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Comes JDG, Doets K, Zegers T, Kessler M, Slits I, Ballesteros NA, van de Weem NMP, Pouwels H, van Oers MM, van Hulten MCW, Langereis M, Pijlman GP. Evaluation of bird-adapted self-amplifying mRNA vaccine formulations in chickens. Vaccine 2024; 42:2895-2908. [PMID: 38521674 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Each year, millions of poultry succumb to highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus (AIV) and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infections. Conventional vaccines based on inactivated or live-attenuated viruses are useful tools for disease prevention and control, yet, they often fall short in terms of safety, efficacy, and development times. Therefore, versatile vaccine platforms are crucial to protect poultry from emerging viral pathogens. Self-amplifying (replicon) RNA vaccines offer a well-defined and scalable option for the protection of both animals and humans. The best-studied replicon platform, based on the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV; family Togaviridae) TC-83 vaccine strain, however, displays limited efficacy in poultry, warranting the exploration of alternative, avian-adapted, replicon platforms. In this study, we engineered two Tembusu virus (TMUV; family Flaviviridae) replicons encoding varying capsid gene lengths and compared these to the benchmark VEEV replicon in vitro. The TMUV replicon system exhibited a robust and prolonged transgene expression compared to the VEEV replicon system in both avian and mammalian cells. Moreover, the TMUV replicon induced a lesser cytopathic effect compared to the VEEV replicon RNA in vitro. DNA-launched versions of the TMUV and VEEV replicons (DREP) were also developed. The replicons successfully expressed the AIV haemagglutinin (HA) glycoproteins and the IBDV capsid protein (pVP2). To assess the immune responses elicited by the TMUV replicon system in chickens, a prime-boost vaccination trial was conducted using lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-formulated replicon RNA and DREP encoding the viral (glyco)proteins of AIV or IBDV. Both TMUV and VEEV replicon RNAs were unable to induce a humoral response against AIV. However, TMUV replicon RNA induced IBDV-specific seroconversion in vaccinated chickens, in contrast to VEEV replicon RNA, which showed no significant humoral response. In both AIV and IBDV immunization studies, VEEV DREP generated the highest (neutralizing) antibody responses, which underscores the potential for self-amplifying mRNA vaccine technology to combat emerging poultry diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome D G Comes
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708PB, the Netherlands
| | - Kristel Doets
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708PB, the Netherlands; MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, Boxmeer 5831AN, the Netherlands
| | - Thijmen Zegers
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708PB, the Netherlands
| | - Merel Kessler
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708PB, the Netherlands
| | - Irene Slits
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708PB, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Henk Pouwels
- MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, Boxmeer 5831AN, the Netherlands
| | - Monique M van Oers
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708PB, the Netherlands
| | | | - Martijn Langereis
- MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, Boxmeer 5831AN, the Netherlands
| | - Gorben P Pijlman
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708PB, the Netherlands.
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Lee B, Bae GE, Jeong IH, Kim JH, Kwon MJ, Kim J, Kim B, Lee JW, Nam JH, Huh HJ, Kang ES. Age-Related Differences in Neutralizing Antibody Responses against SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron Variants in 151 SARS-CoV-2-Naïve Metropolitan Residents Boosted with BNT162b2. J Appl Lab Med 2024:jfae014. [PMID: 38531067 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although age negatively correlates with vaccine-induced immune responses, whether the vaccine-induced neutralizing effect against variants of concern (VOCs) substantially differs across age remains relatively poorly explored. In addition, the utility of commercial binding assays developed with the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 for predicting the neutralizing effect against VOCs should be revalidated. METHODS We analyzed 151 triple-vaccinated SARS-CoV-2-naïve individuals boosted with BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech). The study population was divided into young adults (age < 30), middle-aged adults (30 ≤ age < 60), and older adults (age ≥ 60). The plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) titers against Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529) variants were compared across age. Antibody titers measured with commercial binding assays were compared with PRNT titers. RESULTS Age-related decline in neutralizing titers was observed for both Delta and Omicron variants. Neutralizing titers for Omicron were lower than those against Delta in all ages. The multiple linear regression model demonstrated that duration from third dose to sample collection and vaccine types were also significant factors affecting vaccine-induced immunity along with age. The correlation between commercial binding assays and PRNT was acceptable for all age groups with the Delta variant, but relatively poor for middle-aged and older adults with the Omicron variant due to low titers. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into the age-related dynamics of vaccine-induced immunity against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs, corroborating the need for age-specific vaccination strategies in the endemic era where new variants continue to evolve. Moreover, commercial binding assays should be used cautiously when estimating neutralizing titers against VOCs, particularly Omicron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beomki Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Go Eun Bae
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hwa Jeong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dong-A University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hun Kim
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kwon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungguk Kim
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Woo Lee
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Nam
