductions in the apposition of mineralized fibrocartilage. Together, these findings provide a spatiotemporal map of events - from expansion of the embryonic progenitor pool to synthesis of the collagen template and finally mineralization of this template - that leads to the formation of the mature zonal enthesis. These results can inform future tendon-to-bone repair strategies to create a mechanically functional enthesis in which tendon collagen fibers are anchored to bone through mineralized fibrocartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel A Dyment
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, United States.
| | - Andrew P Breidenbach
- Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, United States
| | - Andrea G Schwartz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, United States
| | - Ryan P Russell
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, United States
| | | | - Han Liu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States
| | - Yusuke Hagiwara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nippon Medical School Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rulang Jiang
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States
| | - Stavros Thomopoulos
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, United States
| | - David L Butler
- Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, United States
| | - David W Rowe
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, United States
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29
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Dyment NA, Hagiwara Y, Jiang X, Huang J, Adams DJ, Rowe DW. Response of knee fibrocartilage to joint destabilization. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:996-1006. [PMID: 25680653 PMCID: PMC4757847 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A major challenge to understanding osteoarthritis (OA) pathology is identifying the cellular events that precede the onset of cartilage damage. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of joint destabilization on early changes to fibrocartilage in the joint. DESIGN/METHODS The anterior cruciate ligament was transected in collagen reporter mice (Col1CFP and ColXRFP). Mineralization labels were given every 2 weeks to measure new mineralized cartilage apposition. Novel fluorescent histology of mineralized tissue was used to characterize the changes in fibrocartilage at 2 and 4 weeks post-injury. RESULTS Changes in fibrocartilaginous structures of the joint occur as early as 2 weeks after injury and are well developed by 4 weeks. The alterations are seen in multiple entheses and in the medial surface of the femoral and tibial condyles. In the responding entheses, mineral apposition towards the ligament midsubstance results in thickening of the mineralize fibrocartilage. These changes are associated with increases in ColX-RFP, Col1-CFP reporter activity and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity. Mineral apposition also occurs in the fibrocartilage of the non-articular regions of the medial condyles by 2 weeks and develops into osteophytes by 4 weeks post-injury. An unexpected observation is punctate expression of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase activity in unmineralized fibrochondrocytes adjacent to active appositional mineralization. DISCUSSION These observations suggest that fibrocartilage activates prior to degradation of the articular cartilage. Thus clinical and histological imaging of fibrocartilage may be an earlier indicator of disease initiation and may indicate a more appropriate time to start preventative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Dyment
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New England Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.
| | - Y Hagiwara
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New England Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nippon Medical School Hospital, Tokyo 113, Japan.
| | - X Jiang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New England Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.
| | - J Huang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New England Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.
| | - D J Adams
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New England Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.
| | - D W Rowe
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New England Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.
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30
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Tsang KY, Tsang SW, Chan D, Cheah KSE. The chondrocytic journey in endochondral bone growth and skeletal dysplasia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 102:52-73. [PMID: 24677723 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The endochondral bones of the skeleton develop from a cartilage template and grow via a process involving a cascade of chondrocyte differentiation steps culminating in formation of a growth plate and the replacement of cartilage by bone. This process of endochondral ossification, driven by the generation of chondrocytes and their subsequent proliferation, differentiation, and production of extracellular matrix constitute a journey, deviation from which inevitably disrupts bone growth and development, and is the basis of human skeletal dysplasias with a wide range of phenotypic severity, from perinatal lethality to progressively deforming. This highly coordinated journey of chondrocyte specification and fate determination is controlled by a myriad of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. SOX9 is the master transcription factor that, in concert with varying partners along the way, directs