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Clontz LM, Yang A, Chinn SM, Pepin KM, VerCauteren KC, Wittemyer G, Miller RS, Beasley JC. Role of social structure in establishment of an invasive large mammal after translocation. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:3819-3829. [PMID: 37218996 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on the movement behavior of translocated wild pigs is needed to develop appropriate response strategies for containing and eliminating new source populations following translocation events. We conducted experimental trials to compare the home range establishment and space-use metrics, including the number of days and distance traveled before becoming range residents, for wild pigs translocated with their social group and individually. RESULTS We found wild pigs translocated with their social group made less extensive movements away from the release location and established a stable home range ~5 days faster than those translocated individually. We also examined how habitat quality impacted the home range sizes of translocated wild pigs and found wild pigs maintained larger ranges in areas with higher proportion of low-quality habitat. CONCLUSION Collectively, our findings suggest translocations of invasive wild pigs have a greater probability of establishing a viable population near the release site when habitat quality is high and when released with members of their social unit compared to individuals moved independent of their social group or to low-quality habitat. However, all wild pigs translocated in our study made extensive movements from their release location, highlighting the potential for single translocation events of either individuals or groups to have far-reaching consequences within a much broader landscape beyond the location where they are released. These results highlight the challenges associated with containing populations in areas where illegal introduction of wild pigs occurs, and the need for rapid response once releases are identified. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Clontz
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Aiken, South Carolina, USA
| | - Anni Yang
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Sarah M Chinn
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Aiken, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kim M Pepin
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kurt C VerCauteren
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - George Wittemyer
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Ryan S Miller
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - James C Beasley
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Aiken, South Carolina, USA
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2
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Pepin KM, Brown VR, Yang A, Beasley JC, Boughton R, VerCauteren KC, Miller RS, Bevins SN. Optimizing response to an introduction of African swine fever in wild pigs. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3111-e3127. [PMID: 35881004 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFv) is a virulent pathogen that threatens domestic swine industries globally and persists in wild boar populations in some countries. Persistence in wild boar can challenge elimination and prevent disease-free status, making it necessary to address wild swine in proactive response plans. In the U.S., invasive wild pigs are abundant and found across a wide range of ecological conditions that could drive different epidemiological dynamics among populations. Information on size of control areas required to rapidly eliminate ASFv in wild pigs and how this area should change with management constraints and local ecology are needed to optimize response planning. We developed a spatially-explicit disease transmission model contrasting wild pig movement and contact ecology in two ecosystems in southeastern U.S. We simulated ASFv spread and determined optimal response area (reported as radius of a circle) for eliminating ASFv rapidly over a range of detection times (when ASFv is detected relative to true date of introduction), culling capacities (proportion of wild pigs in the culling zone removed weekly), and wild pig densities. Large radii for response areas (14 km) were needed under most conditions but could be shortened with early detection (≤ 8 weeks) and high culling capacities (≥ 15% weekly). Under most conditions ASFv was eliminated in less than 22 weeks using optimal control radii, although ecological conditions with high rates of wild pig movement required higher culling capacities (≥ 10% weekly) for elimination within one year. Results highlight the importance of adjusting response plans based on local ecology and show wild pig movement is a better predictor of optimal response area than numbers of ASFv cases early in the outbreak trajectory. Our framework provides a tool for determining optimal control plans in different areas, guiding expectations of response impacts, and planning resources needed for rapid elimination. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Pepin
- National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 4101 Laporte Ave., Fort Collins, CO, 80526
| | - Vienna R Brown
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, Wildlife Services, National Feral Swine Damage Management Program, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Anni Yang
- National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 4101 Laporte Ave., Fort Collins, CO, 80526.,Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, US
| | - James C Beasley
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, PO Drawer E, Aiken, South Carolina, 29802, US
| | - Raoul Boughton
- Archbold Biological Station's Buck Island Ranch, 300 Buck Island Ranch Road, Lake Placid, FL, 33852, US
| | - Kurt C VerCauteren
- National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 4101 Laporte Ave., Fort Collins, CO, 80526
| | - Ryan S Miller
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 2150 Center Ave., Fort Collins, CO, 80526
| | - Sarah N Bevins
- National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 4101 Laporte Ave., Fort Collins, CO, 80526
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3
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Lee S, Fan P, Liu T, Yang A, Boughton RK, Pepin KM, Miller RS, Jeong KC. Transmission of antibiotic resistance at the wildlife-livestock interface. Commun Biol 2022; 5:585. [PMID: 35705693 PMCID: PMC9200806 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03520-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant microorganisms (ARMs) are widespread in natural environments, animals (wildlife and livestock), and humans, which has reduced our capacity to control life threatening infectious disease. Yet, little is known about their transmission pathways, especially at the wildlife-livestock interface. This study investigated the potential transmission of ARMs and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) between cattle and wildlife by comparing gut microbiota and ARG profiles of feral swine (Sus scrofa), coyotes (Canis latrans), cattle (Bos taurus), and environmental microbiota. Unexpectedly, wild animals harbored more abundant ARMs and ARGs compared to grazing cattle. Gut microbiota of cattle was significantly more similar to that of feral swine captured within the cattle grazing area where the home range of both species overlapped substantially. In addition, ARMs against medically important antibiotics were more prevalent in wildlife than grazing cattle, suggesting that wildlife could be a source of ARMs colonization in livestock. Analysis of microbiome data from feral swine, coyotes, domesticated cattle, and the surrounding environment reveals that wild animals harbor more abundant antibiotic-resistant organisms than livestock, and might act as a source of antibiotic-resistant microbes in outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinyoung Lee
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Peixin Fan
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ting Liu
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Anni Yang
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.,National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, 4101 Laporte Ave., Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Raoul K Boughton
- Range Cattle Research and Education Center, Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Ona, FL, 33865, USA
| | - Kim M Pepin
- National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, 4101 Laporte Ave., Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Ryan S Miller
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, 2150 Center Dr., Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Kwangcheol Casey Jeong
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA. .,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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4
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Schlichting PE, Boughton RK, Anderson W, Wight B, VerCauteren KC, Miller RS, Lewis JS. Seasonal variation in space use and territoriality in a large mammal (Sus scrofa). Sci Rep 2022; 12:4023. [PMID: 35256629 PMCID: PMC8901613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An individual’s spatial behavior is shaped by social and environmental factors and provides critical information about population processes to inform conservation and management actions. Heterogeneity in spatial overlap among conspecifics can be evaluated using estimates of home ranges and core areas and used to understand factors influencing space use and territoriality. To understand and test predictions about spatial behavior in an invasive large mammal, the wild pig (Sus scrofa), we examined variation in space use between sexes and seasons. We predicted that if animals were territorial that there would be a reduction in space-use overlap when comparing overlap of home ranges (HR–HR), to home ranges and core areas (HR–CA), and in-turn between core areas (CA–CA). Home ranges and core areas were estimated for 54 wild pigs at Buck Island Ranch, FL from GPS telemetry data. Overlap indices were calculated to estimate the strength (space-use overlap) and number of potential interactions within three wet seasons (June–October) and two dry seasons (December–April). Among sexes, home range size did not vary seasonally, and males exhibited larger home ranges compared to females (M = 10.36 ± 0.79 km2 (± SE), F = 3.21 ± 0.16 km2). Strength of overlap varied by season with wild pig home ranges overlapping more during the dry season. Males interacted with a greater number of individuals of both sexes, compared to females, and exhibited greater strength of overlap during the dry season. Consistent with our predictions, wild pigs appeared to exhibit territorial behavior, where strength of overlap decreased when comparing HR–HR to HR–CA and HR–CA to CA–CA. Our framework can be used to understand patterns of space use and territoriality in populations, which has important implications in understanding intraspecific interactions and population processes, such as how pathogens and parasites might spread within and among populations.
