1
|
Mules TC, Lavender B, Maclean K, Vacca F, Noble SL, Yumnam B, Te Kawa T, Cait A, Tang J, O’Sullivan D, Gasser O, Stanley J, Le Gros G, Camberis M, Inns S. Controlled Hookworm Infection for Medication-free Maintenance in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis: A Pilot, Double-blind, Randomized Control Trial. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2024; 30:735-745. [PMID: 37318363 PMCID: PMC11063543 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izad110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human hookworm has been proposed as a treatment for ulcerative colitis (UC). This pilot study assessed the feasibility of a full-scale randomized control trial examining hookworm to maintain clinical remission in patients with UC. METHODS Twenty patients with UC in disease remission (Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index [SCCAI] ≤4 and fecal calprotectin (fCal) <100 ug/g) and only on 5-aminosalicylate received 30 hookworm larvae or placebo. Participants stopped 5-aminosalicylate after 12 weeks. Participants were monitored for up to 52 weeks and exited the study if they had a UC flare (SCCAI ≥5 and fCal ≥200 µg/g). The primary outcome was difference in rates of clinical remission at week 52. Differences were assessed for quality of life (QoL) and feasibility aspects including recruitment, safety, effectiveness of blinding, and viability of the hookworm infection. RESULTS At 52 weeks, 4 of 10 (40%) participants in the hookworm group and 5 of 10 (50%) participants in the placebo group had maintained clinical remission (odds ratio, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.11-3.92). Median time to flare in the hookworm group was 231 days (interquartile range [IQR], 98-365) and 259 days for placebo (IQR, 132-365). Blinding was quite successful in the placebo group (Bang's blinding index 0.22; 95% CI, -0.21 to 1) but less successful in the hookworm group (0.70; 95% CI, 0.37-1.0). Almost all participants in the hookworm group had detectable eggs in their faeces (90%; 95% CI, 0.60-0.98), and all participants in this group developed eosinophilia (peak eosinophilia 4.35 × 10^9/L; IQR, 2.80-6.68). Adverse events experienced were generally mild, and there was no significant difference in QoL. CONCLUSIONS A full-scale randomized control trial examining hookworm therapy as a maintenance treatment in patients with UC appears feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Mules
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, Otago University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Kate Maclean
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Francesco Vacca
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sophia-Louise Noble
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, Otago University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Bibek Yumnam
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Tama Te Kawa
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Alissa Cait
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jeffry Tang
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Olivier Gasser
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - James Stanley
- Biostatistics Group, Otago University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Mali Camberis
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Inns
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, Otago University, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mules TC, Tang JS, Vacca F, Yumnam B, Schmidt A, Lavender B, Maclean K, Noble SL, Waugh C, van Ginkel R, Camberis M, Le Gros G, Inns S. Modulation of intestinal epithelial permeability by chronic small intestinal helminth infections. Immunol Cell Biol 2024; 102:396-406. [PMID: 38648862 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Increased permeability of the intestinal epithelial layer is linked to the pathogenesis and perpetuation of a wide range of intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases. Infecting humans with controlled doses of helminths, such as human hookworm (termed hookworm therapy), is proposed as a treatment for many of the same diseases. Helminths induce immunoregulatory changes in their host which could decrease epithelial permeability, which is highlighted as a potential mechanism through which helminths treat disease. Despite this, the influence of a chronic helminth infection on epithelial permeability remains unclear. This study uses the chronically infecting intestinal helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus to reveal alterations in the expression of intestinal tight junction proteins and epithelial permeability during the infection course. In the acute infection phase (1 week postinfection), an increase in intestinal epithelial permeability is observed. Consistent with this finding, jejunal claudin-2 is upregulated and tricellulin is downregulated. By contrast, in the chronic infection phase (6 weeks postinfection), colonic claudin-1 is upregulated and epithelial permeability decreases. Importantly, this study also investigates changes in epithelial permeability in a small human cohort experimentally challenged with the human hookworm, Necator americanus. It demonstrates a trend toward small intestinal permeability increasing in the acute infection phase (8 weeks postinfection), and colonic and whole gut permeability decreasing in the chronic infection phase (24 weeks postinfection), suggesting a conserved epithelial response between humans and mice. In summary, our findings demonstrate dynamic changes in epithelial permeability during a chronic helminth infection and provide another plausible mechanism by which chronic helminth infections could be utilized to treat disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Mules