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Huh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Suk Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Spiteri G, D'Agostini M, Abedini M, Ditano G, Collatuzzo G, Boffetta P, Vimercati L, Sansone E, De Palma G, Modenese A, Gobba F, Liviero F, Moretto A, dell'Omo M, Fiordi T, Larese Filon F, Mauro M, Violán C, Mates D, Oravec Bérešová J, Monaco MGL, Carta A, Verlato G, Porru S. Protective role of SARS-CoV-2 anti-S IgG against breakthrough infections among European healthcare workers during pre and post-Omicron surge-ORCHESTRA project. Infection 2024:10.1007/s15010-024-02189-x. [PMID: 38326526 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-024-02189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Anti SARS-CoV-2 vaccination initially showed high effectiveness in preventing COVID-19. However, after the surge of variants of concern, the effectiveness dropped. Several studies investigated if this was related to the decrease of the humoral response over time; however, this issue is still unclear. The aim of this study was to understand whether SARS-CoV-2 anti-S IgG levels can be used to predict breakthrough infection risk and define the timing for further booster doses administration. METHOD Within the framework of the ORCHESTRA Project, over 20,000 health workers from 11 European centers were enrolled since December 2020. We performed two Cox proportional hazards survival analyses regarding pre-Omicron (from January to July 2021) and Omicron (December 2021-May 2022) periods. The serological response was classified as high (above the 75th percentile), medium (25th-75th), or low (< 25th). RESULTS Seventy-four (0.33%) and 2122 (20%) health workers were infected during the first and second periods, respectively. Both Cox analyses showed that having high anti-S titer was linked to a significantly lower risk of infection as compared to having medium serological response [HR of high vs medium anti-S titer = 0.27 (95% CI 0.11-0.66) during the first phase, HR = 0.76 (95% CI 0.62-0.93) during the second phase]. CONCLUSION Vaccine effectiveness wanes significantly after new variants surge, making anti-S titer unsuitable to predict optimal timing for further booster dose administration. Studies on other immunological indicators, such as cellular immunity, are therefore needed to better understand the mechanisms and duration of protection against breakthrough infection risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Spiteri
- Occupational Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Marika D'Agostini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Mahsa Abedini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Ditano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Collatuzzo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Vimercati
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, 70121, Bari, Italy
| | - Emanuele Sansone
- Unit of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25121, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Palma
- Unit of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25121, Brescia, Italy
- Unit of Occupational Health, Hygiene, Toxicology and Prevention, University Hospital ASST Spedali Civili, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Modenese
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabriziomaria Gobba
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Filippo Liviero
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128, Padua, Italy
- Occupational Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Padova, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Angelo Moretto
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128, Padua, Italy
- Occupational Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Padova, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco dell'Omo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Tiziana Fiordi
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Perugia Hospital, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Larese Filon
- Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Occupational Medicine, University of Trieste, 34129, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marcella Mauro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Occupational Medicine, University of Trieste, 34129, Trieste, Italy
| | - Concepción Violán
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08303, Mataró, Barcelona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916, Badalona, Spain
- Grup de REcerca en Impacte de les Malalties Cròniques i les Seves Trajectòries (GRIMTra), (2021 SGR 01537), Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAPJGol), 08303, Barcelona, Spain
- Network for Research on Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion (RICAPPS) (RD21/0016/0029), Insitituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Direcció d'Atenció Primària Metropolitana Nord Institut Català de Salut, 08204, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Dana Mates
- National Institute of Public Health, 050463, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jana Oravec Bérešová
- Epidemiology Department, Regional Authority of Public Health, 97556, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | | | - Angela Carta
- Occupational Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
- Section of Occupational Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Verlato
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Porru
- Occupational Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
- Section of Occupational Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
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Holdenrieder S, Dos Santos Ferreira CE, Izopet J, Theel ES, Wieser A. Clinical and laboratory considerations: determining an antibody-based composite correlate of risk for reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 or severe COVID-19. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1290402. [PMID: 38222091 PMCID: PMC10788057 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1290402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Much of the global population now has some level of adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 induced by exposure to the virus (natural infection), vaccination, or a combination of both (hybrid immunity). Key questions that subsequently arise relate to the duration and the level of protection an individual might expect based on their infection and vaccination history. A multi-component composite correlate of risk (CoR) could inform individuals and stakeholders about protection and aid decision making. This perspective evaluates the various elements that need to be accommodated in the development of an antibody-based composite CoR for reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 or development of severe COVID-19, including variation in exposure dose, transmission route, viral genetic variation, patient factors, and vaccination status. We provide an overview of antibody dynamics to aid exploration of the specifics of SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing. We further discuss anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassays, sample matrices, testing formats, frequency of sampling and the optimal time point for such sampling. While the development of a composite CoR is challenging, we provide our recommendations for each of these key areas and highlight areas that require further work to be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Holdenrieder
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, German Heart Centre Munich, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jacques Izopet
- Laboratory of Virology, Toulouse University Hospital and INFINITY Toulouse Institute for Infections and Inflammatory Diseases, INSERM UMR 1291 CNRS UMR 5051, University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Elitza S. Theel
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Andreas Wieser
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Max Von Pettenkofer Institute, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Immunology, Infection and Pandemic Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Munich, Germany
