1
|
Wos G, Palomar G, Marszałek M, Sniegula S. Comparative Transcriptomic Reveals Greater Similarities in Response to Temperature Than to Invasive Alien Predator in the Damselfly Ischnura elegans Across Different Geographic Scales. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e70002. [PMID: 39247089 PMCID: PMC11377989 DOI: 10.1111/eva.70002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The impact of global changes on populations may not be necessarily uniform across a species' range. Here, we aim at comparing the phenotypic and transcriptomic response to warming and an invasive predator cue in populations across different geographic scales in the damselfly Ischnura elegans. We collected adult females in two ponds in southern Poland (central latitude) and two ponds in southern Sweden (high latitude). We raised their larvae in growth chambers and exposed them to combination of temperature and a predator cue released by the crayfish Orconectes limosus. When larvae reached the prefinal larval stage, they were phenotyped for traits related to growth and size and collected for a gene expression analysis. High-latitude populations exhibited greater phenotypic and transcriptomic variation than central-latitude populations. Across latitudes and ponds, temperature generally increased growth rate and the predator cue decreased mass, but the effects of temperature were also pond-specific. Comparison of the transcriptomic profiles revealed a greater overlap in the response to temperature across latitudes and ponds, especially for pathway-related oxidative stress and sugar and lipid metabolism. The transcriptomic response to a predator cue and to the interaction temperature × predator cue was more pond-specific and overlapped only for few genes and pathways related to cuticle, development and signal transduction. We demonstrated that central- and high-latitude populations may partially respond through similar mechanisms to warming and, to a lower extent to a predator cue and to the interaction temperature × predator cue. For the predator cue and the interaction, the large fraction of ponds-specific genes suggests local adaptation. We show that high-latitude populations were generally more plastic at the phenotypic and transcriptomic level and may be more capable to cope with environmental changes than their central-latitude counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Wos
- Institute of Nature Conservation Polish Academy of Sciences Krakow Poland
| | - Gemma Palomar
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences Complutense University of Madrid Madrid Spain
- Institute of Environmental Sciences Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland
| | - Marzena Marszałek
- Institute of Environmental Sciences Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland
| | - Szymon Sniegula
- Institute of Nature Conservation Polish Academy of Sciences Krakow Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lindestad O, Nylin S, Wheat CW, Gotthard K. Testing for variation in photoperiodic plasticity in a butterfly: Inconsistent effects of circadian genes between geographic scales. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11713. [PMID: 38975264 PMCID: PMC11227937 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The genetic components of the circadian clock have been implicated as involved in photoperiodic regulation of winter diapause across various insect groups, thereby contributing to adaptation to adverse seasonal conditions. So far, the effects of within-population variation in these genes have not been well explored. Here, we present an experimental test of the effects of within-population variation at two circadian genes, timeless and period, on photoperiodic responses in the butterfly Pararge aegeria. While nonsynonymous candidate SNPs in both of these genes have previously shown to be associated with diapause induction on a between-population level, in the present experiment no such effect was found on a within-population level. In trying to reconcile these results, we examine sequence data, revealing considerable, previously unknown protein-level variation at both timeless and period across Scandinavian populations, including variants unique to the population studied here. Hence, we hypothesize that these variants may counteract the previously observed diapause-averting effect of the candidate SNPs, possibly explaining the difference in results between the experiments. Whatever the cause, these results highlight how the effects of candidate SNPs may sometimes vary across genetic backgrounds, which complicates evolutionary interpretations of geographic patterns of genetic variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olle Lindestad
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant SciencesStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholmSweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Steward RA, Pruisscher P, Roberts KT, Wheat CW. Genetic constraints in genes exhibiting splicing plasticity in facultative diapause. Heredity (Edinb) 2024; 132:142-155. [PMID: 38291272 PMCID: PMC10923799 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-024-00669-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is produced and maintained by processes regulating the transcriptome. While differential gene expression is among the most important of these processes, relatively little is known about other sources of transcriptional variation. Previous work suggests that alternative splicing plays an extensive and functionally unique role in transcriptional plasticity, though plastically spliced genes may be more constrained than the remainder of expressed genes. In this study, we explore the relationship between expression and splicing plasticity, along with the genetic diversity in those genes, in an ecologically consequential polyphenism: facultative diapause. Using 96 samples spread over two tissues and 10 timepoints, we compare the extent of differential splicing and expression between diapausing and direct developing pupae of the butterfly Pieris napi. Splicing differs strongly between diapausing and direct developing trajectories but alters a smaller and functionally unique set of genes compared to differential expression. We further test the hypothesis that among these expressed loci, plastically spliced genes are likely to experience the strongest purifying selection to maintain seasonally plastic phenotypes. Genes with unique transcriptional changes through diapause consistently had the lowest nucleotide diversity, and this effect was consistently stronger among genes that were differentially spliced compared to those with just differential expression through diapause. Further, the strength of negative selection was higher in the population expressing diapause every generation. Our results suggest that maintenance of the molecular mechanisms involved in diapause progression, including post-transcriptional modifications, are highly conserved and likely to experience genetic constraints, especially in northern populations of P. napi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Steward
- Zoology Department, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Biology Department, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Peter Pruisscher
- Zoology Department, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nielsen ME, Nylin S, Wiklund C, Gotthard K. Evolution of butterfly seasonal plasticity driven by climate change varies across life stages. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:1548-1558. [PMID: 37366181 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Photoperiod is a common cue for seasonal plasticity and phenology, but climate change can create cue-environment mismatches for organisms that rely on it. Evolution could potentially correct these mismatches, but phenology often depends on multiple plastic decisions made during different life stages and seasons that may evolve separately. For example, Pararge aegeria (Speckled wood butterfly) has photoperiod-cued seasonal life history plasticity in two different life stages: larval development time and pupal diapause. We tested for climate change-associated evolution of this plasticity by replicating common garden experiments conducted on two Swedish populations 30 years ago. We found evidence for evolutionary change in the contemporary larval reaction norm-although these changes differed between populations-but no evidence for evolution of the pupal reaction norm. This variation in evolution across life stages demonstrates the need to consider how climate change affects the whole life cycle to understand its impacts on phenology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sören Nylin
- Zoology Department, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Zoology Department, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Goldner JT, Holland JD. Wing morphology of a damselfly exhibits local variation in response to forest fragmentation. Oecologia 2023:10.1007/s00442-023-05396-9. [PMID: 37300574 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05396-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental differences can lead to morphologically different subpopulations. The scale of the mosaic of morphologies should help shed light on the nature of the mechanisms at work. Previous work has shown that jewelwing damselflies have different wing sizes in different types of habitat. Our aim was to (1) describe the relationship between damselfly wing lengths and a gradient of forest fragmentation and (2) determine the spatial scale at which these morphological differences occur. We hypothesized that local adaptation would lead to differences in wing morphology over short distances. We herein test one of the several predictions that would need to be met to support this hypothesis: that wing morphology would show spatial autocorrelation at relatively short distances. We further predicted that the wing morphology would correlate to forest fragmentation. We collected jewelwing damselflies from across Indiana, USA, in habitats across a gradient of forest fragmentation. We examined the link between forest edge density and wing length using three biologically relevant landscape sizes. We then examined the distance to which wing length variation was autocorrelated using Moran's I. We found positive linear or unimodal relationships between wing length and edge density, in both males and females, at all three landscape scales. Spatial autocorrelation in wing length indicated that variation in wing length was autocorrelated at short distances, out to 1-5 km. Our findings uphold one of the predictions stemming from the hypothesis that adaptations to local environments-habitat fragmentation here-can occur at relatively fine spatial scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob T Goldner