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5
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Ossi F, Focardi S, Tolhurst BA, Picco GP, Murphy AL, Molteni D, Giannini N, Gaillard J, Cagnacci F. Quantifying the errors in animal contacts recorded by proximity loggers. J Wildl Manage 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ossi
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach Via E. Mach 1 San Michele all'Adige 38010 Italy
- C3A—Centro Agricoltura, Alimenti Ambiente—University of Trento Via E. Mach 1 San Michele all'Adige 38010 Italy
| | - Stefano Focardi
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10—50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Bryony A. Tolhurst
- School of Applied Sciences The University of Brighton Huxley Building, Lewes Road Brighton BN2 4GJ East Sussex United Kingdom
| | - Gian Pietro Picco
- Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science (DISI) University of Trento via Sommarive 9 I‐38123 Povo (TN) Italy
| | - Amy L. Murphy
- Center for Information and Communication Technology Bruno Kessler Foundation via Sommarive 18 I‐38123 Povo (TN) Italy
| | - Davide Molteni
- Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science (DISI) University of Trento via Sommarive 9 I‐38123 Povo (TN) Italy
| | - Noemi Giannini
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach Via E. Mach 1 San Michele all'Adige 38010 Italy
| | - Jean‐Michel Gaillard
- UMR CNRS 5558 “Biometrie et Biologie Evolutive” Université Claude Bernard Lyon1 Bat G. Mendel 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 Villeurbanne 69622 Cedex France
| | - Francesca Cagnacci
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach Via E. Mach 1 San Michele all'Adige 38010 Italy
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6
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Podgórski T, Pepin KM, Radko A, Podbielska A, Łyjak M, Woźniakowski G, Borowik T. How do genetic relatedness and spatial proximity shape African swine fever infections in wild boar? Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2656-2666. [PMID: 34902218 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The importance of social and spatial structuring of wildlife populations for disease spread, though widely recognized, is still poorly understood in many host-pathogen systems. In particular, system specific kin relationships among hosts can create contact heterogeneities and differential disease transmission rates. Here, we investigate how distance-dependent infection risk is influenced by genetic relatedness in a novel host-pathogen system: wild boar (Sus scrofa) and African swine fever (ASF). We hypothesized that infection risk would correlate positively with proximity and relatedness to ASF-infected individuals but expected those relationships to weaken with distance between individuals due to decay in contact rates and genetic similarity. We genotyped 323 wild boar samples (243 ASF-negative and 80 ASF-positive) collected in north-eastern Poland in 2014-2016 and modeled the effects of geographic distance, genetic relatedness, and ASF virus transmission mode (direct or carcass-based) on the probability of ASF infection. Infection risk was positively associated with spatial proximity and genetic relatedness to infected individuals with generally stronger effect of distance. In the high-contact zone (0-2 km), infection risk was shaped by the presence of infected individuals rather than by relatedness to them. In the medium-contact zone (2-5 km), infection risk decreased but was still associated with relatedness and paired infections were more frequent among relatives. At farther distances, infection risk further declined with relatedness and proximity to positive individuals, and was 60% lower among unrelated individuals in the no-contact zone (33% in10-20 km) compared with among relatives in the high-contact zone (93% in 0-2 km). Transmission mode influenced the relationship between proximity or relatedness and infection risk. Our results indicate that the presence of nearby infected individuals is most important for shaping ASF infection rates through carcass-based transmission, while relatedness plays an important role in shaping transmission rates between live animals. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Podgórski
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, Białowieża, 17-230, Poland.,Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Prague, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Kim M Pepin
- National Wildlife Research Center, USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services, 4101 Laporte Ave., Fort Collins, CO, 80526
| | - Anna Radko
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, Balice, 32-083, Poland
| | - Angelika Podbielska
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, Balice, 32-083, Poland
| | - Magdalena Łyjak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, Pulawy, 24-100, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Woźniakowski
- Deparment of Diagnosis and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, Torun, 87-100, Poland
| | - Tomasz Borowik
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, Białowieża, 17-230, Poland
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7
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Kilgo JC, Garabedian JE, Vukovich M, Schlichting PE, Byrne ME, Beasley JC. Food resources affect territoriality of invasive wild pig sounders with implications for control. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18821. [PMID: 34552124 PMCID: PMC8458451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97798-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in control methods for invasive wild pigs (Sus scrofa) has increased due to their range expansion, population growth, and an improved understanding of their destructive ecological and economic effects. Recent technological advances in traps for control of pig populations facilitate capture of entire social groups (sounders), but the efficacy of “whole-sounder” trapping strategies is heavily dependent on the degree of territoriality among sounders, a topic little research has explored. We assessed territoriality in wild pig sounders on the Savannah River Site, South Carolina, USA, and examined whether availability of food resources provided by a municipal-waste landfill affected among-sounder territoriality. We estimated utilization distribution overlap and dynamic interactions among 18 neighboring sounders around a landfill. We found that although neighboring sounders overlapped in space, intensity of use in shared areas was uniformly low, indicating territorial behavior. Neighbors tended to share slightly more space when closer to the landfill waste cells, indicating availability of a super-abundant resource somewhat weakens the degree of territoriality among sounders. Nevertheless, we conclude that sounders behaved in a generally territorial manner, and we discuss implications for whole-sounder trapping programs, particularly near concentrated resources such as landfills and crop fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Kilgo
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, P.O. Box 700, New Ellenton, SC, 29809, USA.