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Lavender B, Hooker C, Frampton C, Williams M, Carson S, Paterson A, McGregor R, Moreland NJ, Gell K, Priddy FH, Wiig K, Le Gros G, Ussher JE, Brewerton M. Robust immunogenicity of a third BNT162b2 vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in a naïve New Zealand cohort. Vaccine 2023; 41:5535-5544. [PMID: 37516574 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
The ability of a third dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine to stimulate immune responses against subvariants, including Omicron BA.1, has not been assessed in New Zealand populations. Unlike many overseas populations, New Zealanders were largely infection naïve at the time they were boosted. This adult cohort of 298 participants, oversampled for at-risk populations, was composed of 29% Māori and 28% Pacific peoples, with 40% of the population aged 55+. A significant proportion of the cohort was obese and presented with at least one comorbidity. Sera were collected 28 days and 6 months post second vaccination and 28 days post third vaccination. SARS-CoV-2 anti-S IgG titres and neutralising capacity using surrogate viral neutralisation assays against variants of concern, including Omicron BA.1, were investigated. The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, within our cohort, prior to third vaccination was very low (<6%). This study found a third vaccine significantly increased the mean SARS-CoV-2 anti-S IgG titres, for every demographic subgroup, by a minimum of 1.5-fold compared to titres after two doses. Diabetic participants experienced a greater increase (∼4-fold) in antibody titres after their third vaccination, compared to non-diabetics (increase of ∼ 2-fold). This corrected for the deficiency in antibody titres within diabetic participants which was observed following two doses. A third dose also induced a neutralising response against Omicron variant BA.1, which was absent after two doses. This neutralising response improved regardless of age, BMI, ethnicity, or diabetes status. Participants aged ≥75 years consistently had the lowest SARS-CoV-2 anti-S IgG titres at each timepoint, however experienced the greatest improvement after three doses compared to younger participants. This study shows that in the absence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, a third Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine enhances immunogenicity, including against Omicron BA.1, in a cohort representative of at-risk groups in the adult New Zealand population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Lavender
- Vaccine Alliance Aotearoa New Zealand and Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Caitlin Hooker
- Vaccine Alliance Aotearoa New Zealand and Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Chris Frampton
- University of Otago, 2 Riccarton Ave, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Michael Williams
- Pacific Clinical Research Network, 1289 Haupapa St, Rotorua 3010, New Zealand
| | - Simon Carson
- Pacific Clinical Research Network, 1289 Haupapa St, Rotorua 3010, New Zealand
| | - Aimee Paterson
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 2 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Reuben McGregor
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 2 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Nicole J Moreland
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 2 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Katie Gell
- Vaccine Alliance Aotearoa New Zealand and Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | | | - Kjesten Wiig
- Vaccine Alliance Aotearoa New Zealand and Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Vaccine Alliance Aotearoa New Zealand and Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - James E Ussher
- Vaccine Alliance Aotearoa New Zealand and University of Otago, 362 Leith St, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Maia Brewerton
- Vaccine Alliance Aotearoa New Zealand and Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand; Department of Clinical Immunology & Allergy, Auckland City Hospital, 2 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
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Itamochi M, Yazawa S, Inasaki N, Saga Y, Yamazaki E, Shimada T, Tamura K, Maenishi E, Isobe J, Nakamura M, Takaoka M, Sasajima H, Kawashiri C, Tani H, Oishi K. Neutralization of Omicron subvariants BA.1 and BA.5 by a booster dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in a Japanese nursing home cohort. Vaccine 2023; 41:2234-2242. [PMID: 36858871 PMCID: PMC9968608 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
The sustained epidemic of Omicron subvariants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a worldwide concern, and older adults are at high risk. We conducted a prospective cohort study to assess the immunogenicity of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273) in nursing home residents and staff between May 2021 and December 2022. A total of 335 SARS-CoV-2 naïve individuals, including 141 residents (median age: 88 years) and 194 staff (median age: 44 years) participated. Receptor-binding domain (RBD) and nucleocapsid (N) protein IgG and neutralizing titer (NT) against the Wuhan strain, Alpha and Delta variants, and Omicron BA.1 and BA.5 subvariants were measured in serum samples drawn from participants after the second and third doses of mRNA vaccine using SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped virus. Breakthrough infection (BTI) was confirmed by a notification of COVID-19 or a positive anti-N IgG result in serum after mRNA vaccination. Fifty-one participants experienced SARS-CoV-2 BTI during the study period. The RBD IgG and NTs against Omicron BA.1 and BA.5 were markedly increased in SARS CoV-2 naïve participants 2 months after the third dose of mRNA vaccine, compared to those 5 months after the second dose, and declined 5 months after the third dose. The decline in RBD IgG and NT against Omicron BA.1 and BA.5 in SARS-CoV-2 naïve participants after the second and the third dose was particularly marked in those aged ≥ 80 years. BTIs during the BA.5 epidemic period, which occurred between 2 and 5 months after the third dose, induced a robust NT against BA.5 even five months after the booster dose vaccination. Further studies are required to assess the sustainability of NTs elicited by Omicron-containing bivalent mRNA booster vaccine in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masae Itamochi
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yazawa
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Noriko Inasaki
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saga
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Emiko Yamazaki
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Takahisa Shimada
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tamura
- Department of Research Planning, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Emi Maenishi
- Department of Bacteriology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Junko Isobe
- Department of Bacteriology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Masahiko Nakamura
- Department of Bacteriology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Misuzu Takaoka
- Department of Research Planning, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sasajima
- Department of Research Planning, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Chikako Kawashiri
- Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Hideki Tani
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Kazunori Oishi
- Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan.