the different phases of the journey from mesenchymal condensation, chondrogenesis, differentiation, proliferation, and maturation. Extracellular signals, including bone morphogenetic proteins, wingless-related MMTV integration site (WNT), fibroblast growth factor, Indian hedgehog, and parathyroid hormone-related peptide, are all indispensable for growth plate chondrocytes to align and organize into the appropriate columnar architecture and controls their maturation and transition to hypertrophy. Chondrocyte hypertrophy, marked by dramatic volume increase in phases, is controlled by transcription factors SOX9, Runt-related transcription factor, and FOXA2. Hypertrophic chondrocytes mediate the cartilage to bone transition and concomitantly face a live-or-die situation, a subject of much debate. We review recent insights into the coordination of the phases of the chondrocyte journey, and highlight the need for a systems level understanding of the regulatory networks that will facilitate the development of therapeutic approaches for skeletal dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok Yeung Tsang
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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31
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Fu Y, Maye P. Derivation of chondrocyte and osteoblast reporter mouse embryonic stem cell lines. Genesis 2015; 53:294-8. [PMID: 25809957 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
With the establishment of methods that provide evidence for the generation of chondrocyte and osteoblast cell types from ESCs, there is a need for reagents that will enable their further characterization. Here we report on the derivation of chondrocyte and osteoblast reporter ESCs from previously generated and characterized transgenic mouse lines, Collagen type 2 alpha 1(Col2a1)-ECFP, Bone Sialoprotein (BSP)-Topaz, and BSP-Topaz/Dentin Matrix Protein 1 (DMP1)-Cherry dual reporter mice. Col2a1-ECFP is highly expressed in chondrocytes, while BSP-Topaz and DMP1-Cherry are highly expressed in osteoblasts and osteocytes, respectively. These new skeletal reporter mouse ESC lines will serve as valuable reagents to investigate the functionality of ESC derived chondrocyte and osteoblast cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Connecticut
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32
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Tsang KY, Chan D, Cheah KSE. Fate of growth plate hypertrophic chondrocytes: death or lineage extension? Dev Growth Differ 2015; 57:179-92. [PMID: 25714187 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate growth plate is an essential tissue that mediates and controls bone growth. It forms through a multistep differentiation process in which chondrocytes differentiate, proliferate, stop dividing and undergo hypertrophy, which entails a 20-fold increase in size. Hypertrophic chondrocytes are specialized cells considered to be the end state of the chondrocyte differentiation pathway, and are essential for bone growth. They are characterized by expression of type X collagen encoded by the Col10a1 gene, and synthesis of a calcified cartilage matrix. Whether hypertrophy marks a transition preceding osteogenesis, or it is the terminal differentiation stage of chondrocytes with cell death as the ultimate fate has been the subject of debate for over a century. In this review, we revisit this debate in the light of new findings arising from genetic-mediated lineage tracing studies showing that hypertrophic chondrocytes can survive at the chondro-osseous junction and further make the transition to become osteoblasts and osteocytes. The contribution of chondrocytes to the osteoblast lineage has important implications in bone development, disease and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok Yeung Tsang
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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Zhou X, von der Mark K, Henry S, Norton W, Adams H, de Crombrugghe B. Chondrocytes transdifferentiate into osteoblasts in endochondral bone during development, postnatal growth and fracture healing in mice. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004820. [PMID: 25474590 PMCID: PMC4256265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the crucial steps in endochondral bone formation is the replacement of a cartilage matrix produced by chondrocytes with bone trabeculae made by osteoblasts. However, the precise sources of osteoblasts responsible for trabecular bone formation have not been fully defined. To investigate whether cells derived from hypertrophic chondrocytes contribute to the osteoblast pool in trabecular bones, we genetically labeled either hypertrophic chondrocytes by Col10a1-Cre or chondrocytes by tamoxifen-induced Agc1-CreERT2 using EGFP, LacZ or Tomato expression. Both Cre drivers were specifically active in chondrocytic cells and not in perichondrium, in periosteum or in any of the osteoblast lineage cells. These in vivo experiments allowed us to follow the fate of cells labeled in Col10a1-Cre or Agc1-CreERT2 -expressing chondrocytes. After the labeling of chondrocytes, both during prenatal development and after birth, abundant labeled non-chondrocytic cells were present in the primary spongiosa. These cells were distributed throughout trabeculae surfaces and later were present in the endosteum, and embedded within the bone matrix. Co-expression studies using osteoblast markers indicated that a proportion of the non-chondrocytic cells derived from chondrocytes labeled by Col10a1-Cre or by Agc1-CreERT2 were functional osteoblasts. Hence, our results show that both chondrocytes prior to initial ossification and growth plate chondrocytes before or after birth have the capacity to undergo transdifferentiation to become osteoblasts. The osteoblasts derived from Col10a1-expressing hypertrophic chondrocytes represent about sixty percent of all mature osteoblasts in endochondral bones of one month old mice. A similar process of chondrocyte to osteoblast transdifferentiation was involved during bone fracture healing in adult mice. Thus, in addition to cells in the periosteum chondrocytes represent a major source of osteoblasts contributing to endochondral bone formation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XZ); (BdC)
