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Planas D, Peng L, Zheng L, Guivel-Benhassine F, Staropoli I, Porrot F, Bruel T, Bhiman JN, Bonaparte M, Savarino S, de Bruyn G, Chicz RM, Moore PL, Schwartz O, Sridhar S. Beta-variant recombinant booster vaccine elicits broad cross-reactive neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 including Omicron variants. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27033. [PMID: 38486776 PMCID: PMC10938114 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineage contains variants with multiple sequence mutations relative to the ancestral strain particularly in the viral spike gene. These mutations are associated inter alia with loss of neutralization sensitivity to sera generated by immunization with vaccines targeting ancestral strains or prior infection with circulating (non-Omicron) variants. Here we present a comparison of vaccine formulation elicited cross neutralization responses using two different assay readouts from a subpopulation of a Phase II/III clinical trial. Methods Human sera from a Phase II/III trial (NCT04762680) was collected and evaluated for neutralizing responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen protein vaccines formulated with AS03 adjuvant, following a primary series of two-doses of ancestral strain vaccine in individuals who were previously unvaccinated or as an ancestral or variant strain booster vaccine among individuals previously vaccinated with the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine. Results We report that a neutralizing response to Omicron BA.1 is induced by the two-dose primary series in 89% of SARS-CoV-2-seronegative individuals. A booster dose of each vaccine formulation raises neutralizing antibody titers that effectively neutralizes Omicron BA.1 and BA.4/5 variants. Responses are highest after the monovalent Beta variant booster and similar in magnitude to human convalescent plasma titers. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest the possibility to generate greater breadth of cross-neutralization to more recently emerging viral variants through use of a diverged spike vaccine in the form of a Beta variant booster vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lin Peng
- Clinical Sciences and Operations, Sanofi, Chengdu, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jinal N. Bhiman
- MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | - Penny L. Moore
- MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Bolland W, Michel V, Planas D, Hubert M, Staropoli I, Guivel-Benhassine F, Porrot F, N'Debi M, Rodriguez C, Fourati S, Prot M, Planchais C, Hocqueloux L, Simon-Lorière E, Mouquet H, Prazuck T, Pawlotsky JM, Bruel T, Schwartz O, Buchrieser J. High fusion and cytopathy of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.640.1. J Virol 2024; 98:e0135123. [PMID: 38088562 PMCID: PMC10805008 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01351-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 variants with undetermined properties have emerged intermittently throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Some variants possess unique phenotypes and mutations which allow further characterization of viral evolution and Spike functions. Around 1,100 cases of the B.1.640.1 variant were reported in Africa and Europe between 2021 and 2022, before the expansion of Omicron. Here, we analyzed the biological properties of a B.1.640.1 isolate and its Spike. Compared to the ancestral Spike, B.1.640.1 carried 14 amino acid substitutions and deletions. B.1.640.1 escaped binding by some anti-N-terminal domain and anti-receptor-binding domain monoclonal antibodies, and neutralization by sera from convalescent and vaccinated individuals. In cell lines, infection generated large syncytia and a high cytopathic effect. In primary airway cells, B.1.640.1 replicated less than Omicron BA.1 and triggered more syncytia and cell death than other variants. The B.1.640.1 Spike was highly fusogenic when expressed alone. This was mediated by two poorly characterized and infrequent mutations located in the Spike S2 domain, T859N and D936H. Altogether, our results highlight the cytopathy of a hyper-fusogenic SARS-CoV-2 variant, supplanted upon the emergence of Omicron BA.1. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT04750720.)IMPORTANCEOur results highlight the plasticity of SARS-CoV-2 Spike to generate highly fusogenic and cytopathic strains with the causative mutations being uncharacterized in previous variants. We describe mechanisms regulating the formation of syncytia and the subsequent consequences in a primary culture model, which are poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bolland
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Michel
- Pathogenesis of Vascular Infections Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Planas
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Mathieu Hubert
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | | | - Françoise Porrot
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Mélissa N'Debi
- Department of Virology, Hôpital Henri Mondor (AP-HP), Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
| | - Christophe Rodriguez
- Department of Virology, Hôpital Henri Mondor (AP-HP), Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
| | - Slim Fourati
- Department of Virology, Hôpital Henri Mondor (AP-HP), Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
| | - Matthieu Prot
- Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Humoral Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | | | - Etienne Simon-Lorière
- Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Humoral Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-Michel Pawlotsky
- Department of Virology, Hôpital Henri Mondor (AP-HP), Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Julian Buchrieser
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
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3
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Lingas G, Planas D, Péré H, Porrot F, Guivel-Benhassine F, Staropoli I, Duffy D, Chapuis N, Gobeaux C, Veyer D, Delaugerre C, Le Goff J, Getten P, Hadjadj J, Bellino A, Parfait B, Treluyer JM, Schwartz O, Guedj J, Kernéis S, Terrier B. Neutralizing Antibody Levels as a Correlate of Protection Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Modeling Analysis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024; 115:86-94. [PMID: 37795693 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Although anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 antibody kinetics have been described in large populations of vaccinated individuals, we still poorly understand how they evolve during a natural infection and how this impacts viral clearance. For that purpose, we analyzed the kinetics of both viral load and neutralizing antibody levels in a prospective cohort of individuals during acute infection with alpha variant. Using a mathematical model, we show that the progressive increase in neutralizing antibodies leads to a shortening of the half-life of both infected cells and infectious viral particles. We estimated that the neutralizing activity reached 90% of its maximal level within 11 days after symptom onset and could reduce the half-life of both infected cells and circulating virus by a 6-fold factor, thus playing a key role to achieve rapid viral clearance. Using this model, we conducted a simulation study to predict in a more general context the protection conferred by pre-existing neutralization titers, due to either vaccination or prior infection. We predicted that a neutralizing activity, as measured by 50% effective dose > 103 , could reduce by 46% the risk of having viral load detectable by standard polymerase chain reaction assays and by 98% the risk of having viral load above the threshold of infectiousness. Our model shows that neutralizing activity could be used to define correlates of protection against infection and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Delphine Planas
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Hélène Péré
- Virology Unit, Microbiology Department, APHP, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMRS1138 Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Porrot
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | | | - Isabelle Staropoli
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Darragh Duffy
- Translational Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Chapuis
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre-Université Paris Cité, Service d'hématologie biologique, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Camille Gobeaux
- Department of Automated Biology, CHU de Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - David Veyer
- Virology Unit, Microbiology Department, APHP, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMRS1138 Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Constance Delaugerre
- Virology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm U944, Biology of Emerging Viruses, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Le Goff
- Virology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm U976, INSIGHT Team, Paris, France
| | | | - Jérôme Hadjadj
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, AP-HP, APHP.CUP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Adèle Bellino
- URC-CIC Paris Centre Necker/Cochin, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Béatrice Parfait
- Fédération des Centres de Ressources Biologiques - Plateformes de Ressources Biologiques AP-HP.Centre-Université Paris Cité, Centre de Ressources Biologiques Cochin, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Treluyer
- Unité de Recherche clinique, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP.Centre - Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | | | - Solen Kernéis
- Université Paris Cité, IAME, INSERM, Paris, France
- Equipe de Prévention du Risque Infectieux (EPRI), AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Terrier
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, AP-HP, APHP.CUP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
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4
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Bruel T, Vrignaud LL, Porrot F, Staropoli I, Planas D, Guivel-Benhassine F, Puech J, Prot M, Munier S, Bolland WH, Soulié C, Zafilaza K, Lusivika-Nzinga C, Meledge ML, Dorival C, Molino D, Péré H, Yordanov Y, Simon-Lorière E, Veyer D, Carrat F, Schwartz O, Marcelin AG, Martin-Blondel G. Sotrovimab therapy elicits antiviral activities against Omicron BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 in sera of immunocompromised patients. Med 2023; 4:664-667. [PMID: 37837962 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies effective against the recent Omicron sublineages are missing. By taking advantage of a multi-centric prospective cohort of immunocompromised individuals treated for mild-to-moderate COVID-19, Bruel et al. show that administration of 500 mg of sotrovimab induces serum neutralization and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5. Therefore, sotrovimab may remain a therapeutic option against these variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Bruel
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France; Antiviral Activities of Antibodies Group, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France; Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France.
| | - Lou-Léna Vrignaud
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France; Antiviral Activities of Antibodies Group, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Porrot
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Planas
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France; Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | | | - Julien Puech
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Prot
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sandie Munier
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - William Henry Bolland
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France; École Doctorale BioSPC 562, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Cathia Soulié
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, 75012 Paris, France; Virology Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Karen Zafilaza
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, 75012 Paris, France; Virology Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Clovis Lusivika-Nzinga
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Meledge
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Céline Dorival
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Diana Molino
- INSERM-ANRS Maladies Infectieuses Emergentes, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Hélène Péré
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France; Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Youri Yordanov
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, 75012 Paris, France; Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service d'Accueil des Urgences, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Simon-Lorière
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, National Reference Center for viruses of respiratory infections, Paris, France
| | - David Veyer
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France; Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Carrat
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, 75012 Paris, France; Hôpital Saint-Antoine, santé publique, APHP Paris, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France; Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Anne-Geneviève Marcelin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, 75012 Paris, France; Virology Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Martin-Blondel
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU de Toulouse, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) INSERM, Université Toulouse III., Toulouse, France.
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5
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Degrelle SA, Buchrieser J, Dupressoir A, Porrot F, Loeuillet L, Schwartz O, Fournier T. IFITM1 inhibits trophoblast invasion and is induced in placentas associated with IFN-mediated pregnancy diseases. iScience 2023; 26:107147. [PMID: 37434700 PMCID: PMC10331461 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are restriction factors that block many viruses from entering cells. High levels of type I interferon (IFN) are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, and IFITMs have been shown to impair the formation of syncytiotrophoblast. Here, we examine whether IFITMs affect another critical step of placental development, extravillous cytotrophoblast (EVCT) invasion. We conducted experiments using in vitro/ex vivo models of EVCT, mice treated in vivo with the IFN-inducer poly (I:C), and human pathological placental sections. Cells treated with IFN-β demonstrated upregulation of IFITMs and reduced invasive abilities. Transduction experiments confirmed that IFITM1 contributed to the decreased cell invasion. Similarly, migration of trophoblast giant cells, the mouse equivalent of human EVCTs, was significantly reduced in poly (I:C)-treated mice. Finally, analysis of CMV- and bacterial-infected human placentas revealed upregulated IFITM1 expression. These data demonstrate that high levels of IFITM1 impair trophoblast invasion and could explain the placental dysfunctions associated with IFN-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine A. Degrelle
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, UMR-S1139, Pathophysiology & Pharmacotoxicology of the Human Placenta, Pre- & Post-natal Microbiota (3PHM), 75006 Paris, France
- Inovarion, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Julian Buchrieser
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- CNRS-UMR3569, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Anne Dupressoir
- Unité Physiologie et Pathologie Moléculaires des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Infectieux, Hôpital Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
- UMR 9196, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Françoise Porrot
- Unité Physiologie et Pathologie Moléculaires des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Infectieux, Hôpital Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
- UMR 9196, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Laurence Loeuillet
- Service d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- CNRS-UMR3569, 75015 Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Thierry Fournier
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, UMR-S1139, Pathophysiology & Pharmacotoxicology of the Human Placenta, Pre- & Post-natal Microbiota (3PHM), 75006 Paris, France
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6
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Hubert M, Guivel-Benhassine F, Bruel T, Porrot F, Planas D, Vanhomwegen J, Wiedemann A, Burrel S, Marot S, Palich R, Monsel G, Diombera H, Gallien S, Lopez-Zaragoza JL, Vindrios W, Taieb F, Fernandes-Pellerin S, Delhaye M, Laude H, Arowas L, Ungeheuer MN, Hocqueloux L, Pourcher V, Prazuck T, Marcelin AG, Lelièvre JD, Batéjat C, Lévy Y, Manuguerra JC, Schwartz O. Complement-dependent mpox-virus-neutralizing antibodies in infected and vaccinated individuals. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:937-948.e4. [PMID: 37196656 PMCID: PMC10188274 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mpox virus (MPXV) caused a multi-country outbreak in non-endemic areas in 2022. Following historic success of smallpox vaccination with vaccinia virus (VACV)-based vaccines, the third generation modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA)-based vaccine was used as prophylaxis for MPXV, but its effectiveness remains poorly characterized. Here, we applied two assays to quantify neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) in sera from control, MPXV-infected, or MVA-vaccinated individuals. Various levels of MVA NAbs were detected after infection, historic smallpox, or recent MVA vaccination. MPXV was minimally sensitive to neutralization. However, addition of complement enhanced detection of responsive individuals and NAb levels. Anti-MVA and -MPXV NAbs were observed in 94% and 82% of infected individuals, respectively, and 92% and 56% of MVA vaccinees, respectively. NAb titers were higher in individuals born before 1980, highlighting the impact of historic smallpox vaccination on humoral immunity. Altogether, our results indicate that MPXV neutralization is complement dependent and uncover mechanisms underlying vaccine effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Hubert
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Virus and Immunity Unit, CNRS UMR3569, 75015 Paris, France.
| | | | - Timothée Bruel
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Virus and Immunity Unit, CNRS UMR3569, 75015 Paris, France; Vaccine Research Institute, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Françoise Porrot
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Virus and Immunity Unit, CNRS UMR3569, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Delphine Planas
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Virus and Immunity Unit, CNRS UMR3569, 75015 Paris, France; Vaccine Research Institute, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Jessica Vanhomwegen
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité Environnement et Risques Infectieux, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence (CIBU), 75015 Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Wiedemann
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Team 16, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Sonia Burrel
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5234, Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, Hôpital Universitaire de Bordeaux, Service de Virologie, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphane Marot
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Romain Palich
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Service de Maladies infectieuses et Tropicales, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Gentiane Monsel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Service de Maladies infectieuses et Tropicales, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Harouna Diombera
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Team 16, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Sébastien Gallien
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service Immunologie Clinique, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Jose Luis Lopez-Zaragoza
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service Immunologie Clinique, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - William Vindrios
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service Immunologie Clinique, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Fabien Taieb
- Medical Center of Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Hélène Laude
- ICAReB-Clin platform, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Valérie Pourcher
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Service de Maladies infectieuses et Tropicales, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Thierry Prazuck
- CHR Orléans, Service de Maladies Infectieuses, 45100 Orléans, France
| | - Anne-Geneviève Marcelin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Daniel Lelièvre
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Team 16, 94000 Créteil, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service Immunologie Clinique, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Christophe Batéjat
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité Environnement et Risques Infectieux, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence (CIBU), 75015 Paris, France
| | - Yves Lévy
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Team 16, 94000 Créteil, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service Immunologie Clinique, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Jean-Claude Manuguerra
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité Environnement et Risques Infectieux, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence (CIBU), 75015 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Virus and Immunity Unit, CNRS UMR3569, 75015 Paris, France; Vaccine Research Institute, 94000 Créteil, France.
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7
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Bruel T, Vrignaud LL, Porrot F, Staropoli I, Planas D, Guivel-Benhassine F, Puech J, Prot M, Munier S, Henry-Bolland W, Soulié C, Zafilaza K, Lusivika-Nzinga C, Meledge ML, Dorival C, Molino D, Péré H, Yordanov Y, Simon-Lorière E, Veyer D, Carrat F, Schwartz O, Marcelin AG, Martin-Blondel G. Antiviral activities of sotrovimab against BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 in sera of treated patients. medRxiv 2023:2023.05.25.23290512. [PMID: 37398037 PMCID: PMC10312842 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.25.23290512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the spike of SARS-CoV-2 prevent severe COVID-19. Omicron subvariants BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 evade neutralization of therapeutic mAbs, leading to recommendations against their use. Yet, the antiviral activities of mAbs in treated patients remain ill-defined. Methods We investigated neutralization and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of D614G, BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 in 320 sera from 80 immunocompromised patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 prospectively treated with mAbs (sotrovimab, n=29; imdevimab/casirivimab, n=34; cilgavimab/tixagevimab, n=4) or anti-protease (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, n=13). We measured live-virus neutralization titers and quantified ADCC with a reporter assay. Findings Only Sotrovimab elicits serum neutralization and ADCC against BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5. As compared to D614G, sotrovimab neutralization titers of BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 are reduced (71- and 58-fold, respectively), but ADCC levels are only slightly decreased (1.4- and 1-fold, for BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5, respectively). Interpretation Our results show that sotrovimab is active against BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 in treated individuals, suggesting that it may be a valuable therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Bruel
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Lou-Léna Vrignaud
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Porrot
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Planas
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | | | - Julien Puech
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Prot
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sandie Munier
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - William Henry-Bolland
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- École Doctorale BioSPC 562, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Cathia Soulié
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, 75012 Paris, France
- Virology Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Karen Zafilaza
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, 75012 Paris, France
- Virology Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Clovis Lusivika-Nzinga
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Meledge
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Céline Dorival
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Diana Molino
- INSERM-ANRS Maladies Infectieuses Emergentes, 2 Oradour-Sur-Glane, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Péré
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Youri Yordanov
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, 75012 Paris, France
- Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service d'Accueil des Urgences, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Simon-Lorière
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, National Reference Center for viruses of respiratory infections, Paris, France
| | - David Veyer
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Carrat
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, 75012 Paris, France
- Hôpital Saint-Antoine, santé publique, APHP Paris, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Anne-Geneviève Marcelin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, 75012 Paris, France
- Virology Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Martin-Blondel
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU de Toulouse, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) INSERM, Université Toulouse III., Toulouse, France
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8
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Planas D, Bruel T, Staropoli I, Guivel-Benhassine F, Porrot F, Maes P, Grzelak L, Prot M, Mougari S, Planchais C, Puech J, Saliba M, Sahraoui R, Fémy F, Morel N, Dufloo J, Sanjuán R, Mouquet H, André E, Hocqueloux L, Simon-Loriere E, Veyer D, Prazuck T, Péré H, Schwartz O. Resistance of Omicron subvariants BA.2.75.2, BA.4.6, and BQ.1.1 to neutralizing antibodies. Nat Commun 2023; 14:824. [PMID: 36788246 PMCID: PMC9926440 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36561-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Convergent evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2, BA.4, and BA.5 lineages has led to the emergence of several new subvariants, including BA.2.75.2, BA.4.6. and BQ.1.1. The subvariant BQ.1.1 became predominant in many countries in December 2022. The subvariants carry an additional and often redundant set of mutations in the spike, likely responsible for increased transmissibility and immune evasion. Here, we established a viral amplification procedure to easily isolate Omicron strains. We examined their sensitivity to 6 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and to 72 sera from Pfizer BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals, with or without BA.1/BA.2 or BA.5 breakthrough infection. Ronapreve (Casirivimab and Imdevimab) and Evusheld (Cilgavimab and Tixagevimab) lose antiviral efficacy against BA.2.75.2 and BQ.1.1, whereas Xevudy (Sotrovimab) remaine weakly active. BQ.1.1 is also resistant to Bebtelovimab. Neutralizing titers in triply vaccinated individuals are low to undetectable against BQ.1.1 and BA.2.75.2, 4 months after boosting. A BA.1/BA.2 breakthrough infection increases these titers, which remains about 18-fold lower against BA.2.75.2 and BQ.1.1, than against BA.1. Reciprocally, a BA.5 breakthrough infection increases more efficiently neutralization against BA.5 and BQ.1.1 than against BA.2.75.2. Thus, the evolution trajectory of novel Omicron subvariants facilitates their spread in immunized populations and raises concerns about the efficacy of most available mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Planas
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France. .,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France.
