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Bylemans J, Marques da Cunha L, Wilkins LGE, Nusbaumer D, Uppal A, Wedekind C. Growth of brown trout in the wild predicted by embryo stress reaction in the laboratory. Ecology 2024; 105:e4303. [PMID: 38754864 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Laboratory studies on embryos of salmonids, such as the brown trout (Salmo trutta), have been extensively used to study environmental stress and how responses vary within and between natural populations. These studies are based on the implicit assumption that early life-history traits are relevant for stress tolerance in the wild. Here we test this assumption by combining two data sets from studies on the same 60 families. These families had been experimentally produced from wild breeders to determine, in separate samples, (1) stress tolerances of singly kept embryos in the laboratory and (2) growth of juveniles during 6 months in the wild. We found that growth in the wild was well predicted by the larval size of their full sibs in the laboratory, especially if these siblings had been experimentally exposed to a pathogen. Exposure to the pathogen had not caused elevated mortality among the embryos but induced early hatching. The strength of this stress-induced change of life history was a significant predictor of juvenile growth in the wild: the stronger the response in the laboratory, the slower the growth in the wild. We conclude that embryo performance in controlled environments can be a useful predictor of juvenile performance in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bylemans
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Savoie Mont Blanc, INRAE, CARRTEL, Thonon-les-Bains, France
| | - Lucas Marques da Cunha
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laetitia G E Wilkins
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Max-Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - David Nusbaumer
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anshu Uppal
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claus Wedekind
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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2
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Vogt R, Hartmann S, Kunze J, Jupke JF, Steinhoff B, Schönherr H, Kuhnert KD, Witte K, Lamatsch DK, Wanzenböck J. Silver nanoparticles adversely affect the swimming behavior of European Whitefish ( Coregonus lavaretus) larvae within the low µg/L range. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2022; 85:867-880. [PMID: 35881030 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2022.2102099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs; speciation: NM-300 K) in the lab on the behavior of larvae in European Whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus), a relevant model species for temperate aquatic environments during alternating light and darkness phases. The behavioral parameters measured included activity, turning rate, and distance moved. C. lavaretus were exposed to AgNP at nominal concentrations of 0, 5, 15, 45, 135, or 405 µg/L (n = 33, each) and behavior was recorded using a custom-built tracking system equipped with light sources that reliably simulate light and darkness. The observed behavior was analyzed using generalized linear mixed models, which enabled reliable detection of AgNP-related movement patterns at 10-fold higher sensitivity compared to recently reported standard toxicological studies. Exposure to 45 µg/L AgNPs significantly resulted in hyperactive response patterns for both activity and turning rates after an illumination change from light to darkness suggesting that exposure to this compound triggered escape mechanisms and disorientation-like behaviors in C. lavaretus fish larvae. Even at 5 µg/L AgNPs some behavioral effects were detected, but further tests are required to assess their ecological relevance. Further, the behavior of fish larvae exposed to 135 µg/L AgNPs was comparable to the control for all test parameters, suggesting a triphasic dose response pattern. Data demonstrated the potential of combining generalized linear mixed models with behavioral investigations to detect adverse effects on aquatic species that might be overlooked using standard toxicological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Vogt
- Research Department for Limnology, Mondsee, University of Innsbruck, Mondsee, Austria
| | - Sarah Hartmann
- Institute of Biology, Department of Chemistry - Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Jan Kunze
- Institute of Real-time Learning Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Frederik Jupke
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
| | - Benedikt Steinhoff
- Institute of Biology, Department of Chemistry - Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Holger Schönherr
- Institute of Biology, Department of Chemistry - Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Kuhnert
- Institute of Real-time Learning Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Klaudia Witte
- Institute of Biology, Department of Chemistry - Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | | | - Josef Wanzenböck