| | - Klaus von der Mark
- Department of Experimental Medicine 1, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephen Henry
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - William Norton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Henry Adams
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Benoit de Crombrugghe
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XZ); (BdC)
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34
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Decker RS, Koyama E, Enomoto-Iwamoto M, Maye P, Rowe D, Zhu S, Schultz PG, Pacifici M. Mouse limb skeletal growth and synovial joint development are coordinately enhanced by Kartogenin. Dev Biol 2014; 395:255-67. [PMID: 25238962 PMCID: PMC4253021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Limb development requires the coordinated growth of several tissues and structures including long bones, joints and tendons, but the underlying mechanisms are not wholly clear. Recently, we identified a small drug-like molecule - we named Kartogenin (KGN) - that greatly stimulates chondrogenesis in marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and enhances cartilage repair in mouse osteoarthritis (OA) models. To determine whether limb developmental processes are regulated by KGN, we tested its activity on committed preskeletal mesenchymal cells from mouse embryo limb buds and whole limb explants. KGN did stimulate cartilage nodule formation and more strikingly, boosted digit cartilaginous anlaga elongation, synovial joint formation and interzone compaction, tendon maturation as monitored by ScxGFP, and interdigit invagination. To identify mechanisms, we carried out gene expression analyses and found that several genes, including those encoding key signaling proteins, were up-regulated by KGN. Amongst highly up-regulated genes were those encoding hedgehog and TGFβ superfamily members, particularly TFGβ1. The former response was verified by increases in Gli1-LacZ activity and Gli1 mRNA expression. Exogenous TGFβ1 stimulated cartilage nodule formation to levels similar to KGN, and KGN and TGFβ1 both greatly enhanced expression of lubricin/Prg4 in articular superficial zone cells. KGN also strongly increased the cellular levels of phospho-Smads that mediate canonical TGFβ and BMP signaling. Thus, limb development is potently and harmoniously stimulated by KGN. The growth effects of KGN appear to result from its ability to boost several key signaling pathways and in particular TGFβ signaling, working in addition to and/or in concert with the filamin A/CBFβ/RUNX1 pathway we identified previously to orchestrate overall limb development. KGN may thus represent a very powerful tool not only for OA therapy, but also limb regeneration and tissue repair strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah S Decker
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children׳s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Eiki Koyama
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children׳s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children׳s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peter Maye
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center School of, Dental Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - David Rowe
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center School of, Dental Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Shoutian Zhu
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peter G Schultz
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maurizio Pacifici
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children׳s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Huang M, Chang A, Choi M, Zhou D, Anania FA, Shin CH. Antagonistic interaction between Wnt and Notch activity modulates the regenerative capacity of a zebrafish fibrotic liver model. Hepatology 2014; 60:1753-66. [PMID: 24995814 PMCID: PMC4211965 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In chronic liver failure patients with sustained fibrosis, excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins substantially dampens the regenerative capacity of the hepatocytes, resulting in poor prognosis and high mortality. Currently, the mechanisms and the strategies of inducing endogenous cellular sources such as hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) to regenerate hepatocytes in various contexts of fibrogenic stimuli remain elusive. Here we aim to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms that mediate the effects of sustained fibrosis on hepatocyte regeneration using the zebrafish as a model. In the ethanol-induced fibrotic zebrafish model, we identified a subset of HPCs, responsive to Notch signaling, that retains its capacity to regenerate as hepatocytes. Discrete levels of Notch signaling modulate distinct cellular outcomes of these Notch-responsive HPCs in hepatocyte regeneration. Lower levels of Notch signaling promote amplification and subsequent differentiation of these cells into hepatocytes, while high levels of Notch signaling suppress these processes. To identify small molecules facilitating hepatocyte regeneration in the fibrotic liver, we performed chemical screens and identified a number of Wnt agonists and Notch antagonists. Further analyses demonstrated that these Wnt agonists are capable of attenuating Notch signaling by inducing Numb, a membrane-associated protein that inhibits Notch signaling. This suggests that the antagonistic interplay between Wnt and Notch signaling crucially affects hepatocyte regeneration in the fibrotic liver. CONCLUSION Our findings not only elucidate how signaling pathways and cell-cell communications direct the cellular response of HPCs to fibrogenic stimuli, but also identify novel potential therapeutic strategies for chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mianbo Huang