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jeffry S Tang
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Francesco Vacca
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Bibek Yumnam
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Alfonso Schmidt
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Kate Maclean
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Mali Camberis
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Inns
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Torres SV, Man K, Elmzzahi T, Malko D, Chisanga D, Liao Y, Prout M, Abbott CA, Tang A, Wu J, Becker M, Mason T, Haynes V, Tsui C, Shakiba MH, Hamada D, Britt K, Groom JR, McColl SR, Shi W, Watt MJ, Le Gros G, Pal B, Beyer M, Vasanthakumar A, Kallies A. Two regulatory T cell populations in the visceral adipose tissue shape systemic metabolism. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:496-511. [PMID: 38356058 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01753-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is an energy store and endocrine organ critical for metabolic homeostasis. Regulatory T (Treg) cells restrain inflammation to preserve VAT homeostasis and glucose tolerance. Here, we show that the VAT harbors two distinct Treg cell populations: prototypical serum stimulation 2-positive (ST2+) Treg cells that are enriched in males and a previously uncharacterized population of C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 3-positive (CXCR3+) Treg cells that are enriched in females. We show that the transcription factors GATA-binding protein 3 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, together with the cytokine interleukin-33, promote the differentiation of ST2+ VAT Treg cells but repress CXCR3+ Treg cells. Conversely, the differentiation of CXCR3+ Treg cells is mediated by the cytokine interferon-γ and the transcription factor T-bet, which also antagonize ST2+ Treg cells. Finally, we demonstrate that ST2+ Treg cells preserve glucose homeostasis, whereas CXCR3+ Treg cells restrain inflammation in lean VAT and prevent glucose intolerance under high-fat diet conditions. Overall, this study defines two molecularly and developmentally distinct VAT Treg cell types with unique context- and sex-specific functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Valle Torres
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kevin Man
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tarek Elmzzahi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Immunogenomics and Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Darya Malko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Immunogenomics and Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - David Chisanga
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yang Liao
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melanie Prout
- The Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Caitlin A Abbott
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Adelynn Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jian Wu
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthias Becker
- Immunogenomics and Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Modular HPC and AI, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Teisha Mason
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vanessa Haynes
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carlson Tsui
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Doaa Hamada
- Immunogenomics and Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Kara Britt
- Breast Cancer Risk and Prevention, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanna R Groom
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shaun R McColl
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wei Shi
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew J Watt
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graham Le Gros
- The Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Bhupinder Pal
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marc Beyer
- Immunogenomics and Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics (PRECISE), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ajithkumar Vasanthakumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
- La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Axel Kallies