- Research Department for Limnology, Mondsee, University of Innsbruck, Mondsee, Austria
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Wedekind C, Vonlanthen P, de Guttry C, Stadelmann R, Stadelmann N, Pirat A, Perroud G. Persistent high hatchery recruitment despite advanced reoligotrophication and significant natural spawning in a whitefish. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Vogt R, Steinhoff B, Mozhayeva D, Vogt E, Metreveli G, Schönherr H, Engelhard C, Wanzenböck J, Lamatsch DK. Incubation media modify silver nanoparticle toxicity for whitefish ( Coregonus lavaretus) and roach ( Rutilus rutilus) embryos. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2022; 85:143-162. [PMID: 34719351 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1988014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Toxicological studies were performed to examine silver nanoparticle (AgNP, size: 14.4 ± 2.5 nm) transformation within three different test media and consequent effects on embryos of whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) and roach (Rutilus rutilus). The test media, namely ASTM very hard water, ISO standard dilution medium, and natural lake water differed predominantly in ionic strength. Total silver was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), while AgNPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and single particle ICP-MS. Silver species distributions were estimated via thermodynamic speciation calculations. Data demonstrated that increased AgNP dissolution accompanied by decreasing ionic strength of the test medium did not occur as noted in other studies. Further, other physicochemical parameters including AgNP size and metallic species distribution did not markedly affect AgNP-induced toxicity. Irrespective of the test medium, C. lavaretus were more sensitive to AgNP exposure (median lethal concentration after 8 weeks: 0.51-0.73 mg/L) compared to R. rutilus, where adverse effects were only observed at 5 mg/L in natural lake water. In addition, AgNP-induced toxicity was lower in the two standard test media compared to natural lake water. Currently, there are no apparent studies assessing simultaneously the sensitivity of C. lavaretus and R. rutilus to AgNP exposure. Therefore, the aim of this study was to (1) investigate AgNP-induced toxicity in C. lavaretus and R. rutilus cohabiting in the same aquatic environment and (2) the role played by test media in the observed effects of AgNPs on these aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Vogt
- Fish Ecology, Research Department for Limnology, Mondsee, University of Innsbruck, Mondsee, Austria
| | - Benedikt Steinhoff
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Darya Mozhayeva
- Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Eva Vogt
- Fish Ecology, Research Department for Limnology, Mondsee, University of Innsbruck, Mondsee, Austria
| | - George Metreveli
- Environmental and Soil Chemistry, iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau in Der Pfalz, Germany
| | - Holger Schönherr
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Carsten Engelhard
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
- Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Josef Wanzenböck
- Fish Ecology, Research Department for Limnology, Mondsee, University of Innsbruck, Mondsee, Austria
| | - Dunja Katharina Lamatsch
- Molecular and Cytogenetic Evolution of Asexual Aquatic Organisms, Research Department for Limnology, Mondsee, University of Innsbruck, Mondsee, Austria
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Nusbaumer D, Garaud L, Ançay L, Wedekind C. Sex-Specific Stress Tolerance in Embryos of Lake Char (Salvelinus umbla). Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.768263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonid fish have become important models in evolution and ecology, but possible effects of embryo or larval sex are mostly ignored, probably because morphological gonad formation starts only months after hatching and sexual maturation years later. However, recent gene expression studies and first observations in domestic strains suggest that sex-specific life histories could already start at an embryonic stage. Here we test this hypothesis in embryos and larvae of lake char (Salvelinus umbla). We sampled wild char and used their gametes to produce embryos of 40 different families. Embryos were raised singly in a stress or a non-stress environment until a late larval stage (stress was induced by allowing remainders of ovarian fluids to support microbial growth). Genetic markers were then used to sex the fish and reconstruct paternity (N = 1,463, including dead embryos). Primary sex ratio did not differ among families and was about 1:1. Female embryos hatched on average later and showed lower stress tolerance than male embryos. There were significant parental effects on offspring growth and mortality, but the sex differences in embryo performance were not family specific. We conclude that the sexes differ in their life history and susceptibilities to environmental stress already at embryonic stages. Environmental stress during incubation can therefore affect population sex ratio and hence population growth and genetics.