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Holland
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Reznik SY, Dolgovskaya MY, Karpun NN, Zakharchenko VY, Saulich AK, Musolin DL. The Invasive Caucasian Populations of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) Rapidly Adapt Their Ecophysiological Traits to the Local Environmental Conditions. INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14050424. [PMID: 37233052 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The ability to rapidly adapt to new environmental conditions is a crucial prerequisite for the wide-scale invasion of pests or intentional introduction of beneficial insects. A photoperiodically induced facultative winter diapause is an important adaptation ensuring synchronization of insect development and reproduction with the local seasonal dynamics of environmental factors. We conducted a laboratory study aimed to compare photoperiodic responses of two invasive Caucasian populations of the brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), which recently invaded neighboring regions with subtropical (Sukhum, Abkhazia) and temperate (Abinsk, Russia) climates. Under the temperature of 25 °C and the near-critical photoperiods of L:D = 15:9 h and 15.5:8.5 h, the population from Abinsk showed a slower pre-adult development and a stronger tendency to enter winter adult (reproductive) diapause compared to the population from Sukhum. This finding agreed with the difference between the local dynamics of the autumnal temperature decrease. Similar adaptive interpopulation differences in the patterns of diapause-inducing responses are known in other insect species but our finding is distinguished by a very short adaptation time: H. halys was first recorded in Sukhum in 2015 and in Abinsk in 2018. Thus, the differences between the compared populations might have evolved over a relatively short span of several years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Ya Reznik
- Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya Nab. 1, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Margarita Yu Dolgovskaya
- Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya Nab. 1, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia N Karpun
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yana Fabritsiusa Str. 2/28, 354002 Sochi, Russia
- Department of Forest Protection, Wood Science and Game Management, St. Petersburg State Forest Technical University, Institutskiy Per. 5, 194021 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vilena Ye Zakharchenko
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yana Fabritsiusa Str. 2/28, 354002 Sochi, Russia
| | - Aida Kh Saulich
- Department of Entomology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7-9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitrii L Musolin
- European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization, 21 Boulevard Richard Lenoir, 75011 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wos G, Palomar G, Marszałek M, Babik W, Sniegula S. The effect of temperature and invasive alien predator on genetic and phenotypic variation in the damselfly Ischnura elegans: cross-latitude comparison. Front Zool 2023; 20:13. [PMID: 37032330 PMCID: PMC10084621 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-023-00494-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding and predicting how organisms respond to human-caused environmental changes has become a major concern in conservation biology. Here, we linked gene expression and phenotypic data to identify candidate genes underlying existing phenotypic trait differentiation under individual and combined environmental variables. For this purpose, we used the damselfly Ischnura elegans. Egg clutches from replicated high- (southern Sweden) and central-latitude (southern Poland) populations facing different degrees of seasonal time constraints were collected. Damselfly larvae were exposed to experimental treatments: current and mild warming temperatures crossed with the presence or absence of an invasive alien predator cue released by the spiny-cheek crayfish, Faxonius limosus, which is only present in Poland to date. We measured the following traits: larval development time, body size, mass and growth rate, and used the larvae for gene expression analysis by RNA-seq. Data were analysed using a multivariate approach. RESULTS We showed latitudinal differences in coping with mild warming and predator cues. When exposed to an increased temperature and a predator cue, central-latitude individuals had the shortest development and the fastest growth compared to high-latitude individuals. There was a general effect of predator cues regarding mass and growth rate reduction independent of latitude. Transcriptome analysis revealed that metabolic pathways related to larval anatomy and development tended to be upregulated in response to mild warming but only in fast-growing central-latitude individuals. Metabolic pathways linked to oxidative stress tended to be downregulated in response to a predator cue, especially in central-latitude individuals. CONCLUSION Different phenotypic and transcriptomic responses to environmental factors might be attributed to the variability in I. elegans life history strategies between the two latitudes caused by seasonal time constraints and to its coexistence with the invasive alien predator in nature. By providing insights into how organisms may respond to future anthropogenic changes, our results may be of particular interest in conservation biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Wos
- Institute of Nature Conservation Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Adama Mickiewicza 33, 31-120, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Gemma Palomar
- Institute of Nature Conservation Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Adama Mickiewicza 33, 31-120, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology, Complutense University of Madrid, C/Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marzena Marszałek
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wiesław Babik
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Szymon Sniegula
- Institute of Nature Conservation Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Adama Mickiewicza 33, 31-120, Kraków, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Su C, Ding C, Zhao Y, He B, Nie R, Hao J. Diapause-Linked Gene Expression Pattern and Related Candidate Duplicated Genes of the Mountain Butterfly Parnassius glacialis (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) Revealed by Comprehensive Transcriptome Profiling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5577. [PMID: 36982649 PMCID: PMC10058462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The mountain butterfly Parnassius glacialis is a representative species of the genus Parnassius, which probably originated in the high-altitude Qinhai-Tibet Plateau in the Miocene and later dispersed eastward into relatively low-altitude regions of central to eastern China. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the long-term evolutionary adaptation to heterogeneous environmental conditions of this butterfly species. In this study, we obtained the high-throughput RNA-Seq data from twenty-four adult individuals in eight localities, covering nearly all known distributional areas in China, and firstly identified the diapause-linked gene expression pattern that is likely to correlate with local adaptation in adult P. glacialis populations. Secondly, we found a series of pathways responsible for hormone biosynthesis, energy metabolism and immune defense that also exhibited unique enrichment patterns in each group that are probably related to habitat-specific adaptability. Furthermore, we also identified a suite of duplicated genes (including two transposable elements) that are mostly co-expressed to promote the plastic responses to different environmental conditions. Together, these findings can help us to better understand this species' successful colonization to distinct geographic areas from the western to eastern areas of China, and also provide us with some insights into the evolution of diapause in mountain Parnassius butterfly species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jiasheng Hao
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chowdhury S. Threatened species could be more vulnerable to climate change in tropical countries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159989. [PMID: 36347284 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is a major threat impacting insects globally, yet the impact on tropical insects is largely unknown. Here, I assessed the climatic vulnerability of Bangladeshi butterflies (242 species). About 42 % of species could experience range contraction, and the impact could be significantly more severe among threatened species. Depending on Socio-Economic Pathways (ssps), the future climatic condition could be unsuitable for 2 (ssp126) - 34 % (ssp585) species. The mean elevation of the suitable habitat could increase by 238 %, and the situation could be more severe for the threatened butterflies. Further, 54 % of the realised niche of butterflies could be altered. Although there might be no significant association between the shift in habitat suitability along the elevational gradient, migratory species could experience a more significant shift than non-migrants. Overall, climate change could have a severe impact on Bangladeshi butterflies. To mitigate insect decline globally and meet the Post 2020 Biodiversity Framework targets, immediate detection of climate change impact on tropical insects and developing effective conservation strategies is essential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawan Chowdhury