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Effect of the incremental protection of previous infection against Omicron infection among individuals with a hybrid of infection- and vaccine-induced immunity: a population-based cohort study in Canada. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 127:69-76. [PMID: 36455812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the incremental protection and durability of infection-acquired immunity against Omicron infection in individuals with hybrid immunity in Ontario, Canada. METHODS We followed up 6 million individuals with at least one multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction test before November 21, 2021, until an Omicron infection. Protection via infection-acquired immunity was assessed by comparing Omicron infection risk between previously infected individuals and those without documented infection under different vaccination scenarios and stratified by time since the last infection or vaccination. RESULTS A previous infection was associated with 68% (95% CI 61-73) and 43% (95% CI 27-56) increased protection against Omicron infection in individuals with two and three doses, respectively. Among individuals with two-dose vaccination, the incremental protection of infection-induced immunity decreased from 79% (95% CI 75-81) within 3 months after vaccination or infection to 27% (95% CI 14-37) at 9-11 months. In individuals with three-dose vaccination, it decreased from 57% (95% CI 50-63) within 3 months to 37% (95% CI 19-51) at 3-5 months after vaccination or infection. CONCLUSION Previous SARS-CovV-2 infections provide added cross-variant immunity to vaccination. Given the limited durability of infection-acquired protection in individuals with hybrid immunity, its influence on shield-effects at the population level and reinfection risks at the individual level may be limited.
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Liu S, Tsun JGS, Fung GPG, Lui GCY, Chan KYY, Chan PKS, Chan RWY. Comparison of the mucosal and systemic antibody responses in Covid-19 recovered patients with one dose of mRNA vaccine and unexposed subjects with three doses of mRNA vaccines. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1127401. [PMID: 36793736 PMCID: PMC9922846 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1127401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immunity acquired from natural SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccine wanes overtime. This longitudinal prospective study compared the effect of a booster vaccine (BNT162b2) in inducing the mucosal (nasal) and serological antibody between Covid-19 recovered patients and healthy unexposed subjects with two dose of mRNA vaccine (vaccine-only group). Method Eleven recovered patients and eleven gender-and-age matched unexposed subjects who had mRNA vaccines were recruited. The SARS-CoV-2 spike 1 (S1) protein specific IgA, IgG and the ACE2 binding inhibition to the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and omicron (BA.1) variant receptor binding domain were measured in their nasal epithelial lining fluid and plasma. Result In the recovered group, the booster expanded the nasal IgA dominancy inherited from natural infection to IgA and IgG. They also had a higher S1-specific nasal and plasma IgA and IgG levels with a better inhibition against the omicron BA.1 variant and ancestral SARS-CoV-2 when compared with vaccine-only subjects. The nasal S1-specific IgA induced by natural infection lasted longer than those induced by vaccines while the plasma antibodies of both groups maintained at a high level for at least 21 weeks after booster. Conclusion The booster benefited all subjects to obtain neutralizing antibody (NAb) against omicron BA.1 variant in plasma while only the Covid-19 recovered subjects had an extra enrichment in nasal NAb against omicron BA.1 variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Liu
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joseph G. S. Tsun
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Genevieve P. G. Fung
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Grace C. Y. Lui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kathy Y. Y. Chan
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paul K. S. Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Renee W. Y. Chan
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,Laboratory for Paediatric Respiratory Research, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK)- University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU) Joint Research Laboratory of Respiratory Virus & Immunobiology, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,*Correspondence: Renee W. Y. Chan,
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9
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Ekström N, Haveri A, Solastie A, Virta C, Österlund P, Nohynek H, Nieminen T, Ivaska L, Tähtinen PA, Lempainen J, Jalkanen P, Julkunen I, Palmu AA, Melin M. Strong Neutralizing Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Variants Following a Single Vaccine Dose in Subjects With Previous SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac625. [PMID: 36519113 PMCID: PMC9745780 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection primes the immune system; thus individuals who have recovered from infection have enhanced immune responses to subsequent vaccination (hybrid immunity). However, it remains unclear how well hybrid immunity induced by severe or mild infection can cross-neutralize emerging variants. We aimed to compare the strength and breadth of antibody responses in vaccinated recovered and uninfected subjects. METHODS We measured spike-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) from vaccinated subjects including 320 with hybrid immunity and 20 without previous infection. From 29 subjects with a previous severe or mild infection, we also measured NAb responses against Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1.529/BA.1) variants following vaccination. RESULTS A single vaccine dose induced 2-fold higher anti-spike IgG concentrations and up to 4-fold higher neutralizing potency of antibodies in subjects with a previous infection compared with vaccinated subjects without a previous infection. Hybrid immunity was more enhanced after a severe than a mild infection, with sequentially decreasing NAb titers against Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants. We found similar IgG concentrations in subjects with a previous infection after 1 or 2 vaccine doses. CONCLUSIONS Hybrid immunity induced strong IgG responses, particularly after severe infection. However, the NAb titers were low against heterologous variants, especially against Omicron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Ekström
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Haveri
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Solastie
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Camilla Virta
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pamela Österlund
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Nohynek
- Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomo Nieminen
- Data and Analytics Unit, Department of Knowledge Brokers, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauri Ivaska
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Paula A Tähtinen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Lempainen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pinja Jalkanen
- Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Arto A Palmu
- Interventions Unit, Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Tampere, Finland
| | - Merit Melin
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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10
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Dhawan M, Saied AA, Mitra S, Alhumaydhi FA, Emran TB, Wilairatana P. Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) and its sublineages: What do we know so far amid the emergence of recombinant variants of SARS-CoV-2? Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113522. [PMID: 36030585 PMCID: PMC9376347 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous variants of SARS-CoV-2 have been reported worldwide. The advent of variants of concern (VOCs) raises severe concerns amid the serious containment efforts against COVID-19 that include physical measures, pharmacological repurposing, immunization, and genomic/community surveillance. Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) has been identified as a highly modified, contagious, and crucial variant among the five VOCs of SARS-CoV-2. The increased affinity of the spike protein (S-protein), and host receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2), due to a higher number of mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the S-protein has been proposed as the primary reason for the decreased efficacy of majorly available vaccines against the Omicron variant and the increased transmissible nature of the Omicron variant. Because of its significant competitive advantage, the Omicron variant and its sublineages swiftly surpassed other variants to become the dominant circulating lineages in a number of nations. The Omicron variant has been identified as a prevalent strain in the United Kingdom and South Africa. Furthermore, the emergence of recombinant variants through the conjunction of the Omicron variant with other variants or by the mixing of the Omicron variant's sublineages/subvariants poses a major threat to humanity. This raises various issues and hazards regarding the Omicron variant and its sublineages, such as an Omicron variant breakout in susceptible populations among fully vaccinated persons. As a result, understanding the features and genetic implications of this variant is crucial. Hence, we explained in depth the evolution and features of the Omicron variant and analyzed the repercussions of spike mutations on infectiousness, dissemination ability, viral entry mechanism, and immune evasion. We also presented a viewpoint on feasible strategies for precluding and counteracting any future catastrophic emergence and spread of the omicron variant and its sublineages that could result in a detrimental wave of COVID-19 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India; Trafford College, Altrincham, Manchester WA14 5PQ, UK.