- School of Biology and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Angela Chang
- School of Biology and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Minna Choi
- School of Biology and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - David Zhou
- School of Biology and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Frank A. Anania
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Chong Hyun Shin
- School of Biology and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Chong Hyun Shin, Ph.D., School of Biology and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Interdisciplinary Bioengineering Graduate Program, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive NW, Room 1313, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA, , Telephone: 404-385-4211
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36
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Liu L, Mason RP, Gimi B. Dynamic bioluminescence and fluorescence imaging of the effects of the antivascular agent Combretastatin-A4P (CA4P) on brain tumor xenografts. Cancer Lett 2014; 356:462-9. [PMID: 25305449 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Combretastatin A-4 (CA4) is a natural product isolated from Combretum caffrum that inhibits tubulin polymerization by binding to the colchicine-binding site. A corresponding water soluble pro-drug (referred to as CA4P), has undergone extensive clinical trials and has been evaluated in pre-clinical studies using multiple modalities. We previously reported a novel assay based on dynamic bioluminescent imaging to assess tumor vascular disruption and now present its application to assessing multiple tumors simultaneously. The current study evaluated the vascular-disrupting activity of CA4P on subcutaneous 9L rat brain tumor xenografts in mice using dynamic bioluminescence imaging. A single dose of CA4P (120 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) induced rapid, temporary tumor vascular shutdown revealed by a rapid and reproducible decrease of light emission from luciferase-expressing 9L tumors following administration of luciferin as a substrate. A time-dependent reduction of tumor perfusion after CA4P treatment was confirmed by immunohistological assessment of the perfusion marker Hoechst 33342 and the tumor vasculature marker CD31. The vasculature showed distinct recovery within 24 h post therapy. Multiple tumors behaved similarly, although a size dependent vascular inhibition was observed. In conclusion, CA4P caused rapid, temporary tumor vascular shutdown and led to reduction of tumor perfusion in rat brain tumor xenografts and the multiple tumor approach should lead to more efficient studies requiring fewer animals and greater consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Ralph P Mason
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Barjor Gimi
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Enishi T, Yukata K, Takahashi M, Sato R, Sairyo K, Yasui N. Hypertrophic chondrocytes in the rabbit growth plate can proliferate and differentiate into osteogenic cells when capillary invasion is interposed by a membrane filter. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104638. [PMID: 25121501 PMCID: PMC4133260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The fate of hypertrophic chondrocytes during endochondral ossification remains controversial. It has long been thought that the calcified cartilage is invaded by blood vessels and that new bone is deposited on the surface of the eroded cartilage by newly arrived cells. The present study was designed to determine whether hypertrophic chondrocytes were destined to die or could survive to participate in new bone formation. In a rabbit experiment, a membrane filter with a pore size of 1 µm was inserted in the middle of the hypertrophic zone of the distal growth plate of ulna. In 33 of 37 animals, vascular invasion was successfully interposed by the membrane filter. During 8 days, the cartilage growth plate was enlarged, making the thickness 3-fold greater than that of the nonoperated control side. Histological examination demonstrated that the hypertrophic zone was exclusively elongated. At the terminal end of the growth plate, hypertrophic chondrocytes extruded from their territorial matrix into the open cavity on the surface of the membrane filter. The progenies of hypertrophic chondrocytes (PHCs) were PCNA positive and caspase-3 negative. In situ hybridization studies demonstrated that PHCs did not express cartilage matrix proteins anymore but expressed bone matrix proteins. Immunohistochemical studies also demonstrated that the new matrix produced by PHCs contained type I collagen, osteonectin, and osteocalcin. Based on these results, we concluded that hypertrophic chondrocytes switched into bone-forming cells after vascular invasion was interposed in the normal growth plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Enishi
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kiminori Yukata
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Takahashi
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sato