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Department of Ecosystem Services, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Stemkovski M, Bell JR, Ellwood ER, Inouye BD, Kobori H, Lee SD, Lloyd-Evans T, Primack RB, Templ B, Pearse WD. Disorder or a new order: How climate change affects phenological variability. Ecology 2023; 104:e3846. [PMID: 36199230 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Advancing spring phenology is a well documented consequence of anthropogenic climate change, but it is not well understood how climate change will affect the variability of phenology year to year. Species' phenological timings reflect the adaptation to a broad suite of abiotic needs (e.g., thermal energy) and biotic interactions (e.g., predation and pollination), and changes in patterns of variability may disrupt those adaptations and interactions. Here, we present a geographically and taxonomically broad analysis of phenological shifts, temperature sensitivity, and changes in interannual variability encompassing nearly 10,000 long-term phenology time series representing more than 1000 species across much of the Northern Hemisphere. We show that the timings of leaf-out, flowering, insect first-occurrence, and bird arrival were the most sensitive to temperature variation and have advanced at the fastest pace for early-season species in colder and less seasonal regions. We did not find evidence for changing variability in warmer years in any phenophase groups, although leaf-out and flower phenology have become moderately but significantly less variable over time. Our findings suggest that climate change has not to this point fundamentally altered the patterns of interannual phenological variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stemkovski
- Department of Biology & Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA.,Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth R Ellwood
- Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California, USA.,iDigBio, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Brian D Inouye
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado, USA.,Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | | | - Sang Don Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Richard B Primack
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - William D Pearse
- Department of Biology & Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA.,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Berkshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Harvey JA, Tougeron K, Gols R, Heinen R, Abarca M, Abram PK, Basset Y, Berg M, Boggs C, Brodeur J, Cardoso P, de Boer JG, De Snoo GR, Deacon C, Dell JE, Desneux N, Dillon ME, Duffy GA, Dyer LA, Ellers J, Espíndola A, Fordyce J, Forister ML, Fukushima C, Gage MJG, García‐Robledo C, Gely C, Gobbi M, Hallmann C, Hance T, Harte J, Hochkirch A, Hof C, Hoffmann AA, Kingsolver JG, Lamarre GPA, Laurance WF, Lavandero B, Leather SR, Lehmann P, Le Lann C, López‐Uribe MM, Ma C, Ma G, Moiroux J, Monticelli L, Nice C, Ode PJ, Pincebourde S, Ripple WJ, Rowe M, Samways MJ, Sentis A, Shah AA, Stork N, Terblanche JS, Thakur MP, Thomas MB, Tylianakis JM, Van Baaren J, Van de Pol M, Van der Putten WH, Van Dyck H, Verberk WCEP, Wagner DL, Weisser WW, Wetzel WC, Woods HA, Wyckhuys KAG, Chown SL. Scientists' warning on climate change and insects. ECOL MONOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
- Department of Ecological Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Kévin Tougeron
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology & Biodiversity Université catholique de Louvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
- EDYSAN, UMR 7058, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, CNRS Amiens France
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Robin Heinen
- Department of Life Science Systems, School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Freising Germany
| | - Mariana Abarca
- Department of Biological Sciences Smith College Northampton Massachusetts USA
| | - Paul K. Abram
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Agassiz Research and Development Centre Agassiz British Columbia Canada
| | - Yves Basset
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama City Republic of Panama
- Department of Ecology Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - Matty Berg
- Department of Ecological Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Carol Boggs
- School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment and Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina Columbia South Carolina USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Gothic Colorado USA
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques Université de Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Jetske G. de Boer
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Geert R. De Snoo
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Charl Deacon
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Jane E. Dell
- Geosciences and Natural Resources Department Western Carolina University Cullowhee North Carolina USA
| | | | - Michael E. Dillon
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology University of Wyoming Laramie Wyoming USA
| | - Grant A. Duffy
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Marine Science University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Lee A. Dyer
- University of Nevada Reno – Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology Reno Nevada USA
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Anahí Espíndola
- Department of Entomology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
| | - James Fordyce
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee, Knoxville Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - Matthew L. Forister
- University of Nevada Reno – Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology Reno Nevada USA
| | - Caroline Fukushima
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | | | | | - Claire Gely
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Cairns Queensland Australia
| | - Mauro Gobbi
- MUSE‐Science Museum, Research and Museum Collections Office Climate and Ecology Unit Trento Italy
| | - Caspar Hallmann
- Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Thierry Hance
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology & Biodiversity Université catholique de Louvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | - John Harte
- Energy and Resources Group University of California Berkeley California USA
| | - Axel Hochkirch
- Department of Biogeography Trier University Trier Germany
- IUCN SSC Invertebrate Conservation Committee
| | - Christian Hof
- Department of Life Science Systems, School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Freising Germany
| | - Ary A. Hoffmann
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Joel G. Kingsolver
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Greg P. A. Lamarre
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama City Republic of Panama
- Department of Ecology Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - William F. Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Cairns Queensland Australia
| | - Blas Lavandero
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico Universidad de Talca Talca Chile
| | - Simon R. Leather
- Center for Integrated Pest Management Harper Adams University Newport UK
| | - Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Zoological Institute and Museum University of Greifswald Greifswald Germany
| | - Cécile Le Lann
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)] ‐ UMR 6553 Rennes France
| | | | - Chun‐Sen Ma
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | - Gang Ma
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | | | | | - Chris Nice
- Department of Biology Texas State University San Marcos Texas USA
| | - Paul J. Ode
- Department of Agricultural Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Sylvain Pincebourde
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS Université de Tours Tours France
| | - William J. Ripple
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society Oregon State University Oregon USA
| | - Melissah Rowe
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Department of Animal Ecology Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Michael J. Samways
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Arnaud Sentis
- INRAE, Aix‐Marseille University, UMR RECOVER Aix‐en‐Provence France
| | - Alisha A. Shah
- W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, Department of Integrative Biology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Nigel Stork
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, School of Environment and Science Griffith University Nathan Queensland Australia
| | - John S. Terblanche
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Madhav P. Thakur
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Matthew B. Thomas
- York Environmental Sustainability Institute and Department of Biology University of York York UK
| | - Jason M. Tylianakis
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Joan Van Baaren
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)] ‐ UMR 6553 Rennes France
| | - Martijn Van de Pol
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Department of Animal Ecology Wageningen The Netherlands
- College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Wim H. Van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Hans Van Dyck
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology & Biodiversity Université catholique de Louvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | | | - David L. Wagner
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut USA
| | - Wolfgang W. Weisser
- Department of Life Science Systems, School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Freising Germany
| | - William C. Wetzel
- Department of Entomology, Department of Integrative Biology, and Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - H. Arthur Woods
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
| | - Kris A. G. Wyckhuys
- Chrysalis Consulting Hanoi Vietnam
- China Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | - Steven L. Chown