| | - AbdulRahman A Saied
- National Food Safety Authority (NFSA), Aswan Branch, Aswan 81511, Egypt; Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Aswan Office, Aswan 81511, Egypt
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Fahad A Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh.
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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11
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Bruel T, Pinaud L, Tondeur L, Planas D, Staropoli I, Porrot F, Guivel-Benhassine F, Attia M, Pelleau S, Woudenberg T, Duru C, Koffi AD, Castelain S, Fernandes-Pellerin S, Jolly N, De Facci LP, Roux E, Ungeheuer MN, Van Der Werf S, White M, Schwartz O, Fontanet A. Neutralising antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 omicron among elderly nursing home residents following a booster dose of BNT162b2 vaccine: A community-based, prospective, longitudinal cohort study. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 51:101576. [PMID: 35891947 PMCID: PMC9307278 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protective immunity against omicron following a BNT162b2 Pfizer booster dose among elderly individuals (ie, those aged >65 years) is not well characterised. METHODS In a community-based, prospective, longitudinal cohort study taking place in France in which 75 residents from three nursing homes were enrolled, we selected 38 residents who had received a two-dose regimen of mRNA vaccine and a booster dose of Pfizer BNT162b2 vaccine. We excluded individuals that did not receive three vaccine doses or did not have available sera samples. We measured anti-S IgG antibodies and neutralisation capacity in sera taken 56 (28-68) and 55 (48-64) days (median (range)) after the 2nd and 3rd vaccine doses, respectively. Antibodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein were measured with the S-Flow assay as binding antibody units per milliliter (BAU/mL). Neutralising activities in sera were measured as effective dilution 50% (ED50) with the S-Fuse assay using authentic isolates of delta and omicron BA.1. FINDINGS Among the 38 elderly individuals recruited to the cohort study between November 23rd, 2020 and April 29th, 2021, with median age of 88 (range 72-101) years, 30 (78.95%) had been previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. After three vaccine doses, serum neutralising activity was lower against omicron BA.1 (median ED50 of 774.5, range 15.0-34660.0) than the delta variant (median ED50 of 4972.0, range 213.7-66340.0), and higher among previously infected (ie, convalescent; median ED50 against omicron: 1088.0, range 32.6-34660.0) compared with infection-naive residents (median ED50 against omicron: 188.4, range 15.0-8918.0). During the French omicron wave in December 2021-January 2022, 75% (6/8) of naive residents were infected, compared to 25% (7/30) of convalescent residents (P=0.0114). Anti-Spike antibody levels and neutralising activity against omicron BA.1 after a third BNT162b2 booster dose were lower in those with breakthrough BA.1 infection (n=13) compared with those without (n=25), with a median of 1429.9 (range 670.9-3818.3) BAU/mL vs 2528.3 (range 695.4-8832.0) BAU/mL (P=0.029) and a median ED50 of 281.1 (range 15.0-2136.0) vs 1376.0 (range 32.6-34660.0) (P=0.0013), respectively. INTERPRETATION This study shows that elderly individuals who received three vaccine doses elicit neutralising antibodies against the omicron BA.1 variant of SARS-CoV-2. Elderly individuals who had also been previously infected showed higher neutralising activity compared with naive individuals. Yet, breakthrough infections with omicron occurred. Individuals with breakthrough infections had significantly lower neutralising titers compared to individuals without breakthrough infection. Thus, a fourth dose of vaccine may be useful in the elderly population to increase the level of neutralising antibodies and compensate for waning immunity. FUNDING Institut Pasteur, Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM), European Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Authority (HERA), Agence nationale de recherches sur le sida et les hépatites virales - Maladies Infectieuses Emergentes (ANRS-MIE), Agence nationale de la recherche (ANR), Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) and Fondation de France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Bruel
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
- Corresponding author at: Unité Virus et Immunité, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Laurie Pinaud
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Laura Tondeur
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Planas
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Porrot
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | | | - Mikaël Attia
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Pelleau
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Analytics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Tom Woudenberg
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Analytics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Duru
- Hôpital de Crépy-en-Valois, Crépy-en-Valois, France
| | | | | | | | - Nathalie Jolly
- Centre for Translational Science, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Louise Perrin De Facci
- Clinical Investigation and access to bioresources (ICAReB) platform, Centre for Translational Science, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Roux
- Clinical Investigation and access to bioresources (ICAReB) platform, Centre for Translational Science, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Ungeheuer
- Clinical Investigation and access to bioresources (ICAReB) platform, Centre for Translational Science, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Van Der Werf
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Michael White
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Analytics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Arnaud Fontanet
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, PACRI Unit, Paris, France
- Corresponding author at: Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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12
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Obach D, Solastie A, Liedes O, Vara S, Krzyżewska‐Dudek E, Brinkmann L, Haveri A, Hammer CC, Dub T, Meri S, Freitag TL, Lyytikäinen O, Melin M. Impaired immunity and high attack rates caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 variants among vaccinated long‐term care facility residents. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e679. [PMID: 36039644 PMCID: PMC9382858 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Long‐term care facilities (LTCF) residents are at high risk for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), and therefore, COVID‐19 vaccinations were prioritized for residents and personnel in Finland at the beginning of 2021. Methods We investigated COVID‐19 outbreaks in two LTCFs, where residents were once or twice vaccinated. After the outbreaks we measured immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike glycoprotein, neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers, and cell‐mediated immunity markers from residents and healthcare workers (HCWs). Results In LTFC‐1, the outbreak was caused by an Alpha variant (B.1.1.7) and the attack rate (AR) among once vaccinated residents was 23%. In LTCF‐2 the outbreak was caused by a Beta variant (B.1.351). Its AR was 47% although all residents had received their second dose 1 month before the outbreak. We observed that vaccination had induced lower IgG concentrations, NAb titers and cell‐mediated immune responses in residents compared to HCWs. Only 1/8 residents had NAb to the Beta variant after two vaccine doses. Conclusions The vaccinated elderly remain susceptible to breakthrough infections caused by Alpha and Beta variants. The weaker vaccine response in the elderly needs to be addressed in vaccination protocols, while new variants capable of evading vaccine‐induced immunity continue to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothée Obach