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kyle RL, Prout M, Le Gros G, Robinson MJ. STAT6 tunes maximum T cell IL-4 production from stochastically regulated Il4 alleles. Immunol Cell Biol 2024; 102:194-211. [PMID: 38286436 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
T helper 2 (Th2) cells stochastically express from the Il4 locus but it has not been determined whether allelic expression is linked or independent. Here, we provide evidence that alleles are independently activated and inactivated. We compared Il4 locus expression in T cells from hemizygous IL-4 reporter mice in culture and in vivo following exposure to type 2 immunogens. In culture, Il4 alleles had independent, heritable expression probabilities. Modeling showed that in co-expressors, dual allele transcription occurs for only short periods, limiting per-cell mRNA variation in individual cells within a population of Th2 cells. In vivo profiles suggested that early in the immune response, IL-4 output was derived predominantly from single alleles, but co-expression became more frequent over time and were tuned by STAT6, supporting the probabilistic regulation of Il4 alleles in vivo among committed IL-4 producers. We suggest an imprinted probability of expression from individual alleles with a short transcriptional shutoff time controls the magnitude of T cell IL-4 output, but the amount produced per allele is amplified by STAT6 signaling. This form of regulation may be a relevant general mechanism governing cytokine expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Kyle
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Melanie Prout
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Marcus J Robinson
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mules TC, Inns S, Le Gros G. Helminths' therapeutic potential to treat intestinal barrier dysfunction. Allergy 2023; 78:2892-2905. [PMID: 37449458 DOI: 10.1111/all.15812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal barrier is a dynamic multi-layered structure which can adapt to environmental changes within the intestinal lumen. It has the complex task of allowing nutrient absorption while limiting entry of harmful microbes and microbial antigens present in the intestinal lumen. Excessive entry of microbial antigens via microbial translocation due to 'intestinal barrier dysfunction' is hypothesised to contribute to the increasing incidence of allergic, autoimmune and metabolic diseases, a concept referred to as the 'epithelial barrier theory'. Helminths reside in the intestinal tract are in intimate contact with the mucosal surfaces and induce a range of local immunological changes which affect the layers of the intestinal barrier. Helminths are proposed to prevent, or even treat, many of the diseases implicated in the epithelial barrier theory. This review will focus on the effect of helminths on intestinal barrier function and explore whether this could explain the proposed health benefits delivered by helminths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Mules
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lavender B, Hooker C, Frampton C, Williams M, Carson S, Paterson A, McGregor R, Moreland NJ, Gell K, Priddy FH, Wiig K, Le Gros G, Ussher JE, Brewerton M. Robust immunogenicity of a third BNT162b2 vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in a naïve New Zealand cohort. Vaccine 2023; 41:5535-5544. [PMID: 37516574 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
The ability of a third dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine to stimulate immune responses against subvariants, including Omicron BA.1, has not been assessed in New Zealand populations. Unlike many overseas populations, New Zealanders were largely infection naïve at the time they were boosted. This adult cohort of 298 participants, oversampled for at-risk populations, was composed of 29% Māori and 28% Pacific peoples, with 40% of the population aged 55+. A significant proportion of the cohort was obese and presented with at least one comorbidity. Sera were collected 28 days and 6 months post second vaccination and 28 days post third vaccination. SARS-CoV-2 anti-S IgG titres and neutralising capacity using surrogate viral neutralisation assays against variants of concern, including Omicron BA.1, were investigated. The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, within our cohort, prior to third vaccination was very low (<6%). This study found a third vaccine significantly increased the mean SARS-CoV-2 anti-S IgG titres, for every demographic subgroup, by a minimum of 1.5-fold compared to titres after two doses. Diabetic participants experienced a greater increase (∼4-fold) in antibody titres after their third vaccination, compared to non-diabetics (increase of ∼ 2-fold). This corrected for the deficiency in antibody titres within diabetic participants which was observed following two doses. A third dose also induced a neutralising response against Omicron variant BA.1, which was absent after two doses. This neutralising response improved regardless of age, BMI, ethnicity, or diabetes status. Participants aged ≥75 years consistently had the lowest SARS-CoV-2 anti-S IgG titres at each timepoint, however experienced the greatest improvement after three doses compared to younger participants. This study shows that in the absence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, a third Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine enhances immunogenicity, including against Omicron BA.1, in a cohort representative of at-risk groups in the adult New Zealand population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Lavender
