Heart failure in the last year: progress and perspective

Cost-utility analysis of add-on vericiguat for the treatment of chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction in China

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to evaluate the cost-utility of the addition of vericiguat for treating chronic heart failure (CHF) in China from the healthcare payer's perspective.

METHODS

A Markov model was built to estimate the cost and utility of treating CHF using vericiguat plus standard treatment (vericiguat group) vs. standard treatment alone (standard treatment group). The clinical parameters (mortality of cardiovascular and hospitalization rate of HF) were calculated according to the VICTORIA clinical trial. The HF cost and utility data were obtained from the literature published in China. One-way sensitivity analysis and probability sensitivity analysis were performed.

RESULTS

According to the 13-year model, vericiguat was more expensive (155599.07 CNY vs. 259396.83 CNY) and more effective (4.41 QALYs vs. 4.54 QALYs). The incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) was 802389.27 CNY per QALY. One-way sensitivity analysis revealed that cardiovascular mortality in the two groups was the parameter that had the greatest impact on the results. The GDP per capita in 2022 in China was 85,700 CNY. The probability sensitivity analysis (PSA) showed that the probability of vericiguat being cost-effective was only 41.7% at the willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of 3 times GDP per capita (257,100 CNY).

CONCLUSIONS

In China, the treatment of CHF with vericiguat is not cost-effective. The drug price could decrease to 145.8 CNY, which could be considered cost-effective.

Repetitive ambulatory levosimendan as a bridge to heart transplantation

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

Repetitive ambulatory doses of levosimendan are an option as a bridge to heart transplantation (HT), but evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of this treatment is scarce. The objective of the LEVO-T Registry is to describe the profile of patients on the HT list receiving levosimendan, prescription patterns, and clinical outcomes compared with patients not on levosimendan.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed all patients listed for elective HT from 2015 to 2020 from 14 centers in Spain.

RESULTS

A total of 1015 consecutive patients were included, of whom 238 patients (23.4%) received levosimendan. Patients treated with levosimendan had more heart failure (HF) admissions in the previous year and a worse clinical profile. The most frequent prescription pattern were fixed doses triggered by the patients' clinical needs. Nonfatal ventricular arrhythmias occurred in 2 patients (0.8%). No differences in HF hospitalizations were found between patients who started levosimendan in the first 30 days after listing and those who did not (33.6% vs 34.5%; P=.848). Among those who did not, 102 patients (32.9%) crossed over to levosimendan after an HF admission. These patients had a rate of 0.57 HF admissions per month before starting levosimendan and 0.21 afterwards. Propensity score matching analysis showed no differences in survival at 1 year after listing between patients receiving levosimendan and those who did not (HR, 1.03; 95%CI, 0.36-2.97; P=.958) or in survival after HT (HR, 0.97; 95%CI, 0.60-1.56; P=.958).

CONCLUSIONS

Repetitive levosimendan in an ambulatory setting as a bridge to heart transplantation is commonly used, is safe, and may reduce HF hospitalizations.

Budget impact analyses for treatment of heart failure. A systematic review

Heart failure (HF) is increasing globally and turning out to be a serious worldwide public health problem with significant morbidity and mortality. This study aims to systemically review the budget impact analysis of heart failure treatments on health care expenditure worldwide. Scientific databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for budget impact analysis and heart failure treatments, over January 2001 to August 2023. The quality assessment of the selected studies was evaluated through ISPOR practice guideline. Nineteen studies were included in this systematic review. Based on ISPOR recommendations, most studies were performed on a 1-year time horizon and used a government (public health) or health system perspective. Data for selected studies was mainly collected from randomized clinical trials, published literature, pharmaceutical companies, and registry data. Only direct costs were reported in the studies. Sensitivity analyses were stated in almost all studies. However, studies conducted in high-income countries reported sensitivity analyses more elaborately than those performed in low- and middle-income countries. In many published articles related to the budget impact analyses of heart failure treatment, addition of new treatments to the health system's formularies can lead to a reduction in cardiovascular hospitalization rates, re-hospitalization rates, cardiac-associated mortality rates, and an improvement in heart failure class, which can decrease the costs of hospitalizations, specified care visits, primary care visits, and other related treatments.

Initiation and Up-titration of Guideline-directed Medical Therapy for Patients with Heart Failure: Better, Faster, Stronger!

Treatment for heart failure has experienced a major revolution in recent years, and current evidence shows that a combination of four medications (angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors + β-blockers + mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists + sodium.glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors) offer the greatest benefit to our patients with significant reductions in cardiovascular mortality, heart failure hospitalisations and all-cause mortality. Unfortunately, despite their proven benefits, the implementation of these therapies is still low. Clinical inertia, and unfounded fear of using these drugs might contribute to this. Recently, evidence from randomised clinical trials has shown that intensive implementation of these therapies in patients with heart failure is safe and effective. In this review, we attempt to tackle some of these misconceptions/fears regarding medical therapy for heart failure and discuss the available evidence showing the best strategies for implementation of these therapies.

Soluble ST2, BCN-Bio-HF calculator and MAGGIC-HF score in long-term risk prediction after an urgent visit for heart failure

Soluble ST2 (sST2) is the expression of a pathogenic process related to adverse remodeling that ultimately leads to increased mortality in heart failure (HF). Risk score models provide a comprehensive approach for mortality prediction, beyond the use of biomarkers alone. The objective was to determine the additional value of sST2 and two well-validated contemporary risk scores, BCN-Bio-HF and MAGGIC-HF, in predicting mortality and readmission in the acute setting. This prospective study included 129 patients (mean age 75 ± 9 years; 52% males) after an urgent HF visit. Baseline sST2 levels were measured and the two risk scores were calculated. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality, and the secondary endpoint was HF readmissions. The follow-up period was 3.6 ± 1.9 years. Patients who died (46%) had higher sST2 concentrations (80.5 vs. 42.7 ng/ml; p < 0.001). The BCN-Bio-HF calculator with sST2 demonstrated the best discriminative ability for mortality prediction (area under the ROC curve: 0.792; p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis for each risk score, the MAGGIC-HF score retained its predictive value only in the model without sST2 (3-year risk: HR = 1.036; 95% CI 1.019-1.054; p < 0.001). However, the BCN-Bio-HF score maintained its prognostic value with sST2 (HR = 1.032; 95%CI 1.020-1.044; p < 0.001), as well as without sST2 (HR = 1.035; 95% CI 1.021-1.049; p < 0.001). sST2 was not associated with readmission, and only the BCN-Bio-HF risk of HF hospitalization showed independent predictive value (OR = 1.040; 95% CI 1.005-1.076; p = 0.023). For predicting long-term mortality in HF in the emergency department, the BCN-Bio-HF calculator with sST2 demonstrated superior discrimination and allows estimation of the risk of HF hospitalizations.