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | | | - Françoise Porrot
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Piet Maes
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ludivine Grzelak
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Prot
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Said Mougari
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Humoral Immunology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Julien Puech
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Madelina Saliba
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Riwan Sahraoui
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Florent Fémy
- Service d'accueil des urgences, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Morel
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur Yvette, France
| | - Jérémy Dufloo
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
| | - Rafael Sanjuán
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain.,Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Humoral Immunology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel André
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Reference Centre for Respiratory Pathogens, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Etienne Simon-Loriere
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - David Veyer
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.,Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Prazuck
- CHR d'Orléans, Service de Maladies Infectieuses, Orléans, France
| | - Hélène Péré
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.,Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France. .,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France.
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9
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Bruel T, Stéfic K, Nguyen Y, Toniutti D, Staropoli I, Porrot F, Guivel-Benhassine F, Bolland WH, Planas D, Hadjadj J, Handala L, Planchais C, Prot M, Simon-Lorière E, André E, Baele G, Cuypers L, Mouthon L, Mouquet H, Buchrieser J, Sève A, Prazuck T, Maes P, Terrier B, Hocqueloux L, Schwartz O. Longitudinal analysis of serum neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2, BA.4, and BA.5 in patients receiving monoclonal antibodies. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100850. [PMID: 36450283 PMCID: PMC9706550 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of Omicron sublineages impacts the therapeutic efficacy of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Here, we evaluate neutralization and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activities of 6 therapeutic mAbs against Delta, BA.2, BA.4, and BA.5. The Omicron subvariants escape most antibodies but remain sensitive to bebtelovimab and cilgavimab. Consistent with their shared spike sequence, BA.4 and BA.5 display identical neutralization profiles. Sotrovimab is the most efficient at eliciting ADCC. We also analyze 121 sera from 40 immunocompromised individuals up to 6 months after infusion of Ronapreve (imdevimab + casirivimab) or Evusheld (cilgavimab + tixagevimab). Sera from Ronapreve-treated individuals do not neutralize Omicron subvariants. Evusheld-treated individuals neutralize BA.2 and BA.5, but titers are reduced. A longitudinal evaluation of sera from Evusheld-treated patients reveals a slow decay of mAb levels and neutralization, which is faster against BA.5. Our data shed light on antiviral activities of therapeutic mAbs and the duration of effectiveness of Evusheld pre-exposure prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Bruel
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France; Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France.
| | - Karl Stéfic
- INSERM U1259, Université de Tours, Tours, France; CHRU de Tours, National Reference Center for HIV-Associated Laboratory, Tours, France
| | - Yann Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, AP-HP, APHP.CUP, Hopital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Donatella Toniutti
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Porrot
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | | | - William-Henry Bolland
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, École doctorale BioSPC 562, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Planas
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France; Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Jérôme Hadjadj
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, AP-HP, APHP.CUP, Hopital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Lynda Handala
- INSERM U1259, Université de Tours, Tours, France; CHRU de Tours, National Reference Center for HIV-Associated Laboratory, Tours, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Humoral Immunology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Prot
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Simon-Lorière
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel André
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Reference Centre for Respiratory Pathogens, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Baele
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lize Cuypers
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Reference Centre for Respiratory Pathogens, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Mouthon
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, AP-HP, APHP.CUP, Hopital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Humoral Immunology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Julian Buchrieser
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Aymeric Sève
- CHR d'Orléans, Service de Maladies Infectieuses, Orléans, France
| | - Thierry Prazuck
- CHR d'Orléans, Service de Maladies Infectieuses, Orléans, France
| | - Piet Maes
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Terrier
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, AP-HP, APHP.CUP, Hopital Cochin, Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France; Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France.
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10
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Planas D, Bruel T, Staropoli I, Guivel-Benhassine F, Porrot F, Maes P, Grzelak L, Prot M, Mougari S, Planchais C, Puech J, Saliba M, Sahraoui R, Fémy F, Morel N, Dufloo J, Sanjuán R, Mouquet H, André E, Hocqueloux L, Simon-Loriere E, Veyer D, Prazuck T, Péré H, Schwartz O. Resistance of Omicron subvariants BA.2.75.2, BA.4.6 and BQ.1.1 to neutralizing antibodies. bioRxiv 2022:2022.11.17.516888. [PMID: 36415455 PMCID: PMC9681044 DOI: 10.1101/2022.11.17.516888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Convergent evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2, BA.4 and BA.5 lineages has led to the emergence of several new subvariants, including BA.2.75.2, BA.4.6. and BQ.1.1. The subvariants BA.2.75.2 and BQ.1.1 are expected to become predominant in many countries in November 2022. They carry an additional and often redundant set of mutations in the spike, likely responsible for increased transmissibility and immune evasion. Here, we established a viral amplification procedure to easily isolate Omicron strains. We examined their sensitivity to 6 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and to 72 sera from Pfizer BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals, with or without BA.1/BA.2 or BA.5 breakthrough infection. Ronapreve (Casirivimab and Imdevimab) and Evusheld (Cilgavimab and Tixagevimab) lost any antiviral efficacy against BA.2.75.2 and BQ.1.1, whereas Xevudy (Sotrovimab) remained weakly active. BQ.1.1 was also resistant to Bebtelovimab. Neutralizing titers in triply vaccinated individuals were low to undetectable against BQ.1.1 and BA.2.75.2, 4 months after boosting. A BA.1/BA.2 breakthrough infection increased these titers, which remained about 18-fold lower against BA.2.75.2 and BQ.1.1, than against BA.1. Reciprocally, a BA.5 breakthrough infection increased more efficiently neutralization against BA.5 and BQ.1.1 than against BA.2.75.2. Thus, the evolution trajectory of novel Omicron subvariants facilitated their spread in immunized populations and raises concerns about the efficacy of most currently available mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Planas
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | | | - Françoise Porrot
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Piet Maes
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ludivine Grzelak
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Prot
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Said Mougari
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Humoral Immunology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Julien Puech
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Madelina Saliba
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Riwan Sahraoui
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Florent Fémy
- Service d’accueil des urgences, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Morel
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur Yvette, France
| | - Jérémy Dufloo
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, 46980 Paterna, València
| | - Rafael Sanjuán
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, 46980 Paterna, València
- Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Humoral Immunology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel André
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Reference Centre for Respiratory Pathogens, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Etienne Simon-Loriere
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - David Veyer
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Prazuck
- CHR d’Orléans, Service de Maladies Infectieuses, Orléans, France
| | - Hélène Péré
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
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11
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Grzelak L, Roesch F, Vaysse A, Biton A, Legendre R, Porrot F, Commère PH, Planchais C, Mouquet H, Vignuzzi M, Bruel T, Schwartz O. IRF8 regulates efficacy of therapeutic anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1648-1661. [PMID: 36030374 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies such as Rituximab, Ofatumumab, and Obinutuzumab are widely used to treat lymphomas and autoimmune diseases. They act by depleting B cells, mainly through Fc-dependent effectors functions. Some patients develop resistance to treatment but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen to identify genes regulating the efficacy of anti-CD20 antibodies. We used as a model the killing of RAJI B cells by Rituximab through complement-dependent-cytotoxicity (CDC). As expected, the screen identified MS4A1, encoding CD20, the target of Rituximab. Among other identified genes, the role of Interferon Regulatory Factor 8 (IRF8) was validated in two B-cell lines. IRF8 KO also decreased the efficacy of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and phagocytosis (ADCC and ADCP) induced by anti-CD20 antibodies. We further show that IRF8 is necessary for efficient CD20 transcription. Levels of IRF8 and CD20 RNA or proteins correlated in normal B cells and in hundreds of malignant B cells. Therefore, IRF8 regulates CD20 expression and controls the depleting capacity of anti-CD20 antibodies. Our results bring novel insights into the pathways underlying resistance to CD20-targeting immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Grzelak
- Unité Virus et Immunité, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur & Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,École Doctorale Bio Sorbonne Paris Cité (BioSPC), Université Paris Cité, France
| | | | - Amaury Vaysse
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Paris, France
| | - Anne Biton
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Paris, France
| | - Rachel Legendre
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Porrot
- Unité Virus et Immunité, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur & Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Cyril Planchais
- Laboratoire Immunologie Humorale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratoire Immunologie Humorale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marco Vignuzzi
- Unité des Populations virales et pathogenèse, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Unité Virus et Immunité, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur & Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Unité Virus et Immunité, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur & Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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12
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Bruel T, Pinaud L, Tondeur L, Planas D, Staropoli I, Porrot F, Guivel-Benhassine F, Attia M, Pelleau S, Woudenberg T, Duru C, Koffi AD, Castelain S, Fernandes-Pellerin S, Jolly N, De Facci LP, Roux E, Ungeheuer MN, Van Der Werf S, White M, Schwartz O, Fontanet A. Neutralising antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 omicron among elderly nursing home residents following a booster dose of BNT162b2 vaccine: A community-based, prospective, longitudinal cohort study. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 51:101576. [PMID: 35891947 PMCID: PMC9307278 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protective immunity against omicron following a BNT162b2 Pfizer booster dose among elderly individuals (ie, those aged >65 years) is not well characterised. METHODS In a community-based, prospective, longitudinal cohort study taking place in France in which 75 residents from three nursing homes were enrolled, we selected 38 residents who had received a two-dose regimen of mRNA vaccine and a booster dose of Pfizer BNT162b2 vaccine. We excluded individuals that did not receive three vaccine doses or did not have available sera samples. We measured anti-S IgG antibodies and neutralisation capacity in sera taken 56 (28-68) and 55 (48-64) days (median (range)) after the 2nd and 3rd vaccine doses, respectively. Antibodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein were measured with the S-Flow assay as binding antibody units per milliliter (BAU/mL). Neutralising activities in sera were measured as effective dilution 50% (ED50) with the S-Fuse assay using authentic isolates of delta and omicron BA.1. FINDINGS Among the 38 elderly individuals recruited to the cohort study between November 23rd, 2020 and April 29th, 2021, with median age of 88 (range 72-101) years, 30 (78.95%) had been previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. After three vaccine doses, serum neutralising activity was lower against omicron BA.1 (median ED50 of 774.5, range 15.0-34660.0) than the delta variant (median ED50 of 4972.0, range 213.7-66340.0), and higher among previously infected (ie, convalescent; median ED50 against omicron: 1088.0, range 32.6-34660.0) compared with infection-naive residents (median ED50 against omicron: 188.4, range 15.0-8918.0). During the French omicron wave in December 2021-January 2022, 75% (6/8) of naive residents were infected, compared to 25% (7/30) of convalescent residents (P=0.0114). Anti-Spike antibody levels and neutralising activity against omicron BA.1 after a third BNT162b2 booster dose were lower in those with breakthrough BA.1 infection (n=13) compared with those without (n=25), with a median of 1429.9 (range 670.9-3818.3) BAU/mL vs 2528.3 (range 695.4-8832.0) BAU/mL (P=0.029) and a median ED50 of 281.1 (range 15.0-2136.0) vs 1376.0 (range 32.6-34660.0) (P=0.0013), respectively. INTERPRETATION This study shows that elderly individuals who received three vaccine doses elicit neutralising antibodies against the omicron BA.1 variant of SARS-CoV-2. Elderly individuals who had also been previously infected showed higher neutralising activity compared with naive individuals. Yet, breakthrough infections with omicron occurred. Individuals with breakthrough infections had significantly lower neutralising titers compared to individuals without breakthrough infection. Thus, a fourth dose of vaccine may be useful in the elderly population to increase the level of neutralising antibodies and compensate for waning immunity. FUNDING Institut Pasteur, Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM), European Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Authority (HERA), Agence nationale de recherches sur le sida et les hépatites virales - Maladies Infectieuses Emergentes (ANRS-MIE), Agence nationale de la recherche (ANR), Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) and Fondation de France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Bruel
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
- Corresponding author at: Unité Virus et Immunité, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Laurie Pinaud
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Laura Tondeur
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Planas
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Porrot
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | | | - Mikaël Attia
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Pelleau
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Analytics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Tom Woudenberg
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Analytics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Duru
- Hôpital de Crépy-en-Valois, Crépy-en-Valois, France
| | | | | | | | - Nathalie Jolly
- Centre for Translational Science, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Louise Perrin De Facci
- Clinical Investigation and access to bioresources (ICAReB) platform, Centre for Translational Science, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Roux
- Clinical Investigation and access to bioresources (ICAReB) platform, Centre for Translational Science, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Ungeheuer
- Clinical Investigation and access to bioresources (ICAReB) platform, Centre for Translational Science, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Van Der Werf
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Michael White
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Analytics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Arnaud Fontanet
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, PACRI Unit, Paris, France
- Corresponding author at: Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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13
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Bruel T, Hadjadj J, Maes P, Planas D, Seve A, Staropoli I, Guivel-Benhassine F, Porrot F, Bolland WH, Nguyen Y, Casadevall M, Charre C, Péré H, Veyer D, Prot M, Baidaliuk A, Cuypers L, Planchais C, Mouquet H, Baele G, Mouthon L, Hocqueloux L, Simon-Loriere E, André E, Terrier B, Prazuck T, Schwartz O. Serum neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages BA.1 and BA.2 in patients receiving monoclonal antibodies. Nat Med 2022; 28:1297-1302. [PMID: 35322239 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01792-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 sublineage has been supplanted in many countries by the BA.2 sublineage. BA.2 differs from BA.1 by about 21 mutations in its spike. Here, we first compared the sensitivity of BA.1 and BA.2 to neutralization by 9 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). In contrast to BA.1, BA.2 was sensitive to Cilgavimab, partly inhibited by Imdevimab and resistant to Adintrevimab and Sotrovimab. We then analyzed sera from 29 immunocompromised individuals up to one month after administration of the Ronapreve (Casirivimab and Imdevimab) and/or Evusheld (Cilgavimab and Tixagevimab) antibody cocktails. All treated individuals displayed elevated antibody levels in their sera, which efficiently neutralized the Delta variant. Sera from Ronapreve recipients did not neutralize BA.1 and weakly inhibited BA.2. Neutralization of BA.1 and BA.2 was detected in 19 and 29 out of 29 Evusheld recipients, respectively. As compared to the Delta variant, neutralizing titers were more markedly decreased against BA.1 (344-fold) than BA.2 (9-fold). We further report 4 breakthrough Omicron infections among the 29 individuals, indicating that antibody treatment did not fully prevent infection. Collectively, BA.1 and BA.2 exhibit noticeable differences in their sensitivity to therapeutic mAbs. Anti-Omicron neutralizing activity of Ronapreve, and to a lesser extent that of Evusheld, is reduced in patients' sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Bruel
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, Paris, France. .,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France.
| | - Jérôme Hadjadj
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, AP-HP, APHP.CUP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Piet Maes
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Delphine Planas
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Aymeric Seve
- CHR d'Orléans, service de maladies infectieuses, Orléans, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | | | - Françoise Porrot
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - William-Henry Bolland
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, École doctorale BioSPC 562, Paris, France
| | - Yann Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, AP-HP, APHP.CUP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Marion Casadevall
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, AP-HP, APHP.CUP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Charre
- Université de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Péré
- INSERM, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - David Veyer
- INSERM, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Prot
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Artem Baidaliuk
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Lize Cuypers
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Reference Centre for Respiratory Pathogens, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Humoral Immunology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Humoral Immunology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Guy Baele
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Mouthon
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, AP-HP, APHP.CUP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | | | - Etienne Simon-Loriere
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel André
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Reference Centre for Respiratory Pathogens, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Terrier
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, AP-HP, APHP.CUP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Prazuck
- CHR d'Orléans, service de maladies infectieuses, Orléans, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, Paris, France. .,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France.