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Koichi Sairyo
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Natsuo Yasui
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Hypertrophic chondrocytes can become osteoblasts and osteocytes in endochondral bone formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:12097-102. [PMID: 25092332 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1302703111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
According to current dogma, chondrocytes and osteoblasts are considered independent lineages derived from a common osteochondroprogenitor. In endochondral bone formation, chondrocytes undergo a series of differentiation steps to form the growth plate, and it generally is accepted that death is the ultimate fate of terminally differentiated hypertrophic chondrocytes (HCs). Osteoblasts, accompanying vascular invasion, lay down endochondral bone to replace cartilage. However, whether an HC can become an osteoblast and contribute to the full osteogenic lineage has been the subject of a century-long debate. Here we use a cell-specific tamoxifen-inducible genetic recombination approach to track the fate of murine HCs and show that they can survive the cartilage-to-bone transition and become osteogenic cells in fetal and postnatal endochondral bones and persist into adulthood. This discovery of a chondrocyte-to-osteoblast lineage continuum revises concepts of the ontogeny of osteoblasts, with implications for the control of bone homeostasis and the interpretation of the underlying pathological bases of bone disorders.
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Butler DL, Dyment NA, Shearn JT, Kinneberg KRC, Breidenbach AP, Lalley AL, Gilday SD, Gooch C, Rao MB, Liu CF, Wylie C. Evolving strategies in mechanobiology to more effectively treat damaged musculoskeletal tissues. J Biomech Eng 2013; 135:020301. [PMID: 23445046 DOI: 10.1115/1.4023479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we had four primary objectives. (1) We reviewed a brief history of the Lissner award and the individual for whom it is named, H.R. Lissner. We examined the type (musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and other) and scale (organism to molecular) of research performed by prior Lissner awardees using a hierarchical paradigm adopted at the 2007 Biomechanics Summit of the US National Committee on Biomechanics. (2) We compared the research conducted by the Lissner award winners working in the musculoskeletal (MS) field with the evolution of our MS research and showed similar trends in scale over the past 35 years. (3) We discussed our evolving mechanobiology strategies for treating musculoskeletal injuries by accounting for clinical, biomechanical, and biological considerations. These strategies included studies to determine the function of the anterior cruciate ligament and its graft replacements as well as novel methods to enhance soft tissue healing using tissue engineering, functional tissue engineering, and, more recently, fundamental tissue engineering approaches. (4) We concluded with thoughts about future directions, suggesting grand challenges still facing bioengineers as well as the immense opportunities for young investigators working in musculoskeletal research. Hopefully, these retrospective and prospective analyses will be useful as the ASME Bioengineering Division charts future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Butler
- Tissue Engineering and Biomechanics Laboratories, Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
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Liu Y, Strecker S, Wang L, Kronenberg MS, Wang W, Rowe DW, Maye P. Osterix-cre labeled progenitor cells contribute to the formation and maintenance of the bone marrow stroma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71318. [PMID: 23951132 PMCID: PMC3738599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have carried out fate mapping studies using Osterix-EGFPCre and Osterix-CreERt animal models and found Cre reporter expression in many different cell types that make up the bone marrow stroma. Constitutive fate mapping resulted in the labeling of different cellular components located throughout the bone marrow, whereas temporal fate mapping at E14.5 resulted in the labeling of cells within a region of the bone marrow. The identity of cell types marked by constitutive and temporal fate mapping included osteoblasts, adipocytes, vascular smooth muscle, perineural, and stromal cells. Prolonged tracing of embryonic precursors labeled at E14.5dpc revealed the continued existence of their progeny up to 10 months of age, suggesting that fate mapped, labeled embryonic precursors gave rise to long lived bone marrow progenitor cells. To provide further evidence for the marking of bone marrow progenitors, bone marrow cultures derived from Osterix-EGFPCre/Ai9 mice showed that stromal cells retained Cre reporter expression and yielded a FACS sorted population that was able to differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes in vitro and into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and perivascular stromal cells after transplantation. Collectively, our studies reveal the developmental process by which Osterix-Cre labeled embryonic progenitors give rise to adult bone marrow progenitors which establish and maintain the bone marrow stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Liu
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sara Strecker
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Mark S. Kronenberg
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - David W. Rowe
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Peter Maye