- Vaccine Alliance Aotearoa New Zealand and Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Caitlin Hooker
- Vaccine Alliance Aotearoa New Zealand and Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Chris Frampton
- University of Otago, 2 Riccarton Ave, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Michael Williams
- Pacific Clinical Research Network, 1289 Haupapa St, Rotorua 3010, New Zealand
| | - Simon Carson
- Pacific Clinical Research Network, 1289 Haupapa St, Rotorua 3010, New Zealand
| | - Aimee Paterson
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 2 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Reuben McGregor
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 2 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Nicole J Moreland
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 2 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Katie Gell
- Vaccine Alliance Aotearoa New Zealand and Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | | | - Kjesten Wiig
- Vaccine Alliance Aotearoa New Zealand and Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Vaccine Alliance Aotearoa New Zealand and Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - James E Ussher
- Vaccine Alliance Aotearoa New Zealand and University of Otago, 362 Leith St, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Maia Brewerton
- Vaccine Alliance Aotearoa New Zealand and Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand; Department of Clinical Immunology & Allergy, Auckland City Hospital, 2 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
van Panhuys N, Yamane H, Le Gros G. Editorial: New roles for CD4 +T cells in type 2 immune responses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1131819. [PMID: 36865555 PMCID: PMC9972073 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1131819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas van Panhuys
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hidehiro Yamane
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Allergic and Parasitic Diseases Group, Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Priddy FH, Williams M, Carson S, Lavender B, Mathieson J, Frampton C, Moreland NJ, McGregor R, Williams G, Brewerton M, Gell K, Ussher J, Le Gros G. Immunogenicity of BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine in New Zealand adults. Vaccine 2022; 40:5050-5059. [PMID: 35868948 PMCID: PMC9273612 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background There is very little known about SARS-CoV-2 vaccine immune responses in New Zealand populations at greatest risk for serious COVID-19 disease. Methods This prospective cohort study assessed immunogenicity in BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine recipients in New Zealand without previous COVID-19, with enrichment for Māori, Pacific peoples, older adults ≥ 65 years of age, and those with co-morbidities. Serum samples were analysed at baseline and 28 days after second dose for presence of quantitative anti-S IgG by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay and for neutralizing capacity against Wuhan, Beta, Delta, and Omicron BA.1 strains using a surrogate viral neutralisation assay. Results 285 adults with median age of 52 years were included. 55% were female, 30% were Māori, 28% were Pacific peoples, and 26% were ≥ 65 years of age. Obesity, cardiac and pulmonary disease and diabetes were more common than in the general population. All participants received 2 doses of BNT162b2 vaccine. At 28 days after second vaccination, 99.6% seroconverted to the vaccine, and anti-S IgG and neutralising antibody levels were high across gender and ethnic groups. IgG and neutralising responses declined with age. Lower responses were associated with age ≥ 75 and diabetes, but not BMI. The ability to neutralise the Omicron BA.1 variant in vitro was severely diminished but maintained against other variants of concern. Conclusions Vaccine antibody responses to BNT162b2 were generally robust and consistent with international data in this COVID-19 naïve cohort with representation of key populations at risk for COVID-19 morbidity. Subsequent data on response to boosters, durability of responses and cellular immune responses should be assessed with attention to elderly adults and diabetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frances H Priddy
- Vaccine Alliance Aotearoa New Zealand and Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand.