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14
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Saunders N, Planas D, Bolland WH, Rodriguez C, Fourati S, Buchrieser J, Planchais C, Prot M, Staropoli I, Guivel-Benhassine F, Porrot F, Veyer D, Péré H, Robillard N, Saliba M, Baidaliuk A, Seve A, Hocqueloux L, Prazuck T, Rey FA, Mouquet H, Simon-Lorière E, Bruel T, Pawlotsky JM, Schwartz O. Fusogenicity and neutralization sensitivity of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta sublineage AY.4.2. EBioMedicine 2022; 77:103934. [PMID: 35290827 PMCID: PMC8917961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 lineages are continuously evolving. As of December 2021, the AY.4.2 Delta sub-lineage represented 20 % of sequenced strains in the UK and had been detected in dozens of countries. It has since then been supplanted by Omicron. The AY.4.2 spike displays three additional mutations (T95I, Y145H and A222V) in the N-terminal domain when compared to the original Delta variant (B.1.617.2) and remains poorly characterized. METHODS We compared the Delta and the AY.4.2 spikes, by assessing their binding to antibodies and ACE2 and their fusogenicity. We studied the sensitivity of an authentic AY.4.2 viral isolate to neutralizing antibodies. FINDINGS The AY.4.2 spike exhibited similar binding to all the antibodies and sera tested, and similar fusogenicity and binding to ACE2 than the ancestral Delta spike. The AY.4.2 virus was slightly less sensitive than Delta to neutralization by a panel of monoclonal antibodies; noticeably, the anti-RBD Imdevimab showed incomplete neutralization. Sensitivity of AY.4.2 to sera from vaccinated individuals was reduced by 1.3 to 3-fold, when compared to Delta. INTERPRETATION Our results suggest that mutations in the NTD remotely impair the efficacy of anti-RBD antibodies. The spread of AY.4.2 was not due to major changes in spike fusogenicity or ACE2 binding, but more likely to a partially reduced neutralization sensitivity. FUNDING The work was funded by Institut Pasteur, Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Urgence COVID-19 Fundraising Campaign of Institut Pasteur, ANRS, the Vaccine Research Institute, Labex IBEID, ANR/FRM Flash Covid PROTEO-SARS-CoV-2 and IDISCOVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nell Saunders
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur; CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Planas
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur; CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France; Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - William H Bolland
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur; CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Rodriguez
- Department of Virology, Hôpital Henri Mondor (AP-HP), Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France; Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
| | - Slim Fourati
- Department of Virology, Hôpital Henri Mondor (AP-HP), Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France; Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
| | - Julian Buchrieser
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur; CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Prot
- G5 Evolutionary genomics of RNA viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur; CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | | | - Françoise Porrot
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur; CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - David Veyer
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Paris, France; INSERM, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Péré
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Paris, France; INSERM, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Robillard
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Paris, France
| | - Madelina Saliba
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Paris, France
| | - Artem Baidaliuk
- G5 Evolutionary genomics of RNA viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Aymeric Seve
- CHR d'Orléans, service de maladies infectieuses, Orléans, France
| | | | - Thierry Prazuck
- CHR d'Orléans, service de maladies infectieuses, Orléans, France
| | - Felix A Rey
- Structural Virology Unit Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Simon-Lorière
- G5 Evolutionary genomics of RNA viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur; CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France; Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - Jean-Michel Pawlotsky
- Department of Virology, Hôpital Henri Mondor (AP-HP), Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France; Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur; CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France; Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France.
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15
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Planas D, Saunders N, Maes P, Guivel-Benhassine F, Planchais C, Buchrieser J, Bolland WH, Porrot F, Staropoli I, Lemoine F, Péré H, Veyer D, Puech J, Rodary J, Baele G, Dellicour S, Raymenants J, Gorissen S, Geenen C, Vanmechelen B, Wawina-Bokalanga T, Martí-Carreras J, Cuypers L, Sève A, Hocqueloux L, Prazuck T, Rey FA, Simon-Loriere E, Bruel T, Mouquet H, André E, Schwartz O. Considerable escape of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron to antibody neutralization. Nature 2022; 602:671-675. [PMID: 35016199 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.14.472630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant was first identified in November 2021 in Botswana and South Africa1-3. It has since spread to many countries and is expected to rapidly become dominant worldwide. The lineage is characterized by the presence of around 32 mutations in spike-located mostly in the N-terminal domain and the receptor-binding domain-that may enhance viral fitness and enable antibody evasion. Here we isolated an infectious Omicron virus in Belgium from a traveller returning from Egypt. We examined its sensitivity to nine monoclonal antibodies that have been clinically approved or are in development4, and to antibodies present in 115 serum samples from COVID-19 vaccine recipients or individuals who have recovered from COVID-19. Omicron was completely or partially resistant to neutralization by all monoclonal antibodies tested. Sera from recipients of the Pfizer or AstraZeneca vaccine, sampled five months after complete vaccination, barely inhibited Omicron. Sera from COVID-19-convalescent patients collected 6 or 12 months after symptoms displayed low or no neutralizing activity against Omicron. Administration of a booster Pfizer dose as well as vaccination of previously infected individuals generated an anti-Omicron neutralizing response, with titres 6-fold to 23-fold lower against Omicron compared with those against Delta. Thus, Omicron escapes most therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and, to a large extent, vaccine-elicited antibodies. However, Omicron is neutralized by antibodies generated by a booster vaccine dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Planas
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Nell Saunders
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- École Doctorale BioSPC 562, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Piet Maes
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Cyril Planchais
- Humoral Immunology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Julian Buchrieser
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - William-Henry Bolland
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- École Doctorale BioSPC 562, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Porrot
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Frederic Lemoine
- Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS USR 3756, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Péré
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), Centre de Recherche des Cordelier, INSERM, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - David Veyer
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), Centre de Recherche des Cordelier, INSERM, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Julien Puech
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Julien Rodary
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Guy Baele
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joren Raymenants
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gorissen
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Caspar Geenen
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert Vanmechelen
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tony Wawina-Bokalanga
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joan Martí-Carreras
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lize Cuypers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Reference Centre for Respiratory Pathogens, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aymeric Sève
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses, CHR d'Orléans, Orléans, France
| | | | - Thierry Prazuck
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses, CHR d'Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Félix A Rey
- Structural Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Simon-Loriere
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France.
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France.
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Humoral Immunology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM U1222, Paris, France.
| | - Emmanuel André
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Reference Centre for Respiratory Pathogens, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France.
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France.
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16
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Planas D, Saunders N, Maes P, Guivel-Benhassine F, Planchais C, Buchrieser J, Bolland WH, Porrot F, Staropoli I, Lemoine F, Péré H, Veyer D, Puech J, Rodary J, Baele G, Dellicour S, Raymenants J, Gorissen S, Geenen C, Vanmechelen B, Wawina-Bokalanga T, Martí-Carreras J, Cuypers L, Sève A, Hocqueloux L, Prazuck T, Rey F, Simon-Loriere E, Bruel T, Mouquet H, André E, Schwartz O. Considerable escape of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron to antibody neutralization. Nature 2021; 602:671-675. [PMID: 35016199 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04389-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 896] [Impact Index Per Article: 298.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant was first identified in November 2021 in Botswana and South Africa1-3. It has since then spread to many countries and is expected to rapidly become dominant worldwide. The lineage is characterized by the presence of about 32 mutations in the spike, located mostly in the N-terminal domain (NTD) and the receptor binding domain (RBD), which may enhance viral fitness and allow antibody evasion. Here, we isolated an infectious Omicron virus in Belgium, from a traveller returning from Egypt. We examined its sensitivity to 9 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) clinically approved or in development4, and to antibodies present in 115 sera from COVID-19 vaccine recipients or convalescent individuals. Omicron was totally or partially resistant to neutralization by all mAbs tested. Sera from Pfizer or AstraZeneca vaccine recipients, sampled 5 months after complete vaccination, barely inhibited Omicron. Sera from COVID-19 convalescent patients collected 6 or 12 months post symptoms displayed low or no neutralizing activity against Omicron. Administration of a booster Pfizer dose as well as vaccination of previously infected individuals generated an anti-Omicron neutralizing response, with titers 6 to 23 fold lower against Omicron than against Delta. Thus, Omicron escapes most therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and to a large extent vaccine-elicited antibodies. Omicron remains however neutralized by antibodies generated by a booster vaccine dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Planas
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - Nell Saunders
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, École doctorale BioSPC 562, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Piet Maes
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Cyril Planchais
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM U1222, Humoral Immunology Laboratory, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Julian Buchrieser
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015, Paris, France
| | - William-Henry Bolland
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, École doctorale BioSPC 562, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Porrot
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Frederic Lemoine
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS USR 3756, Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Péré
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, 75015, Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordelier, INSERM, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), 75006, Paris, France
| | - David Veyer
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, 75015, Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordelier, INSERM, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), 75006, Paris, France
| | - Julien Puech
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Julien Rodary
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Guy Baele
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simon Dellicour
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium.,Université Libre de Bruxelles, Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Joren Raymenants
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory Clinical Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gorissen
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory Clinical Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Caspar Geenen
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory Clinical Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert Vanmechelen
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tony Wawina-Bokalanga
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joan Martí-Carreras
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lize Cuypers
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Reference Centre for Respiratory Pathogens, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aymeric Sève
- CHR d'Orléans, service de maladies infectieuses, Orléans, France
| | | | - Thierry Prazuck
- CHR d'Orléans, service de maladies infectieuses, Orléans, France
| | - Félix Rey
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Structural Virology Unit, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Simon-Loriere
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, G5 Evolutionary genomics of RNA viruses, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015, Paris, France. .,Vaccine Research Institute, 94000, Créteil, France.
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM U1222, Humoral Immunology Laboratory, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Emmanuel André
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory Clinical Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium. .,University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Reference Centre for Respiratory Pathogens, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015, Paris, France. .,Vaccine Research Institute, 94000, Créteil, France.
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17
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Monel B, Planas D, Grzelak L, Smith N, Robillard N, Staropoli I, Goncalves P, Porrot F, Guivel-Benhassine F, Guinet ND, Rodary J, Puech J, Euzen V, Bélec L, Orvoen G, Nunes L, Moulin V, Fourgeaud J, Wack M, Imbeaud S, Campagne P, Duffy D, Santo JPD, Bruel T, Péré H, Veyer D, Schwartz O. Release of infectious virus and cytokines in nasopharyngeal swabs from individuals infected with non-alpha or alpha SARS-CoV-2 variants: an observational retrospective study. EBioMedicine 2021; 73:103637. [PMID: 34678613 PMCID: PMC8526063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 alpha variant shedding and immune responses at the nasal mucosa remain poorly characterised. METHODS We measured infectious viral release, antibodies and cytokines in 426 PCR+ nasopharyngeal swabs from individuals harboring non-alpha or alpha variants. FINDINGS With both lineages, viral titers were variable, ranging from 0 to >106 infectious units. Rapid antigenic diagnostic tests were positive in 94% of samples with infectious virus. 68 % of individuals carried infectious virus within two days after onset of symptoms. This proportion decreased overtime. Viable virus was detected up to 14 days. Samples containing anti-spike IgG or IgA did not generally harbor infectious virus. Ct values were slightly but not significantly lower with alpha. This variant was characterized by a fast decrease of infectivity overtime and a marked release of 13 cytokines (including IFN-b, IP-10 and IL-10). INTERPRETATION The alpha variant displays modified viral decay and cytokine profiles at the nasopharyngeal mucosae during symptomatic infection. FUNDING This retrospective study has been funded by Institut Pasteur, ANRS, Vaccine Research Institute, Labex IBEID, ANR/FRM and IDISCOVR, Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blandine Monel
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Planas
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France; Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - Ludivine Grzelak
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nikaïa Smith
- Translational Immunology Lab, Department of Immunology, Inserm U1223, Institut Pasteur, Paris
| | - Nicolas Robillard
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Pedro Goncalves
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Department of Immunology, Inserm U1223, Institut Pasteur, Paris; Inserm U1223, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Porrot
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Florence Guivel-Benhassine
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | | | - Julien Rodary
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Paris, France
| | - Julien Puech
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Paris, France
| | - Victor Euzen
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Bélec
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Paris, France; Hôpital européen Georges Pompidou INSERM U970, PARCC, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Galdric Orvoen
- Hôpital Vaugirard, Service de gériatrie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Léa Nunes
- Hôpital Corentin Celton, Service de gériatrie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
| | - Véronique Moulin
- Hôpital Corentin Celton, Service de gériatrie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
| | - Jacques Fourgeaud
- Université de Paris, EHU 7328 PACT, Institut Imagine, Paris, France; Virology Department, AP-HP, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Wack
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Département d'Informatique Médicale, Biostatistiques et Santé Publique
| | - Sandrine Imbeaud
- INSERM, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | - Darragh Duffy
- Translational Immunology Lab, Department of Immunology, Inserm U1223, Institut Pasteur, Paris
| | - James P Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Department of Immunology, Inserm U1223, Institut Pasteur, Paris; Inserm U1223, Paris, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France; Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - Hélène Péré
- INSERM, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - David Veyer
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Paris, France; INSERM, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France; Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France.
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18
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Rajah MM, Hubert M, Bishop E, Saunders N, Robinot R, Grzelak L, Planas D, Dufloo J, Gellenoncourt S, Bongers A, Zivaljic M, Planchais C, Guivel-Benhassine F, Porrot F, Mouquet H, Chakrabarti LA, Buchrieser J, Schwartz O. SARS-CoV-2 Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants display enhanced Spike-mediated syncytia formation. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108944. [PMID: 34601723 PMCID: PMC8646911 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe COVID‐19 is characterized by lung abnormalities, including the presence of syncytial pneumocytes. Syncytia form when SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein expressed on the surface of infected cells interacts with the ACE2 receptor on neighboring cells. The syncytia forming potential of spike variant proteins remain poorly characterized. Here, we first assessed Alpha (B.1.1.7) and Beta (B.1.351) spread and fusion in cell cultures, compared with the ancestral D614G strain. Alpha and Beta replicated similarly to D614G strain in Vero, Caco‐2, Calu‐3, and primary airway cells. However, Alpha and Beta formed larger and more numerous syncytia. Variant spike proteins displayed higher ACE2 affinity compared with D614G. Alpha, Beta, and D614G fusion was similarly inhibited by interferon‐induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs). Individual mutations present in Alpha and Beta spikes modified fusogenicity, binding to ACE2 or recognition by monoclonal antibodies. We further show that Delta spike also triggers faster fusion relative to D614G. Thus, SARS‐CoV‐2 emerging variants display enhanced syncytia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaran Michael Rajah
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Hubert
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - Elodie Bishop
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Nell Saunders
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Remy Robinot
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Ludivine Grzelak
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Planas
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - Jérémy Dufloo
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Stacy Gellenoncourt
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alice Bongers
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marija Zivaljic
- Integrative Neurobiology of Cholinergic Systems, Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3571, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, ED3C "Brain, Cognition, Behavior", Paris, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | | | - Françoise Porrot
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Lisa A Chakrabarti
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Julian Buchrieser
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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19
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Planas D, Veyer D, Baidaliuk A, Staropoli I, Guivel-Benhassine F, Rajah MM, Planchais C, Porrot F, Robillard N, Puech J, Prot M, Gallais F, Gantner P, Velay A, Le Guen J, Kassis-Chikhani N, Edriss D, Belec L, Seve A, Courtellemont L, Péré H, Hocqueloux L, Fafi-Kremer S, Prazuck T, Mouquet H, Bruel T, Simon-Lorière E, Rey FA, Schwartz O. Reduced sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 variant Delta to antibody neutralization. Nature 2021; 596:276-280. [PMID: 34237773 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03777-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1370] [Impact Index Per Article: 456.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 lineage was identified in October 2020 in India1-5. Since then, it has become dominant in some regions of India and in the UK, and has spread to many other countries6. The lineage includes three main subtypes (B1.617.1, B.1.617.2 and B.1.617.3), which contain diverse mutations in the N-terminal domain (NTD) and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein that may increase the immune evasion potential of these variants. B.1.617.2-also termed the Delta variant-is believed to spread faster than other variants. Here we isolated an infectious strain of the Delta variant from an individual with COVID-19 who had returned to France from India. We examined the sensitivity of this strain to monoclonal antibodies and to antibodies present in sera from individuals who had recovered from COVID-19 (hereafter referred to as convalescent individuals) or who had received a COVID-19 vaccine, and then compared this strain with other strains of SARS-CoV-2. The Delta variant was resistant to neutralization by some anti-NTD and anti-RBD monoclonal antibodies, including bamlanivimab, and these antibodies showed impaired binding to the spike protein. Sera collected from convalescent individuals up to 12 months after the onset of symptoms were fourfold less potent against the Delta variant relative to the Alpha variant (B.1.1.7). Sera from individuals who had received one dose of the Pfizer or the AstraZeneca vaccine had a barely discernible inhibitory effect on the Delta variant. Administration of two doses of the vaccine generated a neutralizing response in 95% of individuals, with titres three- to fivefold lower against the Delta variant than against the Alpha variant. Thus, the spread of the Delta variant is associated with an escape from antibodies that target non-RBD and RBD epitopes of the spike protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Planas
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - David Veyer
- INSERM, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Artem Baidaliuk
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | | | - Maaran Michael Rajah
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Porrot
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Robillard
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Julien Puech
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Prot
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Floriane Gallais
- CHU de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Virologie, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR_S 1109, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Gantner
- CHU de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Virologie, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR_S 1109, Strasbourg, France
| | - Aurélie Velay
- CHU de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Virologie, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR_S 1109, Strasbourg, France
| | - Julien Le Guen
- Service de Gériatrie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Najiby Kassis-Chikhani
- Unité d'Hygiène Hospitalière, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Dhiaeddine Edriss
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Belec
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Aymeric Seve
- CHR d'Orléans, Service de Maladies Infectieuses, Orléans, France
| | | | - Hélène Péré
- INSERM, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | - Samira Fafi-Kremer
- CHU de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Virologie, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR_S 1109, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thierry Prazuck
- CHR d'Orléans, Service de Maladies Infectieuses, Orléans, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France. .,Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France.
| | - Etienne Simon-Lorière
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Felix A Rey
- Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France. .,Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France.