| | - James E Garabedian
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, P.O. Box 700, New Ellenton, SC, 29809, USA
| | - Mark Vukovich
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, P.O. Box 700, New Ellenton, SC, 29809, USA.,USDA Forest Service, Shawnee National Forest, 602 North First St., Vienna, IL, 62995, USA
| | - Peter E Schlichting
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, P.O. Drawer E, Aiken, SC, 29802, USA.,Illinois Department of Natural Resources, 1 Natural Resources Way, Springfield, IL, 62702, USA
| | - Michael E Byrne
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, P.O. Drawer E, Aiken, SC, 29802, USA.,School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - James C Beasley
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, P.O. Drawer E, Aiken, SC, 29802, USA
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8
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Yang A, Boughton RK, Miller RS, Wight B, Anderson WM, Beasley JC, VerCauteren KC, Pepin KM, Wittemyer G. Spatial variation in direct and indirect contact rates at the wildlife-livestock interface for informing disease management. Prev Vet Med 2021; 194:105423. [PMID: 34246115 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about disease transmission relevant contact rates at the wildlife-livestock interface and the factors shaping them. Indirect contact via shared resources is thought to be important but remains unquantified in most systems, making it challenging to evaluate the impact of livestock management practices on contact networks. Free-ranging wild pigs (Sus scrofa) in North America are an invasive, socially-structured species with an expanding distribution that pose a threat to livestock health given their potential to transmit numerous livestock diseases, such as pseudorabies, brucellosis, trichinellosis, and echinococcosis, among many others. Our objective in this study was to quantify the spatial variations in direct and indirect contact rates among wild pigs and cattle on a commercial cow-calf operation in Florida, USA. Using GPS data from 20 wild pigs and 11 cattle and a continuous-time movement model, we extracted three types of spatial contacts between wild pigs and cattle, including direct contact, indirect contact in the pastoral environment (unknown naturally occurring resources), and indirect contact via anthropogenic cattle resources (feed supplements and water supply troughs). We examined the effects of sex, spatial proximity, and cattle supplement availability on contact rates at the species level and characterized wild pig usage of cattle supplements. Our results suggested daily pig-cattle direct contacts occurred only occasionally, while a significant number of pig-cattle indirect contacts occurred via natural resources distributed heterogeneously across the landscape. At cattle supplements, more indirect contacts occurred at liquid molasses than water troughs or molasses-mineral block tubs due to higher visitation rates by wild pigs. Our results can be directly used for parameterizing epidemiological models to inform risk assessment and optimal control strategies for controlling transmission of shared diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Yang
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA; National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, 4101 Laporte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA.
| | - Raoul K Boughton
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 3401 Experiment Station, Ona, FL, 33865, USA
| | - Ryan S Miller
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Service, 2150 Centre Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Bethany Wight
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 3401 Experiment Station, Ona, FL, 33865, USA
| | - Wesley M Anderson
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 3401 Experiment Station, Ona, FL, 33865, USA
| | - James C Beasley
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, PO Drawer E, Aiken, SC, 29802, USA
| | - Kurt C VerCauteren
- National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, 4101 Laporte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Kim M Pepin
- National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, 4101 Laporte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - George Wittemyer
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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9
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Pepin KM, Golnar A, Podgórski T. Social structure defines spatial transmission of African swine fever in wild boar. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20200761. [PMID: 33468025 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial spread of infectious disease is determined by spatial and social processes such as animal space use and family group structure. Yet, the impacts of social processes on spatial spread remain poorly understood and estimates of spatial transmission kernels (STKs) often exclude social structure. Understanding the impacts of social structure on STKs is important for obtaining robust inferences for policy decisions and optimizing response plans. We fit spatially explicit transmission models with different assumptions about contact structure to African swine fever virus surveillance data from eastern Poland from 2014 to 2015 and evaluated how social structure affected inference of STKs and spatial spread. The model with social structure provided better inference of spatial spread, predicted that approximately 80% of transmission events occurred within family groups, and that transmission was weakly female-biased (other models predicted weakly male-biased transmission). In all models, most transmission events were within 1.5 km, with some rare events at longer distances. Effective reproductive numbers were between 1.1 and 2.5 (maximum values between 4 and 8). Social structure can modify spatial transmission dynamics. Accounting for this additional contact heterogeneity in spatial transmission models could provide more robust inferences of STKs for policy decisions, identify best control targets and improve transparency in model uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Pepin
- National Wildlife Research Center, USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services, 4101 Laporte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Andrew Golnar
- National Wildlife Research Center, USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services, 4101 Laporte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, 17-230 Białowieża, Poland.,Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic
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10
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Yang A, Schlichting P, Wight B, Anderson WM, Chinn SM, Wilber MQ, Miller RS, Beasley JC, Boughton RK, VerCauteren KC, Wittemyer G, Pepin KM. Effects of social structure and management on risk of disease establishment in wild pigs. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:820-833. [PMID: 33340089 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Contact heterogeneity among hosts determines invasion and spreading dynamics of infectious disease, thus its characterization is essential for identifying effective disease control strategies. Yet, little is known about the factors shaping contact networks in many wildlife species and how wildlife management actions might affect contact networks. Wild pigs in North America are an invasive, socially structured species that pose a health concern for domestic swine given their ability to transmit numerous devastating diseases such as African swine fever (ASF). Using proximity loggers and GPS data from 48 wild pigs in Florida and South Carolina, USA, we employed a probabilistic framework to estimate weighted contact networks. We determined the effects of sex, social group and spatial distribution (monthly home-range overlap and distance) on wild pig contact. We also estimated the impacts of management-induced perturbations on contact and inferred their effects on ASF establishment in wild pigs with simulation. Social group membership was the primary factor influencing contacts. Between-group contacts depended primarily on space use characteristics, with fewer contacts among groups separated by >2 km and no contacts among groups >4 km apart within a month. Modelling ASF dynamics on the contact network demonstrated that indirect contacts resulting from baiting (a typical method of attracting wild pigs or game species to a site to enhance recreational hunting) increased the risk of disease establishment by ~33% relative to direct contact. Low-intensity population reduction (<5.9% of the population) had no detectable impact on contact structure but reduced predicted ASF establishment risk relative to no population reduction. We demonstrate an approach for understanding the relative role of spatial, social and individual-level characteristics in shaping contact networks and predicting their effects on disease establishment risk, thus providing insight for optimizing disease control in spatially and socially structured wildlife species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Yang
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Peter Schlichting
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, USA
| | - Bethany Wight
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Ona, FL, USA
| | - Wesley M Anderson
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Ona, FL, USA
| | - Sarah M Chinn
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, USA
| | - Mark Q Wilber
- Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Ryan S Miller
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - James C Beasley
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, USA
| | - Raoul K Boughton