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Renn J, Büttner A, To TT, Chan SJH, Winkler C. A col10a1:nlGFP transgenic line displays putative osteoblast precursors at the medaka notochordal sheath prior to mineralization. Dev Biol 2013; 381:134-43. [PMID: 23769979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In teleosts, such as medaka, ossification of the vertebral column starts with the mineralization of the notochordal sheath in a segmental pattern. This establishes the chordal centrum, which serves as the basis for further ossifications by sclerotome derived osteoblasts generating the vertebral body. So far, it is unclear which cells produce the notochordal sheath and how a segmental pattern of mineralization is established in teleosts. Here, we use a transgenic medaka line that expresses nlGFP under the control of the col10a1 promoter for in vivo analysis of vertebral body formation. We show that col10a1:nlGFP expression recapitulates endogenous col10a1 expression. In the axial skeleton, col10a1:nlGFP cells appear prior to the mineralization of the notochordal sheath in a segmental pattern. These cells remain on the outer surface of the chordal centra during mineralization as well as subsequent perichordal ossification of the vertebral bodies. Using twist1a1:dsRed and osx:mCherry transgenic lines we show that a subset of col10a1:nlGFP cells is derived from sclerotomal precursors and differentiates into future osteoblasts. For the first time, this shows a segmental occurrence of putative osteoblast precursors in the vertebral centra prior to ossification of the notochordal sheath. This opens the possibility that sclerotome derived cells in teleosts are implicated in the establishment of the mineralized vertebral column in a similar manner as previously described for tetrapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Renn
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for BioImaging Sciences (CBIS), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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42
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Aldea D, Hanna P, Munoz D, Espinoza J, Torrejon M, Sachs L, Buisine N, Oulion S, Escriva H, Marcellini S. Evolution of the vertebrate bone matrix: an expression analysis of the network forming collagen paralogues in amphibian osteoblasts. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2013; 320:375-84. [PMID: 23677533 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of vertebrates is closely associated to the evolution of mineralized bone tissue. However, the molecular basis underlying the origin and subsequent diversification of the skeletal mineralized matrix is still poorly understood. One efficient way to tackle this issue is to compare the expression, between vertebrate species, of osteoblastic genes coding for bone matrix proteins. In this work, we have focused on the evolution of the network forming collagen family which contains the Col8a1, Col8a2, and Col10a1 genes. Both phylogeny and synteny reveal that these three paralogues are vertebrate-specific and derive from two independent duplications in the vertebrate lineage. To shed light on the evolution of this family, we have analyzed the osteoblastic expression of the network forming collagens in endochondral and intramembraneous skeletal elements of the amphibian Xenopus tropicalis. Remarkably, we find that amphibian osteoblasts express Col10a1, a gene strongly expressed in osteoblasts in actinopterygians but not in amniotes. In addition, while Col8a1 is known to be robustly expressed in mammalian osteoblasts, the expression levels of its amphibian orthologue are dramatically reduced. Our work reveals that while a skeletal expression of network forming collagen members is widespread throughout vertebrates, osteoblasts from divergent vertebrate lineages express different combinations of network forming collagen paralogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Aldea
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo y Evolución, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile
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Chapman KB, Prendes MJ, Sternberg H, Kidd JL, Funk WD, Wagner J, West MD. COL10A1 expression is elevated in diverse solid tumor types and is associated with tumor vasculature. Future Oncol 2012; 8:1031-40. [PMID: 22894674 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The identification of molecular markers that are upregulated in multiple tumor types could lead to novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The authors screened a panel of RNAs prepared from diverse tumors and tumor cell lines, and compared them with normal tissues and cultured somatic cell types, in order to identify candidate genes expressed in a broad spectrum of tumor types. MATERIALS & METHODS Gene expression microarray analysis was carried out on 128 individual tumor samples representing over 20 tumor types, 85 samples representing 31 diverse normal tissue types, 68 tumor cell lines and 97 diverse normal primary cell cultures. Genes were ranked for elevated expression across a large number and variety of tumors relative to normal tissues. RESULTS & CONCLUSION COL10A1 was identified as a gene with restricted expression in most normal tissues and elevated expression in many diverse tumor types. By contrast, COL10A1 expression was undetectable in the 68 tumor cell lines surveyed in this study. Immunofluorescence studies localized collagen, type X, α-1 (collagen X) staining to tumor vasculature in breast tumors, whereas the vasculature of normal breast tissue was either collagen X-negative or had markedly lower levels. The tumor microenvironment-specific expression of collagen X, together with its localization in the vasculature, may facilitate its use as a novel target for the diagnosis and treatment of diverse solid tumor types.