Implementation of evidence-based heart failure management: Regional variations between Japan and the USA

The implementation of optimal medical therapy is a crucial step in the management of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Over the prior three decades, there have been substantial advancements in this field. Early and accurate detection and diagnosis of the disease allow for the appropriate initiation of optimal therapies. The initiation and uptitration of optimal medical therapy including renin-angiotensin system inhibitor, beta-blocker, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor in the early stage would prevent the progression and morbidity of HF. Concurrently, individualized surveillance to recognize and treat signs of disease progression is critical given the progressive nature of HF, even among stable patients on optimal therapy. However, there remains a wide variation in regional practice regarding the initiation, titration, and long-term monitoring of this therapy. To cover the differences in approaches toward HFrEF management and the implementation of guideline-based medical therapy, we discuss the current evidence in this arena, differences in present guideline recommendations, and compare practice patterns in Japan and the USA using a case of new-onset HF as an example. We will discuss pros and cons of the way HF is managed in each region, and highlight potential areas for improvement in care.

Chapter 1: The Burden of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) affects an estimated 6 million American adults, and the prevalence continues to increase, driven in part by the aging of the population and by increases in the prevalence of diabetes. In recent decades, improvements in the survival of patients with HF have resulted in a growing number of individuals living longer with HF. HF and its comorbidities are associated with substantial impairments in physical functioning, emotional well-being, and quality of life, and also with markedly increased rates of morbidity and mortality. As a result, the management of patients with HF has a substantial economic impact on the health care system, with most costs arising from hospitalization. Clinicians have an important role in helping to reduce the burden of HF through timely diagnosis of HF as well as increasing access to effective treatments to minimize symptoms, delay progression, and reduce hospital admissions. Prevention and early diagnosis of HF will play a fundamental role in efforts to reduce the large and growing burden of HF. Recent advances in pharmacotherapies for HF have the potential to radically change the management of HF, offering the possibility of improved survival and quality of life for patients.

Multinational cost-effectiveness analysis of empagliflozin for heart failure patients with ejection fraction >40

AIMS

Heart failure is a chronic progressive condition, with considerable burden on patients' quality of life and economic burden for the healthcare systems. Before the approval of empagliflozin, there were no proven effective treatments for patients with heart failure with left ventricular ejection fraction (HF LVEF) > 40%. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of empagliflozin + standard of care (SoC) compared with SoC alone for patients with HF LVEF > 40%, from the perspective of the healthcare systems of the United Kingdom (UK), Spain, and France, and to quantify the healthcare costs for these patients.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A lifetime Markov cohort state-transition model was developed based on discrete health states defined by Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire-Clinical Summary Score quartiles to track disease severity. Model inputs relied primarily on the EMPEROR-Preserved trial data or obtained from published literature or country-specific databases, as well as local guidelines for the requirements for the conduct of the economic evaluation of healthcare technologies. The total lifetime cost of receiving SoC per patient was £10 092, €15 765, and €14 958 in the UK, Spain, and France, respectively, which increased by £1407, €1148, and €1485, respectively, with the addition of empagliflozin to the SoC. Empagliflozin + SoC was associated with significantly reduced number of hospitalization for HF or cardiovascular death compared with SoC alone, which was a key driver offsetting its drug acquisition costs. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained was consistently favourable at £14 851, €11 706, and €15 447 in the UK, Spain, and France, respectively. Scenario analysis using the New York Heart Association functional class showed similar results. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses showed more than 50% probability for cost-effectiveness for a willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of £/€20 000/QALY for the three countries.

CONCLUSIONS

Empagliflozin was found to be the first targeted treatment option that is clinically effective and cost-effective for patients with HF LVEF > 40%. Prescribing empagliflozin with SoC to patients with HF LVEF > 40% is expected to improve clinical outcomes and patients' quality of life and substantially below accepted WTP threshold for the healthcare systems in the UK, Spain, and France.

In silico discovery of potential sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors from natural products for treatment of heart failure via molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation approach

Heart failure (HF) is the end stage of cardiovascular disease. Because of its complex condition and poor prognosis, HF has become an important public health problem in the world. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) is a member of the glucose transporter family. Recently, SGLT2 inhibitors have been applied to treat HF. In this study, the main aim was to discover natural SGLT2 inhibitor from Chinese herbs through docking-based virtual screening. Totally 113 natural compounds of potential SGLT2 inhibitor were identified, which displayed docking affinity higher than six approved inhibitors (dapagliflozin (IC50 = 4.9 nM), canagliflozin (IC50 = 4.4 nM 6.7), ipragliflozin (IC50 = 7.4 nM), empagliflozin (IC50 = 3.1 nM), tofogliflozin (IC50 = 4 nM) and luseogliflozin (IC50 = 2.3 nM)) through docking-based virtual screening. Then, the top three hits (ZINC70455591, ZINC85594065 and ZINC14588133) and six known inhibitors were selected for molecular dynamics simulation and the binding free energy calculation using molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area to demonstrate the stability and affinity of docked complexes. These results pointed out that the three docked complexes were stabilized and the chosen compounds were tightly adhering to the binding site of SGLT2. Besides, pharmacokinetic properties of the selected compounds showed those natural compounds may be potential drug candidates. This study may be contributed to further in vitro and in vivo validation and the development of novel SGLT2 inhibitor for treating HF.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Temporal trends in evidence supporting therapeutic interventions in heart failure and other European Society of Cardiology guidelines

AIMS

This study aimed to determine whether any change occurred over time in level of evidence (LoE) of therapeutic interventions supporting heart failure (HF) and other European Society of Cardiology guideline recommendations.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We selected topics with at least three documents released between 2008 and April 2022. Classes of recommendations (CoR) and supporting LoE related to therapeutic interventions within each document were collected and compared over time. A total of 1822 recommendations from 18 documents on 6 topics [median number per document = 112, 867 (48%) CoR I] were included in the analysis. There was a trend towards a reduction over time in the percentage of CoR I in HF (46-36-34%), non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI; 78-58-54%), and pulmonary embolism (PE; 65-50-39%) guidelines, with a decrease in the total number of recommendations for HF only. Percentage of CoR I was stable over time around 40% for valvular heart disease (VHD) and atrial fibrillation (AF), and around 60% for cardiovascular prevention (CVP), with an increase in the total number of recommendations for VHD and CVP and a decrease for AF. Among CoR I, 319 (37%) were supported by LoE A, with a decrease over time for HF (56-46-42%), an increase for NSTEMI (29-38-48%) and AF (28-31-36%), a bimodal distribution for PE and CVP, and a lack for VHD.

CONCLUSIONS

LoE supporting therapeutic recommendations in contemporary European guidelines is generally low. Physicians should be aware of these limitations, and scientific societies promote a greater understanding of their significance and drive future research directions.