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Ona, FL, USA
| | - Kurt C VerCauteren
- National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - George Wittemyer
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kim M Pepin
- National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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11
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Triguero-Ocaña R, Laguna E, Jiménez-Ruiz S, Fernández-López J, García-Bocanegra I, Barasona JÁ, Risalde MÁ, Montoro V, Vicente J, Acevedo P. The wildlife-livestock interface on extensive free-ranging pig farms in central Spain during the "montanera" period. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:2066-2078. [PMID: 32979253 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The effective management of shared pathogens between wild ungulates and livestock requires the understanding of the processes of interaction between them. In this work, we studied the interspecific frequency of interaction (ifreq) and its spatiotemporal pattern between wild and domestic ungulates that coexist in free-ranging farms. For this purpose, 6 red deer, 6 wild boar, 8 Iberian pigs and 3 cattle were monitored using GPS devices during the "montanera" period (the period in which Iberian pigs are maintained in extensive conditions to feed on acorn). The ifreq was quantified for two spatiotemporal windows: 30 m - 10 min, for inferring potential direct interactions (short window), and 30 m - 12 days for indirect interactions (large window). Secondly, the variation in the ifreq was modelled with regard to 2 temporal (time of the day and week of the year) and 4 environmental factors (distance to water, distance to vegetation cover, Quercus density and distance to feeding points). The interactions at the short window were scarce (N = 13); however, they were very frequent at the large one (N = 37,429), with the red deer as the species with the greatest involvement in the interactions. Models showed that the time of the day and distance to water were the variables that best predicted the ifreq and they were conditioned by differences in the activity pattern of the targeted species. Food resource availability also predicted the ifreq, especially at the short window and between wild species. The results presented here highlight the role that wild ungulates may play in the transmission of pathogens to extensive livestock in general and pigs in particular and show the epidemiological risk of certain areas, periods of time and management practices (for wildlife and livestock) as well as providing useful information in the prevention of the transmission of shared pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Triguero-Ocaña
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), UCLM-CSIC-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain.,VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Laguna
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), UCLM-CSIC-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Saúl Jiménez-Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), UCLM-CSIC-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba-Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Javier Fernández-López
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), UCLM-CSIC-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-Bocanegra
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba-Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jose Ángel Barasona
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Ángeles Risalde
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Vidal Montoro
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), UCLM-CSIC-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, UCLM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Joaquín Vicente
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), UCLM-CSIC-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, UCLM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pelayo Acevedo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), UCLM-CSIC-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, UCLM, Ciudad Real, Spain
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12
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Fekede RJ, HaoNing W, Hein VG, XiaoLong W. Could wild boar be the Trans-Siberian transmitter of African swine fever? Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1465-1475. [PMID: 32866334 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
China has experienced a sudden multi-focal and multi-round of African swine fever (ASF) outbreaks during 2018. The subsequent epidemiological survey resulted in a debate including the possibility of a transboundary spread from European Russia to China through wild boar. We contribute to the debate by assessing a hypothetical overland Euro-Siberian transmission path and its associated ASF arrival dates. We selected the maximum entropy algorithm for spatial modelling of ASF-infected wild boar and the Spatial Distribution Modeller in ArcGIS to plot Least Cost Paths (LCPs) between Eastern Europe and NE China. The arrival dates of ASF-infected wild boar have been predicted by cumulative maximum transmission distances per season and cover with their associated minimum time intervals along the LCPs. Our results show high costs for wild boar to cross Kazakhstan, Xinjiang (NW China) and/or Mongolia to reach NE China. Instead, the Paths lead almost straight eastward along the 59.5° northern latitude through Siberia and would have taken a minimum of 219 or 260 days. Therefore, infected wild boar moving all the way along the LCP could not have been the source of the ASF infection in NE China on 2 August 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regassa Joka Fekede
- Center of Conservation Medicine & Ecological Safety, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China.,College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Wildlife diseases and Biosecurity Management of Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Wang HaoNing
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Wildlife diseases and Biosecurity Management of Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Van Gils Hein
- Center of Conservation Medicine & Ecological Safety, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China.,College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Wildlife diseases and Biosecurity Management of Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Wang XiaoLong
- Center of Conservation Medicine & Ecological Safety, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China.,College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Wildlife diseases and Biosecurity Management of Heilongjiang Province, PR China
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13
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Pepin KM, Pedersen K, Wan XF, Cunningham FL, Webb CT, Wilber MQ. Individual-Level Antibody Dynamics Reveal Potential Drivers of Influenza A Seasonality in Wild Pig Populations. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 59:1231-1242. [PMID: 31251341 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine are important in the ecology of influenza A virus (IAV) globally. Understanding the ecological role of wild pigs in IAV ecology has been limited because surveillance in wild pigs is often for antibodies (serosurveillance) rather than IAVs, as in humans and domestic swine. As IAV antibodies can persist long after an infection, serosurveillance data are not necessarily indicative of current infection risk. However, antibody responses to IAV infections cause a predictable antibody response, thus time of infection can be inferred from antibody levels in serological samples, enabling identification of risk factors of infection at estimated times of infection. Recent work demonstrates that these quantitative antibody methods (QAMs) can accurately recover infection dates, even when individual-level variation in antibody curves is moderately high. Also, the methodology can be implemented in a survival analysis (SA) framework to reduce bias from opportunistic sampling. Here we integrated QAMs and SA and applied this novel QAM-SA framework to understand the dynamics of IAV infection risk in wild pigs seasonally and spatially, and identify risk factors. We used national-scale IAV serosurveillance data from 15 US states. We found that infection risk was highest during January-March (54% of 61 estimated peaks), with 24% of estimated peaks occurring from May to July, and some low-level of infection risk occurring year-round. Time-varying IAV infection risk in wild pigs was positively correlated with humidity and IAV infection trends in domestic swine and humans, and did not show wave-like spatial spread of infection among states, nor more similar levels of infection risk among states with more similar meteorological conditions. Effects of host sex on IAV infection risk in wild pigs were generally not significant. Because most of the variation in infection risk was explained by state-level factors or infection risk at long-distances, our results suggested that predicting IAV infection risk in wild pigs is complicated by local ecological factors and potentially long-distance translocation of infection. In addition to revealing factors of IAV infection risk in wild pigs, our framework is broadly applicable for quantifying risk factors of disease transmission using opportunistic serosurveillance sampling, a common methodology in wildlife disease surveillance. Future research on the factors that determine individual-level antibody kinetics will facilitate the design of serosurveillance systems that can extract more accurate estimates of time-varying disease risk from quantitative antibody data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Pepin
- National Wildlife Research Center, USDA-APHIS, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, CO 80521-2154, USA