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Alhasan MK, Liu L, Lewis MA, Magnusson J, Mason RP. Comparison of optical and power Doppler ultrasound imaging for non-invasive evaluation of arsenic trioxide as a vascular disrupting agent in tumors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46106. [PMID: 23029403 PMCID: PMC3460997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Small animal imaging provides diverse methods for evaluating tumor growth and acute response to therapy. This study compared the utility of non-invasive optical and ultrasound imaging to monitor growth of three diverse human tumor xenografts (brain U87-luc-mCherry, mammary MCF7-luc-mCherry, and prostate PC3-luc) growing in nude mice. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI), fluorescence imaging (FLI), and Power Doppler ultrasound (PD US) were then applied to examine acute vascular disruption following administration of arsenic trioxide (ATO). During initial tumor growth, strong correlations were found between manual caliper measured tumor volume and FLI intensity, BLI intensity following luciferin injection, and traditional B-mode US. Administration of ATO to established U87 tumors caused significant vascular shutdown within 2 hrs at all doses in the range 5 to 10 mg/kg in a dose dependant manner, as revealed by depressed bioluminescent light emission. At lower doses substantial recovery was seen within 4 hrs. At 8 mg/kg there was >85% reduction in tumor vascular perfusion, which remained depressed after 6 hrs, but showed some recovery after 24 hrs. Similar response was observed in MCF7 and PC3 tumors. Dynamic BLI and PD US each showed similar duration and percent reductions in tumor blood flow, but FLI showed no significant changes during the first 24 hrs. The results provide further evidence for comparable utility of optical and ultrasound imaging for monitoring tumor growth, More specifically, they confirm the utility of BLI and ultrasound imaging as facile assays of the vascular disruption in solid tumors based on ATO as a model agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jennifer Magnusson
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ralph P. Mason
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tubulin-destabilizing agent BPR0L075 induces vascular-disruption in human breast cancer mammary fat pad xenografts. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43314. [PMID: 22937031 PMCID: PMC3427339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BPR0L075, 6-methoxy-3-(3′,4′,5′-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-1H-indole, is a tubulin-binding agent that inhibits tubulin polymerization by binding to the colchicine-binding site. BPR0L075 has shown antimitotic and antiangiogenic activity in vitro. The current study evaluated the vascular-disrupting activity of BPR0L075 in human breast cancer mammary fat pad xenografts using dynamic bioluminescence imaging. A single dose of BPR0L075 (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) induced rapid, temporary tumor vascular shutdown (at 2, 4, and 6 hours); evidenced by rapid and reproducible decrease of light emission from luciferase-expressing orthotopic MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 breast tumors after administration of luciferin substrate. A time-dependent reduction of tumor perfusion after BPR0L075 treatment was confirmed by immunohistological staining of the perfusion marker Hoechst 33342 and tumor vasculature marker CD31. The vasculature showed distinct recovery within 24 hours post therapy. A single i.p. injection of 50 mg/kg of BPR0L075 initially produced plasma concentrations in the micromolar range within 6 hours, but subsequent drug distribution and elimination caused BPR0L075 plasma levels to drop rapidly into the nanomolar range within 24 h. Tests with human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVEC) cells and tumor cells in culture showed that BPR0L075 was cytotoxic to both tumor cells and proliferating endothelial cells, and disrupted pre-established vessels in vitro and ex vivo. In conclusion, BPR0L075 caused rapid, albeit, temporary tumor vascular shutdown and led to reduction of tumor perfusion in orthotopic human breast cancer xenografts, suggesting that this antimitotic agent may be useful as a vascular-disrupting cancer therapy.