| | - Michael Williams
- Pacific Clinical Research Network, 1289 Haupapa St, Rotorua 3010, New Zealand
| | - Simon Carson
- Pacific Clinical Research Network, 1289 Haupapa St, Rotorua 3010, New Zealand
| | - Brittany Lavender
- Vaccine Alliance Aotearoa New Zealand and Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Julia Mathieson
- Pacific Clinical Research Network, 1289 Haupapa St, Rotorua 3010, New Zealand
| | - Chris Frampton
- University of Otago, 2 Riccarton Ave, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Nicole J Moreland
- University of Auckland, 2 Park Rd, Grafton Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Reuben McGregor
- University of Auckland, 2 Park Rd, Grafton Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Georgia Williams
- Pacific Clinical Research Network, 1289 Haupapa St, Rotorua 3010, New Zealand
| | - Maia Brewerton
- Vaccine Alliance Aotearoa New Zealand and Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand; Department of Clinical Immunology & Allergy, Auckland City Hospital, 2 Park Rd, Grafton Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Katie Gell
- Vaccine Alliance Aotearoa New Zealand and Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - James Ussher
- Vaccine Alliance Aotearoa New Zealand and University of Otago, 362 Leith St, Dunedin 9016 New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Vaccine Alliance Aotearoa New Zealand and Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mayer JU, Hilligan KL, Chandler JS, Eccles DA, Old SI, Domingues RG, Yang J, Webb GR, Munoz-Erazo L, Hyde EJ, Wakelin KA, Tang SC, Chappell SC, von Daake S, Brombacher F, Mackay CR, Sher A, Tussiwand R, Connor LM, Gallego-Ortega D, Jankovic D, Le Gros G, Hepworth MR, Lamiable O, Ronchese F. Author Correction: Homeostatic IL-13 in healthy skin directs dendritic cell differentiation to promote T H2 and inhibit T H17 cell polarization. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:985. [PMID: 35418649 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes U Mayer
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand.,Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Phillips University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kerry L Hilligan
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand.,Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - David A Eccles
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Samuel I Old
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Rita G Domingues
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Jianping Yang
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Greta R Webb
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Evelyn J Hyde
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | - Frank Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town component & Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Charles R Mackay
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roxane Tussiwand
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Immune Regulation Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa M Connor
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - David Gallego-Ortega
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Single-Cell Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Dragana Jankovic
- Immunoparasitology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Matthew R Hepworth
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Franca Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bouchery T, Volpe B, Doolan R, Coakley G, Moyat M, Esser‐von Bieren J, Wickramasinghe LC, Hibbs ML, Sotillo J, Camberis M, Le Gros G, Khan N, Williams D, Harris NL. β‐Glucan receptors on IL‐4 activated macrophages are required for hookworm larvae recognition and trapping. Immunol Cell Biol 2022; 100:223-234. [PMID: 35156238 PMCID: PMC9314611 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of host immunity against parasitic nematodes have revealed the importance of macrophages in trapping tissue migratory larvae. Protective immune mechanisms against the rodent hookworm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) are mediated, at least in part, by IL‐4‐activated macrophages that bind and trap larvae in the lung. However, it is still not clear how host macrophages recognize the parasite. An in vitro co‐culture system of bone marrow‐derived macrophages and Nb infective larvae was utilized to screen for the possible ligand–receptor pair involved in macrophage attack of larvae. Competitive binding assays revealed an important role for β‐glucan recognition in the process. We further identified a role for CD11b and the non‐classical pattern recognition receptor ephrin‐A2 (EphA2), but not the highly expressed β‐glucan dectin‐1 receptor, in this process of recognition. This work raises the possibility that parasitic nematodes synthesize β‐glucans and it identifies CD11b and ephrin‐A2 as important pattern recognition receptors involved in the host recognition of these evolutionary old pathogens. To our knowledge, this is the first time that EphA2 has been implicated in immune responses to a helminth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Bouchery
- Global Health Institute Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne Switzerland
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology Department of Immunology and Pathology Central Clinical School The Alfred Centre Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Beatrice Volpe
- Global Health Institute Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Rory Doolan
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology Department of Immunology and Pathology Central Clinical School The Alfred Centre Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Gillian Coakley
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology Department of Immunology and Pathology Central Clinical School The Alfred Centre Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Mati Moyat
- Global Health Institute Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne Switzerland