| | - Kerri Pedersen
- USDA-APHIS, Wildlife Services, 920 Main Campus Drive, Suite 200, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- Missouri University Center for Research on Influenza Systems Biology (CRISB), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,MU Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Fred L Cunningham
- National Wildlife Research Center, USDA-APHIS, Wildlife Services, Mississippi Field Station, MS 39762, USA
| | - Colleen T Webb
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Mark Q Wilber
- National Wildlife Research Center, USDA-APHIS, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, CO 80521-2154, USA.,Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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14
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Pepin KM, Golnar AJ, Abdo Z, Podgórski T. Ecological drivers of African swine fever virus persistence in wild boar populations: Insight for control. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:2846-2859. [PMID: 32211160 PMCID: PMC7083705 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental sources of infection can play a primary role in shaping epidemiological dynamics; however, the relative impact of environmental transmission on host-pathogen systems is rarely estimated. We developed and fit a spatially explicit model of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in wild boar to estimate what proportion of carcass-based transmission is contributing to the low-level persistence of ASFV in Eastern European wild boar. Our model was developed based on ecological insight and data from field studies of ASFV and wild boar in Eastern Poland. We predicted that carcass-based transmission would play a substantial role in persistence, especially in low-density host populations where contact rates are low. By fitting the model to outbreak data using approximate Bayesian computation, we inferred that between 53% and 66% of transmission events were carcass-based that is, transmitted through contact of a live host with a contaminated carcass. Model fitting and sensitivity analyses showed that the frequency of carcass-based transmission increased with decreasing host density, suggesting that management policies should emphasize the removal of carcasses and consider how reductions in host densities may drive carcass-based transmission. Sensitivity analyses also demonstrated that carcass-based transmission is necessary for the autonomous persistence of ASFV under realistic parameters. Autonomous persistence through direct transmission alone required high host densities; otherwise re-introduction of virus periodically was required for persistence when direct transmission probabilities were moderately high. We quantify the relative role of different persistence mechanisms for a low-prevalence disease using readily collected ecological data and viral surveillance data. Understanding how the frequency of different transmission mechanisms vary across host densities can help identify optimal management strategies across changing ecological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M. Pepin
- National Wildlife Research CenterUSDAAPHISFort CollinsCOUSA
| | | | - Zaid Abdo
- Microbiology, Immunology, and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Mammal Research InstitutePolish Academy of SciencesBiałowieżaPoland
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife BiologyFaculty of Forestry and Wood SciencesCzech University of Life SciencesPraha 6Czech Republic
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15
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Scherer C, Radchuk V, Franz M, Thulke H, Lange M, Grimm V, Kramer‐Schadt S. Moving infections: individual movement decisions drive disease persistence in spatially structured landscapes. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Scherer
- Leibniz Inst. for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) Alfred‐Kowalke‐Str. 17 DE‐10315 Berlin Germany
| | - Viktoriia Radchuk
- Leibniz Inst. for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) Alfred‐Kowalke‐Str. 17 DE‐10315 Berlin Germany
| | - Mathias Franz
- Leibniz Inst. for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) Alfred‐Kowalke‐Str. 17 DE‐10315 Berlin Germany
| | | | - Martin Lange
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ Leipzig Germany
| | - Volker Grimm
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ Leipzig Germany
| | - Stephanie Kramer‐Schadt
- Leibniz Inst. for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) Alfred‐Kowalke‐Str. 17 DE‐10315 Berlin Germany
- Dept of Ecology, Technische Univ. Berlin Berlin Germany
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16
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Gamble A, Bazire R, Delord K, Barbraud C, Jaeger A, Gantelet H, Thibault E, Lebarbenchon C, Lagadec E, Tortosa P, Weimerskirch H, Thiebot J, Garnier R, Tornos J, Boulinier T. Predator and scavenger movements among and within endangered seabird colonies: Opportunities for pathogen spread. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Gamble
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (CEFE) UMR CNRS 5175University of MontpellierEPHEUniversity Paul Valéry Montpellier 3IRD Montpellier France
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Romain Bazire
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (CEFE) UMR CNRS 5175University of MontpellierEPHEUniversity Paul Valéry Montpellier 3IRD Montpellier France
| | - Karine Delord
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC) UMR CNRS 7372Université La Rochelle Villiers en Bois France
| | - Christophe Barbraud
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC) UMR CNRS 7372Université La Rochelle Villiers en Bois France
| | - Audrey Jaeger
- Université de la RéunionUMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT)CNRSGIP CYROI Saint Denis La Réunion France
- Université de la RéunionÉcologie Marine Tropicale des Océans Pacifique et Indien (ENTROPIE)UMR UR‐IRD‐CNRS Saint Denis La Réunion France
| | | | | | - Camille Lebarbenchon
- Université de la RéunionUMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT)CNRSGIP CYROI Saint Denis La Réunion France
| | - Erwan Lagadec
- Université de la RéunionUMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT)CNRSGIP CYROI Saint Denis La Réunion France
- Réserve Naturelle Nationale des Terres Australes Française La Réunion France
| | - Pablo Tortosa
- Université de la RéunionUMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT)CNRSGIP CYROI Saint Denis La Réunion France
| | - Henri Weimerskirch
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC) UMR CNRS 7372Université La Rochelle Villiers en Bois France
| | - Jean‐Baptiste Thiebot
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC) UMR CNRS 7372Université La Rochelle Villiers en Bois France
- Réserve Naturelle Nationale des Terres Australes Française La Réunion France
- National Institute of Polar Research Tachikawa Tokyo Japan
| | - Romain Garnier
- Department of Biology Georgetown University Washington D.C. USA
| | - Jérémy Tornos
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (CEFE) UMR CNRS 5175University of MontpellierEPHEUniversity Paul Valéry Montpellier 3IRD Montpellier France
- Ceva Biovac Beaucouzé France
| | - Thierry Boulinier
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (CEFE) UMR CNRS 5175University of MontpellierEPHEUniversity Paul Valéry Montpellier 3IRD Montpellier France
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17
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Tabak MA, Pedersen K, Miller RS. Detection error influences both temporal seroprevalence predictions and risk factors associations in wildlife disease models. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:10404-10414. [PMID: 31632645 PMCID: PMC6787870 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the prevalence of pathogens in invasive species is essential to guide efforts to prevent transmission to agricultural animals, wildlife, and humans. Pathogen prevalence can be difficult to estimate for wild species due to imperfect sampling and testing (pathogens may not be detected in infected individuals and erroneously detected in individuals that are not infected). The invasive wild pig (Sus scrofa, also referred to as wild boar and feral swine) is one of the most widespread hosts of domestic animal and human pathogens in North America.We developed hierarchical Bayesian models that account for imperfect detection to estimate the seroprevalence of five pathogens (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, pseudorabies virus, Influenza A virus in swine, Hepatitis E virus, and Brucella spp.) in wild pigs in the United States using a dataset of over 50,000 samples across nine years. To assess the effect of incorporating detection error in models, we also evaluated models that ignored detection error. Both sets of models included effects of demographic parameters on seroprevalence. We compared our predictions of seroprevalence to 40 published studies, only one of which accounted for imperfect detection.We found a range of seroprevalence among the pathogens with a high seroprevalence of pseudorabies virus, indicating significant risk to livestock and wildlife. Demographics had mostly weak effects, indicating that other variables may have greater effects in predicting seroprevalence.Models that ignored detection error led to different predictions of seroprevalence as well as different inferences on the effects of demographic parameters.Our results highlight the importance of incorporating detection error in models of seroprevalence and demonstrate that ignoring such error may lead to erroneous conclusions about the risk associated with pathogen transmission. When using opportunistic sampling data to model seroprevalence and evaluate risk factors, detection error should be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Tabak