Cardiovascular health-related quality of life in cancer: a prospective study comparing the ESC HeartQoL and EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire

AIMS

Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is highly relevant in cancer and often assessed with the EORTC QLQ-C30. Cardiovascular HRQoL in cancer can be measured with the ESC HeartQoL questionnaire. We compared these instruments and examined their prognostic value.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Summary scores for EORTC QLQ-C30 (0-100 points) and ESC HeartQoL (0-3 points) questionnaires were prospectively assessed in 290 patients with mostly advanced cancer (stage 3/4: 81%, 1-year mortality: 36%) and 50 healthy controls (similar age and sex). Additionally, physical function and activity assessments were performed. Both questionnaires demonstrated reduced HRQoL in patients with cancer versus controls (EORTC QLQ-C30: 67 ± 20 vs. 91 ± 11, p < 0.001; ESC HeartQoL: 1.8 ± 0.8 vs. 2.7 ± 0.4, p < 0.001). The instruments were strongly correlated with each other (summary scores [r = 0.76], physical [r = 0.81], and emotional subscales [r = 0.75, all p < 0.001]) and independently associated with all-cause mortality (best cut-offs: EORTC QLQ-C30 <82.69: hazard ratio [HR] 2.33, p = 0.004; ESC HeartQoL <1.50: HR 1.85, p = 0.004 - adjusted for sex, age, left ventricular ejection fraction, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide [NT-proBNP], high-sensitivity troponin T, cancer stage/type), with no differences in the strength of the association by sex (p-interaction > 0.9). Combining both questionnaires identified three risk groups with highest mortality in patients below both cut-offs (vs. patients above both cut-offs: HR 3.60, p < 0.001). Patients with results below both cut-offs, showed higher NT-proBNP and reduced physical function and activity.

CONCLUSIONS

The EORTC QLQ-C30 and ESC HeartQoL - assessing cancer and cardiovascular HRQoL - are both associated with increased mortality in cancer patients, with even greater stratification by combing both. Reduced HRQoL scores were associated with elevated cardiovascular biomarkers and decreased functional status.

ALKBH5 inhibitors as a potential treatment strategy in heart failure-inferences from gene expression profiling

Heart Failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome in which the heart is unable to provide enough blood flow to meet metabolic needs and lacks efficient venous return. HF is a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality with cardiovascular diseases globally. Despite enormous research, the molecular markers relevant to disease prognosis and management remain not well understood. Here, we analyzed the whole transcriptomes of 18 failing hearts and 15 non-failing hearts (predominantly of Caucasian origin), by applying the standard in silico tools. The analyses revealed novel gene-markers including ALKBH5 of mRNA demethylation and KMT2E of histone modification processes, significantly over-expressed in the HF compared with the non-failing hearts (FDR < 0.05). To validate the over-expression of ALKBH5, we determined the global m6A level in hypoxic H9c2 cells using a dot blot assay. The global m6A level was found markedly lower in the hypoxic H9c2 cells than in the control cells. Additionally, the expression of ALKBH5 in the H9c2 cells was quantified by the qPCR and found to be 1.18 times higher at 12 h (p < 0.05), and 1.67 times higher at 24 h of hypoxia (p < 0.01) compared with the control cells, indicating a likely role of ALKBH5 in the failing cardiac cells. Furthermore, we identified several compounds through the virtual screening of 11,272 drug-like molecules of the ZINC15 database to inhibit the ALKBH5 in a molecular docking process. Collectively, the study revealed novel markers potentially involved in the pathophysiology of HF and suggested plausible therapeutic molecules for the management of the disease.

Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy for the Treatment of Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction

Guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) is the cornerstone of pharmacological therapy for patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and consists of the four main drug classes: renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, evidence-based β-blockers, mineralocorticoid inhibitors and sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors. The recommendation for use of GDMT is based on the results of multiple major randomized controlled trials demonstrating improved clinical outcomes in patients with HFrEF who are maintained on this therapy. The effect is most beneficial when medications from the four main drug classes are used in conjunction. Despite this, there is an underutilization of GDMT, partially due to lack of awareness of how to safely and effectively initiate and titrate these medications. In this review article, we describe the different drug classes included in GDMT and offer an approach to initiation and effective titration in both the inpatient as well as outpatient setting.

The feasibility and safety of his-purkinje conduction system pacing in patients with heart failure with severely reduced ejection fraction

Objective

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and outcomes of conduction system pacing (CSP) in patients with heart failure (HF) who had a severely reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of less than 30% (HFsrEF).

Methods

Between January 2018 and December 2020, all consecutive HF patients with LVEF < 30% who underwent CSP at our center were evaluated. Clinical outcomes and echocardiographic data [LVEF and left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV)], and complications were all recorded. In addition, clinical and echocardiographic (≥5% improvement in LVEF or ≥15% decrease in LVESV) responses were assessed. The patients were classified into a complete left bundle branch block (CLBBB) morphology group and a non-CLBBB morphology group according to the baseline QRS configuration.

Results

Seventy patients (66 ± 8.84 years; 55.7% male) with a mean LVEF of 23.2 ± 3.23%, LVEDd of 67.33 ± 7.47 mm and LVESV of 212.08 ± 39.74 ml were included. QRS configuration at baseline was CLBBB in 67.1% (47/70) of patients and non-CLBBB in 32.9%. At implantation, the CSP threshold was 0.6 ± 0.3 V @ 0.4 ms and remained stable during a mean follow-up of 23.43 ± 11.44 months. CSP resulted in significant LVEF improvement from 23.2 ± 3.23% to 34.93 ± 10.34% (P < 0.001) and significant QRS narrowing from 154.99 ± 34.42 to 130.81 ± 25.18 ms (P < 0.001). Clinical and echocardiographic responses were observed in 91.4% (64/70) and 77.1% (54/70) of patients. Super-response to CSP (≥15% improvement in LVEF or ≥30% decrease in LVESV) was observed in 52.9% (37/70) of patients. One patient died due to acute HF and following severe metabolic disorders. Baseline BNP (odds ratio: 0.969; 95% confidence interval: 0.939-0.989; P = 0.045) was associated with echocardiographic response. The proportions of clinical and echocardiographic responses in the CLBBB group were higher than those in the non-CLBBB group but without significant statistical differences.

Conclusions

CSP is feasible and safe in patients with HFsrEF. CSP is associated with a significant improvement in clinical and echocardiographic outcomes, even for patients with non-CLBBB widened QRS.

Sacubitril/Valsartan for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis from the Perspective of the Chinese Healthcare System

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Sacubitril/valsartan has shown effectiveness in reducing hospitalization compared with valsartan in HFpEF patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). We aimed to investigate the cost effectiveness of sacubitril/valsartan as an alternative to valsartan in Chinese patients with heart failure with HFpEF.