- Department of Health Security, Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations Unit Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland
- European Program for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET) European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, (ECDC) Stockholm Sweden
| | - Anna Solastie
- Department of Health Security, Expert Microbiology Unit Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland
| | - Oona Liedes
- Department of Health Security, Expert Microbiology Unit Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland
| | - Saimi Vara
- Department of Health Security, Expert Microbiology Unit Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland
| | - Eva Krzyżewska‐Dudek
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Translational Immunology Research Program University of Helsinki Finland
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases Polish Academy of Sciences Wroclaw Poland
| | - Luise Brinkmann
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Translational Immunology Research Program University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Anu Haveri
- Department of Health Security, Expert Microbiology Unit Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland
| | - Charlotte C. Hammer
- Department of Health Security, Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations Unit Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland
- European Program for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET) European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, (ECDC) Stockholm Sweden
| | - Timothée Dub
- Department of Health Security, Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations Unit Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland
| | - Seppo Meri
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Translational Immunology Research Program University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Tobias L. Freitag
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Translational Immunology Research Program University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Outi Lyytikäinen
- Department of Health Security, Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations Unit Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland
| | - Merit Melin
- Department of Health Security, Expert Microbiology Unit Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland
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13
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Sullivan DJ, Franchini M, Joyner MJ, Casadevall A, Focosi D. Analysis of anti-Omicron neutralizing antibody titers in different vaccinated and unvaccinated convalescent plasma sources. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2021.12.24.21268317. [PMID: 35982681 PMCID: PMC9387146 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.24.21268317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The latest SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern Omicron, with its immune escape from therapeutic anti-Spike monoclonal antibodies and WA-1 vaccine-elicited sera, demonstrates the continued relevance of COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) therapies. Lessons learnt from previous usage of CCP suggests focusing on early outpatients and immunocompromised recipients, with high neutralizing antibody (nAb) titer units. In this analysis we systematically reviewed Omicron-neutralizing plasma activity data, and found that approximately 47% (424/902) of CCP from unvaccinated pre-Omicron donors neutralizes Omicron BA.1 with a very low geomean of geometric mean titers for 50% neutralization GM(GMT50) of about 13, representing a more than 20-fold reduction from WA-1 neutralization. Two doses of mRNA vaccines in nonconvalescent subjects had a similar 50% percent neutralization with Omicron BA.1 neutralization GM(GMT(50)) of about 27. However, plasma from vaccinees recovered from either previous pre-Omicron variants of concern infection, Omicron BA.1 infection, or third-dose uninfected vaccinees was nearly 100% neutralizing against Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.4/5 with GM(GMT(50)) all over 189, 10 times higher than pre-Omicron CCP. Fully vaccinated and post-BA.1 plasma (Vax-CCP) had GM(GMT50) over 450 for BA.4/5 and over 1500 for BA.1 and BA.2. These findings have implications for both CCP stocks collected in prior pandemic periods and plans to restart CCP collections. Thus, Vax-CCP provides an effective tool to combat ongoing variants that defeat therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Sullivan
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Massimo Franchini
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Carlo Poma Hospital, 46100 Mantua, Italy
| | - Michael J. Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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14
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Zurac S, Vladan C, Dinca O, Constantin C, Neagu M. Immunogenicity evaluation after BNT162b2 booster vaccination in healthcare workers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12716. [PMID: 35882871 PMCID: PMC9321272 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16759-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Waning of the immune response upon vaccination in SARS-CoV-2 infection is an important subject of evaluation in this pandemic, mostly in healthcare workers (HCW) that are constantly in contact with infected samples and patients. Therefore, our study aimed to establish the specific humoral response of specific IgG and IgA antibodies upon vaccination, during the second year of pandemic and evaluating the booster shot with the same vaccine type. A group of 103 HCW with documented exposure to the virus were monitored for specific IgG and IgA levels prior to vaccination, after the first vaccination round, during the following 8 months and after the booster shot with the same vaccine type. After 8 months post-vaccination the humoral response in both IgG and IgA decreased, 2.4 times for IgG, and 2.7 times for IgA. Although the antibodies levels significantly decreased, no documented infection was registered in the group. After the booster shot, the entire group, displayed IgG increased levels, immediately after booster followed by the increase in specific IgA. IgG levels post-second round of vaccination are statistically higher compared to the first round, while IgA is restored at the same levels. Within the vaccination or booster routine for a multiple waves' pandemic that is generating new virus variants, populational immunity remains an important issue for future implementation of prevention/control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Zurac
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Vladan
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- "Prof. Dr. Dan Theodorescu" Clinical Hospital for Oro-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Octavian Dinca
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- "Prof. Dr. Dan Theodorescu" Clinical Hospital for Oro-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carolina Constantin
- Department of Pathology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.