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Bichsel CA, Gobaa S, Kobel S, Secondini C, Thalmann GN, Cecchini MG, Lutolf MP. Diagnostic microchip to assay 3D colony-growth potential of captured circulating tumor cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:2313-6. [PMID: 22565166 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40130d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic technology has been successfully applied to isolate very rare tumor-derived epithelial cells (circulating tumor cells, CTCs) from blood with relatively high yield and purity, opening up exciting prospects for early detection of cancer. However, a major limitation of state-of-the-art CTC-chips is their inability to characterize the behavior and function of captured CTCs, for example to obtain information on proliferative and invasive properties or, ultimately, tumor re-initiating potential. Although CTCs can be efficiently immunostained with markers reporting phenotype or fate (e.g. apoptosis, proliferation), it has not yet been possible to reliably grow captured CTCs over long periods of time and at single cell level. It is challenging to remove CTCs from a microchip after capture, therefore such analyses should ideally be performed directly on-chip. To address this challenge, we merged CTC capture with three-dimensional (3D) tumor cell culture on the same microfluidic platform. PC3 prostate cancer cells were isolated from spiked blood on a transparent PDMS CTC-chip, encapsulated on-chip in a biomimetic hydrogel matrix (QGel™) that was formed in situ, and their clonal 3D spheroid growth potential was assessed by microscopy over one week in culture. The possibility to clonally expand a subset of captured CTCs in a near-physiological in vitro model adds an important element to the expanding CTC-chip toolbox that ultimately should improve prediction of treatment responses and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette A Bichsel
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Bioengineering and Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Bobick BE, Cobb J. Shox2 regulates progression through chondrogenesis in the mouse proximal limb. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:6071-83. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.111997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, loss of SHOX gene function is responsible for the mesomelic short stature characteristic of Turner syndrome, Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis, and Langer dysplasia. In a mouse model of SHOX deficiency, Prrx1-Cre-driven limb-specific deletion of the paralogous gene Shox2 results in severe rhizomelia. In this study, we show that Col2a1-Cre-driven deletion of Shox2 in developing chondrocytes also results in shortening of the stylopodial skeleton (i.e. humerus, femur) and that this rhizomelia is due to precocious chondrocyte maturation and hypertrophy. We demonstrate, using the micromass culture model system, that increased BMP activity triggers accelerated maturation and hypertrophy in Col2a1-Cre Shox2 mutant chondrocytes and we confirm in vivo that elevated transcript levels and expanded expression domains of Bmp2 and 4 are associated with premature formation of the hypertrophic zone in mutant humeri. In micromass cultures of Prrx1-Cre Shox2 mutant limb cells, we find that Shox2 deletion in undifferentiated mesenchymal cells results in increased BMP activity that enhances early chondrogenesis, but is insufficient to provoke chondrocyte maturation and hypertrophy. Similarly, shRNA-mediated Shox2 knockdown in multipotent C3H10T1/2 cells and primary mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells results in spontaneous chondrogenesis in the absence of chondrostimulation, but again fails to induce progression through the later stages of chondrogenic differentiation. Importantly, exogenous BMP supplementation can overcome the block to maturation and hypertrophy caused by Shox2 depletion prior to overt chondrogenesis. Thus, we provide evidence that Shox2 regulates progression through chondrogenesis at two distinct stages – the onset of early differentiation and the transition to maturation and hypertrophy.
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