METHODS

A Markov model was built to investigate the cost effectiveness of sacubitril/valsartan as an alternative to valsartan in Chinese patients with HFpEF, from the healthcare system perspective. The time horizon was a lifetime, with a cycle length of 1 month. Costs were obtained from local information or published papers, discounted at a rate of 0.05 for future costs. The transition probability and utility were based on other studies. The primary outcome of the study was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Sacubitril/valsartan was considered cost effective if the ICER obtained was lower than the willingness-to-pay threshold of US dollars (US$) 12,551.5 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses, as well as scenario analysis, were performed to test robustness.

RESULTS

Over a lifetime simulation, a 73-year-old Chinese patient with HFpEF could gain 6.44 QALYs (9.15 life-years) if sacubitril/valsartan plus standard treatment was administered, and 6.37 QALYs (9.07 life-years) if valsartan plus standard treatment was prescribed. The corresponding costs in both groups were US$12,471 and US$8663, respectively. The ICER was US$49,019/QALY (US$46,610/life-year), higher than the willingness-to-pay threshold. Sensitivity analyses and scenario analysis showed that our results were robust.

CONCLUSION

Adding sacubitril/valsartan to standard treatment as an alternative to valsartan for the treatment of HFpEF resulted in more effectiveness but higher costs. Sacubitril/valsartan was likely to not be cost effective in Chinese patients with HFpEF. The cost of sacubitril/valsartan needs to reduce to 34% of its current price to be cost effective in this population. Studies based on real-world data are needed to confirm our conclusions.

m6A RNA methylation modification is involved in the disease course of heart failure

We explored N⁶-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation as one of the gene regulatory mechanisms in heart failure (HF) biology. Understanding the different physiological mechanisms will facilitate the prevention and individualized treatment of HF. The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database served as the source of the data. In GSE116250, differential analysis between ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and controls yielded differentially expressed m6A regulators. Differential analysis between HF and controls in GSE131296 identifies m6A-modified genes and then performs enrichment analysis. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis was performed for the differentially expressed ICM- or DCM-associated genes in GSE116250 and GSE55296, respectively. Finally, the diagnostic genes for ICM and DCM were predicted using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. YTHDC1, HNRNPC and HNRNPA2B1 were significantly downregulated in GSE116250 in DCM and ICM compared with controls. A total of 195 genes were identified in GSE131296 as subject to m6A alteration. These genes may play a role in HF through the MAPK signaling pathway and p53 signaling pathway. PPI network analysis identified CCL5, CXCR4 and CCL2 as key genes for ICM and IL-6 as a key gene for DCM. Through ROC curves, we identified m6A-modified APLP1, KLF2 as potential diagnostic genes for ICM, and m6A-modified FGF7, FREM1 and C14orf132 as potential diagnostic genes for DCM. Our findings support m6A modifying mechanisms in HF etiology that contribute to the treatment of HF. Thus, our data suggest that m6A methylation may be an interesting target for therapeutic intervention.

Effectiveness and safety of angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors for patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a meta-analysis

The current review aimed to study the effectiveness and safety of angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) combined with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors versus ARNI or SGLT2 inhibitors monotherapy in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Studies containing patients with HFrEF who used ARNI combined with SGLT2 inhibitors versus ARNI or SGLT2 inhibitors alone were retrieved from the Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. From the selected studies, the pooled risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals of dichotomous outcomes were assessed by a random or fixed effects model in our meta-analysis. Compared with ARNI monotherapy, the reduction in ARNI combined with SGLT2 inhibitors in a composite of the first hospitalization for heart failure or cardiovascular death was 32%, hospitalization for heart failure was 35% and cardiovascular death was 35%; also all-cause death was 30%, worsening renal function was 35%, respectively, for patients with HFrEF. In addition, compared with SGLT2 inhibitors monotherapy, the reduction in ARNI combined with SGLT2 inhibitors in cardiovascular death was 36% and all-cause death was 28%, respectively, for patients with HFrEF. Although the estimated treatment effect is a 55% increase in volume depletion, overall, ARNI combined with SGLT2 inhibitors might be effective and safe for patients with HFrEF, and volume depletion should be given more attention.

Device-based percutaneous treatments to decompress the left atrium in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) accounts for more than half of heart failure hospital admissions in the last years and is burdened by high mortality and poor quality of life. Providing effective management for HFpEF patients is a major unmet clinical need. Increase in left atrial pressure is the key determinant of pulmonary congestion, with consequent dyspnoea and exercise limitation. Evidence on benefits of medical treatment in HFpEF patients is limited. Thus, alternative strategies, including devices able to reduce left atrial pressure, through an interatrial communication determining a left-right shunt, were developed. This review aims to summarize evidence regarding the use of percutaneous interatrial shunting devices. These devices are safe and effective in improving hemodynamic and clinical parameters, including pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, 6-min walking distance, and New York Heart Association functional class. Data on cardiovascular mortality and re-hospitalization for heart failure are still scarce.

Updates in heart failure: sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and beyond – major changes are coming

Prevalence of heart failure is increasing worldwide mainly due to the ageing of the population and the improvement in diagnosis and treatment. In recent years, huge progress has been made in the management of heart failure patients. A new definition of chronic heart failure based on left ventricular ejection fraction and its possible trajectories has been reported. New drug classes have been introduced for the treatment of chronic heart failure. In particular, the prognostic benefit of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors was demonstrated across all the heart failure phenotypes. Therapies for patients with advanced heart failure (long-term mechanical circulatory supports and heart transplantation) are now indicated also in the case of mild-to-moderate symptoms but with high risk of progression. In patients with acute heart failure, monitoring of urinary sodium and the use of acetazolamide may lead to better decongestion. Importantly, pre- and postdischarge assessment should lead to optimal treatment. Devices and telemonitoring can also be of help. Cardiovascular and noncardiovascular comorbidities are major determinants of the clinical course and need proper management. This review will summarize these important advances.