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal HealthUnited States Department of AgricultureFort CollinsColorado
| | - Kerri Pedersen
- Wildlife ServicesUnited States Department of AgricultureRaleighNorth Carolina
| | - Ryan S. Miller
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal HealthUnited States Department of AgricultureFort CollinsColorado
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18
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Scherer C, Radchuk V, Staubach C, Müller S, Blaum N, Thulke HH, Kramer-Schadt S. Seasonal host life-history processes fuel disease dynamics at different spatial scales. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1812-1824. [PMID: 31330575 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the drivers underlying disease dynamics is still a major challenge in disease ecology, especially in the case of long-term disease persistence. Even though there is a strong consensus that density-dependent factors play an important role for the spread of diseases, the main drivers are still discussed and, more importantly, might differ between invasion and persistence periods. Here, we analysed long-term outbreak data of classical swine fever, an important disease in both wild boar and livestock, prevalent in the wild boar population from 1993 to 2000 in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. We report outbreak characteristics and results from generalized linear mixed models to reveal what factors affected infection risk on both the landscape and the individual level. Spatiotemporal outbreak dynamics showed an initial wave-like spread with high incidence during the invasion period followed by a drop of incidence and an increase in seroprevalence during the persistence period. Velocity of spread increased with time during the first year of outbreak and decreased linearly afterwards, being on average 7.6 km per quarter. Landscape- and individual-level analyses of infection risk indicate contrasting seasonal patterns. During the persistence period, infection risk on the landscape level was highest during autumn and winter seasons, probably related to spatial behaviour such as increased long-distance movements and contacts induced by rutting and escaping movements. In contrast, individual-level infection risk peaked in spring, probably related to the concurrent birth season leading to higher densities, and was significantly higher in piglets than in reproductive animals. Our findings highlight that it is important to investigate both individual- and landscape-level patterns of infection risk to understand long-term persistence of wildlife diseases and to guide respective management actions. Furthermore, we highlight that exploring different temporal aggregation of the data helps to reveal important seasonal patterns, which might be masked otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Scherer
- Department Ecological Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viktoriia Radchuk
- Department Ecological Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Staubach
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Institute of Epidemiology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sophie Müller
- Department Ecological Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niels Blaum
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hans-Hermann Thulke
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kramer-Schadt
- Department Ecological Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Miller RS, Pepin KM. BOARD INVITED REVIEW: Prospects for improving management of animal disease introductions using disease-dynamic models. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:2291-2307. [PMID: 30976799 PMCID: PMC6541823 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Management and policy decisions are continually made to mitigate disease introductions in animal populations despite often limited surveillance data or knowledge of disease transmission processes. Science-based management is broadly recognized as leading to more effective decisions yet application of models to actively guide disease surveillance and mitigate risks remains limited. Disease-dynamic models are an efficient method of providing information for management decisions because of their ability to integrate and evaluate multiple, complex processes simultaneously while accounting for uncertainty common in animal diseases. Here we review disease introduction pathways and transmission processes crucial for informing disease management and models at the interface of domestic animals and wildlife. We describe how disease transmission models can improve disease management and present a conceptual framework for integrating disease models into the decision process using adaptive management principles. We apply our framework to a case study of African swine fever virus in wild and domestic swine to demonstrate how disease-dynamic models can improve mitigation of introduction risk. We also identify opportunities to improve the application of disease models to support decision-making to manage disease at the interface of domestic and wild animals. First, scientists must focus on objective-driven models providing practical predictions that are useful to those managing disease. In order for practical model predictions to be incorporated into disease management a recognition that modeling is a means to improve management and outcomes is important. This will be most successful when done in a cross-disciplinary environment that includes scientists and decision-makers representing wildlife and domestic animal health. Lastly, including economic principles of value-of-information and cost-benefit analysis in disease-dynamic models can facilitate more efficient management decisions and improve communication of model forecasts. Integration of disease-dynamic models into management and decision-making processes is expected to improve surveillance systems, risk mitigations, outbreak preparedness, and outbreak response activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Miller
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, United States Department of Agriculture-Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Kim M Pepin
- National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, CO
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20
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Wilber MQ, Pepin KM, Campa H, Hygnstrom SE, Lavelle MJ, Xifara T, VerCauteren KC, Webb CT. Modelling multi‐species and multi‐mode contact networks: Implications for persistence of bovine tuberculosis at the wildlife–livestock interface. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Q. Wilber
- Department of BiologyColorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceWildlife ServicesNational Wildlife Research Center Fort Collins Colorado
| | - Kim M. Pepin
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceWildlife ServicesNational Wildlife Research Center Fort Collins Colorado
| | - Henry Campa
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeMichigan State University East Lansing Minnesota
| | - Scott E. Hygnstrom
- Wisconsin Center for WildlifeCollege of Natural ResourcesUniversity of Wisconsin‐Stevens Point Stevens Point Wisconsin
| | - Michael J. Lavelle
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceWildlife ServicesNational Wildlife Research Center Fort Collins Colorado
| | - Tatiana Xifara
- Department of BiologyColorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceWildlife ServicesNational Wildlife Research Center Fort Collins Colorado
| | - Kurt C. VerCauteren
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceWildlife ServicesNational Wildlife Research Center Fort Collins Colorado
| | - Colleen T. Webb
- Department of BiologyColorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
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21
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Carr AN, Milleson MP, Hernández FA, Merrill HR, Avery ML, Wisely SM. Wildlife Management Practices Associated with Pathogen Exposure in Non-Native Wild Pigs in Florida, U.S. Viruses 2018; 11:E14. [PMID: 30587789 PMCID: PMC6356989 DOI: 10.3390/v11010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Land use influences disease emergence by changing the ecological dynamics of humans, wildlife, domestic animals, and pathogens. This is a central tenet of One Health, and one that is gaining momentum in wildlife management decision-making in the United States. Using almost 2000 serological samples collected from non-native wild pigs (Sus scrofa) throughout Florida (U.S.), we compared the prevalence and exposure risk of two directly transmitted pathogens, pseudorabies virus (PrV) and Brucella spp., to test the hypothesis that disease emergence would be positively correlated with one of the most basic wildlife management operations: Hunting. The seroprevalence of PrV-Brucella spp. coinfection or PrV alone was higher for wild pigs in land management areas that allowed hunting with dogs than in areas that culled animals using other harvest methods. This pattern did not hold for Brucella alone. The likelihood of exposure to PrV, but not Brucella spp., was also significantly higher among wild pigs at hunted sites than at sites where animals were culled. By failing to consider the impact of dog hunting on the emergence of non-native pathogens, current animal management practices have the potential to affect public health, the commercial livestock industry, and wildlife conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Carr
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
- Present Address: Biology Department, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA.