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20
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Planas D, Bruel T, Grzelak L, Guivel-Benhassine F, Staropoli I, Porrot F, Planchais C, Buchrieser J, Rajah MM, Bishop E, Albert M, Donati F, Prot M, Behillil S, Enouf V, Maquart M, Smati-Lafarge M, Varon E, Schortgen F, Yahyaoui L, Gonzalez M, De Sèze J, Péré H, Veyer D, Sève A, Simon-Lorière E, Fafi-Kremer S, Stefic K, Mouquet H, Hocqueloux L, van der Werf S, Prazuck T, Schwartz O. Sensitivity of infectious SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants to neutralizing antibodies. Nat Med 2021; 27:917-924. [PMID: 33772244 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01318-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 151.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants were first identified in the United Kingdom and South Africa, respectively, and have since spread to many countries. These variants harboring diverse mutations in the gene encoding the spike protein raise important concerns about their immune evasion potential. Here, we isolated infectious B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 strains from acutely infected individuals. We examined sensitivity of the two variants to SARS-CoV-2 antibodies present in sera and nasal swabs from individuals infected with previously circulating strains or who were recently vaccinated, in comparison with a D614G reference virus. We utilized a new rapid neutralization assay, based on reporter cells that become positive for GFP after overnight infection. Sera from 58 convalescent individuals collected up to 9 months after symptoms, similarly neutralized B.1.1.7 and D614G. In contrast, after 9 months, convalescent sera had a mean sixfold reduction in neutralizing titers, and 40% of the samples lacked any activity against B.1.351. Sera from 19 individuals vaccinated twice with Pfizer Cominarty, longitudinally tested up to 6 weeks after vaccination, were similarly potent against B.1.1.7 but less efficacious against B.1.351, when compared to D614G. Neutralizing titers increased after the second vaccine dose, but remained 14-fold lower against B.1.351. In contrast, sera from convalescent or vaccinated individuals similarly bound the three spike proteins in a flow cytometry-based serological assay. Neutralizing antibodies were rarely detected in nasal swabs from vaccinees. Thus, faster-spreading SARS-CoV-2 variants acquired a partial resistance to neutralizing antibodies generated by natural infection or vaccination, which was most frequently detected in individuals with low antibody levels. Our results indicate that B1.351, but not B.1.1.7, may increase the risk of infection in immunized individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Planas
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Ludivine Grzelak
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France.,Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Florence Guivel-Benhassine
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Françoise Porrot
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Julian Buchrieser
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Maaran Michael Rajah
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France.,Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Bishop
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France.,Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Albert
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur CNRS UMR 3569, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Flora Donati
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur CNRS UMR 3569, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Prot
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Behillil
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur CNRS UMR 3569, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Enouf
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur CNRS UMR 3569, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Gonzalez
- CHU de Strasbourg, Service de Pathologie Professionnelle et Médecine du Travail, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jérôme De Sèze
- Centre d'investigation Clinique INSERM 1434, CHU Strasbourg, France.,CHU de Strasbourg, Service de Neurologie, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hélène Péré
- INSERM, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - David Veyer
- INSERM, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Aymeric Sève
- CHR d'Orléans, Service de maladies infectieuses, Orléans, France
| | | | - Samira Fafi-Kremer
- CHU de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Virologie, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR_S 1109, Strasbourg, France
| | - Karl Stefic
- INSERM U1259, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,CHRU de Tours, National Reference Center for HIV-Associated laboratory, Tours, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | | | - Sylvie van der Werf
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur CNRS UMR 3569, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Prazuck
- CHR d'Orléans, Service de maladies infectieuses, Orléans, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. .,CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France. .,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France.
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21
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Buchrieser J, Dufloo J, Hubert M, Monel B, Planas D, Rajah MM, Planchais C, Porrot F, Guivel‐Benhassine F, Van der Werf S, Casartelli N, Mouquet H, Bruel T, Schwartz O. Syncytia formation by SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107405. [PMID: 33522642 PMCID: PMC7849166 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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22
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Buchrieser J, Dufloo J, Hubert M, Monel B, Planas D, Rajah MM, Planchais C, Porrot F, Guivel‐Benhassine F, Van der Werf S, Casartelli N, Mouquet H, Bruel T, Schwartz O. Syncytia formation by SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. EMBO J 2020; 39:e106267. [PMID: 33051876 PMCID: PMC7646020 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe cases of COVID-19 are associated with extensive lung damage and the presence of infected multinucleated syncytial pneumocytes. The viral and cellular mechanisms regulating the formation of these syncytia are not well understood. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2-infected cells express the Spike protein (S) at their surface and fuse with ACE2-positive neighboring cells. Expression of S without any other viral proteins triggers syncytia formation. Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs), a family of restriction factors that block the entry of many viruses, inhibit S-mediated fusion, with IFITM1 being more active than IFITM2 and IFITM3. On the contrary, the TMPRSS2 serine protease, which is known to enhance infectivity of cell-free virions, processes both S and ACE2 and increases syncytia formation by accelerating the fusion process. TMPRSS2 thwarts the antiviral effect of IFITMs. Our results show that SARS-CoV-2 pathological effects are modulated by cellular proteins that either inhibit or facilitate syncytia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Buchrieser
- Virus and Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS‐UMR3569ParisFrance
| | - Jérémy Dufloo
- Virus and Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS‐UMR3569ParisFrance
- Bio Sorbonne Paris Cité (BioSPC)Université de ParisParisFrance
| | - Mathieu Hubert
- Virus and Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS‐UMR3569ParisFrance
| | - Blandine Monel
- Virus and Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS‐UMR3569ParisFrance
| | - Delphine Planas
- Virus and Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS‐UMR3569ParisFrance
- Vaccine Research InstituteCréteilFrance
| | - Maaran Michael Rajah
- Virus and Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS‐UMR3569ParisFrance
- Bio Sorbonne Paris Cité (BioSPC)Université de ParisParisFrance
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Laboratory of Humoral ImmunologyDepartment of ImmunologyInstitut PasteurINSERM U1222ParisFrance
| | - Françoise Porrot
- Virus and Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS‐UMR3569ParisFrance
| | | | - Sylvie Van der Werf
- Molecular Genetics of RNA VirusesDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurCNRS UMR 3569Université de ParisParisFrance
- National Reference Center for Respiratory VirusesInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Nicoletta Casartelli
- Virus and Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS‐UMR3569ParisFrance
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Humoral ImmunologyDepartment of ImmunologyInstitut PasteurINSERM U1222ParisFrance
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus and Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS‐UMR3569ParisFrance
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS‐UMR3569ParisFrance
- Vaccine Research InstituteCréteilFrance
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23
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Grzelak L, Temmam S, Planchais C, Demeret C, Tondeur L, Huon C, Guivel-Benhassine F, Staropoli I, Chazal M, Dufloo J, Planas D, Buchrieser J, Rajah MM, Robinot R, Porrot F, Albert M, Chen KY, Crescenzo-Chaigne B, Donati F, Anna F, Souque P, Gransagne M, Bellalou J, Nowakowski M, Backovic M, Bouadma L, Le Fevre L, Le Hingrat Q, Descamps D, Pourbaix A, Laouénan C, Ghosn J, Yazdanpanah Y, Besombes C, Jolly N, Pellerin-Fernandes S, Cheny O, Ungeheuer MN, Mellon G, Morel P, Rolland S, Rey FA, Behillil S, Enouf V, Lemaitre A, Créach MA, Petres S, Escriou N, Charneau P, Fontanet A, Hoen B, Bruel T, Eloit M, Mouquet H, Schwartz O, van der Werf S. A comparison of four serological assays for detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in human serum samples from different populations. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eabc3103. [PMID: 32817357 PMCID: PMC7665313 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abc3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is of paramount importance to evaluate the prevalence of both asymptomatic and symptomatic cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection and their differing antibody response profiles. Here, we performed a pilot study of four serological assays to assess the amounts of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in serum samples obtained from 491 healthy individuals before the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, 51 individuals hospitalized with COVID-19, 209 suspected cases of COVID-19 with mild symptoms, and 200 healthy blood donors. We used two ELISA assays that recognized the full-length nucleoprotein (N) or trimeric spike (S) protein ectodomain of SARS-CoV-2. In addition, we developed the S-Flow assay that recognized the S protein expressed at the cell surface using flow cytometry, and the luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) assay that recognized diverse SARS-CoV-2 antigens including the S1 domain and the carboxyl-terminal domain of N by immunoprecipitation. We obtained similar results with the four serological assays. Differences in sensitivity were attributed to the technique and the antigen used. High anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers were associated with neutralization activity, which was assessed using infectious SARS-CoV-2 or lentiviral-S pseudotype virus. In hospitalized patients with COVID-19, seroconversion and virus neutralization occurred between 5 and 14 days after symptom onset, confirming previous studies. Seropositivity was detected in 32% of mildly symptomatic individuals within 15 days of symptom onset and in 3% of healthy blood donors. The four antibody assays that we used enabled a broad evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and antibody profiling in different subpopulations within one region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Grzelak
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Temmam
- Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Demeret
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laura Tondeur
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Christèle Huon
- Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Florence Guivel-Benhassine
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - Maxime Chazal
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jeremy Dufloo
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Planas
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - Julian Buchrieser
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - Maaran Michael Rajah
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Remy Robinot
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - Françoise Porrot
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - Mélanie Albert
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Kuang-Yu Chen
- RNA Biology of Influenza Virus, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Bernadette Crescenzo-Chaigne
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Flora Donati
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - François Anna
- Pasteur-TheraVectys joined unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Souque
- Molecular Virology and Vaccinology Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Jacques Bellalou
- Plate-Forme Technologique Production et Purification de Protéines Recombinantes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Mireille Nowakowski
- Plate-Forme Technologique Production et Purification de Protéines Recombinantes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marija Backovic
- Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Lila Bouadma
- Université of Paris, INSERM UMR 1137 IAME, Paris, France
- Medical and Infectious Diseases Intensive Care Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bichat-Claude-Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Le Fevre
- Medical and Infectious Diseases Intensive Care Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bichat-Claude-Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Le Hingrat
- Université of Paris, INSERM UMR 1137 IAME, Paris, France
- Department of Virology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bichat-Claude-Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Diane Descamps
- Université of Paris, INSERM UMR 1137 IAME, Paris, France
- Department of Virology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bichat-Claude-Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Annabelle Pourbaix
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bichat-Claude-Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Laouénan
- Université of Paris, INSERM UMR 1137 IAME, Paris, France
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Research, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bichat-Claude-Bernard University Hospital, INSERM CIC-EC 1425, Paris, France
| | - Jade Ghosn
- Université of Paris, INSERM UMR 1137 IAME, Paris, France
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bichat-Claude-Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Yazdan Yazdanpanah
- Université of Paris, INSERM UMR 1137 IAME, Paris, France
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bichat-Claude-Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Camille Besombes
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Jolly
- Investigation Clinique et Accès aux Ressources Biologiques (ICAReB), Center for Translational Research, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Pellerin-Fernandes
- Investigation Clinique et Accès aux Ressources Biologiques (ICAReB), Center for Translational Research, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Olivia Cheny
- Investigation Clinique et Accès aux Ressources Biologiques (ICAReB), Center for Translational Research, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Ungeheuer
- Investigation Clinique et Accès aux Ressources Biologiques (ICAReB), Center for Translational Research, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Mellon
- Unité Coordination du Risque Epidémique et Biologique, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Morel
- Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS), Paris, France
| | - Simon Rolland
- Service de maladies infectieuses, hôpital universitaire Cavale Blanche, Brest, France
- CIC 1417, CIC de vaccinologie Cochin-Pasteur, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Felix A Rey
- Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Behillil
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Enouf
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Lemaitre
- Direction alerte et crises, réserve sanitaire, Santé publique France, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Marie-Aude Créach
- Centre d'épidémiologie et de santé publique des armées, Marseille, France
- Direction Générale de la Santé, Paris, France
| | - Stephane Petres
- Plate-Forme Technologique Production et Purification de Protéines Recombinantes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Pierre Charneau
- Pasteur-TheraVectys joined unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Molecular Virology and Vaccinology Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Fontanet
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- PACRI Unit, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Hoen
- Direction de la recherche médicale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - Marc Eloit
- Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
- National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France.
- Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - Sylvie van der Werf
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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24
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Buchrieser J, Degrelle SA, Couderc T, Nevers Q, Disson O, Manet C, Donahue DA, Porrot F, Hillion KH, Perthame E, Arroyo MV, Souquere S, Ruigrok K, Dupressoir A, Heidmann T, Montagutelli X, Fournier T, Lecuit M, Schwartz O. IFITM proteins inhibit placental syncytiotrophoblast formation and promote fetal demise. Science 2020; 365:176-180. [PMID: 31296770 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw7733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of type I interferon (IFN) during pregnancy are associated with intrauterine growth retardation, preterm birth, and fetal demise through mechanisms that are not well understood. A critical step of placental development is the fusion of trophoblast cells into a multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast (ST) layer. Fusion is mediated by syncytins, proteins deriving from ancestral endogenous retroviral envelopes. Using cultures of human trophoblasts or mouse cells, we show that IFN-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs), a family of restriction factors blocking the entry step of many viruses, impair ST formation and inhibit syncytin-mediated fusion. Moreover, the IFN inducer polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid promotes fetal resorption and placental abnormalities in wild-type but not in Ifitm-deleted mice. Thus, excessive levels of IFITMs may mediate the pregnancy complications observed during congenital infections and other IFN-induced pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Buchrieser
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. .,CNRS-UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Séverine A Degrelle
- INSERM, UMR-S1139, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Inovarion, Paris, France
| | - Thérèse Couderc
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1117, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Nevers
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS-UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Disson
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1117, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Manet
- Mouse Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Daniel A Donahue
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS-UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Porrot
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS-UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Kenzo-Hugo Hillion
- Institut Pasteur, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Emeline Perthame
- Institut Pasteur, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Marlene V Arroyo
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS-UMR3569, Paris, France.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sylvie Souquere
- Plateforme de Microscopie Electronique Cellulaire, UMS AMMICA, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Katinka Ruigrok
- Institut Pasteur, Structural Virology Unit and CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Anne Dupressoir