Heart failure: an update from the last years and a look at the near future

In the last years, major progress occurred in heart failure (HF) management. Quadruple therapy is now mandatory for all the patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction. Whilst verciguat is becoming available across several countries, omecamtiv mecarbil is waiting to be released for clinical use. Concurrent use of potassium-lowering agents may counteract hyperkalaemia and facilitate renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor implementations. The results of the EMPagliflozin outcomE tRial in Patients With chrOnic heaRt Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (EMPEROR-Preserved) trial were confirmed by the Dapagliflozin in Heart Failure with Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction (DELIVER) trial, and we now have, for the first time, evidence for treatment of also patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction. In a pre-specified meta-analysis of major randomized controlled trials, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors reduced all-cause mortality, cardiovascular (CV) mortality, and HF hospitalization in the patients with HF regardless of left ventricular ejection fraction. Other steps forward have occurred in the treatment of decompensated HF. Acetazolamide in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure with Volume Overload (ADVOR) trial showed that the addition of intravenous acetazolamide to loop diuretics leads to greater decongestion vs. placebo. The addition of hydrochlorothiazide to loop diuretics was evaluated in the CLOROTIC trial. Torasemide did not change outcomes, compared with furosemide, in TRANSFORM-HF. Ferric derisomaltose had an effect on the primary outcome of CV mortality or HF rehospitalizations in IRONMAN (rate ratio 0.82; 95% confidence interval 0.66-1.02; P = 0.070). Further options for the treatment of HF, including device therapies, cardiac contractility modulation, and percutaneous treatment of valvulopathies, are summarized in this article.

Pyrazole-containing pharmaceuticals: target, pharmacological activity, and their SAR studies

Pyrazole is a five-membered heterocycle bearing two adjacent nitrogen atoms. Both pharmaceutical agents and natural products with pyrazole as a nucleus have exhibited a broad spectrum of biological activities. In the last few decades, more than 40 pyrazole-containing drugs have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of a broad range of clinical conditions including celecoxib (anti-inflammatory), CDPPB (antipsychotic), difenamizole (analgesic), etc. Owing to the unique physicochemical properties of the pyrazole core, pyrazole-containing drugs may exert better pharmacokinetics and pharmacological effects compared with drugs containing similar heterocyclic rings. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of all the existing drugs bearing a pyrazole nucleus that have been approved or in clinical trials, involving their pharmacological activities and SAR studies.

Dapagliflozin Inhibits Ventricular Remodeling in Heart Failure Rats by Activating Autophagy through AMPK/mTOR Pathway

Objective

Heart failure (HF) is the end stage of heart disease caused by various factors which mainly involves ventricular remodeling (VR). In HF patients with reduced ejection fraction, dapagliflozin (DAPA) reduced the risk of worsening HF or cardiovascular death. Thus, we attempted to clarify the specific role of DAPA underlying HF progression.

Methods

The HF rat model was established to mimic characteristics of HF in vivo. HE staining assessed histopathological changes in left ventricular myocardial tissue of rats in each group. ELISA measured plasma ANP and BNP levels of rats in each group. M-mode echocardiography detected cardiac function of rats in each group. TUNEL staining detected apoptosis of infarct margin cells in myocardial tissue of rats in each group. Western blot detected levels of apoptosis-related proteins, autophagy-related proteins, and AMPK/mTOR-related proteins in myocardial tissue of rats in each group. Immunohistochemical staining detected caspase-3 or LC3B level in myocardial tissue of rats in each group. The HF cellular model was established to mimic characteristics of HF in vitro. Flow cytometry detected H9C2 cell apoptosis under different conditions. Western blot detected levels of apoptosis-related proteins, autophagy-related proteins, and AMPK/mTOR-related proteins in H9C2 cells under different conditions. Immunofluorescence detected caspase-3 or LC3B level in H9C2 cells under different conditions.

Results

DAPA attenuated left VR and improved cardiac function in HF rats. DAPA attenuated cardiomyocyte apoptosis in HF rats. DAPA facilitated cardiomyocyte autophagy in HF rats via the AMPK/mTOR pathway. DAPA repressed hypoxia-induced H9C2 cell apoptosis by facilitating autophagy. DAPA repressed hypoxia-induced H9C2 cell apoptosis via the AMPK/mTOR pathway.

Conclusion

DAPA suppresses ventricular remodeling in HF through activating autophagy via AMPK/mTOR pathway, which provides a potential novel insight for seeking therapeutic plans of HF.

Understanding How Heart Metabolic Derangement Shows Differential Stage Specificity for Heart Failure with Preserved and Reduced Ejection Fraction

Heart failure (HF) is a clinical condition defined by structural and functional abnormalities in the heart that gradually result in reduced cardiac output (HFrEF) and/or increased cardiac pressures at rest and under stress (HFpEF). The presence of asymptomatic individuals hampers HF identification, resulting in delays in recognizing patients until heart dysfunction is manifested, thus increasing the chance of poor prognosis. Given the recent advances in metabolomics, in this review we dissect the main alterations occurring in the metabolic pathways behind the decrease in cardiac function caused by HF. Indeed, relevant preclinical and clinical research has been conducted on the metabolite connections and differences between HFpEF and HFrEF. Despite these promising results, it is crucial to note that, in addition to identifying single markers and reliable threshold levels within the healthy population, the introduction of composite panels would strongly help in the identification of those individuals with an increased HF risk. That said, additional research in the field is required to overcome the current drawbacks and shed light on the pathophysiological changes that lead to HF. Finally, greater collaborative data sharing, as well as standardization of procedures and approaches, would enhance this research field to fulfil its potential.

Heart Rate Variability during Auricular Acupressure at Heart Point in Healthy Volunteers: A Pilot Study

Heart rate variability (HRV) is the variation in time between each heartbeat. Increasing HRV may contribute to improving autonomic nervous system dysfunctions. Acupuncture stimulation through the vagus plexus in the ear is considered as a method that can improve HRV. In this pilot study, we examined 114 healthy volunteers at the Faculty of Traditional Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, from January to May 2020. During a 20-minute interval, participants were stimulated two times at the acupoint in the left ear with Semen seed. The heart rate and HRV values were monitored before, during, and after acupressure every 5 minutes. When we compared the experimental group with the control group, HRV significantly increased in the stage of ear-stimulated acupressure compared with the stage before and after the auricular acupressure (p=0.01, p=0.04, p=0.04 and p=0.02) and the difference was not statistically significant compared with the phase of nonstimulated (p=0.15, p=0.28). The changes in other values including SDNN (standard deviation of the average NN), RMSSD (root mean square of successive RR interval differences), LF (low-frequency power), and HF (high-frequency power) in all stages were not statistically significant (p=>0.05) between groups. Based on the results, we can determine the increase in HRV when conducting auricular acupressure with stimulation at the heart acupoint on the left ear. This leads to a direction in further studies for clinical application for patients with autonomic nervous disorder.