- Department of Immunology, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Monica Neagu
- Department of Pathology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
- "Prof. Dr. Dan Theodorescu" Clinical Hospital for Oro-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Bucharest, Romania
- Doctoral School, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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15
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Immune Escape Associated with RBD Omicron Mutations and SARS-CoV-2 Evolution Dynamics. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081603. [PMID: 35893668 PMCID: PMC9394476 DOI: 10.3390/v14081603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution and the emergence of new mutations of viruses affect their transmissibility and/or pathogenicity features, depending on different evolutionary scenarios of virus adaptation to the host. A typical trade-off scenario of SARS-CoV-2 evolution has been proposed, which leads to the appearance of an Omicron strain with lowered lethality, yet enhanced transmissibility. This direction of evolution might be partly explained by virus adaptation to therapeutic agents and enhanced escape from vaccine-induced and natural immunity formed by other SARS-CoV-2 strains. Omicron’s high mutation rate in the Spike protein, as well as its previously described high genome mutation rate (Kandeel et al., 2021), revealed a gap between it and other SARS-CoV-2 strains, indicating the absence of a transitional evolutionary form to the Omicron strain. Therefore, Omicron has emerged as a new serotype divergent from the evolutionary lineage of other SARS-CoV-2 strains. Omicron is a rapidly evolving variant of high concern, whose new subvariants continue to manifest. Its further understanding and the further monitoring of key mutations that provide virus immune escape and/or high affinity towards the receptor could be useful for vaccine and therapeutic development in order to control the evolutionary direction of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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16
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Jung MK, Jeong SD, Noh JY, Kim DU, Jung S, Song JY, Jeong HW, Park SH, Shin EC. BNT162b2-induced memory T cells respond to the Omicron variant with preserved polyfunctionality. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:909-917. [PMID: 35577972 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) extensively escapes neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. In the present study, we investigated whether BNT162b2 messenger RNA vaccine-induced memory T cells functionally respond to the Omicron spike protein. Experiments were performed using samples from healthcare workers who were immunized with two or three doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine and individuals with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection who were immunized with two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine. Vaccine-induced memory T cells exhibited substantial responses to the Omicron spike protein, with no difference between healthcare workers with two versus three vaccine doses. In individuals with prior infection, two-dose vaccination robustly boosted memory T cells that responded to the Omicron spike protein and the SARS-CoV-2 wild-type (lineage B) spike protein. Importantly, polyfunctionality was preserved in vaccine-induced memory T cells responding to the Omicron spike protein. The present findings indicate that BNT162b2-induced memory T cells substantially respond to the Omicron variant with preserved polyfunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyung Jung
- The Center for Viral Immunology, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Dong Jeong
- The Center for Viral Immunology, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yun Noh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Uk Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Jung
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Young Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye Won Jeong
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. .,The Center for Epidemic Preparedness, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- The Center for Viral Immunology, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. .,Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Zuo F, Abolhassani H, Du L, Piralla A, Bertoglio F, de Campos-Mata L, Wan H, Schubert M, Cassaniti I, Wang Y, Sammartino JC, Sun R, Vlachiotis S, Bergami F, Kumagai-Braesch M, Andréll J, Zhang Z, Xue Y, Wenzel EV, Calzolai L, Varani L, Rezaei N, Chavoshzadeh Z, Baldanti F, Hust M, Hammarström L, Marcotte H, Pan-Hammarström Q. Heterologous immunization with inactivated vaccine followed by mRNA-booster elicits strong immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2670. [PMID: 35562366 PMCID: PMC9106736 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30340-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of the Omicron variant has raised concerns on vaccine efficacy and the urgent need to study more efficient vaccination strategies. Here we observed that an mRNA vaccine booster in individuals vaccinated with two doses of inactivated vaccine significantly increased the plasma level of specific antibodies that bind to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) or the spike (S) ectodomain (S1 + S2) of both the G614 and the Omicron variants, compared to two doses of homologous inactivated vaccine. The level of RBD- and S-specific IgG antibodies and virus neutralization titers against variants of concern in the heterologous vaccination group were similar to that in individuals receiving three doses of homologous mRNA-vaccine or a boost of mRNA vaccine after infection, but markedly higher than that in individuals receiving three doses of a homologous inactivated vaccine. This heterologous vaccination regime furthermore significantly enhanced the RBD-specific memory B cell response and S1-specific T cell response, compared to two or three doses of homologous inactivated vaccine. Our study demonstrates that mRNA vaccine booster in individuals vaccinated with inactivated vaccines can be highly beneficial, as it markedly increases the humoral and cellular immune responses against the virus, including the Omicron variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglei Zuo
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Likun Du
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Antonio Piralla
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federico Bertoglio
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Leire de Campos-Mata
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Hui Wan
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Maren Schubert
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Irene Cassaniti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Yating Wang
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Josè Camilla Sammartino
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Stelios Vlachiotis
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Federica Bergami
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Makiko Kumagai-Braesch