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Nusbaumer D, Marques da Cunha L, Wedekind C. Testing for population differences in evolutionary responses to pesticide pollution in brown trout ( Salmo trutta). Evol Appl 2021; 14:462-475. [PMID: 33664788 PMCID: PMC7896705 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are often toxic to nontarget organisms, especially to those living in rivers that drain agricultural land. The brown trout (Salmo trutta) is a keystone species in many such rivers, and natural populations have hence been chronically exposed to pesticides over multiple generations. The introduction of pesticides decades ago could have induced evolutionary responses within these populations. Such a response would be predicted to reduce the toxicity over time but also deplete any additive genetic variance for the tolerance to the pesticides. If so, populations are now expected to differ in their susceptibility and in the variance for the tolerance depending on the pesticides they have been exposed to. We sampled breeders from seven natural populations that differ in their habitats and that show significant genetic differentiation. We stripped them for their gametes and produced 118 families by in vitro fertilization. We then raised 20 embryos per family singly in experimentally controlled conditions and exposed them to one of two ecologically relevant concentrations of either the herbicide S-metolachlor or the insecticide diazinon. Both pesticides affected embryo and larval development at all concentrations. We found no statistically significant additive genetic variance for tolerance to these stressors within or between populations. Tolerance to the pesticides could also not be linked to variation in carotenoid content of the eggs. However, pesticide tolerance was linked to egg size, with smaller eggs being more tolerant to the pesticides than larger eggs. We conclude that an evolutionary response to these pesticides is currently unlikely and that (a) continuous selection in the past has either depleted genetic variance in all the populations we studied or (b) that exposure to the pesticides never induced an evolutionary response. The observed toxicity selects against large eggs that are typically spawned by larger and older females.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Nusbaumer
- Department of Ecology & EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | | | - Claus Wedekind
- Department of Ecology & EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
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Qiang L, Arabeyyat ZH, Xin Q, Paunov VN, Dale IJF, Lloyd Mills RI, Rotchell JM, Cheng J. Silver Nanoparticles in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Embryos: Uptake, Growth and Molecular Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051876. [PMID: 32182933 PMCID: PMC7084859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in commercial applications as antimicrobial agents, but there have recently been increasing concerns raised about their possible environmental and health impacts. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to two sizes of AgNP, 4 and 10 nm, through a continuous exposure from 4 to 96 h post-fertilisation (hpf), to study their uptake, impact and molecular defense responses. Results showed that zebrafish embryos were significantly impacted by 72 hpf when continuously exposed to 4 nm AgNPs. At concentrations above 0.963 mg/L, significant in vivo uptake and delayed yolk sac absorption was evident; at 1.925 mg/L, significantly reduced body length was recorded compared to control embryos. Additionally, 4 nm AgNP treatment at the same concentration resulted in significantly upregulated hypoxia inducible factor 4 (HIF4) and peroxisomal membrane protein 2 (Pxmp2) mRNA expression in exposed embryos 96 hpf. In contrast, no significant differences in terms of larvae body length, yolk sac absorption or gene expression levels were observed following exposure to 10 nm AgNPs. These results demonstrated that S4 AgNPs are available for uptake, inducing developmental (measured as body length and yolk sac area) and transcriptional (specifically HIF4 and Pxmp2) perturbations in developing embryos. This study suggests the importance of particle size as one possible factor in determining the developmental toxicity of AgNPs in fish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; (L.Q.); (Q.X.)
| | - Zeinab H. Arabeyyat
- Department of Marine Biology, the University of Jordan, Aqaba branch, Aqaba 77111, Jordan;
| | - Qi Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; (L.Q.); (Q.X.)
| | - Vesselin N. Paunov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK;
| | - Imogen J. F. Dale
- School of Biological, Biomedical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; (I.J.F.D.); (R.I.L.M.)
| | - Richard I. Lloyd Mills
- School of Biological, Biomedical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; (I.J.F.D.); (R.I.L.M.)
| | - Jeanette M. Rotchell
- School of Biological, Biomedical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; (I.J.F.D.); (R.I.L.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.R.); (J.C.); Tel.: +44-1482-465333 (J.M.R.); +852-3469-2124 (J.C.); Fax: +44-1482-465458 (J.M.R.); +852-3693-4766 (J.C.)
| | - Jinping Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; (L.Q.); (Q.X.)
- Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Lab (Guangzhou) & Department of Ocean Science, School of Science, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Correspondence: (J.M.R.); (J.C.); Tel.: +44-1482-465333 (J.M.R.); +852-3469-2124 (J.C.); Fax: +44-1482-465458 (J.M.R.); +852-3693-4766 (J.C.)
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Marques da Cunha L, Maitre D, Wedekind C. Low adaptive potential for tolerance to ethynylestradiol, but also low toxicity, in a grayling population (Thymallus thymallus). BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:227. [PMID: 31842751 PMCID: PMC6916445 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1558-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of a novel pollutant can induce rapid evolution if there is additive genetic variance for the tolerance to the stressor. Continuous selection over some generations can then reduce the toxicity of the pollutant but also deplete the additive genetic variance for the tolerance and thereby slow down adaptation. One common pollutant that has been ecologically relevant for some time is 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2), a synthetic compound of oral contraceptives since their market launch in the 1960s. EE2 is typically found in higher concentrations in rivers than in lakes. Recent experimental work revealed significant genetic variance for the tolerance to EE2 in two lake-spawning salmonid species but no such variance in river-spawning brown trout. We used another river-spawning salmonid, the European grayling Thymallus thymallus, to study the toxicity of an ecologically relevant concentration of EE2. We also used a full-factorial in vitro breeding design and singly rearing of 1555 embryos and larvae of 40 sib groups to test whether there is additive genetic variance for the tolerance to this pollutant. RESULTS We found that exposure to EE2 reduced larval growth after hatching, but contrary to what has been found in the other salmonids, there were no significant effects of EE2 on embryo growth and survival. We found additive genetic variance for embryo viability, i.e. heritability for fitness. However, there was no significant additive variance for the tolerance to EE2. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the hypothesis that continuous selection has reduced the toxicity of EE2 and depleted genetic variance for tolerance to this synthetic stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Marques da Cunha
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Diane Maitre
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claus Wedekind
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Marques da Cunha L, Uppal A, Seddon E, Nusbaumer D, Vermeirssen EL, Wedekind C. No additive genetic variance for tolerance to ethynylestradiol exposure in natural populations of brown trout ( Salmo trutta). Evol Appl 2019; 12:940-950. [PMID: 31080506 PMCID: PMC6503824 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most common and potent pollutants of freshwater habitats is 17-alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2), a synthetic component of oral contraceptives that is not completely eliminated during sewage treatment and that threatens natural populations of fish. Previous studies found additive genetic variance for the tolerance against EE2 in different salmonid fishes and concluded that rapid evolution to this type of pollution seems possible. However, these previous studies were done with fishes that are lake-dwelling and hence typically less exposed to EE2 than river-dwelling species. Here, we test whether there is additive genetic variance for the tolerance against EE2 also in river-dwelling salmonid populations that have been exposed to various concentrations of EE2 over the last decades. We sampled 287 adult brown trout (Salmo trutta) from seven populations that show much genetic diversity within populations, are genetically differentiated, and that vary in their exposure to sewage-treated effluent. In order to estimate their potential to evolve tolerance to EE2, we collected their gametes to produce 730 experimental families in blockwise full-factorial in vitro fertilizations. We then raised 7,302 embryos singly in 2-ml containers each and either exposed them to 1 ng/L EE2 (an ecologically relevant concentration, i.e., 2 pg per embryo added in a single spike to the water) or sham-treated them. Exposure to EE2 increased embryo mortality, delayed hatching time, and decreased hatchling length. We found no population differences and no additive genetic variance for tolerance to EE2. We conclude that EE2 has detrimental effects that may adversely affect population even at a very low concentration, but that our study populations lack the potential for rapid genetic adaptation to this type of pollution. One possible explanation for the latter is that continuous selection over the last decades has depleted genetic variance for tolerance to this synthetic stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anshu Uppal
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, BiophoreUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Emily Seddon
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, BiophoreUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - David Nusbaumer