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Buckley LB. Temperature-sensitive development shapes insect phenological responses to climate change. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 52:100897. [PMID: 35257968 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2022.100897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Phenological shifts vary within and among insect species and locations based on exposure and sensitivity to climate change. Shifts in environmental conditions and seasonal constraints along elevation and latitudinal gradients can select for differences in temperature sensitivity that generate differential phenological shifts. I examine the phenological implications of observed variation in developmental traits. Coupling physiological and ecological insight to link the environmental sensitivity of development to phenology and fitness offers promise in understanding variable phenological responses to climate change and their community and ecosystem implications. A key challenge in establishing these linkages is extrapolating controlled, laboratory experiments to temporally variable, natural environments. New lab and field experiments that incorporate realistic environmental variation are needed to test the extrapolations. Establishing the linkages can aid understanding and anticipating impacts of climate change on insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Buckley
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Keogan K, Daunt F, Wanless S, Phillips RA, Alvarez D, Anker-Nilssen T, Barrett RT, Bech C, Becker PH, Berglund PA, Bouwhuis S, Burr ZM, Chastel O, Christensen-Dalsgaard S, Descamps S, Diamond T, Elliott K, Erikstad KE, Harris M, Hentati-Sundberg J, Heubeck M, Kress SW, Langset M, Lorentsen SH, Major HL, Mallory M, Mellor M, Miles WTS, Moe B, Mostello C, Newell M, Nisbet I, Reiertsen TK, Rock J, Shannon P, Varpe Ø, Lewis S, Phillimore AB. Variation and correlation in the timing of breeding of North Atlantic seabirds across multiple scales. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:1797-1812. [PMID: 35675093 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Timing of breeding, an important driver of fitness in many populations, is widely studied in the context of global change, yet despite considerable efforts to identify environmental drivers of seabird nesting phenology, for most populations we lack evidence of strong drivers. Here we adopt an alternative approach, examining the degree to which different populations positively covary in their annual phenology to infer whether phenological responses to environmental drivers are likely to be (a) shared across species at a range of spatial scales, (b) shared across populations of a species or (c) idiosyncratic to populations. We combined 51 long-term datasets on breeding phenology spanning 50 years from nine seabird species across 29 North Atlantic sites and examined the extent to which different populations share early versus late breeding seasons depending on a hierarchy of spatial scales comprising breeding site, small-scale region, large-scale region and the whole North Atlantic. In about a third of cases, we found laying dates of populations of different species sharing the same breeding site or small-scale breeding region were positively correlated, which is consistent with the hypothesis that they share phenological responses to the same environmental conditions. In comparison, we found no evidence for positive phenological covariation among populations across species aggregated at larger spatial scales. In general, we found little evidence for positive phenological covariation between populations of a single species, and in many instances the inter-year variation specific to a population was substantial, consistent with each population responding idiosyncratically to local environmental conditions. Black-legged kittiwake Rissa tridactyla was the exception, with populations exhibiting positive covariation in laying dates that decayed with the distance between breeding sites, suggesting that populations may be responding to a similar driver. Our approach sheds light on the potential factors that may drive phenology in our study species, thus furthering our understanding of the scales at which different seabirds interact with interannual variation in their environment. We also identify additional systems and phenological questions to which our inferential approach could be applied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Keogan
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Richard A Phillips
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Robert T Barrett
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tromsø University Museum, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Claus Bech
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Zofia M Burr
- Department of Arctic Biology, The University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Olivier Chastel
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS-ULR, Villiers en Bois, France
| | | | - Sebastien Descamps
- Norwegian Polar Institute, High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tony Diamond
- University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Kyle Elliott
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kjell-Einar Erikstad
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tromsø University Museum, Tromsø, Norway.,Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Fram Centre Tromsø, Norway.,Centre for Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mike Harris
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Penicuik, UK
| | - Jonas Hentati-Sundberg
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Heubeck
- Aberdeen Institute of Coastal Science and Management, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Stephen W Kress
- National Audubon Society Seabird Institute, Bremen, Maine, USA
| | | | | | - Heather L Major
- University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Mark Mallory
- Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mick Mellor
- SOETAG, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Will T S Miles
- SOETAG, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Børge Moe
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Carolyn Mostello
- Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, Westborough, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark Newell
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Penicuik, UK
| | - Ian Nisbet
- I. C. T. Nisbet & Company, North Falmouth, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tone Kirstin Reiertsen
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tromsø University Museum, Tromsø, Norway.,Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Fram Centre Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jennifer Rock
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Paula Shannon
- National Audubon Society Seabird Institute, Bremen, Maine, USA
| | - Øystein Varpe
- Department of Arctic Biology, The University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway.,Norwegian Institute of Nature Research (NINA), Bergen, Norway.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sue Lewis
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Penicuik, UK.,Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Albert B Phillimore
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Grevstad FS, Wepprich T, Barker B, Coop LB, Shaw R, Bourchier RS. Combining photoperiod and thermal responses to predict phenological mismatch for introduced insects. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2557. [PMID: 35112752 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of organisms use the regular seasonal changes in photoperiod as a cue to align their life cycles with favorable conditions. Yet the phenological consequences of photoperiodism for organisms exposed to new climates are often overlooked. We present a conceptual approach and phenology model that maps voltinism (generations per year) and the degree of phenological mismatch that can arise when organisms with a short-day diapause response are introduced to new regions or are otherwise exposed to new climates. Our degree-day-based model combines continent-wide spatialized daily climate data, calculated date-specific and latitude-specific day lengths, and experimentally determined developmental responses to both photoperiod and temperature. Using the case of the knotweed psyllid Aphalara itadori, a new biological control agent being introduced from Japan to North America and Europe to control an invasive weed, we show how incorporating a short-day diapause response will result in geographic patterns of attempted voltinism that are strikingly different from the potential number of generations based on degree-days alone. The difference between the attempted and potential generations represents a quantitative measure of phenological mismatch between diapause timing and the end of the growing season. We conclude that insects moved from lower to higher latitudes (or to cooler climates) will tend to diapause too late, potentially resulting in high mortality from inclement weather, and those moved from higher to lower latitude (to warmer climates) may be prone to diapausing too early, therefore not fully exploiting the growing season and/or suffering from insufficient reserves for the longer duration in diapause. Mapped output reveals a central region with good phenology match that shifts north or south depending on the geographic source of the insect and its corresponding critical photoperiod for diapause. These results have direct relevance for efforts to establish populations of classical biocontrol agents. More generally, our approach and model could be applied to a wide variety of photoperiod- and temperature-sensitive organisms that are exposed to changes in climate, including resident and invasive agricultural pests and species of conservation concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fritzi S Grevstad
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Tyson Wepprich
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Brittany Barker
- Oregon Integrated Pest Management Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Leonard B Coop
- Oregon Integrated Pest Management Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Robert S Bourchier