| | - Michael P Milleson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Gainesville, FL 32641, USA.
| | - Felipe A Hernández
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA.
| | - Hunter R Merrill
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA.
| | - Michael L Avery
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Gainesville, FL 32641, USA.
| | - Samantha M Wisely
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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22
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Podgórski T, Śmietanka K. Do wild boar movements drive the spread of African Swine Fever? Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1588-1596. [PMID: 29799177 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The spatial behaviour of hosts can seriously affect the transmission of pathogens and spatial spread of diseases. Understanding the relationship between host movements and disease dynamics is of prime importance for optimizing disease control efforts. African swine fever (ASF), a devastating disease of wild and domestic suids, has been spreading continuously through eastern Europe since 2007. The wild boar (Sus scrofa) has been implicated in the epidemiology of this disease, but the role of wild boar movements in ASF dynamics and spread has not been studied and remains largely speculative. Here, we examined whether monthly parameters of wild boar movements (dispersal distance of yearlings, home range size of adult males and females) can explain variation in the spatio-temporal dynamics of the ASF outbreak in the wild boar population in north-eastern Poland, 2014-2015. We expected to observe a positive relationship between host mobility and disease spread. Contrary to our expectations, we found that movements of wild boar, despite their seasonal variation, were poor predictors of ASF dynamics in space and time. During the 2 years of the study, ASF spread gradually at a steady pace of 1.5 km/month without significant changes across seasons. None of the analysed movement parameters explained variation in the measures of ASF occurrence and spread (i.e., number of cases, prevalence, size and expansion rate of the outbreak area). We believe that the factor limiting the influence of host movements on ASF dynamics is the severity of the disease, which quickly hampers extensive movements and restricts disease transmission to only the most immediate individuals. Three natural factors constrain direct disease transmission: wild boar social structure, the short duration of low-level virus shedding and high virus-induced lethality, followed by indirect transmission through infected carcasses. These most likely shape the gradual spread of ASF in space and its persistence in already infected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Podgórski
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieża, Poland
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23
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Podgórski T, Apollonio M, Keuling O. Contact rates in wild boar populations: Implications for disease transmission. J Wildl Manage 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Podgórski
- Mammal Research Institute; Polish Academy of Sciences; Stoczek 1 17-230 Bialowieza Poland
| | - Marco Apollonio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Sassari; Via Vienna 2 07100 Sassari Italy
| | - Oliver Keuling
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Bischofsholer Damm 15 30173 Hannover Germany
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24
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Brown VR, Bevins SN. A Review of Classical Swine Fever Virus and Routes of Introduction into the United States and the Potential for Virus Establishment. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:31. [PMID: 29556501 PMCID: PMC5844918 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is caused by CSF virus (CSFV) which can be the source of substantial morbidity and mortality events in affected swine. The disease can take one of several forms (acute, chronic, or prenatal) and depending on the virulence of the inoculating strain may result in a lethal infection irrespective of the form acquired. Because of the disease-free status of the United States and the high cost of a viral incursion, a summary of US vulnerabilities for viral introduction and persistence is provided. The legal importation of live animals as well as animal products, byproducts, and animal feed serve as a potential route of viral introduction. Current import regulations are described as are mitigation strategies that are commonly utilized to prevent pathogens, including CSFV, from entering the US. The illegal movement of suids and their products as well as an event of bioterrorism are both feasible routes of viral introduction but are difficult to restrict or regulate. Ultimately, recommendations are made for data that would be useful in the event of a viral incursion. Population and density mapping for feral swine across the United States would be valuable in the event of a viral introduction or spillover; density data could further contribute to understanding the risk of infection in domestic swine. Additionally, ecological and behavioral studies, including those that evaluate the effects of anthropogenic food sources that support feral swine densities far above the carrying capacity would provide invaluable insight to our understanding of how human interventions affect feral swine populations. Further analyses to determine the sampling strategies necessary to detect low levels of antibody prevalence in feral swine would also be valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vienna R Brown
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Sarah N Bevins
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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25
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Brown VR, Bevins SN. A Review of African Swine Fever and the Potential for Introduction into the United States and the Possibility of Subsequent Establishment in Feral Swine and Native Ticks. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:11. [PMID: 29468165 PMCID: PMC5808196 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), which can cause substantial morbidity and mortality events in swine. The virus can be transmitted via direct and indirect contacts with infected swine, their products, or competent vector species, especially Ornithodoros ticks. Africa and much of Eastern Europe are endemic for ASF; a viral introduction to countries that are currently ASF free could have severe economic consequences due to the loss of production from infected animals and the trade restrictions that would likely be imposed as a result of an outbreak. We identified vulnerabilities that could lead to ASFV introduction or persistence in the United States or other ASF-free regions. Both legal and illegal movements of live animals, as well as the importation of animal products, byproducts, and animal feed, pose a risk of virus introduction. Each route is described, and current regulations designed to prevent ASFV and other pathogens from entering the United States are outlined. Furthermore, existing ASFV research gaps are highlighted. Laboratory experiments to evaluate multiple species of Ornithodoros ticks that have yet to be characterized would be useful to understand vector competence, host preferences, and distribution of competent soft tick vectors in relation to high pig production areas as well as regions with high feral swine (wild boar or similar) densities. Knowledge relative to antigenic viral proteins that contribute to host response and determination of immune mechanisms that lead to protection are foundational in the quest for a vaccine. Finally, sampling of illegally imported and confiscated wild suid products for ASFV could shed light on the types of products being imported and provide a more informed perspective relative to the risk of ASFV importation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vienna R. Brown
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Sarah N. Bevins
- Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Fort Collins, CO, United States
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26
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Barth SA, Blome S, Cornelis D, Pietschmann J, Laval M, Maestrini O, Geue L, Charrier F, Etter E, Menge C, Beer M, Jori F. FaecalEscherichia colias biological indicator of spatial interaction between domestic pigs and wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Corsica. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:746-757. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Barth
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Jena Germany
| | - S. Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Greifswald - Insel Riems Germany
| | - D. Cornelis
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, INRA; University Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - J. Pietschmann