Advanced heart failure: guideline-directed medical therapy, diuretics, inotropes, and palliative care

Heart failure (HF) is a major cause of mortality, hospitalizations, and reduced quality of life and a major burden for the healthcare system. The number of patients that progress to an advanced stage of HF is growing. Only a limited proportion of these patients can undergo heart transplantation or mechanical circulatory support. The purpose of this review is to summarize medical management of patients with advanced HF. First, evidence-based oral treatment must be implemented although it is often not tolerated. New therapeutic options may soon become possible for these patients. The second goal is to lessen the symptomatic burden through both decongestion and haemodynamic improvement. Some new treatments acting on cardiac function may fulfil both these needs. Inotropic agents acting through an increase in intracellular calcium have often increased risk of death. However, in the recent Global Approach to Lowering Adverse Cardiac Outcomes Through Improving Contractility in Heart Failure (GALACTIC-HF) trial, omecamtiv mecarbil was safe and effective in the reduction of the primary outcome of cardiovascular death or HF event compared with placebo (hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% confidence interval, 0.86-0.99; P = 0.03) and its effects were larger in those patients with more severe left ventricular dysfunction. Patients with severe HF who received omecamtiv mecarbil experienced a significant treatment benefit, whereas patients without severe HF did not (P = 0.005 for interaction). Lastly, clinicians should take care of the end of life with an appropriate multidisciplinary approach. Medical treatment of advanced HF therefore remains a major challenge and a wide open area for further research.

Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors as an early, first-line therapy in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction

Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have recently been recommended as a foundational therapy for patients with heart failure (HF) and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) because of their favourable effects on mortality, clinical events and quality of life. While clinical practice guidelines have recommended dapagliflozin or empagliflozin in all patients with HFrEF, or sotagliflozin in those with HFrEF and concomitant diabetes, the timing and practical integration of these drugs in clinical practice is less well defined. We propose that these drugs are candidates for early, upfront administration to patients with newly diagnosed HFrEF and for patients hospitalized with HF. Growing evidence has established early benefits, with clinically meaningful reductions in clinical events that reach statistical significance within days to weeks, following dapagliflozin, empagliflozin or, in diabetic patients, sotagliflozin initiation. Secondly, although major clinical trials have tested these drugs in patients already receiving background HF therapy, secondary analyses showed that their efficacy is independent of that. Third, SGLT2 inhibitors are generally safe and well tolerated, with clinical trial data reporting minimal effects on blood pressure, glycaemia-related adverse events, and no excess in acute kidney injury. Rather, they exert renal protective effects and reduce risk of hyperkalaemia, properties that favour initiation, tolerance and persistence of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. This review supports the early initiation of dapagliflozin and empagliflozin (or sotagliflozin limited to patients with diabetes) to rapidly improve clinical outcome and quality of life of HFrEF patients.

Taking It Personally: 3D Bioprinting a Patient-Specific Cardiac Patch for the Treatment of Heart Failure

Despite a massive global preventative effort, heart failure remains the major cause of death globally. The number of patients requiring a heart transplant, the eventual last treatment option, far outnumbers the available donor hearts, leaving many to deteriorate or die on the transplant waiting list. Treating heart failure by transplanting a 3D bioprinted patient-specific cardiac patch to the infarcted region on the myocardium has been investigated as a potential future treatment. To date, several studies have created cardiac patches using 3D bioprinting; however, testing the concept is still at a pre-clinical stage. A handful of clinical studies have been conducted. However, moving from animal studies to human trials will require an increase in research in this area. This review covers key elements to the design of a patient-specific cardiac patch, divided into general areas of biological design and 3D modelling. It will make recommendations on incorporating anatomical considerations and high-definition motion data into the process of 3D-bioprinting a patient-specific cardiac patch.

The Difference between Sacubitril Valsartan and Valsartan on Vascular Endothelial Function, APN, MMP-9, and BNP Levels in Patients with Hypertension and Chronic Heart Failure

Background

Sacubitril valsartan and valsartan are the first new drugs approved for angiotensin receptor neprilysin lysine inhibitors (ARNIs) in outpatients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and hypertension. Compared with enalapril, sacubitril valsartan and valsartan have been shown to reduce the mortality and morbidity of cardiovascular diseases. However, there is little actual evidence regarding the efficacy of ARNIs in hypertensive patients with CHF.

Methods

From January 2019 to January 2021, 60 patients with hypertension and chronic heart failure were diagnosed and treated in our hospital. The patients were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, with 30 cases in each group. The control group was given valsartan, the observation group was given sacubitril valsartan, and both groups were treated for six months. The endothelium-dependent vasodilation (EDD) function of the brachial artery and serum nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1), carotid artery intima-media thickness, and glomerular filtration, excess rate (eGFR), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were compared between the two groups of patients before and after treatment. The serum adiponectin (APN), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels were compared before and after treatment.

Results

The total effective rate of treatment in the research group was higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). After treatment, the cardiac function indexes LVESD and LVEDD of the two groups of patients were lower than before treatment, and LVEF was higher than before treatment, and the improvement rate of the treatment group was better than that of the control group (P < 0.05). After treatment, the serum APN of the two groups was higher than before treatment, the levels of MMP-9 and BNP were lower than before treatment, and the improvement rate of patients in the treatment group was better than that of patients in the control group (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant in the levels of EDD, NO, and ET-1 of the two groups of patients before treatment (P < 0.05). After treatment, compared with the control group, the EDD function and NO level of the research group were significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the level of ET-1 was significantly reduced (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in carotid artery intima-media thickness, glomerular filtration rate, and left ventricular ejection fraction before and after treatment in the two groups (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

In the treatment of hypertension and chronic heart failure, sacubitril valsartan can improve the clinical symptoms of patients to the greatest extent and can significantly improve the levels of LVEF, LVEDD, NT-proBNP, heart function, and other indicators. Sacubitril valsartan can increase serum APN levels, reduce MMP-9 and BNP levels, and have good clinical effects. Sacubitril valsartan has a protective effect on the vascular endothelial function of patients with hypertension and CHF. However, these results need to be confirmed in studies involving more subjects and require longer follow-up times.

A novel nutritional index as a predictor of mortality in dilated cardiomyopathy: a retrospective study

BACKGROUND

Research has associated nutritional status with the prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of a novel nutritional index, triglycerides × total cholesterol × body weight index (TCBI), in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).

METHODS

This retrospective cohort study enrolled 445 patients with DCM. The median follow-up period was 2.8 years, and the primary endpoint was all-cause death.

RESULTS

During follow-up, the all-cause mortality was observed in 135 out of 445 patients (30.3%). In Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, the third TCBI tertile had a lower mortality risk (T3 vs. T2 vs. T1: 16.9% vs. 35.1% vs. 38.9%; log-rank P < 0.001). In the multivariable Cox regression analysis, patients in the third tertile were associated with a decreased mortality, whereas there was no significant difference between the T2 and T1 groups. Moreover, TCBI could significantly improve risk stratification (continuous net reclassification improvement and integrated discrimination improvement) over the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP).

CONCLUSIONS

TCBI is independently associated with long-term survival in patients with DCM. Combination of TCBI and other biomarkers, such as GNRI and NT-proBNP, can significantly improve prognostic prediction. Further studies with larger sample size are required to validate our results.