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, BiophoreUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | | | - Claus Wedekind
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, BiophoreUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
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Wilkins LGE, Marques da Cunha L, Glauser G, Vallat A, Wedekind C. Environmental stress linked to consumption of maternally derived carotenoids in brown trout embryos ( Salmo trutta). Ecol Evol 2017; 7:5082-5093. [PMID: 28770048 PMCID: PMC5528241 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The yellow, orange, or red colors of salmonid eggs are due to maternally derived carotenoids whose functions are not sufficiently understood yet. Here, we studied the significance of naturally acquired carotenoids as maternal environmental effects during embryo development in brown trout (Salmo trutta). We collected eggs from wild females, quantified their egg carotenoid content, fertilized them in vitro in full‐factorial breeding blocks to separate maternal from paternal effects, and raised 3,278 embryos singly at various stress conditions until hatching. We found significant sire effects that revealed additive genetic variance for embryo survival and hatching time. Dam effects were 5.4 times larger than these sire effects, indicating that maternal environmental effects play an important role in determining embryo stress tolerance. Of the eight pigment molecules that we targeted, only astaxanthin, zeaxanthin (that both affected egg redness), and lutein were detected above our confidence thresholds. No strong link could be observed between carotenoid content in unfertilized eggs and embryo mortality or hatching timing. However, the consumption of carotenoids during our stress treatment was negatively correlated to embryo survival among sib groups and explained about 14% of the maternal environmental variance. We conclude that maternally derived carotenoids play a role in the ability of embryos to cope with environmental stress, but that the initial susceptibility to the organic pollution was mainly determined by other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia G E Wilkins
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biophore, University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Sciences Policy & Management University of California Berkeley CA USA
| | - Lucas Marques da Cunha
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biophore, University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Gaëtan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry University of Neuchâtel Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Armelle Vallat
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry University of Neuchâtel Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Claus Wedekind
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biophore, University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
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Wilkins LGE, Fumagalli L, Wedekind C. Effects of host genetics and environment on egg-associated microbiotas in brown trout (Salmo trutta). Mol Ecol 2016; 25:4930-45. [PMID: 27507800 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies found fish egg-specific bacterial communities that changed over the course of embryogenesis, suggesting an interaction between the developing host and its microbiota. Indeed, single-strain infections demonstrated that the virulence of opportunistic bacteria is influenced by environmental factors and host immune genes. However, the interplay between a fish embryo host and its microbiota has not been studied yet at the community level. To test whether host genetics affects the assemblage of egg-associated bacteria, adult brown trout (Salmo trutta) were sampled from a natural population. Their gametes were used for full-factorial in vitro fertilizations to separate sire from dam effects. In total, 2520 embryos were singly raised under experimental conditions that differently support microbial growth. High-throughput 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was applied to characterize bacterial communities on milt and fertilized eggs across treatments. Dam and sire identity influenced embryo mortality, time until hatching and composition of egg-associated microbiotas, but no link between bacterial communities on milt and on fertilized eggs could be found. Elevated resources increased embryo mortality and modified bacterial communities with a shift in their putative functional potential. Resource availability did not significantly affect any parental effects on embryo performance. Sire identity affected bacterial diversity that turned out to be a significant predictor of hatching time: embryos associated with high bacterial diversity hatched later. We conclude that both host genetics and the availability of resources define diversity and composition of egg-associated bacterial communities that then affect the life history of their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia G E Wilkins
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Luca Fumagalli
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claus Wedekind
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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