- Unité Physiologie et Pathologie Moléculaires des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Infectieux, CNRS UMR 9196, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,UMR 9196, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Thierry Heidmann
- Unité Physiologie et Pathologie Moléculaires des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Infectieux, CNRS UMR 9196, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,UMR 9196, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Xavier Montagutelli
- Mouse Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Fournier
- INSERM, UMR-S1139, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1117, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, APHP, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. .,CNRS-UMR3569, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
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Monel B, Compton AA, Bruel T, Amraoui S, Burlaud-Gaillard J, Roy N, Guivel-Benhassine F, Porrot F, Génin P, Meertens L, Sinigaglia L, Jouvenet N, Weil R, Casartelli N, Demangel C, Simon-Lorière E, Moris A, Roingeard P, Amara A, Schwartz O. Zika virus induces massive cytoplasmic vacuolization and paraptosis-like death in infected cells. EMBO J 2017; 36:1653-1668. [PMID: 28473450 PMCID: PMC5470047 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytopathic effects of Zika virus (ZIKV) are poorly characterized. Innate immunity controls ZIKV infection and disease in most infected patients through mechanisms that remain to be understood. Here, we studied the morphological cellular changes induced by ZIKV and addressed the role of interferon‐induced transmembrane proteins (IFITM), a family of broad‐spectrum antiviral factors, during viral replication. We report that ZIKV induces massive vacuolization followed by “implosive” cell death in human epithelial cells, primary skin fibroblasts and astrocytes, a phenomenon which is exacerbated when IFITM3 levels are low. It is reminiscent of paraptosis, a caspase‐independent, non‐apoptotic form of cell death associated with the formation of large cytoplasmic vacuoles. We further show that ZIKV‐induced vacuoles are derived from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and dependent on the PI3K/Akt signaling axis. Inhibiting the Sec61 ER translocon in ZIKV‐infected cells blocked vacuole formation and viral production. Our results provide mechanistic insight behind the ZIKV‐induced cytopathic effect and indicate that IFITM3, by acting as a gatekeeper for incoming virus, restricts virus takeover of the ER and subsequent cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sonia Amraoui
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Julien Burlaud-Gaillard
- INSERM U966 & Platefome IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université François Rabelais and CHRU de Tours, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Roy
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Pierre Génin
- Signaling and Pathogenesis Laboratory and CNRS UMR3691, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Meertens
- INSERM U944, CNRS 7212 Laboratoire de Pathologie et Virologie Moléculaire, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Laura Sinigaglia
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,UMR CNRS 3569, Paris, France
| | - Nolwenn Jouvenet
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,UMR CNRS 3569, Paris, France
| | - Robert Weil
- Signaling and Pathogenesis Laboratory and CNRS UMR3691, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Etienne Simon-Lorière
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Fonctionnelle des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France.,CNRS URA 3012, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Moris
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections - CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- INSERM U966 & Platefome IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université François Rabelais and CHRU de Tours, Paris, France
| | - Ali Amara
- INSERM U944, CNRS 7212 Laboratoire de Pathologie et Virologie Moléculaire, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France .,UMR CNRS 3569, Paris, France
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Lorin V, Malbec M, Eden C, Bruel T, Porrot F, Seaman MS, Schwartz O, Mouquet H. Broadly neutralizing antibodies suppress post-transcytosis HIV-1 infectivity. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:829. [PMID: 28435154 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Zurnic I, Hütter S, Lehmann U, Stanke N, Reh J, Kern T, Lindel F, Gerresheim G, Hamann M, Müllers E, Lesbats P, Cherepanov P, Serrao E, Engelman A, Lindemann D, Da Silva Santos C, Tartour K, Cimarelli A, Burdick R, Chen J, Sastri J, Hu WS, Pathak V, Keppler OT, Pradeau K, Eiler S, Levy N, Lennon S, Cianferani S, Emiliani S, Ruff M, Parissi V, Rato S, Rausell A, Munoz M, Telenti A, Ciuffi A, Zhyvoloup A, Melamed A, Anderson I, Planas D, Kriston-Vizi J, Ketteler R, Lee CH, Merritt A, Ancuta P, Bangham C, Fassati A, Rodari A, Van Driessche B, Galais M, Delacourt N, Fauquenoy S, Vanhulle C, Kula A, Burny A, Rohr O, Van Lint C, van Montfort T, van der Sluis R, Speijer D, Berkhout B, Meng B, Rutkowski A, Berry N, Dölken L, Lever A, Schuster T, Asbach B, Wagner R, Gross C, Wiesmann V, Kalmer M, Wittenberg T, Gettemans J, Thoma-Kress AK, Li M, Freed EO, Liu SL, Müller J, Münch J, Sewald X, Uchil P, Ladinsky M, Beloor J, Pi R, Herrmann C, Motamedi N, Murooka T, Brehm M, Greiner D, Mempel T, Bjorkman P, Kumar P, Mothes W, Joas S, Parrish E, Gnanadurai CW, Lump E, Stürzel CM, Parrish NF, Sauermann U, Töpfer K, Schultheiss T, Bosinger S, Silvestri G, Apetrei C, Huot N, Müller-Trutwin M, Sauter D, Hahn BH, Stahl-Hennig C, Kirchhoff F, Schumann G, Jung-Klawitter S, Fuchs NV, Upton KR, Muñoz-Lopez M, Shukla R, Wang J, Garcia-Canadas M, Lopez-Ruiz C, Gerhardt DJ, Sebe A, Grabundzija I, Gerdes P, Merkert S, Pulgarin A, Bock A, Held U, Witthuhn A, Haase A, Wolvetang EJ, Martin U, Ivics Z, Izsvák Z, Garcia-Perez J, Faulkner GJ, Hurst T, Katzourakis A, Magiorkinis G, Schott K, Derua R, Seifried J, Reuter A, Schmitz H, Tondera C, Brandariz-Nuñez A, Diaz-Griffero F, Janssens V, König R, Baldauf HM, Stegmann L, Schwarz SM, Trotard M, Martin M, Lenzi G, Burggraf M, Pan X, Fregoso OI, Lim ES, Abraham L, Erikson E, Nguyen L, Ambiel I, Rutsch F, Kim B, Emerman M, Fackler OT, Wittmann S, Behrendt R, Volkmann B, Eissmann K, Gramberg T, Bolduan S, Koppensteiner H, Regensburg S, Brack-Werner R, Draenert R, Schindler M, Ducroux A, Xu S, Ponnurangam A, Franz S, Malassa A, Ewald E, Goffinet C, Fung SY, Chan CP, Yuen CK, Kok KH, Chan CP, Jin DY, Dittmer U, Kmiec D, Iyer S, Stürzel C, Hahn B, Ariumi Y, Yasuda-Inoue M, Kawano K, Tateishi S, Turelli P, Compton A, Roy N, Porrot F, Billet A, Casartelli N, Yount J, Liang C, Schwartz O, Magnus C, Reh L, Moore P, Uhr T, Weber J, Morris L, Trkola A, Grindberg RV, Schlaepfer E, Schreiber G, Simon V, Speck RF, Debyser Z, Vranckx L, Demeulemeester J, Saleh S, Verdin E, Cereseto A, Christ F, Gijsbers R, Wang G, Zhao N, Das AT, Köstler J, Perdiguero B, Esteban M, Jacobs BL, Montefiori DC, LaBranche CC, Yates NL, Tomaras GD, Ferrari G, Foulds KE, Roederer M, Landucci G, Forthal DN, Seaman MS, Hawkins N, Self SG, Phogat S, Tartaglia J, Barnett SW, Burke B, Cristillo AD, Ding S, Heeney JL, Pantaleo G, Stab V, Ensser A, Tippler B, Burton D, Tenbusch M, Überla K, Alter G, Lofano G, Dugast AS, Kulkarni V, Suscovich T, Opazo T, Barraza F, Herrera D, Garces A, Schwenke T, Tapia D, Cancino J, Arriagada G, Haußner C, Damm D, Rohrhofer A, Schmidt B, Eichler J, Midgley R, Wheeldon J, Piguet V, Khopkar P, Rohamare M, Kulkarni S, Godinho-Santos A, Hance A, Goncalves J, Mammano F, Gasser R, Hamoudi M, Pellicciotta M, Zhou Z, Visdeloup C, Colin P, Braibant M, Lagane B, Negroni M, Wamara J, Bannert N, Mesplede T, Osman N, Anstett K, Liang JC, Pham HT, Wainberg M, Shao W, Shan J, Kearney M, Wu X, Maldarelli F, Mellors J, Luke B, Coffin J, Hughes S, Fricke T, Opp S, Shepard C, Ivanov D, Valle-Casuso J, Kanja M, Cappy P, Negroni M, Lener D, Knyazhanskaya E, Anisenko A, Zatsepin T, Gottikh M, Komkov A, Minervina A, Nugmanov G, Nazarov V, Khodosevich K, Mamedov I, Lebedev Y, Colomer-Lluch M, Serra-Moreno R, Sarracino A, Gharu L, Pasternak A, Marcello A, McCartin AM, Kulkarni A, Le Douce V, Gautier V, Baeyens A, Naessens E, Van Nuffel A, Weening K, Reilly AM, Claeys E, Trypsteen W, Vandekerckhove L, Eyckerman S, Gevaert K, Verhasselt B, Mok HP, Norton N, Fun A, Hirst J, Wills M, Miklik D, Senigl F, Hejnar J, Sakuragi JI, Sakuragi S, Yokoyama M, Shioda T, Sato H, Bodem J, Moschall R, Denk S, Erkelenz S, Schenk C, Schaal H, Donhauser N, Socher E, Millen S, Sticht H, Gross C, Mann M, Wei G, Betts MJ, Liu Y, Kehl T, Russell RB, Löchelt M, Hohn O, Mostafa S, Hanke K, Norley S, Chen CY, Shingai M, Borrego P, Taveira N, Strebel K, Hellmund C, Meng B, Friedrich M, Hahn F, Setz C, Rauch P, Fraedrich K, Matthaei A, Henklein P, Traxdorf M, Fossen T, Schubert U, Khwaja A, Galilee M, Alian A, Schwalbe B, Hauser H, Schreiber M, Scherpenisse M, Cho YK, Kim J, Jeong D, Trejbalova K, Benesova M, Kucerova D, Vernerova Z, Amouroux R, Hajkova P, Elleder D, Hron T, Farkasova H, Padhi A, Paces J, Zhu H, Gifford R, Murcia P, Carrozza ML, Niewiadomska AM, Mazzei M, Abi-Said M, Hughes J, Hué S, Gifford R, Obasa A, Jacobs G, Engelbrecht S, Mack K, Starz K, Geyer M, Bibollet-Ruche F, Stürzel C, Leoz M, Plantier JC, Argaw-Denboba A, Balestrieri E, Serafino A, Bucci I, Cipriani C, Spadafora C, Sinibaldi-Vallebona P, Matteucci C, Jayashree SN, Neogi U, Chhangani AK, Rathore SS, Mathur BRJ, Abati A, Koç BT, Oğuzoğlu TÇ, Shimauchi T, Caucheteux S, Turpin J, Finsterbusch K, Tokura Y, Souriant S, Balboa L, Pingris K, Kviatcowsky D, Raynaud-Messina B, Cougoule C, Mercier I, Kuroda M, González-Montaner P, Inwentarz S, Moraña EJ, del Carmen Sasiain M, Neyrolles O, Maridonneau-Parini I, Lugo-Villarino G, Vérollet C, Herrmann A, Thomas D, Bouzas NF, Lahaye X, Bhargava A, Satoh T, Gentili M, Cerboni S, Silvin A, Conrad C, Ahmed-Belkacem H, Rodriguez EC, Guichou JF, Bosquet N, Piel M, Le Grand R, King M, Pawlotsky JM, Manel N, Hofmann H, Vanwalscappel B, Bloch N, Landau N, Indik S, Hagen B, Valle-Casuso JC, Allouch A, David A, Barré-Sinoussi F, Benkirane M, Pancino G, Saez-Cirion A, Lee WY, Sloan R, Schulte B, Opp S, Blomberg J, Vargiu L, Rodriguez-Tomé P, Tramontano E, Sperber G, Kumari N, Ammosova T, Diaz S, Oneal P, Nekhai S, Fahrny A, Gers-Huber G, Audigé A, Jayaprakash A, Sachidanandam R, Hernandez M, Dillon-White M, Souriant S, Pingris K, Raynaud-Messina B, Cougoule C, Mercier I, Neyrolles O, Maridonneau-Parini I, Lugo-Villarino G, Maze E, Ham C, Almond N, Towers G, Belshaw R, de Sousa-Pereira P, Abrantes J, Pizzato M, Esteves PJ, Kahle T, Schmitt S, Merkel L, Reuter N, Stamminger T, Rosa ID, Bishop K, Spinazzola A, Groom H, Vieyres G, Müsken M, Zillinger T, Hornung V, Barchet W, Häussler S, Pietschmann T, Javed A, Leuchte N, Salinas G, Opitz L, Sopper S, Mummert C, Hofmann C, Hückelhoven AG, Bergmann S, Müller-Schmucker SM, Harrer EG, Dörrie J, Schaft N, Harrer T, Cardinaux L, Zahno ML, Vogt HR, Zanoni R, Bertoni G, Muenchhoff M, Goulder P, Keppler O, Rebensburg S, Helfer M, Zhang Y, Chen H, Bernier A, Gosselin A, Routy JP, Wöhrl B, Schneider A, Corona A, Spöring I, Jordan M, Buchholz B, Maccioni E, Di Santo R, Schweimer K, Schölz C, Weinert B, Wagner S, Beli P, Miyake Y, Qi J, Jensen L, Streicher W, McCarthy A, Westwood N, Lain S, Cox J, Matthias P, Mann M, Bradner J, Choudhary C, Stern M, Valletta E, Frezza C, Marino-Merlo F, Grelli S, Serafino AL, Mastino A, Macchi B, Kaulfuß M, Windmann S, Bayer W, Mikasi S, Jacobs G, Heß R, Bonsmann MSG, Kirschning C, Lepenies B, Kolenbrander A, Temchura V, Iijima K, Kobayashi J, Ishizaka Y. Proceedings of the Frontiers of Retrovirology Conference 2016. Retrovirology 2016. [PMCID: PMC5046194 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral presentations Session 1: Entry & uncoating O1 Host cell polo-like kinases (PLKs) promote early prototype foamy virus (PFV) replication Irena Zurnic, Sylvia Hütter, Ute Lehmann, Nicole Stanke, Juliane Reh, Tobias Kern, Fabian Lindel, Gesche Gerresheim, Martin Hamann, Erik Müllers, Paul Lesbats, Peter Cherepanov, Erik Serrao, Alan Engelman, Dirk Lindemann O2 A novel entry/uncoating assay reveals the presence of at least two species of viral capsids during synchronized HIV-1 infection Claire Da Silva Santos, Kevin Tartour, Andrea Cimarelli O3 Dynamics of nuclear envelope association and nuclear import of HIV-1 complexes Rya Burdick, Jianbo Chen, Jaya Sastri, Wei-Shau Hu, Vinay Pathak O4 Human papillomavirus protein E4 potently enhances the susceptibility to HIV infection Oliver T. Keppler Session 2: Reverse transcription & integration O5 Structure and function of HIV-1 integrase post translational modifications Karine Pradeau, Sylvia Eiler, Nicolas Levy, Sarah Lennon, Sarah Cianferani, Stéphane Emiliani, Marc Ruff O6 Regulation of retroviral integration by RNA polymerase II associated factors and chromatin structure Vincent Parissi Session 3: Transcription and latency O7 A novel single-cell analysis pipeline to identify specific biomarkers of HIV permissiveness Sylvie Rato, Antonio Rausell, Miguel Munoz, Amalio Telenti, Angela Ciuffi O8 A capsid-dependent integration program linking T cell activation to HIV-1 gene expression Alexander Zhyvoloup, Anat Melamed, Ian Anderson, Delphine Planas, Janos Kriston-Vizi, Robin Ketteler, Chen-Hsuin Lee, Andy Merritt, Petronela Ancuta, Charles Bangham, Ariberto Fassati O9 Characterisation of new RNA polymerase III and RNA polymerase II transcriptional promoters in the Bovine Leukemia Virus genome Anthony Rodari, Benoit Van Driessche, Mathilde Galais, Nadége Delacourt, Sylvain Fauquenoy, Caroline Vanhulle, Anna Kula, Arsène Burny, Olivier Rohr, Carine Van Lint O10 Tissue-specific dendritic cells differentially modulate latent HIV-1 reservoirs Thijs van Montfort, Renee van der Sluis, Dave Speijer, Ben Berkhout Session 4: RNA trafficking & packaging O11 A novel cis-acting element affecting HIV replication Bo Meng, Andrzej Rutkowski, Neil Berry, Lars Dölken, Andrew Lever O12 Tolerance of HIV’s late gene expression towards stepwise codon adaptation Thomas Schuster, Benedikt Asbach, Ralf Wagner Session 5: Assembly & release O13 Importance of the tax-inducible actin-bundling protein fascin for transmission of human T cell leukemia virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) Christine Gross, Veit Wiesmann, Martina Kalmer, Thomas Wittenberg, Jan Gettemans, Andrea K. Thoma-Kress O14 Lentiviral nef proteins antagonize TIM-mediated inhibition of viral release Minghua Li, Eric O. Freed, Shan-Lu Liu Session 6: Pathogenesis & evolution O15 SEVI and semen prolong the half-life of HIV-1 Janis Müller, Jan Münch O16 CD169+ macrophages mediate retrovirus trans-infection of permissive lymphocytes to establish infection in vivo Xaver Sewald, Pradeep Uchil, Mark Ladinsky, Jagadish Beloor, Ruoxi Pi, Christin Herrmann, Nasim Motamedi, Thomas Murooka, Michael Brehm, Dale Greiner, Thorsten Mempel, Pamela Bjorkman, Priti Kumar, Walther Mothes O17 Efficient replication of a vpu containing SIVagm construct in African Green Monkeys requires an HIV-1 nef gene Simone Joas, Erica Parrish, Clement Wesley Gnanadurai, Edina Lump, Christina M. Stürzel, Nicholas F. Parrish, Ulrike Sauermann, Katharina Töpfer, Tina Schultheiss, Steven Bosinger, Guido Silvestri, Cristian Apetrei, Nicholas Huot, Michaela Müller-Trutwin, Daniel Sauter, Beatrice H. Hahn, Christiane Stahl-Hennig, Frank Kirchhoff O18 Reprogramming initiates mobilization of endogenous mutagenic LINE-1, Alu and SVA retrotransposons in human induced pluripotent stem cells with consequences for host gene expression Gerald Schumann, Sabine Jung-Klawitter, Nina V. Fuchs, Kyle R. Upton, Martin Muñoz-Lopez, Ruchi Shukla, Jichang Wang, Marta Garcia-Canadas, Cesar Lopez-Ruiz, Daniel J. Gerhardt, Attila Sebe, Ivana Grabundzija, Patricia Gerdes, Sylvia Merkert, Andres Pulgarin, Anja Bock, Ulrike Held, Anett Witthuhn, Alexandra Haase, Ernst J. Wolvetang, Ulrich Martin, Zoltán Ivics, Zsuzsanna Izsvák, J. Garcia-Perez, Geoffrey J. Faulkner O19 NF-κB activation induces expression of human endogenous retrovirus and particle production Tara Hurst, Aris Katzourakis, Gkikas Magiorkinis Session 7a and b: Innate sensing & intrinsic immunity O20 Identification of the phosphatase acting on T592 in SAMHD1 during M/G1 transition Kerstin Schott, Rita Derua, Janna Seifried, Andreas Reuter, Heike Schmitz, Christiane Tondera, Alberto Brandariz-Nuñez, Felipe Diaz-Griffero, Veerle Janssens, Renate König O21 Vpx overcomes a SAMHD1-independent block to HIV reverse transcription that is specific to resting CD4 T cells Hanna-Mari Baldauf, Lena Stegmann, Sarah-Marie Schwarz, Maud Trotard, Margarethe Martin, Gina Lenzi, Manja Burggraf, Xiaoyu Pan, Oliver I. Fregoso, Efrem S. Lim, Libin Abraham, Elina Erikson, Laura Nguyen, Ina Ambiel, Frank Rutsch, Renate König, Baek Kim, Michael Emerman, Oliver T. Fackler, Oliver T. Keppler O22 The role of SAMHD1 in antiviral restriction and immune sensing in the mouse Sabine Wittmann, Rayk Behrendt, Bianca Volkmann, Kristin Eissmann, Thomas Gramberg O23 T cells expressing reduced restriction factors are preferentially infected in therapy naïve HIV-1 patients Sebastian Bolduan, Herwig Koppensteiner, Stefanie Regensburg, Ruth Brack-Werner, Rika Draenert, Michael Schindler O24 cGAS-mediated innate immunity spreads through HIV-1 env-induced membrane fusion sites from infected to uninfected primary HIV-1 target cells Aurélie Ducroux, Shuting Xu, Aparna Ponnurangam, Sergej Franz, Angelina Malassa, Ellen Ewald, Christine Goffinet O25 Perturbation of innate RNA and DNA sensing by human T cell leukemia virus type 1 oncoproteins Sin-Yee Fung, Ching-Ping Chan, Chun-Kit Yuen, Kin-Hang Kok, Chin-Ping Chan, Dong-Yan Jin O26 Induction and anti-viral activity of Interferon α subtypes in HIV-1 infection Ulf Dittmer O27 Vpu-mediated counteraction of tetherin is a major determinant of HIV-1 interferon resistance Dorota Kmiec, Shilpa Iyer, Christina Stürzel, Daniel Sauter, Beatrice Hahn, Frank Kirchhoff O28 DNA repair protein Rad18 restricts HIV-1 and LINE-1 life cycle Yasuo Ariumi, Mariko Yasuda-Inoue, Koudai Kawano, Satoshi Tateishi, Priscilla Turelli O29 Natural mutations in IFITM3 allow escape from post-translational regulation and toggle antiviral specificity Alex Compton, Nicolas Roy, Françoise Porrot, Anne Billet, Nicoletta Casartelli, Jacob Yount, Chen Liang, Oliver Schwartz Session 8: Adaptive immunity & immune evasion O30 Observing evolution in HIV-1 infection: phylogenetics and mutant selection windows to infer the influence of the autologous antibody response on the viral quasispecies Carsten Magnus, Lucia Reh, Penny Moore, Therese Uhr, Jacqueline Weber, Lynn Morris, Alexandra Trkola O31 Dose and subtype specific analyses of the anti-HIV effects of IFN-alpha family members Rashel V. Grindberg, Erika Schlaepfer, Gideon Schreiber, Viviana Simon, Roberto F. Speck Session 9: Novel antiviral strategies O32 LEDGIN-mediated inhibition of the integrase-LEDGF/p75 interaction reduces reactivation of residual latent HIV Zeger Debyser, Lenard Vranckx, Jonas Demeulemeester, Suha Saleh, Eric Verdin, Anna Cereseto, Frauke Christ, Rik Gijsbers O33 NKG2D-mediated clearance of reactivated viral reservoirs by natural killer cells O34 Inhibition of HIV reactivation in brain cells by AAV-mediated delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 O35 CRISPR-Cas9 as antiviral: potent HIV-1 inhibition, but rapid virus escape and the subsequent design of escape-proof antiviral strategies Ben Berkhout, Gang Wang, Na Zhao, Atze T. Das Session 10: Recent advances in HIV vaccine development O36 Priming with a potent HIV-1 DNA vaccine frames the quality of T cell and antibody responses prior to a poxvirus and protein boost Benedikt Asbach, Josef Köstler, Beatriz Perdiguero, Mariano Esteban, Bertram L. Jacobs, David C. Montefiori, Celia C. LaBranche, Nicole L. Yates, Georgia D. Tomaras, Guido Ferrari, Kathryn E. Foulds, Mario Roederer, Gary Landucci, Donald N. Forthal, Michael S. Seaman, Natalie Hawkins, Steven G. Self, Sanjay Phogat, James Tartaglia, Susan W. Barnett, Brian Burke, Anthony D. Cristillo, Song Ding, Jonathan L. Heeney, Giuseppe Pantaleo, Ralf Wagner O37 Passive immunisation with a neutralising antibody against HIV-1 Env prevents infection of the first cells in a mucosal challenge rhesus monkey model Christiane Stahl-Hennig, Viktoria Stab, Armin Ensser, Ulrike Sauermann, Bettina Tippler, Dennis Burton, Matthias Tenbusch, Klaus Überla O38 HIV antibody Fc-glycoforms drive B cell affinity maturation Galit Alter, Giuseppe Lofano, Anne-Sophie Dugast, Viraj Kulkarni, Todd Suscovich Poster presentations Topic 1: Entry & uncoating P1 Dynein light chain is required for murine leukemia virus infection Tatiana Opazo, Felipe Barraza, Diego Herrera, Andrea Garces, Tomas Schwenke, Diego Tapia, Jorge Cancino, Gloria Arriagada P2 Peptide paratope mimics of the broadly neutralising HIV-1 antibody b12 Christina Haußner, Dominik Damm, Anette Rohrhofer, Barbara Schmidt, Jutta Eichler P3 Investigating cellular pathways involved in the transmission of