Prognostic value of cartilage intermediate layer protein 1 in chronic heart failure

AIMS

Emerging evidence suggests that cartilage intermediate layer protein 1 (CILP-1) is associated with myocardial remodelling. However, the prognostic value of circulating CILP-1 in patients with heart failure (HF) remains to be elucidated. This study aimed to investigate whether circulating CILP-1 can independently predict the outcome of chronic HF.

METHODS AND RESULTS

This prospective cohort study included 210 patients with chronic HF and left ventricular ejection fraction <50% between September 2018 and December 2019. The primary endpoint was 1 year all-cause mortality. During the 1 year follow-up, 28 patients died. In multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, higher CILP-1 levels were independently associated with a higher risk of mortality after adjusting for potential confounding factors. In Kaplan-Meier analysis, patients with CILP-1 levels above the median had a significantly higher mortality rate than those with CILP-1 levels below the median (log-rank P = 0.015). In addition, CILP-1 significantly improved prognostic prediction over N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide by an increase in net reclassification improvement (P = 0.043) and a trend towards an increase in integrated discrimination improvement (P = 0.118).

CONCLUSIONS

Circulating CILP-1 is a novel independent prognostic predictor in chronic HF.

A year in heart failure: an update of recent findings

Major changes have occurred in these last years in heart failure (HF) management. Landmark trials and the 2021 European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of HF have established four classes of drugs for treatment of HF with reduced ejection fraction: angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors or an angiotensin receptor‐neprilysin inhibitor, beta‐blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter 2 inhibitors, namely, dapagliflozin or empagliflozin. These drugs consistently showed benefits on mortality, HF hospitalizations, and quality of life. Correction of iron deficiency is indicated to improve symptoms and reduce HF hospitalizations. AFFIRM‐AHF showed 26% reduction in total HF hospitalizations with ferric carboxymaltose vs. placebo in patients hospitalized for acute HF (P = 0.013). The guanylate cyclase activator vericiguat and the myosin activator omecamtiv mecarbil improved outcomes in randomized placebo‐controlled trials, and vericiguat is now approved for clinical practice. Treatment of HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) was a major unmet clinical need until this year when the results of EMPEROR‐Preserved (EMPagliflozin outcomE tRial in Patients With chrOnic HFpEF) were issued. Compared with placebo, empagliflozin reduced by 21% (hazard ratio, 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.69 to 0.90; P < 0.001), the primary outcome of cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization. Advances in the treatment of specific phenotypes of HF, including atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathies, cardiac amyloidosis, and cancer‐related HF, also occurred. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic still plays a major role in HF epidemiology and management. All these aspects are highlighted in this review.

Sacubitril-Valsartan, Clinical Benefits and Related Mechanisms of Action in Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction. A Review

Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the presence of dyspnea or limited exertion due to impaired cardiac ventricular filling and/or blood ejection. Because of its high prevalence, it is a major health and economic burden worldwide. Several mechanisms are involved in the pathophysiology of HF. First, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is over-activated, causing vasoconstriction, hypertension, elevated aldosterone levels and sympathetic tone, and eventually cardiac remodeling. Second, an endogenous compensatory mechanism, the natriuretic peptide (NP) system is also activated, albeit insufficiently to counteract the RAAS effects. Since NPs are degraded by the enzyme neprilysin, it was hypothesized that its inhibition could be an important therapeutic target in HF. Sacubitril/valsartan is the first of the class of dual neprilysin and angiotensin receptor inhibitors (ARNI). In patients with HFrEF, treatment with sacubitril/valsartan has demonstrated to significantly reduce mortality and the rates of hospitalization and rehospitalization for HF when compared to enalapril. This communication reviews in detail the demonstrated benefits of sacubitril/valsartan in the treatment of patients with HFrEF, including reduction of mortality and disease progression as well as improvement in cardiac remodeling and quality of life. The hemodynamic and organic effects arising from its dual mechanism of action, including the impact of neprilysin inhibition at the renal level, especially relevant in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, are also reviewed. Finally, the evidence on the demonstrated safety and tolerability profile of sacubitril/valsartan in the different subpopulations studied has been compiled. The review of this evidence, together with the recommendations of the latest clinical guidelines, position sacubitril/valsartan as a fundamental pillar in the treatment of patients with HFrEF.

Chronic GPR30 agonist therapy causes restoration of normal cardiac functional performance in a male mouse model of progressive heart failure: Insights into cellular mechanisms

AIMS

G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 30 (GPR30) activation by its agonist, G1, exhibits beneficial actions in female with heart failure (HF). Recent evidence indicates its cardiovascular benefits may also include male as well. However, whether and how GPR30 activation may limit HF progression and have a salutary role in males is unknown. We hypothesized that chronic G1 treatment improves LV and cardiomyocyte function, [Ca²⁺]_i regulation and β-adrenergic reserve, thus limiting HF progression in male.

MAIN METHODS

We compared left ventricle (LV) and myocyte function, [Ca²⁺]_i transient ([Ca²⁺]_iT) and β-AR modulation in control male mice (12/group) and isoproterenol-induced HF (150 mg/kg s.c. for 2 days). Two weeks after isoproterenol injection, HF mice received placebo, or G1 (150 μg/kg/day s.c. mini-pump) for 2 weeks.

KEY FINDINGS

Isoproterenol-treated mice exhibited HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) at 2-weeks and progressed to HF with reduced EF (HFrEF) at 4-weeks, manifested by significantly increased LV time constant of relaxation (τ), decreased EF and mitral flow (dV/dt_max), which were accompanied by reduced myocyte contraction (dL/dt_max), relaxation (dR/dt_max) and [Ca²⁺]_iT. Acute isoproterenol-superfusion caused significantly smaller increases in dL/dt_max, dR/dt_max and [Ca²⁺]_iT. G1 treatment in HF increased basal and isoproterenol-stimulated increases in EF and LV contractility of E_ES. Importantly, G1 improved basal and isoproterenol-stimulated dL/dt_max, dR/dt_max and [Ca²⁺]_iT to control levels and restored normal cardiac β-AR subtypes modulation.

SIGNIFICANCE

Chronic G1 treatment restores normal myocyte basal and β-AR-stimulated contraction, relaxation, and [Ca²⁺]_iT, thereby reversing LV dysfunction and playing a rescue role in a male mouse model of HF.

Overview of Sodium-Glucose Co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors for the Treatment of Non-diabetic Heart Failure Patients

Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome that results from any structural or functional impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood, and results in low life quality and expectancy, creating a significant burden on the healthcare system. The pharmacological HF management has remained unchanged for a decade, however, several randomized clinical trials have demonstrated the potential clinical benefits of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, an antidiabetic agent, by reducing the rate of hospitalizations for HF, cardiovascular death, and all-cause death. The cardioprotective effects are characterized by reduction of inflammatory, metabolic and ionic dyshomeostasis despite the diabetic status. Since the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in May 2020, SGLT2 inhibitors have been used mostly in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). In this review article, we provide a comprehensive overview of the potential benefits, effectiveness, and safety profile of SGLT2 inhibitors used in HF patients with no history of diabetes mellitus.