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juni Andréll
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhaoxia Zhang
- Department of Aging Neurology orthopedics, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yintong Xue
- Department of Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Esther Veronika Wenzel
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Abcalis GmbH, Science Campus Braunschweig-Süd, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Luigi Calzolai
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Luca Varani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Chavoshzadeh
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Michael Hust
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lennart Hammarström
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Harold Marcotte
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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18
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Li Y, Wang X, Jin J, Ma Z, Liu Y, Zhang X, Su B. T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike epitopes with mutations after the third booster dose of an inactivated vaccine. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3998-4004. [PMID: 35474581 PMCID: PMC9088599 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly spreading SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant contains more than 30 mutations that mediate escape from antibody responses elicited by prior infection or current vaccines. Fortunately, T cell responses are highly conserved in most individuals, but the impacts of mutations are not clear. Here, we showed that the T cell responses of individuals who underwent booster vaccination with CoronaVac were largely protective against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike protein. To specifically estimate the impact of Omicron mutations on vaccinated participants, 16 peptides derived from the spike protein of the ancestral virus or Omicron strain with mutations were used to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the volunteers. Compared with the administration of two doses of vaccine, booster vaccination substantially enhanced T cell activation in response to both the ancestral and Omicron epitopes, although the enhancement was slightly weakened by the Omicron mutations. Then, the peptides derived from these spike proteins were used separately to stimulate PBMCs. Interestingly, compared with the ancestral peptides, only the peptides with the G339D or N440K mutation were detected to significantly destabilize the T cell response. Although more participants need to be evaluated to confirm this conclusion, our study nonetheless estimates the impacts of mutations on T cell responses to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzheng Li
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuwen Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junyan Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenglai Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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19
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Christensen PA, Olsen RJ, Long SW, Snehal R, Davis JJ, Ojeda Saavedra M, Reppond K, Shyer MN, Cambric J, Gadd R, Thakur RM, Batajoo A, Mangham R, Pena S, Trinh T, Kinskey JC, Williams G, Olson R, Gollihar J, Musser JM. Signals of Significantly Increased Vaccine Breakthrough, Decreased Hospitalization Rates, and Less Severe Disease in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Caused by the Omicron Variant of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Houston, Texas. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:642-652. [PMID: 35123975 PMCID: PMC8812084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continue to dramatically alter the landscape of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The recently described variant of concern designated Omicron (B.1.1.529) has rapidly spread worldwide and is now responsible for the majority of COVID-19 cases in many countries. Because Omicron was recognized recently, many knowledge gaps exist about its epidemiology, clinical severity, and disease course. A genome sequencing study of SARS-CoV-2 in the Houston Methodist health care system identified 4468 symptomatic patients with infections caused by Omicron from late November 2021 through January 5, 2022. Omicron rapidly increased in only 3 weeks to cause 90% of all new COVID-19 cases, and at the end of the study period caused 98% of new cases. Compared with patients infected with either Alpha or Delta variants in our health care system, Omicron patients were significantly younger, had significantly increased vaccine breakthrough rates, and were significantly less likely to be hospitalized. Omicron patients required less intense respiratory support and had a shorter length of hospital stay, consistent with on average decreased disease severity. Two patients with Omicron stealth sublineage BA.2 also were identified. The data document the unusually rapid spread and increased occurrence of COVID-19 caused by the Omicron variant in metropolitan Houston, Texas, and address the lack of information about disease character among US patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Christensen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas; Laboratory of Antibody Discovery and Accelerated Protein Therapeutics, Center for Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Randall J Olsen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas; Laboratory of Antibody Discovery and Accelerated Protein Therapeutics, Center for Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - S Wesley Long
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas; Laboratory of Antibody Discovery and Accelerated Protein Therapeutics, Center for Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Richard Snehal
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - James J Davis
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois
| | - Matthew Ojeda Saavedra
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Kristina Reppond
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Madison N Shyer
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Jessica Cambric
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Ryan Gadd
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Rashi M Thakur
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Akanksha Batajoo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Regan Mangham
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Sindy Pena
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Trina Trinh
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Jacob C Kinskey
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Guy Williams
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert Olson
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois
| | - Jimmy Gollihar
- Laboratory of Antibody Discovery and Accelerated Protein Therapeutics, Center for Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - James M Musser
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas; Laboratory of Antibody Discovery and Accelerated Protein Therapeutics, Center for Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.
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