HIV-1 between dendritic cells and T cells using RNAi screening techniques Rebecca Midgley, James Wheeldon, Vincent Piguet P4 Co-receptor tropism in HIV-1, HIV-2 monotypic and dual infections Priyanka Khopkar, Megha Rohamare, Smita Kulkarni P5 Characterisation of the role of CIB1 and CIB2 as HIV-1 helper factors Ana Godinho-Santos, Allan Hance, Joao Goncalves, Fabrizio Mammano P6 Buffering deleterious polymorphisms in the highly constrained C2 region of HIV-1 envelope by the flexible V3 domain Romain Gasser, Meriem Hamoudi, Martina Pellicciotta, Zhicheng Zhou, Clara Visdeloup, Philippe Colin, Martine Braibant, Bernard Lagane, Matteo Negroni P7 Entry inhibition of HERV-K(HML-2) by an Env-IgG fusion protein Jula Wamara, Norbert Bannert Topic 2: Reverse transcription & integration P8 The R263K/H51Y resistance substitutions in HIV integrase decreases levels of integrated HIV DNA over time Thibault Mesplede, Nathan Osman, Kaitlin Anstett, Jiaming Calvin Liang, Hanh Thi Pham, Mark Wainberg P9 The Retrovirus Integration Database (RID) Wei Shao, Jigui Shan, Mary Kearney, Xiaolin Wu, Frank Maldarelli, John Mellors, Brian Luke, John Coffin, Stephen Hughes P10 The small molecule 3G11 inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcription Thomas Fricke, Silvana Opp, Caitlin Shepard, Dmitri Ivanov, Baek Kim, Jose Valle-Casuso, Felipe Diaz-Griffero P11 Dual and opposite regulation of HIV-1 integration by hRAD51: impact on therapeutical approaches using homologous DNA repair modulators Vincent Parissi P12 A flexible motif essential for integration by HIV-1 integrase Marine Kanja, Pierre Cappy, Matteo Negroni, Daniela Lener P13 Interaction between HIV-1 integrase and the host protein Ku70: identification of the binding site and study of the influence on integrase-proteasome interplay Ekaterina Knyazhanskaya, Andrey Anisenko, Timofey Zatsepin, Marina Gottikh P14 Normalisation based method for deep sequencing of somatic retroelement integrations in human genome Alexander Komkov, Anastasia Minervina, Gaiaz Nugmanov, Vadim Nazarov, Konstantin Khodosevich, Ilgar Mamedov, Yuri Lebedev Topic 3: Transcription and latency P15 BCA2/RABRING7 restricts HIV-1 transcription by preventing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB Marta Colomer-Lluch, Ruth Serra-Moreno P16 MATR3 post-transcriptional regulation of HIV-1 transcription during latency Ambra Sarracino, Anna Kula, Lavina Gharu, Alexander Pasternak, Carine Van Lint, Alessandro Marcello P17 HIV-1 tat intersects the SUMO pathway to regulate HIV-1 promoter activity Ann Marie McCartin, Anurag Kulkarni, Valentin Le Douce, Virginie Gautier P18 Conservation in HIV-1 Vpr guides tertiary gRNA folding and alternative splicing Ann Baeyens, Evelien Naessens, Anouk Van Nuffel, Karin Weening, Anne-Marie Reilly, Eva Claeys, Wim Trypsteen, Linos Vandekerckhove, Sven Eyckerman, Kris Gevaert, Bruno Verhasselt P19 The majority of reactivatable latent HIV are genetically distinct Hoi Ping Mok, Nicholas Norton, Axel Fun, Jack Hirst, Mark Wills, Andrew Lever P20 Do mutations in the tat exonic splice enhancer contribute to HIV-1 latency? Nicholas Norton, Hoi Ping Mok, Jack Hirst, Andrew Lever P21 Culture-to-Ct: A fast and direct RT-qPCR HIV gene reactivation screening method using primary T cell culture Valentin Le Douce, Ann Marie McCartin, Virginie Gautier P22 A novel approach to define populations of early silenced proviruses Dalibor Miklik, Filip Senigl, Jiri Hejnar Topic 4: RNA trafficking & packaging P23 Functional analysis of the structure and conformation of HIV-1 genome RNA DIS Jun-ichi Sakuragi, Sayuri Sakuragi, Masaru Yokoyama, Tatsuo Shioda, Hironori Sato P24 Regulation of foamy viral env splicing controls gag and pol expression Jochen Bodem, Rebecca Moschall, Sarah Denk, Steffen Erkelenz, Christian Schenk, Heiner Schaal Topic 5: Assembly & release P25 Transfer of HTLV-1 p8 to target T cells depends on VASP: a novel interaction partner of p8 Norbert Donhauser, Ellen Socher, Sebastian Millen, Heinrich Sticht, Andrea K. Thoma-Kress P26 COL4A1 and COL4A2 are novel HTLV-1 tax targets with a putative role in virus transmission Christine Gross, Sebastian Millen, Melanie Mann, Klaus Überla, Andrea K. Thoma-Kress P27 The C terminus of foamy virus gag protein is required for particle formation, and virus budding: starting assembly at the C terminus? Guochao Wei, Matthew J. Betts, Yang Liu, Timo Kehl, Robert B. Russell, Martin Löchelt P28 Generation of an antigen-capture ELISA and analysis of Rec and Staufen-1 effects on HERV-K(HML-2) virus particle production Oliver Hohn, Saeed Mostafa, Kirsten Hanke, Stephen Norley, Norbert Bannert P29 Antagonism of BST-2/tetherin is a conserved function of primary HIV-2 Env glycoproteins Chia-Yen Chen, Masashi Shingai, Pedro Borrego, Nuno Taveira, Klaus Strebel P30 Mutations in the packaging signal region of the HIV-1 genome cause a late domain mutant phenotype Chris Hellmund, Bo Meng, Andrew Lever P31 p6 regulates membrane association of HIV-1 gag Melanie Friedrich, Friedrich Hahn, Christian Setz, Pia Rauch, Kirsten Fraedrich, Alina Matthaei, Petra Henklein, Maximilian Traxdorf, Torgils Fossen, Ulrich Schubert Topic 6: Pathogenesis & evolution P32 Molecular and structural basis of protein evolution during viral adaptation Aya Khwaja, Meytal Galilee, Akram Alian P33 HIV-1 enhancement and neutralisation by soluble gp120 and its role for the selection of the R5-tropic “best fit” Birco Schwalbe, Heiko Hauser, Michael Schreiber P34 An insertion of seven amino acids in the Env cytoplasmic tail of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 2 (HIV-2) selected during disease progression enhances viral replication François Dufrasne, Mara Lucchetti, Patrick Goubau, Jean Ruelle P35 Cell-associated HIV-1 unspliced to multiply spliced RNA ratio at 12 weeks ART correlates with markers of immune activation and apoptosis and predicts the CD4 T-cell count at 96 weeks ART Mirte Scherpenisse, Ben Berkhout, Alexander Pasternak P36 Faster progression in non-B subtype HIV-1-infected patients than Korean subclade of subtype B is accompanied by higher variation and no induction of gross deletion in non-B nef gene by Korean red ginseng treatment Young-Keol Cho, Jungeun Kim, Daeun Jeong P37 Aberrant expression of ERVWE1 endogenous retrovirus and overexpression of TET dioxygenases are characteristic features of seminoma Katerina Trejbalova, Martina Benesova, Dana Kucerova, Zdenka Vernerova, Rachel Amouroux, Petra Hajkova, Jiri Hejnar P38 Life history of the oldest lentivirus: characterisation of ELVgv integrations and the TRIM5 selection pattern in dermoptera Daniel Elleder, Tomas Hron, Helena Farkasova, Abinash Padhi, Jan Paces P39 Characterisation of a highly divergent endogenous retrovirus in the equine germ line Henan Zhu, Robert Gifford, Pablo Murcia P40 The emergence of pandemic retroviral infection in small ruminants Maria Luisa Carrozza, Anna-Maria Niewiadomska, Maurizio Mazzei, Mounir Abi-Said, Joseph Hughes, Stéphane Hué, Robert Gifford P41 Near full-length genome (NFLG) Characterisation of HIV-1 subtype B identified in South Africa Adetayo Obasa, Graeme Jacobs, Susan Engelbrecht P42 Acquisition of Vpu-mediated tetherin antagonism by an HIV-1 group O strain Katharina Mack, Kathrin Starz, Daniel Sauter, Matthias Geyer, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Christina Stürzel, Marie Leoz, Jean Christophe Plantier, Beatrice H. Hahn, Frank Kirchhoff P43 The human endogenous retrovirus type K is involved in cancer stem cell markers expression and in human melanoma malignancy Ayele Argaw-Denboba, Emanuela Balestrieri, Annalucia Serafino, Ilaria Bucci, Chiara Cipriani, Corrado Spadafora, Paolo Sinibaldi-Vallebona, Claudia Matteucci P44 Natural infection of Indian non-human primates by unique lentiviruses S. Nandi Jayashree, Ujjwal Neogi, Anil K. Chhangani, Shravan Sing Rathore, Bajrang R. J. Mathur P45 Free cervical cancer screening among HIV-positive women receiving antiretroviral treatment in Nigeria Adeyemi Abati P46 Molecular evolutionary status of feline immunodeficiency virus in Turkey B. Taylan Koç, Tuba Çiğdem Oğuzoğlu Topic 7: Innate sensing & intrinsic immunity P47 Cell-to-cell contact with HTLV-1-infected T cells reduces dendritic cell immune functions and contributes to infection in trans. Takatoshi Shimauchi, Stephan Caucheteux, Jocelyn Turpin, Katja Finsterbusch, Charles Bangham, Yoshiki Tokura, Vincent Piguet P48 Deciphering the mechanisms of HIV-1 exacerbation induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in monocytes/macrophages Shanti Souriant, Luciana Balboa, Karine Pingris, Denise Kviatcowsky, Brigitte Raynaud-Messina, Céline Cougoule, Ingrid Mercier, Marcelo Kuroda, Pablo González-Montaner, Sandra Inwentarz, Eduardo Jose Moraña, Maria del Carmen Sasiain, Olivier Neyrolles, Isabelle Maridonneau-Parini, Geanncarlo Lugo-Villarino, Christel Vérollet P49 The SAMHD1-mediated inhibition of LINE-1 retroelements is regulated by phosphorylation Alexandra Herrmann, Sabine Wittmann, Caitlin Shepard, Dominique Thomas, Nerea Ferreirós Bouzas, Baek Kim, Thomas Gramberg P50 Activities of nuclear envelope protein SUN2 in HIV infection Xavier Lahaye, Anvita Bhargava, Takeshi Satoh, Matteo Gentili, Silvia Cerboni, Aymeric Silvin, Cécile Conrad, Hakim Ahmed-Belkacem, Elisa C. Rodriguez, Jean-François Guichou, Nathalie Bosquet, Matthieu Piel, Roger Le Grand, Megan King, Jean-Michel Pawlotsky, Nicolas Manel P51 Activation of TLR7/8 with a small molecule agonist induces a novel restriction to HIV-1 infection of monocytes Henning Hofmann, Benedicte Vanwalscappel, Nicolin Bloch, Nathaniel Landau P52 Steady state between the DNA polymerase and Rnase H domain activities of reverse transcriptases determines the sensitivity of retroviruses to inhibition by APOBEC3 proteins Stanislav Indik, Benedikt Hagen P53 HIV restriction in mature dendritic cells is related to p21 induction and p21-mediated control of the dNTP pool and SAMHD1 activity. José Carlos Valle-Casuso, Awatef Allouch, Annie David, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Michaela Müller-Trutwin, Monsef Benkirane, Gianfranco Pancino, Asier Saez-Cirion P54 IFITM protens restrict HIV-1 protein synthesis Wing-Yiu Lee, Chen Liang, Richard Sloan P55 Characterisation and functional analysis of the novel restriction factor Serinc5 Bianca Schulte, Silvana Opp, Felipe Diaz-Griffero P56 piRNA sequences are common in Human Endogenous Retroviral Sequences (HERVs): An antiretroviral restriction mechanism? Jonas Blomberg, Luana Vargiu, Patricia Rodriguez-Tomé, Enzo Tramontano, Göran Sperber P57 Ferroportin restricts HIV-1 infection in sickle cell disease Namita Kumari, Tatiana Ammosova, Sharmeen Diaz, Patricia Oneal, Sergei Nekhai P58 APOBEC3G modulates the response to antiretroviral drugs in humanized mice Audrey Fahrny, Gustavo Gers-Huber, Annette Audigé, Roberto F. Speck, Anitha Jayaprakash, Ravi Sachidanandam, Matt Hernandez, Marsha Dillon-White, Viviana Simon P59 High-throughput epigenetic analysis of evolutionarily young endogenous retrovirus presents in the mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) genome Tomas Hron, Helena Farkasova, Daniel Elleder P60 Characterisation of the expression of novel endogenous retroviruses and immune interactions in a macaque model Neil Berry, Emmanuel Maze, Claire Ham, Neil Almond, Greg Towers, Robert Belshaw P61 HIV-1 restriction by orthologs of SERINC3 and SERINC5 Patrícia de Sousa-Pereira, Joana Abrantes, Massimo Pizzato, Pedro J. Esteves, Oliver T. Fackler, Oliver T. Keppler, Hanna-Mari Baldauf P62 TRIM19/PML restricts HIV infection in a cell type-dependent manner Bianca Volkmann, Tanja Kahle, Kristin Eissmann, Alexandra Herrmann, Sven Schmitt, Sabine Wittmann, Laura Merkel, Nina Reuter, Thomas Stamminger, Thomas Gramberg P63 Recent invasion of the mule deer genome by a retrovirus Helena Farkasova, Tomas Hron, Daniel Elleder P64 Does the antiviral protein SAMHD1 influence mitochondrial function? Ilaria Dalla Rosa, Kate Bishop, Antonella Spinazzola, Harriet Groom P65 cGAMP transfers intercellularly via HIV-1 Env-mediated cell–cell fusion sites and triggers an innate immune response in primary target cells Shuting Xu, Aurélie Ducroux, Aparna Ponnurangam, Sergej Franz, Gabrielle Vieyres, Mathias Müsken, Thomas Zillinger, Angelina Malassa, Ellen Ewald, Veit Hornung, Winfried Barchet, Susanne Häussler, Thomas Pietschmann, Christine Goffinet P66 Pre-infection transcript levels of FAM26F in PBMCS inform about overall plasma viral load in acute and postacute phase after SIV-infection Ulrike Sauermann, Aneela Javed, Nicole Leuchte, Gabriela Salinas, Lennart Opitz, Christiane Stahl-Hennig, Sieghart Sopper P67 Sequence-function analysis of three T cell receptors targeting the HIV-1 p17 epitope SLYNTVATL Christiane Mummert, Christian Hofmann, Angela G. Hückelhoven, Silke Bergmann, Sandra M. Müller-Schmucker, Ellen G. Harrer, Jan Dörrie, Niels Schaft, Thomas Harrer P68 An immunodominant region of the envelope glycoprotein of small ruminant lentiviruses may function as decoy antigen Laure Cardinaux, M.-L. Zahno, H.-R. Vogt, R. Zanoni, G. Bertoni P69 Impact of immune activation, immune exhaustion, broadly neutralising antibodies and viral reservoirs on disease progression in HIV-infected children Maximilian Muenchhoff, Philip Goulder, Oliver Keppler Topic 9: Novel antiviral strategies P70 Identification of natural compounds as new antiviral products by bioassay-guided fractionation Alexandra Herrmann, Stephanie Rebensburg, Markus Helfer, Michael Schindler, Ruth Brack-Werner P71 The PPARG antagonism disconnects the HIV replication and effector functions in Th17 cells Yuwei Zhang, Huicheng Chen, Delphine Planas, Annie Bernier, Annie Gosselin, Jean-Pierre Routy, Petronela Ancuta P72 Characterisation of a multiresistant subtype AG reverse transcriptase: AZT resistance, sensitivity to RNase H inhibitors and inhibitor binding Birgitta Wöhrl, Anna Schneider, Angela Corona, Imke Spöring, Mareike Jordan, Bernd Buchholz, Elias Maccioni, Roberto Di Santo, Jochen Bodem, Enzo Tramontano, Kristian Schweimer P73 Insigths into the acetylation pattern of HDAC inhibitors and their potential role in HIV therapy Christian Schölz, Brian Weinert, Sebastian Wagner, Petra Beli, Yasuyuki Miyake, Jun Qi, Lars Jensen, Werner Streicher, Anna McCarthy, Nicholas Westwood, Sonia Lain, Jürgen Cox, Patrick Matthias, Matthias Mann, James Bradner, Chunaram Choudhary P74 HPV-derived and seminal amyloid peptides enhance HIV-1 infection and impair the efficacy of broadly neutralising antibodies and antiretroviral drugs Marcel Stern, Oliver T. Keppler P75 D(−)lentiginosine inhibits both proliferation and virus expression in cells infected by HTLV-1 in vitro Elena Valletta, Caterina Frezza, Claudia Matteucci, Francesca Marino-Merlo, Sandro Grelli, Anna Lucia Serafino, Antonio Mastino, Beatrice Macchi P76 HIV-1 resistance analyses of the Cape Winelands districts, South Africa Sello Mikasi, Graeme Jacobs, Susan Engelbrecht Topic 10: Recent advances in HIV vaccine development P77 Induction of complex retrovirus antigen-specific immune responses by adenovirus-based vectors depends on the order of vector administration Meike Kaulfuß, Sonja Windmann, Wibke Bayer P78 Direct impact of structural properties of HIV-1 Env on the regulation of the humoral immune response Rebecca Heß, Michael Storcksdieck gen. Bonsmann, Viktoria Stab, Carsten Kirschning, Bernd Lepenies, Matthias Tenbusch, Klaus Überla P79 Lentiviral virus-like particles mediate gerenration of T-follicular helper cells in vitro Anne Kolenbrander, Klaus Überla, Vladimir Temchura P80 Recruitment of HIV-1 Vpr to DNA damage sites and protection of proviral DNA from nuclease activity Kenta Iijima, Junya Kobayashi, Yukihito Ishizaka
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Compton AA, Roy N, Porrot F, Billet A, Casartelli N, Yount JS, Liang C, Schwartz O. Natural mutations in IFITM3 modulate post-translational regulation and toggle antiviral specificity. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:1657-1671. [PMID: 27601221 PMCID: PMC5090704 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201642771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon‐induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins protect host cells from diverse virus infections. IFITM proteins also incorporate into HIV‐1 virions and inhibit virus fusion and cell‐to‐cell spread, with IFITM3 showing the greatest potency. Here, we report that amino‐terminal mutants of IFITM3 preventing ubiquitination and endocytosis are more abundantly incorporated into virions and exhibit enhanced inhibition of HIV‐1 fusion. An analysis of primate genomes revealed that IFITM3 is the most ancient antiviral family member of the IFITM locus and has undergone a repeated duplication in independent host lineages. Some IFITM3 genes in nonhuman primates, including those that arose following gene duplication, carry amino‐terminal mutations that modify protein localization and function. This suggests that “runaway” IFITM3 variants could be selected for altered antiviral activity. Furthermore, we show that adaptations in IFITM3 result in a trade‐off in antiviral specificity, as variants exhibiting enhanced activity against HIV‐1 poorly restrict influenza A virus. Overall, we provide the first experimental evidence that diversification of IFITM3 genes may boost the antiviral coverage of host cells and provide selective functional advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Roy
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Anne Billet
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chen Liang
- Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France .,CNRS-URA 3015, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
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Chauveau L, Puigdomenech I, Ayinde D, Roesch F, Porrot F, Bruni D, Visseaux B, Descamps D, Schwartz O. HIV-2 infects resting CD4+ T cells but not monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Retrovirology 2015; 12:2. [PMID: 25582927 PMCID: PMC4307230 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-014-0131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human Immunodeficiency Virus-type 2 (HIV-2) encodes Vpx that degrades SAMHD1, a cellular restriction factor active in non-dividing cells. HIV-2 replicates in lymphocytes but the susceptibility of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) to in vitro infection remains partly characterized. Results Here, we investigated HIV-2 replication in primary CD4+ T lymphocytes, both activated and non-activated, as well as in MDDCs. We focused on the requirement of Vpx for productive HIV-2 infection, using the reference HIV-2 ROD strain, the proviral clone GL-AN, as well as two primary HIV-2 isolates. All HIV-2 strains tested replicated in activated CD4+ T cells. Unstimulated CD4+ T cells were not productively infected by HIV-2, but viral replication was triggered upon lymphocyte activation in a Vpx-dependent manner. In contrast, MDDCs were poorly infected when exposed to HIV-2. HIV-2 particles did not potently fuse with MDDCs and did not lead to efficient viral DNA synthesis, even in the presence of Vpx. Moreover, the HIV-2 strains tested were not efficiently sensed by MDDCs, as evidenced by a lack of MxA induction upon viral exposure. Virion pseudotyping with VSV-G rescued fusion, productive infection and HIV-2 sensing by MDDCs. Conclusion Vpx allows the non-productive infection of resting CD4+ T cells, but does not confer HIV-2 with the ability to efficiently infect MDDCs. In these cells, an entry defect prevents viral fusion and reverse transcription independently of SAMHD1. We propose that HIV-2, like HIV-1, does not productively infect MDDCs, possibly to avoid triggering an immune response mediated by these cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-014-0131-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Compton AA, Bruel T, Porrot F, Mallet A, Sachse M, Euvrard M, Liang C, Casartelli N, Schwartz O. IFITM proteins incorporated into HIV-1 virions impair viral fusion and spread. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 16:736-47. [PMID: 25464829 PMCID: PMC7104936 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins protect cells from diverse virus infections by inhibiting virus-cell fusion. IFITM proteins also inhibit HIV-1 replication through mechanisms only partially understood. We show that when expressed in uninfected lymphocytes, IFITM proteins exert protective effects during cell-free virus infection, but this restriction can be overcome upon HIV-1 cell-to-cell spread. However, when present in virus-producing lymphocytes, IFITM proteins colocalize with viral Env and Gag proteins and incorporate into nascent HIV-1 virions to limit entry into new target cells. IFITM in viral membranes is associated with impaired virion fusion, offering additional and more potent defense against virus spread. Thus, IFITM proteins act additively in both productively infected cells and uninfected target cells to inhibit HIV-1 spread, potentially conferring these proteins with greater breadth and potency against enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A Compton