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Jena Germany
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Greifswald - Insel Riems Germany
| | - M. Laval
- Research Unit for Animal Husbandry Development (LRDE); INRA SAD; Corte Corsica France
| | - O. Maestrini
- Research Unit for Animal Husbandry Development (LRDE); INRA SAD; Corte Corsica France
| | - L. Geue
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Jena Germany
| | - F. Charrier
- Research Unit for Animal Husbandry Development (LRDE); INRA SAD; Corte Corsica France
| | - E. Etter
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, INRA; University Montpellier; Montpellier France
- Epidemiology Section; Department of Production Animals Studies; Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Pretoria; Onderstepoort South Africa
| | - C. Menge
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Jena Germany
| | - M. Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Greifswald - Insel Riems Germany
| | - F. Jori
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, INRA; University Montpellier; Montpellier France
- Department of Animal Science and Production; Botswana College of Agriculture; Gaborone Botswana
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27
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28
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Jori F, Relun A, Trabucco B, Charrier F, Maestrini O, Chavernac D, Cornelis D, Casabianca F, Etter EMC. Questionnaire-Based Assessment of Wild Boar/Domestic Pig Interactions and Implications for Disease Risk Management in Corsica. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:198. [PMID: 29250528 PMCID: PMC5716975 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild boars and domestic pigs belong to the same species (Sus scrofa). When sympatric populations of wild boars, feral pigs, and domestic pigs share the same environment, interactions between domestic and wild suids (IDWS) are suspected to facilitate the spread and maintenance of several pig pathogens which can impact on public health and pig production. However, information on the nature and factors facilitating those IDWS are rarely described in the literature. In order to understand the occurrence, nature, and the factors facilitating IDWS, a total of 85 semi-structured interviews were implemented face to face among 25 strict farmers, 20 strict hunters, and 40 hunting farmers in the main traditional pig-farming regions of Corsica, where IDWS are suspected to be common and widespread. Different forms of IDWS were described: those linked with sexual attraction of wild boars by domestic sows (including sexual interactions and fights between wild and domestic boars) were most frequently reported (by 61 and 44% of the respondents, respectively) in the autumn months and early winter. Foraging around common food or water was equally frequent (reported by 60% of the respondents) but spread all along the year except in winter. Spatially, IDWS were more frequent in higher altitude pastures were pig herds remain unattended during summer and autumn months with limited human presence. Abandonment of carcasses and carcass offal in the forest were equally frequent and efficient form of IDWS reported by 70% of the respondents. Certain traditional practices already implemented by hunters and farmers had the potential to mitigate IDWS in the local context. This study provided quantitative evidence of the nature of different IDWS in the context of extensive commercial outdoor pig farming in Corsica and identified their spatial and temporal trends. The identification of those trends is useful to target suitable times and locations to develop further ecological investigations of IDWS at a finer scale in order to better understand diseases transmission patterns between populations and promote adapted management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Jori
- CIRAD, UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risque et Ecosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Relun
- CIRAD, UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risque et Ecosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France.,BIOEPAR, ONIRIS, INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Bastien Trabucco
- CIRAD, UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risque et Ecosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France.,INRA, Laboratoire de Recherches sur le Développement de l'Elevage (LRDE), Corte, France
| | - François Charrier
- INRA, Laboratoire de Recherches sur le Développement de l'Elevage (LRDE), Corte, France
| | - Oscar Maestrini
- INRA, Laboratoire de Recherches sur le Développement de l'Elevage (LRDE), Corte, France
| | - David Chavernac
- CIRAD, UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risque et Ecosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Daniel Cornelis
- CIRAD, UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risque et Ecosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - François Casabianca
- INRA, Laboratoire de Recherches sur le Développement de l'Elevage (LRDE), Corte, France
| | - Eric Marcel Charles Etter
- CIRAD, UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risque et Ecosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France.,Epidemiology Section, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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29
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Cleveland CA, DeNicola A, Dubey JP, Hill DE, Berghaus RD, Yabsley MJ. Survey for selected pathogens in wild pigs (Sus scrofa) from Guam, Marianna Islands, USA. Vet Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28622856 PMCID: PMC7117193 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Guam has high wild pig densities with risk of pathogen transmission to people and animals. Exposure to numerous pathogens was detected in contrast to surveys of domestic pigs. New reports of pseudorabies virus, PRRS virus, Brucella, and Leptospira in pigs on Guam. Highlights that domestic swine-wild pig interactions should be prevented. Precautions are needed when handling wild pigs to minimize the pathogen transmission.
Pigs (Sus scrofa) were introduced to Guam in the 1600’s and are now present in high densities throughout the island. Wild pigs are reservoirs for pathogens of concern to domestic animals and humans. Exposure to porcine parvovirus, transmissible gastroenteritis, and Leptospira interrogans has been documented in domestic swine but data from wild pigs are lacking. The close proximity of humans, domestic animals, and wild pigs, combined with the liberal hunting of wild pigs, results in frequent opportunities for pathogen transmission. From February–March 2015, blood, tissue and ectoparasite samples were collected from 47 wild pigs. Serologic testing found exposure to Brucella spp. (2%), Toxoplasma gondii (11%), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus (13%), porcine circovirus type 2 (36%), pseudorabies virus (64%), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (93%), Lawsonia intracellularis (93%), and porcine parvovirus (94%). Eleven (24%) samples had low titers (1:100) to Leptospira interrogans serovars Bratislava (n = 6), Icterohaemorrhagiae (n = 6), Pomona (n = 2), and Hardjo (n = 1). Kidney samples from nine pigs with Leptospira antibodies were negative for Leptospira antigens. Numerous pigs had Metastrongylus lungworms and three had Stephanurus dentatus. Lice (Hematopinus suis) and ticks (Amblyomma breviscutatum) were also detected. No antibodies to Influenza A viruses were detected. In contrast to the previous domestic swine survey, we found evidence of numerous pathogens in wild pigs including new reports of pseudorabies virus, PRRS virus, Brucella, and Leptospira in pigs on Guam. These findings highlight that domestic swine-wild pig interactions should be prevented and precautions are needed when handling wild pigs to minimize the risk of pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Cleveland
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wildlife Health Building, 589 D.W. Brooks Dr., Athens, GA 30605, United States; Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | | | - J P Dubey
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, United States
| | - Dolores E Hill
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, United States
| | - Roy D Berghaus
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia,953 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Michael J Yabsley
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wildlife Health Building, 589 D.W. Brooks Dr., Athens, GA 30605, United States; Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
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30
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Evaluating wildlife-cattle contact rates to improve the understanding of dynamics of bovine tuberculosis transmission in Michigan, USA. Prev Vet Med 2016; 135:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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