Impact of atrial flow regulator (AFR) implantation on 12-month mortality in heart failure : Insights from a single site in the PRELIEVE study

BACKGROUND

Implantation of the atrial flow regulator (AFR) to create an interatrial left-to-right shunt has been shown to be safe and feasible to reduce intracardiac filling pressures in patients with heart failure (HF).

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to assess the effect of AFR implantation on 12-month mortality and hospitalization rates in patients with reduced (HFrEF) or preserved HF (HFpEF).

METHODS

One-year follow-up data from 34 subjects enrolled at a single PRELIEVE center were analyzed. The 12-month predicted mortality was calculated using the Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC) risk score. Patients were divided into two groups, according to their history of hospitalizations for HF.

RESULTS

Study data of 34 patients (HFrEF: 24 [70.6%]; HFpEF: 10 [29.4%]) were assessed. Median follow-up duration was 355 days. In total, 14 (41.2%) patients were hospitalized during the follow-up period and 6 (17.6%) of these patients were hospitalization for HF (HHF). A total of 24 hospitalizations occurred in this period and 8 (33%) hospitalizations were for HHF. The median baseline MAGGIC score was 23 and the median predicted mortality was 13.4/100 patient years. Observed mortality was 3.1/100 patient years. The observed survival (97%) was 10.3% (95% confidence interval 3.6-17.5%, p = 0.004) better than the predicted survival (86.6%).

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that AFR implantation has favorable effects on mortality in patients with heart failure, regardless of ejection fraction. Furthermore, compared to baseline, left ventricular filling pressure (assessed by echocardiography) decreased significantly without right side volume overload at the 1‑year follow-up.

Angiotensin receptor blocker neprilysin inhibitors

Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome that results from a structural or functional cardiac disorder that reduces the ability of the ventricle of the heart to fill with, or eject, blood. It is a multifaceted clinical condition that affects up to 2% of the population in the developed world, and is linked to significant morbidity and mortality; it is therefore considered a major concern for public health. Regarding the mechanism of HF, three neurohumoral factors - the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, the sympathetic nervous system, and natriuretic peptides — are related to the pathology of chronic HF (CHF), and the targets of treatment. Angiotensin receptor blocker and neprilysin inhibitor (angiotensin-receptor neprilysin inhibitor), namely sacubitril/valsartan (SAC/VAL), has been introduced as a treatment for CHF. SAC/VAL is an efficacious, safe, and cost-effective therapy that improves quality of life and longevity in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and reduces hospital admissions. An in-hospital initiation strategy offers a potential new avenue to improve the clinical uptake of SAC/VAL. In the last five years, SAC/VAL has been established as a cornerstone component of comprehensive disease-modifying medical therapy in the management of chronic HFrEF. On the other hand, further work, with carefully designed and controlled preclinical studies, is necessary for understanding the molecular mechanisms, effects, and confirmation of issues such as long-term safety in both human and animal models.

Well-Known and Novel Serum Biomarkers for Risk Stratification of Patients with Non-ischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy encompasses a wide spectrum of myocardial disorders, characterized by left ventricular dilatation with systolic impairment and increased risk of sudden cardiac death. In spite of all the therapeutic progress that has been made in recent years, dilated cardiomyopathy continues to be an important cause of cardiac transplant, being associated with an enormous cost burden for health care systems worldwide. Predicting the prognosis of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy is essential to individualize treatment. Late gadolinium enhancement-cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, microvolt T-wave alternans, and genetic testing have emerged as powerful tools in predicting sudden cardiac death occurrence and maximizing patient’s selection. Despite all these new diagnostic modalities, additional tests to complement or replace current tools are required for better risk stratification. Therefore, biomarkers are an easy and important tool that can help to detect patients at risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Additionally, identifying potential biomarkers involved in dilated cardiomyopathy can provide us important information regarding the diagnostic, prognostic, risk stratification, and response to treatment for these patients. Many potential biomarkers have been studied in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, but only a few have been adopted in current practice. Therefore, the aim of our review is to provide the clinicians with an update on the well-known and novel biomarkers that can be useful for risk stratification of patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.

Diuretic-induced hypokalaemia: an updated review

Diuretic-induced hypokalaemia is a common and potentially life-threatening adverse drug reaction in clinical practice. Previous studies revealed a prevalence of 7%-56% of hypokalaemia in patients taking thiazide diuretics. The clinical manifestations of hypokalaemia due to diuretics are non-specific, varying from asymptomatic to fatal arrhythmia. Diagnosis of hypokalaemia is based on the level of serum potassium. ECG is useful in identifying the more severe consequences. A high dosage of diuretics and concomitant use of other drugs that increase the risk of potassium depletion or cardiac arrhythmias can increase the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality. Thiazide-induced potassium depletion may cause dysglycaemia. The risk of thiazide-induced hypokalaemia is higher in women and in black people. Reducing diuretic dose and potassium supplementation are the most direct and effective therapies for hypokalaemia. Combining with a potassium-sparing diuretic or blocker of the renin-angiotensin system also reduces the risk of hypokalaemia. Lowering salt intake and increasing intake of vegetables and fruits help to reduce blood pressure as well as prevent hypokalaemia.

Heart failure in the last year: progress and perspective

Research about heart failure (HF) has made major progress in the last years. We give here an update on the most recent findings. Landmark trials have established new treatments for HF with reduced ejection fraction. Sacubitril/valsartan was superior to enalapril in PARADIGM‐HF trial, and its initiation during hospitalization for acute HF or early after discharge can now be considered. More recently, new therapeutic pathways have been developed. In the DAPA‐HF and EMPEROR‐Reduced trials, dapagliflozin and empagliflozin reduced the risk of the primary composite endpoint, compared with placebo [hazard ratio (HR) 0.74; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65–0.85; P < 0.001 and HR 0.75; 95% CI 0.65–0.86; P < 0.001, respectively]. Second, vericiguat, an oral soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator, reduced the composite endpoint of cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization vs. placebo (HR 0.90; 95% CI 0.82–0.98; P = 0.02). On the other hand, both the diagnosis and treatment of HF with preserved ejection fraction, as well as management of advanced HF and acute HF, remain challenging. A better phenotyping of patients with HF would be helpful for prognostic stratification and treatment selection. Further aspects, such as the use of devices, treatment of arrhythmias, and percutaneous treatment of valvular heart disease in patients with HF, are also discussed and reviewed in this article.