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Virus & Immunity Unit, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA 3015, Paris 75015, France.
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Virus & Immunity Unit, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA 3015, Paris 75015, France
| | - Françoise Porrot
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Virus & Immunity Unit, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA 3015, Paris 75015, France
| | - Adeline Mallet
- Institut Pasteur, Imagopole, Ultrastructural Microscopy Platform, Paris 75015, France
| | - Martin Sachse
- Institut Pasteur, Imagopole, Ultrastructural Microscopy Platform, Paris 75015, France
| | - Marine Euvrard
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Virus & Immunity Unit, Paris 75015, France; École Normale Supérieure, Department of Biology, Cachan 94230, France
| | - Chen Liang
- Lady Davis Institute, McGill AIDS Centre, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Nicoletta Casartelli
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Virus & Immunity Unit, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA 3015, Paris 75015, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Virus & Immunity Unit, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA 3015, Paris 75015, France; Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil 94010, France.
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Malbec M, Porrot F, Rua R, Horwitz J, Klein F, Halper-Stromberg A, Scheid JF, Eden C, Mouquet H, Nussenzweig MC, Schwartz O. Broadly neutralizing antibodies that inhibit HIV-1 cell to cell transmission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:2813-21. [PMID: 24277152 PMCID: PMC3865481 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A subset of broadly neutralizing anti-HIV antibodies inhibits cell to cell transmission of the virus. The neutralizing activity of anti–HIV-1 antibodies is typically measured in assays where cell-free virions enter reporter cell lines. However, HIV-1 cell to cell transmission is a major mechanism of viral spread, and the effect of the recently described broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) on this mode of transmission remains unknown. Here we identify a subset of bNAbs that inhibit both cell-free and cell-mediated infection in primary CD4+ lymphocytes. These antibodies target either the CD4-binding site (NIH45-46 and 3BNC60) or the glycan/V3 loop (10-1074 and PGT121) on HIV-1 gp120 and act at low concentrations by inhibiting multiple steps of viral cell to cell transmission. These antibodies accumulate at virological synapses and impair the clustering and fusion of infected and target cells and the transfer of viral material to uninfected T cells. In addition, they block viral cell to cell transmission to plasmacytoid DCs and thereby interfere with type-I IFN production. Thus, only a subset of bNAbs can efficiently prevent HIV-1 cell to cell transmission, and this property should be considered an important characteristic defining antibody potency for therapeutic or prophylactic antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Malbec
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology; and 2 Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology; Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
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Malbec M, Sourisseau M, Guivel-Benhassine F, Porrot F, Blanchet F, Schwartz O, Casartelli N. HIV-1 Nef promotes the localization of Gag to the cell membrane and facilitates viral cell-to-cell transfer. Retrovirology 2013; 10:80. [PMID: 23899341 PMCID: PMC3734038 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Newly synthesized HIV-1 particles assemble at the plasma membrane of infected cells, before being released as free virions or being transferred through direct cell-to-cell contacts to neighboring cells. Localization of HIV-1 Gag precursor at the cell membrane is necessary and sufficient to trigger viral assembly, whereas the GagPol precursor is additionally required to generate a fully matured virion. HIV-1 Nef is an accessory protein that optimizes viral replication through partly defined mechanisms. Whether Nef modulates Gag and/or GagPol localization and assembly at the membrane and facilitates viral cell-to-cell transfer has not been extensively characterized so far. Results We report that Nef increases the total amount of Gag proteins present in infected cells, and promotes Gag localization at the cell membrane. Moreover, the processing of p55 into p24 is improved in the presence of Nef. We also examined the effect of Nef during HIV-1 cell-to-cell transfer. We show that without Nef, viral transfer through direct contacts between infected cells and target cells is impaired. With a nef-deleted virus, the number of HIV-1 positive target cells after a short 2h co-culture is reduced, and viral material transferred to uninfected cells is less matured. At later time points, this defect is associated with a reduction in the productive infection of new target cells. Conclusions Our results highlight a previously unappreciated role of Nef during the viral replication cycle. Nef promotes HIV-1 Gag membrane localization and processing, and facilitates viral cell-to-cell transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Malbec
- Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Unité Virus et Immunité, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris F-75015, France
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Roesch F, Meziane O, Kula A, Nisole S, Porrot F, Anderson I, Mammano F, Fassati A, Marcello A, Benkirane M, Schwartz O. Hyperthermia stimulates HIV-1 replication. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002792. [PMID: 22807676 PMCID: PMC3395604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-infected individuals may experience fever episodes. Fever is an elevation of the body temperature accompanied by inflammation. It is usually beneficial for the host through enhancement of immunological defenses. In cultures, transient non-physiological heat shock (42–45°C) and Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) modulate HIV-1 replication, through poorly defined mechanisms. The effect of physiological hyperthermia (38–40°C) on HIV-1 infection has not been extensively investigated. Here, we show that culturing primary CD4+ T lymphocytes and cell lines at a fever-like temperature (39.5°C) increased the efficiency of HIV-1 replication by 2 to 7 fold. Hyperthermia did not facilitate viral entry nor reverse transcription, but increased Tat transactivation of the LTR viral promoter. Hyperthermia also boosted HIV-1 reactivation in a model of latently-infected cells. By imaging HIV-1 transcription, we further show that Hsp90 co-localized with actively transcribing provirus, and this phenomenon was enhanced at 39.5°C. The Hsp90 inhibitor 17-AAG abrogated the increase of HIV-1 replication in hyperthermic cells. Altogether, our results indicate that fever may directly stimulate HIV-1 replication, in a process involving Hsp90 and facilitation of Tat-mediated LTR activity. Fever is a complex reaction triggered in response to pathogen infection. It induces diverse effects on the human body and especially on the immune system. The functions of immune cells are positively affected by fever, helping them to fight infection. Fever consists in a physiological elevation of temperature and in inflammation. While the role of inflammatory molecules on HIV-1 replication has been widely studied, little is known about the direct effect of temperature on viral replication. Here, we report that hyperthermia (39.5°C) boosts HIV-1 replication in CD4+ T cells. In single-cycle infection experiments, hyperthermia increased HIV-1 infection up to 7-fold. This effect was mediated in part by an increased activation of the HIV-1 promoter by the viral protein Tat. Our results also indicate that hyperthermia may help HIV-1 to reactivate from latency. We also show that the Heat Shock Protein Hsp90, which levels are increased at 39.5°C, mediates in a large part the positive effect of hyperthermia on HIV-1 infection. Our work suggests that in HIV-1-infected patients, fever episodes may facilitate viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Roesch
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Virus et Immunité, Département de Virologie, Paris, France
- CNRS, URA3015, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Oussama Meziane
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, UPR1142, Montpellier, France
| | - Anna Kula
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Sébastien Nisole
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Virologie Moléculaire et Vaccinologie, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Porrot
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Virus et Immunité, Département de Virologie, Paris, France
- CNRS, URA3015, Paris, France
| | - Ian Anderson
- Wohl Virion Centre, Division of Infection and Immunity, MRC Centre for Medical & Molecular Virology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrizio Mammano
- INSERM U941, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IUH, UMRS 941, Paris, France
| | - Ariberto Fassati
- Wohl Virion Centre, Division of Infection and Immunity, MRC Centre for Medical & Molecular Virology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Marcello
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Monsef Benkirane
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, UPR1142, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Virus et Immunité, Département de Virologie, Paris, France
- CNRS, URA3015, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Sol-Foulon N, Sourisseau M, Porrot F, Thoulouze MI, Trouillet C, Nobile C, Blanchet F, di Bartolo V, Noraz N, Taylor N, Alcover A, Hivroz C, Schwartz O. ZAP-70 kinase regulates HIV cell-to-cell spread and virological synapse formation. EMBO J 2007; 26:516-26. [PMID: 17215865 PMCID: PMC1783460 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/24/2006] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV efficiently spreads in lymphocytes, likely through virological synapses (VSs). These cell-cell junctions share some characteristics with immunological synapses, but cellular proteins required for their constitution remain poorly characterized. We have examined here the role of ZAP-70, a key kinase regulating T-cell activation and immunological synapse formation, in HIV replication. In lymphocytes deficient for ZAP-70, or expressing a kinase-dead mutant of the protein, HIV replication was strikingly delayed. We have characterized further this replication defect. ZAP-70 was dispensable for the early steps of viral cycle, from entry to expression of viral proteins. However, in the absence of ZAP-70, intracellular Gag localization was impaired. ZAP-70 was required in infected donor cells for efficient cell-to-cell HIV transmission to recipients and for formation of VSs. These results bring novel insights into the links that exist between T-cell activation and HIV spread, and suggest that HIV usurps components of the immunological synapse machinery to ensure its own spread through cell-to-cell contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Françoise Porrot
- Groupe Virus et Immunité, Institut Pasteur, CNRS URA1930, France
| | | | - Céline Trouillet
- Groupe Virus et Immunité, Institut Pasteur, CNRS URA1930, France
| | | | - Fabien Blanchet
- Groupe Virus et Immunité, Institut Pasteur, CNRS URA1930, France
| | - Vincenzo di Bartolo
- Unité de Biologie Cellulaire des Lymphocytes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nelly Noraz
- CNRS UMR5535, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Montpellier, France
| | - Naomi Taylor
- CNRS UMR5535, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Montpellier, France
| | - Andres Alcover
- Unité de Biologie Cellulaire des Lymphocytes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Schwartz
- Groupe Virus et Immunité, Institut Pasteur, CNRS URA1930, France
- Virus and Immunity Group, Institut Pasteur, CNRS URA 1930, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France. Tel.: +33 1 45 68 83 53; fax: +33 1 45 68 89 40; E-mail:
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Abstract
Cell-to-cell viral transfer facilitates the spread of lymphotropic retroviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), likely through the formation of "virological synapses" between donor and target cells. Regarding HIV replication, the importance of cell contacts has been demonstrated, but this phenomenon remains only partly characterized. In order to alter cell-to-cell HIV transmission, we have maintained cultures under continuous gentle shaking and followed viral replication in this experimental system. In lymphoid cell lines, as well as in primary lymphocytes, viral replication was dramatically reduced in shaken cultures. To document this phenomenon, we have developed an assay to assess the relative contributions of free and cell-associated virions in HIV propagation. Acutely infected donor cells were mixed with carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester-labeled lymphocytes as targets, and viral production was followed by measuring HIV Gag expression at different time points by flow cytometry. We report that cellular contacts drastically enhance productive viral transfer compared to what is seen with infection with free virus. Productive cell-to-cell viral transmission required fusogenic viral envelope glycoproteins on donor cells and adequate receptors on targets. Only a few syncytia were observed in this coculture system. Virus release from donor cells was unaffected when cultures were gently shaken, whereas virus transfer to recipient cells was severely impaired. Altogether, these results indicate that cell-to-cell transfer is the predominant mode of HIV spread and help to explain why this virus replicates so efficiently in lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Sourisseau
- Groupe Virus et Immunité, URA CNRS 1930, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Buseyne F, Scott-Algara D, Corre B, Porrot F, Monchatre E, Bellal N, Burgard M, Rouzioux C, Blanche S, Rivière Y. Poor recognition of HIV-1 Nef protein by CD8 T cells from HIV-1-infected children: impact of age. Virology 2006; 354:271-9. [PMID: 16904156 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Revised: 03/25/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of various HIV proteins by CD8 T cells from HIV-infected children was determined by two functional assays. First, using an Elispot assay, we show that 80% of patients recognized Gag, 77% recognized Pol, 61% recognized Env, 44% recognized Nef and 29% recognized Vif. Frequencies of Gag-, Pol-, and Env-specific IFN-gamma producing CD8 T cells were higher than frequencies of Nef and Vif-specific CD8 T cells. The poor recognition of Nef by ex vivo CD8 T cells was confirmed by CTL assays performed in HAART naïve children: 25% of children had positive response against Nef versus 44, 63 and 62% for Env, Gag, and Pol, respectively. Memory Gag-specific CTL were positively correlated with age, whereas Nef-specific CTL were negatively correlated with age. The poor Nef-specific CD8 T cell response in HIV-infected children contrasts with dominance of Nef-specific responses in infected adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Buseyne
- Unité Postulante d'Immunopathologie Virale, URA CNRS 1930, Institut Pasteur, Bat Lwoff, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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37
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Burleigh L, Lozach PY, Schiffer C, Staropoli I, Pezo V, Porrot F, Canque B, Virelizier JL, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Amara A. Infection of dendritic cells (DCs), not DC-SIGN-mediated internalization of human immunodeficiency virus, is required for long-term transfer of virus to T cells. J Virol 2006; 80:2949-57. [PMID: 16501104 PMCID: PMC1395470 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.6.2949-2957.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-type lectin DC-SIGN expressed on immature dendritic cells (DCs) captures human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) particles and enhances the infection of CD4+ T cells. This process, known as trans-enhancement of T-cell infection, has been related to HIV endocytosis. It has been proposed that DC-SIGN targets HIV to a nondegradative compartment within DCs and DC-SIGN-expressing cells, allowing incoming virus to persist for several days before infecting target cells. In this study, we provide several lines of evidence suggesting that intracellular storage of intact virions does not contribute to HIV transmission. We show that endocytosis-defective DC-SIGN molecules enhance T-cell infection as efficiently as their wild-type counterparts, indicating that DC-SIGN-mediated HIV internalization is dispensable for trans-enhancement. Furthermore, using immature DCs that are genetically resistant to infection, we demonstrate that several days after viral uptake, HIV transfer from DCs to T cells requires viral fusion and occurs exclusively through DC infection and transmission of newly synthesized viral particles. Importantly, our results suggest that DC-SIGN participates in this process by cooperating with the HIV entry receptors to facilitate cis-infection of immature DCs and subsequent viral transfer to T cells. We suggest that such a mechanism, rather than intracellular storage of incoming virus, accounts for the long-term transfer of HIV to CD4+ T cells and may contribute to the spread of infection by DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Burleigh
- Unité d'Immunologie Virale, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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38
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Buseyne F, Catteau A, Scott-Algara D, Corre B, Porrot F, Rouzioux C, Blanche S, Rivière Y. A vaccinia-based elispot assay for detection of CD8+ T cells from HIV-1 infected children. J Immunol Methods 2005; 298:105-18. [PMID: 15847801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Revised: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
HIV-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes participate in the control of viral replication in infected patients. These responses are of low intensity in young infants and are decreased by antiretroviral therapy. In the present study, we report on a recombinant Vaccinia virus (rVV)-based Elispot assay for the detection of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells immediately after isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The rVV-based assay was highly sensitive; 48 out of 50 children had a positive response against the rVV encoding HIV Env-Gag-Pol antigen. Interferon-gamma was produced by CD8+ T cells, and CD14+/15+ cells were the main cell subset presenting antigens expressed by rVV. We observed that the cell input per well had a critical influence on the sensitivity of the assay. Results from the ex vivo Elispot assay correlated poorly with those of the 51Cr release assay performed after expansion of PBMC in vitro; thus, both assays gave information on different subsets and/or functions of the HIV-specific T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Buseyne
- Unité Postulante d'Immunopathologie Virale, URA CNRS 1930, Institut Pasteur, Bat. Lwoff, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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Scott-Algara D, Buseyne F, Porrot F, Corre B, Bellal N, Rouzioux C, Blanche S, Riviere Y. Not All Tetramer Binding CD8+ T Cells Can Produce Cytokines and Chemokines Involved in the Effector Functions of Virus-Specific CD8+ T Lymphocytes in HIV-1 Infected Children. J Clin Immunol 2005; 25:57-67. [PMID: 15742158 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-005-0358-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the pediatric human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection, the presence of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) is associated with a slow progression to AIDS. The secretion of cytokines by CTLs may be critical in the control of viral infection. We used the combination of cell surface and intracellular staining to study the functionality of tetramer binding CD8+ T cells recognizing two HIV-1 immunodominant epitopes, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-1-infected children. A fraction of tetramer positive CD8+ T cells produce cytokines (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha) or chemokines (CCL4, CCL5) after ex vivo stimulation with the cognate peptide. There was a negative correlation between the plasma viral load and the percentage of CD8+ Tetramer Gag+ T cells secreting IFN-gamma. This is the first report in the context of pediatric HIV-1 infection showing that only a fraction of HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells have the capacity to produce cytokines and chemokines implicated in their antiviral functions.