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agrifood Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hoikkala A, Poikela N. Adaptation and ecological speciation in seasonally varying environments at high latitudes: Drosophila virilis group. Fly (Austin) 2022; 16:85-104. [PMID: 35060806 PMCID: PMC8786326 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2021.2016327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Living in high latitudes and altitudes sets specific requirements on species’ ability to forecast seasonal changes and to respond to them in an appropriate way. Adaptation into diverse environmental conditions can also lead to ecological speciation through habitat isolation or by inducing changes in traits that influence assortative mating. In this review, we explain how the unique time-measuring systems of Drosophila virilis group species have enabled the species to occupy high latitudes and how the traits involved in species reproduction and survival exhibit strong linkage with latitudinally varying photoperiodic and climatic conditions. We also describe variation in reproductive barriers between the populations of two species with overlapping distributions and show how local adaptation and the reinforcement of prezygotic barriers have created partial reproductive isolation between conspecific populations. Finally, we consider the role of species-specific chromosomal inversions and the X chromosome in the development of reproductive barriers between diverging lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Hoikkala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Noora Poikela
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lindestad O, Nylin S, Wheat CW, Gotthard K. Local adaptation of life cycles in a butterfly is associated with variation in several circadian clock genes. Mol Ecol 2021; 31:1461-1475. [PMID: 34931388 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many insects exhibit geographical variation in voltinism, the number of generations produced per year. This includes high-latitude species in previously glaciated areas, meaning that divergent selection on life cycle traits has taken place during or shortly after recent colonization. Here, we use a population genomics approach to compare a set of nine Scandinavian populations of the butterfly Pararge aegeria that differ in life cycle traits (diapause thresholds and voltinism) along both north-south and east-west clines. Using a de novo-assembled genome, we reconstruct colonization histories and demographic relationships. Based on the inferred population structure, we then scan the genome for candidate loci showing signs of divergent selection potentially associated with population differences in life cycle traits. The identified candidate genes include a number of components of the insect circadian clock (timeless, timeless2, period, cryptochrome and clockwork orange). Most notably, the gene timeless, which has previously been experimentally linked to life cycle regulation in P. aegeria, is here found to contain a novel 97-amino acid deletion unique to, and fixed in, a single population. These results add to a growing body of research framing circadian gene variation as a potential mechanism for generating local adaptation of life cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olle Lindestad
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Doria HB, Caliendo C, Gerber S, Pfenninger M. Photoperiod is an important seasonal selection factor in Chironomus riparius (Diptera: Chironomidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Most organisms respond and can adapt to photoperiodic changes. This affects measurable end points like developmental time, survival and fertility. For ectotherms like Chironomus riparius, temperature is the most studied environmental cue regulating their life cycle, whereas photoperiodic influence is neglected. However, the developmental speed between summer and winter seasons of a field population could not be explained solely by temperature variations. Therefore, to have a comprehensive view on how photoperiods influence chironomid’s life cycle, we investigated if it plays a role in their development and if it acts as an important selective pressure on developmental time speed. To this end, first emerged C. riparius were artificially selected for seven generations. Pre-selected and unselected organisms could develop and breed independently under three light regimes: constant light (24:0 L:D), long days (16:8 L:D) and short days (8:16 L:D). Adult emergence, mean and median emergence time and fertility were integrated into the population growth rate to compare fitness. Our findings show that although developmental time is extended under short days, this same condition may exert a selective pressure towards a shorter development. Moreover, by also using photoperiodic clues to anticipate environmental changes, chironomids can potentially adapt to alterations in climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Halina Binde Doria
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Georg-Voigt-Straße, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Cosima Caliendo
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Gerber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Pfenninger
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Georg-Voigt-Straße, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute for Molecular and Organismic Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Smith JM, Telemeco RS, Briones Ortiz BA, Nufio CR, Buckley LB. High-Elevation Populations of Montane Grasshoppers Exhibit Greater Developmental Plasticity in Response to Seasonal Cues. Front Physiol 2021; 12:738992. [PMID: 34803731 PMCID: PMC8600268 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.738992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Populations of insects can differ in how sensitive their development, growth, and performance are to environmental conditions such as temperature and daylength. The environmental sensitivity of development can alter phenology (seasonal timing) and ecology. Warming accelerates development of most populations. However, high-elevation and season-limited populations can exhibit developmental plasticity to either advance or prolong development depending on conditions. We examine how diurnal temperature variation and daylength interact to shape growth, development, and performance of several populations of the montane grasshopper, Melanoplus boulderensis, along an elevation gradient. We then compare these experimental results to observed patterns of development in the field. Although populations exhibited similar thermal sensitivities of development under long-day conditions, development of high-elevation populations was more sensitive to temperature under short-day conditions. This developmental plasticity resulted in rapid development of high elevation populations in short-day conditions with high temperature variability, consistent with their observed capacity for rapid development in the field when conditions are permissive early in the season. Notably, accelerated development generally did not decrease body size or alter body shape. Developmental conditions did not strongly influence thermal tolerance but altered the temperature dependence of performance in difficult-to-predict ways. In sum, the high-elevation and season-limited populations exhibited developmental plasticity that enables advancing or prolonging development consistent with field phenology. Our results suggest these patterns are driven by the thermal sensitivity of development increasing when days are short early in the season compared to when days are long later in the season. Developmental plasticity will shape phenological responses to climate change with potential implications for community and ecosystem structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Rory S Telemeco
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Biology, California State University, Fresno, Fresno, CA, United States
| | - Bryan A Briones Ortiz
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - César R Nufio
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, VA, United States.,University of Colorado Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Lauren B Buckley
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ekholm A, Faticov M, Tack AJM, Berger J, Stone GN, Vesterinen E, Roslin T. Community phenology of insects on oak: local differentiation along a climatic gradient. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ekholm
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 7044 Uppsala SE‐750 07 Sweden
| | - Maria Faticov
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University Svante Arrhenius väg 20A Stockholm Sweden
| | - Ayco J. M. Tack
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University Svante Arrhenius väg 20A Stockholm Sweden
| | - Josef Berger
- Department of Biology Biodiversity Unit Lund University Sölvegatan 37 Lund 22362 Sweden
| | - Graham N. Stone
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FL United Kingdom
| | - Eero Vesterinen
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 7044 Uppsala SE‐750 07 Sweden
- Department of Biology University of Turku Vesilinnantie 5 Turku FI‐20014 Finland
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 7044 Uppsala SE‐750 07 Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hill GM, Kawahara AY, Daniels JC, Bateman CC, Scheffers BR. Climate change effects on animal ecology: butterflies and moths as a case study. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2113-2126. [PMID: 34056827 PMCID: PMC8518917 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) are one of the most studied, diverse, and widespread animal groups, making them an ideal model for climate change research. They are a particularly informative model for studying the effects of climate change on species ecology because they are ectotherms that thermoregulate with a suite of physiological, behavioural, and phenotypic traits. While some species have been negatively impacted by climatic disturbances, others have prospered, largely in accordance with their diversity in life-history traits. Here we take advantage of a large repertoire of studies on butterflies and moths to provide a review of the many ways in which climate change is impacting insects, animals, and ecosystems. By studying these climate-based impacts on ecological processes of Lepidoptera, we propose appropriate strategies for species conservation and habitat management broadly across animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geena M. Hill
- Florida Natural Areas InventoryFlorida State University1018 Thomasville Rd., #200‐CTallahasseeFL323303U.S.A.
| | - Akito Y. Kawahara
- Florida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of Florida3215 Hull RdGainesvilleFL32611U.S.A.
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Florida876 Newell Dr.GainesvilleFL32611U.S.A.
| | - Jaret C. Daniels
- Florida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of Florida3215 Hull RdGainesvilleFL32611U.S.A.