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology Department of Immunology and Pathology Central Clinical School The Alfred Centre Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Julia Esser‐von Bieren
- Global Health Institute Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne Switzerland
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM) Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Centre Munich Munich Germany
| | - Lakshanie C Wickramasinghe
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology Department of Immunology and Pathology Central Clinical School The Alfred Centre Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Margaret L Hibbs
- Leukocyte Signaling Laboratory Department of Immunology and Pathology Central Clinical School The Alfred Centre Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Javier Sotillo
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine James Cook University Cairns QLD Australia
| | - Mali Camberis
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research Wellington New Zealand
| | - Nemat Khan
- Mayne Academy of Paediatrics and Child Health The University of Queensland Herston QLD Australia
| | - David Williams
- Department of Surgery Quillen College of Medicine Center for Inflammation Infectious Disease and Immunity East Tennessee State University Johnson City TN USA
| | - Nicola L Harris
- Global Health Institute Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne Switzerland
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology Department of Immunology and Pathology Central Clinical School The Alfred Centre Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
A characteristic feature of host responses to helminth infections is the development of profound systemic and tissue-localised Type 2 immune responses that play critical roles in immunity, tissue repair and tolerance of the parasite at tissue sites. These same Type 2 responses are also seen in the tissue-associated immune-pathologies seen in asthma, atopic dermatitis and many forms of allergies. The recent identification of new subtypes of immune cells and cytokine pathways that influence both immune and non-immune cells and tissues creates the opportunity for reviewing helminth parasite-host responses in the context of tissue specific immunity. This review focuses on the new discoveries of the cells and cytokines involved in tissue specific immune responses to helminths and how these contribute to host immunity against helminth infection and allow the host to accommodate the presence of parasites when they cannot be eliminated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Vacca
- grid.250086.90000 0001 0740 0291Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- grid.250086.90000 0001 0740 0291Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chandler J, Prout M, Old S, Morgan C, Ronchese F, Benoist C, Le Gros G. BCL6 deletion in CD4 T cells does not affect Th2 effector mediated immunity in the skin. Immunol Cell Biol 2022; 100:791-804. [PMID: 36177669 PMCID: PMC9828354 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies propose that T follicular helper (Tfh) cells possess a high degree of functional plasticity in addition to their well-defined roles in mediating interleukin-4-dependent switching of germinal center B cells to the production of immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 and IgE antibodies. In particular Tfh cells have been proposed to be an essential stage in Th2 effector cell development that are able to contribute to innate type 2 responses. We used CD4-cre targeted deletion of BCL6 to identify the contribution Tfh cells make to tissue Th2 effector responses in models of atopic skin disease and lung immunity to parasites. Ablation of Tfh cells did not impair the development or recruitment of Th2 effector subsets to the skin and did not alter the transcriptional expression profile or functional activities of the resulting tissue resident Th2 effector cells. However, the accumulation of Th2 effector cells in lung Th2 responses was partially affected by BCL6 deficiency. These data indicate that the development of Th2 effector cells does not require a BCL6 dependent step, implying Tfh and Th2 effector populations follow separate developmental trajectories and Tfh cells do not contribute to type 2 responses in the skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Chandler
- Malaghan Institute of Medical ResearchWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Melanie Prout
- Malaghan Institute of Medical ResearchWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Sam Old
- Malaghan Institute of Medical ResearchWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Cynthia Morgan
- Malaghan Institute of Medical ResearchWellingtonNew Zealand
| | | | | | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical ResearchWellingtonNew Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mayer JU, Hilligan KL, Chandler JS, Eccles DA, Old SI, Domingues RG, Yang J, Webb GR, Munoz-Erazo L, Hyde EJ, Wakelin KA, Tang SC, Chappell SC, von Daake S, Brombacher F, Mackay CR, Sher A, Tussiwand R, Connor LM, Gallego-Ortega D, Jankovic D, Le Gros G, Hepworth MR, Lamiable O, Ronchese F. Homeostatic IL-13 in healthy skin directs dendritic cell differentiation to promote T H2 and inhibit T H17 cell polarization. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:1538-1550. [PMID: 34795444 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The signals driving the adaptation of type 2 dendritic cells (DC2s) to diverse peripheral environments remain mostly undefined. We show that differentiation of CD11blo migratory DC2s-a DC2 population unique to the dermis-required IL-13 signaling dependent on the transcription factors STAT6 and KLF4, whereas DC2s in lung and small intestine were STAT6-independent. Similarly, human DC2s in skin expressed an IL-4 and IL-13 gene signature that was not found in blood, spleen and lung DCs. In mice, IL-13 was secreted homeostatically by dermal innate lymphoid cells and was independent of microbiota, TSLP or IL-33. In the absence of IL-13 signaling, dermal DC2s were stable in number but remained CD11bhi and showed defective activation in response to allergens, with diminished ability to support the development of IL-4+GATA3+ helper T cells (TH), whereas antifungal IL-17+RORγt+ TH cells were increased. Therefore, homeostatic IL-13 fosters a noninflammatory skin environment that supports allergic sensitization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes U Mayer