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Sol-Foulon N, Esnault C, Percherancier Y, Porrot F, Metais-Cunha P, Bachelerie F, Schwartz O. The effects of HIV-1 Nef on CD4 surface expression and viral infectivity in lymphoid cells are independent of rafts. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:31398-408. [PMID: 15133044 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m401621200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 Nef protein is a critical virulence factor that exerts multiple effects during viral replication. Nef modulates surface expression of various cellular proteins including CD4 and MHC-I, enhances viral infectivity, and affects signal transduction pathways. Nef has been shown to partially associate with rafts, where it can prime T cells for activation. The contribution of rafts during Nef-induced CD4 down-regulation and enhancement of viral replication remains poorly understood. We show here that Nef does not modify the palmitoylation state of CD4 or its partition within rafts. Moreover, CD4 mutants lacking palmitoylation or unable to associate with rafts are efficiently down-regulated by Nef. In HIV-infected cells, viral assembly and budding occurs from rafts, and Nef has been suggested to increase this process. However, using T cells acutely infected with wild-type or nef-deleted HIV, we did not observe any impact of Nef on raft segregation of viral structural proteins. We have also designed a palmitoylated mutant of Nef (NefG3C), which significantly accumulates in rafts. Interestingly, the efficiency of NefG3C to down-regulate CD4 and MHC-I, and to promote viral replication was not increased when compared with the wild-type protein. Altogether, these results strongly suggest that rafts are not a key element involved in the effects of Nef on trafficking of cellular proteins and on viral replication.
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) facilitate HIV-1 spread in the host by capturing virions and transferring them to permissive lymphocytes in lymphoid organs. Lectins such as DC-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) are involved in HIV-1 uptake by DCs, through high-affinity binding to viral envelope glycoproteins. We examined the role of DC-SIGN on the fate of incoming virions and on major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I)-restricted HIV-1 antigen presentation. We show that DC-SIGN expression in B-cell lines dramatically enhances viral internalization. In these cells, and also in primary DCs, most of the captured virions are rapidly degraded, likely in a lysosomal compartment. In addition, a fraction of incoming viral material is processed by the proteasome, leading to activation of anti-HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) by DC-SIGN-expressing cells. In DCs, DC-SIGN is not the only receptor involved, and redundant pathways of virus capture leading to antigen presentation likely coexist. Altogether, our results highlight new aspects of DC-SIGN interactions with HIV-1. The lectin does not significantly protect captured virions against degradation and promotes MHC-I exogenous presentation of HIV-1 antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Moris
- Groupe Virus et Immunité, URA CNRS 1930, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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42
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Abstract
DC-SIGN, a lectin expressed on dendritic cell and macrophage subsets, binds to human immunodeficiency virus Env glycoproteins, allowing capture of viral particles. Captured virions either infect target cells or are efficiently transmitted to lymphocytes. Cellular mechanisms underlying the effects of DC-SIGN remain poorly understood. Here we have analyzed the effects of DC-SIGN on viral entry and on syncytium formation induced by Env glycoproteins. The lectin enhanced susceptibility to viral infection and dramatically increased virion internalization. Captured virions accumulated in the vesicular pathway, and their access to the cytosol was altered. Strikingly, the presence of DC-SIGN on target cells inhibited their ability to form syncytia with Env-expressing cells. However, increasing CD4 surface levels on target cells alleviated this inhibitory effect of DC-SIGN. Moreover, the potency of the viral fusion inhibitor T-20 was not affected in DC-SIGN-expressing cells. Altogether, our results indicate that DC-SIGN exerts subtle and complex effects during early steps of HIV type 1 replication. DC-SIGN facilitates capture and accumulation of viral particles in a vesicular compartment and inhibits viral fusion. Competition between CD4 and DC-SIGN for Env binding likely affects virus access to the cytosol and syncytium formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Nobile
- Virus and Immunity Group, URA CNRS 1930, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Buseyne F, Scott-Algara D, Porrot F, Corre B, Bellal N, Burgard M, Rouzioux C, Blanche S, Rivière Y. Frequencies of ex vivo-activated human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific gamma-interferon-producing CD8+ T cells in infected children correlate positively with plasma viral load. J Virol 2002; 76:12414-22. [PMID: 12438567 PMCID: PMC136692 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.24.12414-12422.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2002] [Accepted: 08/26/2002] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-specific CD8+ T cells are critical in controlling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication. We present the evaluation of a gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma)-based enzyme linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay for the quantification of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells from HIV-infected children. We studied 20 HLA-A*0201-positive HIV-infected children. The IFN-gamma production in response to stimulation with two HLA-A*0201-restricted immunodominant CD8 epitopes (SLYNTVATL [SL9] in Gag and ILKEPVHGV [IV9] in Pol) was tested using the ELISPOT assay. The results were compared to labeling with the corresponding tetramers. Among the 20 children, 18 had detectable responses against the SL9 and/or the IV9 epitope using the ELISPOT assay (medians, 351 and 134 spot-forming cells/10(6) peripheral blood mononuclear cells, respectively). Comparison of results from the tetramer and ELISPOT assays suggests that only a fraction of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells were able to produce IFN-gamma. Most importantly, we found that the frequencies of IFN-gamma-producing CD8+ T cells were positively correlated with the viral load whereas the frequencies of tetramer-binding CD8+ T cells were not. The high sensitivity of the ELISPOT assay and the fact that this functional assay provided information different from that of tetramer labeling support its use for measurement of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. In conclusion, our results show that the ex vivo-activated IFN-gamma-producing HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell subset is dependent upon continuous antigenic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Buseyne
- Laboratoire d'Immunopathologie Virale, Département de Médecine Moléculaire, URA CNRS 1930, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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44
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Buseyne F, Le Chenadec J, Corre B, Porrot F, Burgard M, Rouzioux C, Blanche S, Mayaux MJ, Rivière Y. Inverse correlation between memory Gag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and viral replication in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. J Infect Dis 2002; 186:1589-96. [PMID: 12447734 DOI: 10.1086/345482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2002] [Revised: 08/08/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous study showed that, during the first year of life, the presence of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children is associated with a lack of rapid progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The goal of the study was to address the role of CTLs in children who survived after age 5 years. Memory HIV-specific CTLs directed against Env, Gag, Nef, and Pol proteins were measured in a group of 47 highly active antiretroviral therapy-naive HIV-infected children. Both Gag- and Pol-specific CTLs were positively correlated with CD4(+) T cell counts. Gag-, Nef-, and Pol-specific CTLs were inversely correlated with virus load. The inverse correlation between virus load and Gag-specific CTLs was independent of CD4(+) T cell counts. In conclusion, this study showed the beneficial role of HIV-specific CTLs in children who survived after age 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Buseyne
- Laboratoire d'Immunopathologie Virale, Unité de Recherche Associée Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 1930, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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45
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Favre D, Blouin V, Provost N, Spisek R, Porrot F, Bohl D, Marmé F, Chérel Y, Salvetti A, Hurtrel B, Heard JM, Rivière Y, Moullier P. Lack of an immune response against the tetracycline-dependent transactivator correlates with long-term doxycycline-regulated transgene expression in nonhuman primates after intramuscular injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus. J Virol 2002; 76:11605-11. [PMID: 12388721 PMCID: PMC136781 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.22.11605-11611.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously documented persistent regulation of erythropoietin (Epo) secretion in mice after a single intramuscular (i.m.) injection of a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector harboring both the tetracycline-dependent transactivator (rtTA) and the Epo cDNA (D. Bohl, A. Salvetti, P. Moullier, and J. M. Heard, Blood 92:1512-1517, 1998). Using the same vector harboring the cynomolgus macaque Epo cDNA instead, the present study evaluated the ability of the tetracycline-regulatable (tetR) system to establish long-term transgene regulation in nonhuman primates. The vector was administered i.m., after which 5-day induction pulses were performed monthly for up to 13 months by using doxycycline (DOX), a tetracycline analog. We show that initial inductions were successful in all individuals and that there was a tight regulation and a rapid deinduction pattern upon DOX withdrawal. For one macaque, regulation of Epo secretion was maintained during the entire experimental period; for the five remaining macaques, secreted Epo became indistinguishable from endogenous Epo upon repeated DOX inductions. We investigated the mechanism involved and showed that, except in the animal in which secretion persisted, delayed humoral and cellular immune responses were directed against the rtTA transactivator protein associated with the reduction of vector DNA in transduced muscles. This study provides some evidence that, when the immune system is not mobilized against the rtTA transactivator, the tetR-regulatable system is able to support long-term transgene regulation in the context of an rAAV in nonhuman primates. In addition, our results suggest potential improvements for vector design.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Favre
- INSERM ERM 0105, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Nantes, France
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46
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Rivière Y, McChesney MB, Porrot F, Tanneau-Salvadori F, Sansonetti P, Lopez O, Pialoux G, Feuillie V, Mollereau M, Chamaret S. Gag-specific cytotoxic responses to HIV type 1 are associated with a decreased risk of progression to AIDS-related complex or AIDS. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995; 11:903-7. [PMID: 7492437 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1995.11.903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The duration of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection prior to the development of AIDS is variable, and for most patients the exact time of infection is not known. A group of 38 HIV-1-infected subjects was tested while asymptomatic for comparative cytotoxic lymphocyte responses to the Gag and envelope antigens of HIV-1. Twenty of the 38 patients had no detectable primary cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to Gag, and this was associated with a relative risk of 1.89 for progression to ARC or AIDS during the subsequent 3 to 40 months of observation when compared with patients who had Gag-specific CTL activity at the beginning of the observation period. In contrast, no significant association was observed between envelope-specific cytotoxic activity and disease progression. Other patient characteristics, including CD4+ T lymphocyte counts and antibody levels to the p24gag protein, measured at the start of observation, did not correlate with disease progression during the observation period. This suggests that the anti-Gag CTL response may be protective during HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Rivière
- URA CNRS 1157 Département des Rétrovirus, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Buseyne F, McChesney M, Porrot F, Kovarik S, Guy B, Rivière Y. Gag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes from human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals: Gag epitopes are clustered in three regions of the p24gag protein. J Virol 1993; 67:694-702. [PMID: 7678303 PMCID: PMC237420 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.2.694-702.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) may be an important host defense mechanism in the control of virus replication in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Cytotoxic T-cell lines generated by nonspecific stimulation with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies and interleukin 2 were used to identify regions within the HIV-1 Gag protein that are the most frequently recognized. Using autologous Epstein-Barr virus-transformed target cells infected with recombinant vaccinia viruses encoding p18gag, p24gag, and p55gag proteins of HIV-1/Lai or selected truncations of p24gag, we show that within a group of 29 infected subjects, the p24gag protein is the target of Gag-specific CTL in most donors. Using autologous Epstein-Barr virus-transformed target cells coated with different synthetic peptides spanning the Gag amino acid sequence, we found clusters of partially overlapping peptides in three conserved regions of the p24 protein (amino acids [aa] 169 to 192, aa 219 to 304, and aa 335 to 372) that are frequently recognized by CTL and presented by a variety of human leukocyte antigen class I molecules. Since there are experiments both in vitro and in vivo showing the role of CTL in the control of virus replication in HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus infections, these results may be particularly important for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Buseyne
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Cellulaire, URA CNRS 1157, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Henin Y, Porrot F, Destouesse F. Inactivation in vitro du VIH par des solutions antiseptiques de digluconate de chlorhexidine. Med Mal Infect 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(05)80995-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Muller S, Richalet P, Laurent-Crawford A, Barakat S, Rivière Y, Porrot F, Chamaret S, Briand JP, Montagnier L, Hovanessian A. Autoantibodies typical of non-organ-specific autoimmune diseases in HIV-seropositive patients. AIDS 1992; 6:933-42. [PMID: 1388904 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-199209000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse serological aspects of systemic autoimmunity in HIV-1-seropositive patients and in individuals at risk for AIDS. DESIGN AND METHODS The reactivity of antibodies in the serum of 100 HIV-1-seropositive patients was investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a series of antigens known to be recognized by antibodies from patients with multisystemic autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, mixed-connective tissue disease and Sjögren's syndrome. RESULTS High levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies reacting with double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), synthetic peptides of ubiquitinated histone H2A, Sm-D antigen, U1-A RNP antigen and 60 kD SSA/Ro antigen were found in 44-95% of HIV-infected patients. Among histone antibodies, the most frequent reactions were towards the carboxy-terminal region of histone H1 and to histone H2B and its amino-terminal domain 1-25. Eight HIV-1-seropositive patients at different stages of disease according to the Centers for Disease Control classification were also studied. In most cases, no obvious fluctuations were observed over several years. Antibodies were found early, and their specificity and apparent level of activity remained relatively constant. There was no evidence of such an autoimmune response in the serum of high-risk homosexual seronegative men. CONCLUSIONS Although the aetiology of AIDS is known, in general the aetiology of multisystemic autoimmune diseases remains to be determined, and the sequence of events taking place remains obscure in both cases. It is possible that the large spectrum of antibodies found in HIV-infected patients reflects a specific stimulation of B-cells by nuclear antigens released by apoptosis during an early stage of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Muller
- Immunochemistry Laboratory (UPR 9002-CNRS), Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Strasbourg, France
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