- Department of Entomology and NematologyUniversity of Florida1881 Natural Area Dr.GainesvilleFL32608U.S.A.
| | - Craig C. Bateman
- Florida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of Florida3215 Hull RdGainesvilleFL32611U.S.A.
| | - Brett R. Scheffers
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and ConservationUniversity of Florida110 Newins‐Ziegler Hall, P.O. Box 110430GainesvilleFL32611U.S.A.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Halali S, Halali D, Barlow HS, Molleman F, Kodandaramaiah U, Brakefield PM, Brattström O. Predictability of temporal variation in climate and the evolution of seasonal polyphenism in tropical butterfly communities. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1362-1375. [PMID: 34173293 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity in heterogeneous environments can provide tight environment-phenotype matching. However, the prerequisite is a reliable environmental cue(s) that enables organisms to use current environmental information to induce the development of a phenotype with high fitness in a forthcoming environment. Here, we quantify predictability in the timing of precipitation and temperature change to examine how this is associated with seasonal polyphenism in tropical Mycalesina butterflies. Seasonal precipitation in the tropics typically results in distinct selective environments, the wet and dry seasons, and changes in temperature can be a major environmental cue. We sampled communities of Mycalesina butterflies from two seasonal locations and one aseasonal location. Quantifying environmental predictability using wavelet analysis and Colwell's indices confirmed a strong periodicity of precipitation over a 12-month period at both seasonal locations compared to the aseasonal one. However, temperature seasonality and periodicity differed between the two seasonal locations. We further show that: (a) most females from both seasonal locations synchronize their reproduction with the seasons by breeding in the wet season but arresting reproduction in the dry season. In contrast, all species breed throughout the year in the aseasonal location and (b) species from the seasonal locations, but not those from the aseasonal location, exhibited polyphenism in wing pattern traits (eyespot size). We conclude that seasonal precipitation and its predictability are primary factors shaping the evolution of polyphenism in Mycalesina butterflies, and populations or species secondarily evolve local adaptations for cue use that depend on the local variation in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Halali
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dheeraj Halali
- Department of Biodiversity, Abasaheb Garware College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Freerk Molleman
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ullasa Kodandaramaiah
- IISER-TVM Centre for Research and Education in Ecology and Evolution (ICREEE), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | | | - Oskar Brattström
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), Nairobi, Kenya.,School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lindestad O, Aalberg Haugen IM, Gotthard K. Watching the days go by: Asymmetric regulation of caterpillar development by changes in photoperiod. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:5402-5412. [PMID: 34026016 PMCID: PMC8131801 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many insects possess the plastic ability to either develop directly to adulthood, or enter diapause and postpone reproduction until the next year, depending on environmental cues (primarily photoperiod) that signal the amount of time remaining until the end of the growth season. These two alternative pathways often differ in co-adapted life-history traits, for example, with slower development and larger size in individuals headed for diapause. The developmental timing of these differences may be of adaptive importance: If traits diverge early, the potential for phenotypic differences between the pathways is greater, whereas if traits diverge late, the risk may be lower of expressing a maladaptive phenotype if the selective environment changes during development. Here, we explore the effects of changes in photoperiodic information during life on pupal diapause and associated life-history traits in the butterfly Pararge aegeria. We find that both pupal diapause and larval development rate are asymmetrically regulated: While exposure to long days late in life (regardless of earlier experiences) was sufficient to produce nondiapause development and accelerate larval development accordingly, more prolonged exposure to short days was required to induce diapause and slow down prediapause larval development. While the two developmental pathways diverged early in development, development rates could be partially reversed by altered environmental cues. Meanwhile, pathway differences in body size were more inflexible, despite emerging late in development. These results show how several traits may be shaped by the same environmental cue (photoperiod), but along subtly different ontogenies, into an integrated phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olle Lindestad
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kemp DJ. Genotype-environment interaction reveals varied developmental responses to unpredictable host phenology in a tropical insect. Evolution 2021; 75:1537-1551. [PMID: 33749853 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the genetic architecture of life history plasticity may inform resilience under environmental change, but relatively little is known for the inhabitants of unpredictable wet-dry tropical environments. Here, I explore the quantitative genetics of juvenile growth and development relative to hostplant phenology in the butterfly Eurema hecabe. Wet season generations of this species breed explosively on leguminous annuals whereas dry season generations subsist at low density upon an alternative perennial host. The wet-to-dry season transition is temporally unpredictable and marked by widespread host defoliation, forcing a large cohort of stranded larvae to either pupate prematurely or prolong development in the hope of renewed foliage production. A split-brood experiment demonstrated greater performance on high quality annual as opposed to perennial host foliage and a marked decline under the stressed conditions faced by stranded wet season larvae. Genetic variances for rates of growth and development were equivalent among high quality treatments but strikingly elevated under resource stress, and the associated cross-environment genetic correlations were indistinguishable from zero. The results demonstrate genotype-environment interaction involving both rank order and variance scale, thereby revealing genetic variance for norms of reaction that may reflect variable risk aversion given an unpredictable tropical host phenology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darrell J Kemp
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wepprich T, Grevstad FS. Divergence in Photoperiod Responses of a Classical Biological Control Agent, Galerucella calmariensis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Across a Climatic and Latitudinal Gradient. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:306-316. [PMID: 33346818 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A key knowledge gap in classical biological control is to what extent insect agents evolve to novel environments. The introduction of biological control agents to new photoperiod regimes and climates may disrupt the coordination of diapause timing that evolved to the growing season length in the native range. We tested whether populations of Galerucella calmariensis L. have evolved in response to the potential mismatch of their diapause timing since their intentional introduction to the United States from Germany in the 1990s. Populations collected from 39.4° to 48.8° latitude in the western United States were reared in growth chambers to isolate the effects of photoperiod on diapause induction and development time. For all populations, shorter day lengths increased the proportion of beetles that entered diapause instead of reproducing. The critical photoperiods, or the day length at which half of a population diapauses, differed significantly among the sampled populations, generally decreasing at lower latitudes. The latitudinal trend reflects changes in growing season length, which determines the number of generations possible, and in local day lengths, at the time when beetles are sensitive to this cue. Development times were similar across populations, with one exception, and did not vary with photoperiod. These results show that there was sufficient genetic variation from the two German source populations to evolve different photoperiod responses across a range of environmental conditions. This study adds to the examples of rapid evolution of seasonal adaptations in introduced insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyson Wepprich
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Fritzi S Grevstad
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Marchioro CA, Sampaio F, da Silva Krechemer F. Spatio-temporal variation in voltinism of insect pests: sensitivity to location and temperature anomalies. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:208-217. [PMID: 33656657 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-021-00848-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development, survival, and reproduction of ectothermic organisms such as insects are strongly influenced by temperature. Because insects respond to temperature by accelerating or reducing their development rate, population growth is directly associated with temperature variations. Here, daily minimum and maximum temperatures and degree-day model approaches were used to estimate the number generation per year (voltinism) of Mythimna sequax Franclemont, Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée), Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker), and Spodoptera eridania (Cramer) over a 34-year period in southern Brazil. Additionally, we assessed the effects of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events on voltinism. While an increased number of generations were estimated in warmer regions, comprising mainly northwestern Paraná, fewer generations were estimated in the colder regions of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. For all species, the location was the factor that explained most of the variation observed in voltinism (average of 76.9%). Inter-annual changes in voltinism also varied depending on location, and differences of up to five generations among years were obtained in colder regions. On the other hand, ENSO events had a minor influence on the species voltinism. Our findings provide an important contribution to the understanding of spatio-temporal variations in voltinism of insects, and how temperature changes may increase their population growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Augusto Marchioro
- Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus de Curitibanos, Curitibanos, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fábio Sampaio
- Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus de Curitibanos, Curitibanos, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Flavia da Silva Krechemer
- Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus de Curitibanos, Curitibanos, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pruisscher P, Nylin S, Wheat CW, Gotthard K. A region of the sex chromosome associated with population differences in diapause induction contains highly divergent alleles at clock genes. Evolution 2020; 75:490-500. [PMID: 33340097 PMCID: PMC7986627 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Developmental plasticity describes the capacity of individuals with the same genotype to induce permanent change in a phenotype depending on a specific external input. One well‐studied example of adaptive developmental plasticity is the induction of facultative diapause in insects. Studies investigating the inheritance of diapause induction have suggested diverse genetic origins. However, only few studies have performed genome‐wide scans to identify genes affecting the induction decision. Here we compare two populations of the butterfly Pieris napi that differ in the propensity to enter diapause, and despite showing a low genome‐wide divergence, we identify a few genomic regions that show high divergence between populations. We then identified a single genomic region associated with diapause induction by genotyping diapausing and directly developing siblings from backcrosses of these populations. This region is located on the Z chromosome and contained three circadian clock genes, cycle, clock, and period. Additionally, period harbored the largest number of SNPs showing complete fixation between populations. We conclude that the heritable basis of between‐population variation in the plasticity that determines diapause induction resides on the Z chromosome, with the period gene being the prime candidate for the genetic basis of adaptive plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Pruisscher
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 18b, Stockholm, S-106 91, Sweden
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 18b, Stockholm, S-106 91, Sweden
| | - Christopher West Wheat
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 18b, Stockholm, S-106 91, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 18b, Stockholm, S-106 91, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Michielini JP, Dopman EB, Crone EE. Changes in flight period predict trends in abundance of Massachusetts butterflies. Ecol Lett 2020; 24:249-257. [PMID: 33166071 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Phenological shifts are well-documented in the ecological literature. However, their significance for changes in demography and abundance is less clear. We used 27 years of citizen science monitoring to quantify trends in phenology and relative abundance across 89 butterfly species. We calculated shifts in phenology using quantile regression and shifts in relative abundance using list length analysis and counts from field trips. Elongated activity periods within a year were the strongest predictor of increases in relative abundance. These changes may be driven in part by changes in voltinism, as this association was stronger in multivoltine species. Some species appear to be adding a late-season generation, whereas other species appear to be adding a spring generation, revealing a possible shift from vagrant to resident. Our results emphasise the importance of evaluating phenological changes throughout species' flight period and understanding the consequences for such climate-related changes on viability or population dynamics.
Collapse
|
28
|
Moraiti CA, Köppler K, Vogt H, Papadopoulos NT. Effects of photoperiod and relative humidity on diapause termination and post-winter development of Rhagoletis cerasi pupae. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 110:588-596. [PMID: 32160932 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485320000073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a univoltine species that undergoes obligatory summer-winter diapause at pupal stage in the soil (2-5 cm) beneath host trees. To study the effects of photoperiod and relative humidity on diapause termination and post-winter developmental duration of R. cerasi, pupae collected from Dossenheim (Germany) were exposed to different photoperiod or relative humidity regimes during a chilling period ranging from 2 to 8.5 months. Specifically, pupae were exposed to four photoperiod regimes: (a) light conditions (24L:00D), (b) dark conditions (00L:24D), (c) short photoperiod (08L:16D) and (d) long photoperiod (16L:08D), as well as to three relative humidity regimes: (a) low (40% RH), (b) medium (60% RH) and (c) high (70-80% RH). Data revealed that relative humidity is not a significant predictor of diapause termination, but it affects the post-winter developmental period. Higher relative humidity promotes post-winter pupae development. On the other hand, photoperiod significantly affected both diapause termination and post-winter development of R. cerasi pupae. Light conditions (24L:00D) accelerate adult emergence, particularly for females. Regardless of the photoperiod (24L:00D, 00L:24D, 08L:16D), rates of adult emergence were high (>75%) for chilling intervals longer than 6.5 months. Nonetheless, exposure to a long day photoperiod (16L:08D), during chilling, dramatically reduced the proportion of adult emergence following 6 months exposure to chilling. Our findings broaden the understanding of factors regulating diapause responses in European cherry fruit fly, local adaptation and synchronization of adult emergence with the ripening period of major hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cleopatra A Moraiti
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou ST., Volos, 384 46Magnesia, Greece
| | - Kirsten Köppler
- Centre for Agricultural Technology Augustenberg (LTZ), Neßlerstr. 25, 76227Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Heidrun Vogt
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Schwabenheimer Straße 101, 69221Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Nikos T Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou ST., Volos, 384 46Magnesia, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Marshall KE, Gotthard K, Williams CM. Evolutionary impacts of winter climate change on insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 41:54-62. [PMID: 32711362 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Overwintering is a serious challenge for insects, and winters are rapidly changing as climate shifts. The capacity for phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary adaptation will determine which species profit or suffer from these changes. Here we discuss current knowledge on the potential and evidence for evolution in winter-relevant traits among insect species and populations. We conclude that the best evidence for evolutionary shifts in response to changing winters remain those related to changes in phenology, but all evidence points to cold hardiness as also having the potential to evolve in response to climate change. Predicting future population sizes and ranges relies on understanding to what extent evolution in winter-related traits is possible, and remains a serious challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Cunningham GD, While GM, Olsson M, Ljungström G, Wapstra E. Degrees of change: between and within population variation in thermal reaction norms of phenology in a viviparous lizard. Ecology 2020; 101:e03136. [PMID: 32691871 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
As the earth warms, populations will be faced with novel environments to which they may not be adapted. In the short term, populations can be buffered against the negative effects, or maximize the beneficial effects, of such environmental change via phenotypic plasticity and, in the longer term, via adaptive evolution. However, the extent and direction of these population-level responses will be dependent on the degree to which responses vary among the individuals within them (i.e., within population variation in plasticity), which is, itself, likely to vary among populations. Despite this, we have estimates of among-individual variation in plastic responses across multiple populations for only a few systems. This lack of data limits our ability to predict the consequences of environmental change for population and species persistence accurately. Here, we utilized a 16-yr data set from climatically distinct populations of the viviparous skink Niveoscincus ocellatus tracking over 1,200 litters from more than 600 females from each population to examine inter- and intrapopulation variability in the response of parturition date to environmental temperature. We found that these populations share a common population-mean reaction norm but differ in the degree to which reaction norms vary among individuals. These results suggest that even where populations share a common mean-level response, we cannot assume that they will be affected similarly by altered environmental conditions. If we are to assess how changing climates will impact species and populations accurately, we require estimates of how plastic responses vary both among and within populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George D Cunningham
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Geoffrey M While
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Mats Olsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Box 463, SE 405 30, Sweden.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Gabriella Ljungström
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Postboks 7803, NO- 5020, Norway
| | - Erik Wapstra
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kerr NZ, Wepprich T, Grevstad FS, Dopman EB, Chew FS, Crone EE. Developmental trap or demographic bonanza? Opposing consequences of earlier phenology in a changing climate for a multivoltine butterfly. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:2014-2027. [PMID: 31833162 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A rapidly changing climate has the potential to interfere with the timing of environmental cues that ectothermic organisms rely on to initiate and regulate life history events. Short-lived ectotherms that exhibit plasticity in their life history could increase the number of generations per year under warming climate. If many individuals successfully complete an additional generation, the population experiences an additional opportunity to grow, and a warming climate could lead to a demographic bonanza. However, these plastic responses could become maladaptive in temperate regions, where a warmer climate could trigger a developmental pathway that cannot be completed within the growing season, referred to as a developmental trap. Here we incorporated detailed demography into commonly used photothermal models to evaluate these demographic consequences of phenological shifts due to a warming climate on the formerly widespread, multivoltine butterfly (Pieris oleracea). Using species-specific temperature- and photoperiod-sensitive vital rates, we estimated the number of generations per year and population growth rate over the set of climate conditions experienced during the past 38 years. We predicted that populations in the southern portion of its range have added a fourth generation in recent years, resulting in higher annual population growth rates (demographic bonanzas). We predicted that populations in the Northeast United States have experienced developmental traps, where increases in the thermal window initially caused mortality of the final generation and reduced growth rates. These populations may recover if more growing degree days are added to the year. Our framework for incorporating detailed demography into commonly used photothermal models demonstrates the importance of using both demography and phenology to predict consequences of phenological shifts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Z Kerr
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tyson Wepprich
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Fritzi S Grevstad
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Erik B Dopman
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Frances S Chew
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tsai HY, Rubenstein DR, Fan YM, Yuan TN, Chen BF, Tang Y, Chen IC, Shen SF. Locally-adapted reproductive photoperiodism determines population vulnerability to climate change in burying beetles. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1398. [PMID: 32170152 PMCID: PMC7069978 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15208-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how phenotypic traits vary among populations inhabiting different environments is critical for predicting a species' vulnerability to climate change. Yet, little is known about the key functional traits that determine the distribution of populations and the main mechanisms-phenotypic plasticity vs. local adaptation-underlying intraspecific functional trait variation. Using the Asian burying beetle Nicrophorus nepalensis, we demonstrate that mountain ranges differing in elevation and latitude offer unique thermal environments in which two functional traits-thermal tolerance and reproductive photoperiodism-interact to shape breeding phenology. We show that populations on different mountain ranges maintain similar thermal tolerances, but differ in reproductive photoperiodism. Through common garden and reciprocal transplant experiments, we confirm that reproductive photoperiodism is locally adapted and not phenotypically plastic. Accordingly, year-round breeding populations on mountains of intermediate elevation are likely to be most susceptible to future warming because maladaptation occurs when beetles try to breed at warmer temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Yu Tsai
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Dustin R Rubenstein
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology and Center for Integrative Animal Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Yu-Meng Fan
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Neng Yuan
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Fei Chen
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Yezhong Tang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 61004, People's Republic of China
| | - I-Ching Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Feng Shen
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lindestad O, Schmalensee L, Lehmann P, Gotthard K. Variation in butterfly diapause duration in relation to voltinism suggests adaptation to autumn warmth, not winter cold. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olle Lindestad
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | | | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Climate-induced phenology shifts linked to range expansions in species with multiple reproductive cycles per year. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4455. [PMID: 31649267 PMCID: PMC6813360 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12479-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in phenology (the annual timing of species’ life-cycles) in response to climate change are generally viewed as bioindicators of climate change, but have not been considered as predictors of range expansions. Here, we show that phenology advances combine with the number of reproductive cycles per year (voltinism) to shape abundance and distribution trends in 130 species of British Lepidoptera, in response to ~0.5 °C spring-temperature warming between 1995 and 2014. Early adult emergence in warm years resulted in increased within- and between-year population growth for species with multiple reproductive cycles per year (n = 39 multivoltine species). By contrast, early emergence had neutral or negative consequences for species with a single annual reproductive cycle (n = 91 univoltine species), depending on habitat specialisation. We conclude that phenology advances facilitate polewards range expansions in species exhibiting plasticity for both phenology and voltinism, but may inhibit expansion by less flexible species. Many species’ life cycles have moved earlier in the year because of climate change, but we do not know the consequences for range expansions. The authors show that these advances promote range expansions in species with multiple reproductive cycles per year, but not in species with only one.
Collapse
|
36
|
Verheyen J, Tüzün N, Stoks R. Using natural laboratories to study evolution to global warming: contrasting altitudinal, latitudinal, and urbanization gradients. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 35:10-19. [PMID: 31301449 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Demonstrating the likelihood of evolution in response to global warming is important, yet challenging. We discuss how three spatial thermal gradients (latitudinal, altitudinal, and urbanization) can be used as natural laboratories to inform about the gradual thermal evolution of populations by applying a space-for-time substitution (SFTS) approach. We compare thermal variables and confounding non-thermal abiotic variables, methodological approaches and evolutionary aspects associated with each type of gradient. On the basis of an overview of recent insect studies, we show that a key assumption of SFTS, local thermal adaptation along these gradients, is often but not always met, requiring explicit validation. To increase realism when applying SFTS, we highlight the importance of integrating daily temperature fluctuations, multiple stressors and multiple interacting species. Finally, comparative studies, especially across gradient types, are important to provide more robust inferences of evolution under gradual global warming. Integrating these research directions will further strengthen the still underused, yet powerful SFTS approach to infer gradual evolution under global warming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Verheyen
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Deberiotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Nedim Tüzün
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Deberiotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robby Stoks
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Deberiotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kivelä SM, Gotthard K, Lehmann P. Developmental plasticity in metabolism but not in energy reserve accumulation in a seasonally polyphenic butterfly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.202150. [PMID: 31138637 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.202150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of seasonal polyphenisms (discrete phenotypes in different annual generations) associated with alternative developmental pathways of diapause (overwintering) and direct development is favoured in temperate insects. Seasonal life history polyphenisms are common and include faster growth and development under direct development than in diapause. However, the physiological underpinnings of this difference remain poorly known despite its significance for understanding the evolution of polyphenisms. We measured respiration and metabolic rates through the penultimate and final larval instars in the butterfly Pieris napi and show that directly developing larvae grew and developed faster and had a higher metabolic rate than larvae entering pupal diapause. The metabolic divergence appeared only in the final instar, that is, after induction of the developmental pathway that takes place in the penultimate instar in P. napi. The accumulation of fat reserves during the final larval instar was similar under diapause and direct development, which was unexpected as diapause is predicted to select for exaggerated reserve accumulation. This suggests that overwinter survival in diapause does not require larger energy reserves than direct development, likely because of metabolic suppression in diapause pupae. The results, nevertheless, demonstrate that physiological changes coincide with the divergence of life histories between the alternative developmental pathways, thus elucidating the proximate basis of seasonal life history polyphenisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sami M Kivelä
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|