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Phillips University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kerry L Hilligan
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - David A Eccles
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Samuel I Old
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Rita G Domingues
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Jianping Yang
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Greta R Webb
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Evelyn J Hyde
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | - Frank Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town component & Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Charles R Mackay
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roxane Tussiwand
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Immune Regulation Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa M Connor
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - David Gallego-Ortega
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Single-Cell Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Dragana Jankovic
- Immunoparasitology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Matthew R Hepworth
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Franca Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pellefigues C, Naidoo K, Mehta P, Schmidt AJ, Jagot F, Roussel E, Cait A, Yumnam B, Chappell S, Meijlink K, Camberis M, Jiang JX, Painter G, Filbey K, Uluçkan Ö, Gasser O, Le Gros G. Basophils promote barrier dysfunction and resolution in the atopic skin. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:799-812.e10. [PMID: 33662369 PMCID: PMC8410897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 promote not only atopic dermatitis (AD) but also the resolution of inflammation. How type 2 cytokines participate in the resolution of AD is poorly known. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to determine the mechanisms and cell types governing skin inflammation, barrier dysfunction, and resolution of inflammation in a model of AD. METHODS Mice that exhibit expression of IL-4, IL-13, and MCPT8 or that could be depleted of basophils or eosinophils, be deficient in IL-4 or MHC class II molecules, or have basophils lacking macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) were treated with calcipotriol (MC903) as an acute model of AD. Kinetics of the disease; keratinocyte differentiation; and leukocyte accumulation, phenotype, function, and cytokine production were measured by transepidermal water loss, histopathology, molecular biology, or unbiased analysis of spectral flow cytometry. RESULTS In this model of AD, basophils were activated systemically and were the initial and main source of IL-4 in the skin. Basophils and IL-4 promoted epidermal hyperplasia and skin barrier dysfunction by acting on keratinocyte differentiation during inflammation. Basophils, IL-4, and basophil-derived M-CSF inhibited the accumulation of proinflammatory cells in the skin while promoting the expansion and function of proresolution M2-like macrophages and the expression of probarrier genes. Basophils kept their proresolution properties during AD resolution. CONCLUSION Basophils can display both beneficial and detrimental type 2 functions simultaneously during atopic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pellefigues
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand; INSERM UMR1149, CNRS ERL8252, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, Inflamex, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Karmella Naidoo
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Palak Mehta
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Alfonso J Schmidt
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ferdinand Jagot
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Elsa Roussel
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alissa Cait
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Bibek Yumnam
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sally Chappell
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Kimberley Meijlink
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Mali Camberis
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jean X Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Tex
| | - Gavin Painter
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Kara Filbey
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Özge Uluçkan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Gasser
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bouchery T, Moyat M, Sotillo J, Silverstein S, Volpe B, Coakley G, Tsourouktsoglou TD, Becker L, Shah K, Kulagin M, Guiet R, Camberis M, Schmidt A, Seitz A, Giacomin P, Le Gros G, Papayannopoulos V, Loukas A, Harris NL. Hookworms Evade Host Immunity by Secreting a Deoxyribonuclease to Degrade Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:277-289.e6. [PMID: 32053791 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hookworms cause a major neglected tropical disease, occurring after larvae penetrate the host skin. Neutrophils are phagocytes that kill large pathogens by releasing neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), but whether they target hookworms during skin infection is unknown. Using a murine hookworm, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, we observed neutrophils being rapidly recruited and deploying NETs around skin-penetrating larvae. Neutrophils depletion or NET inhibition altered larvae behavior and enhanced the number of adult worms following murine infection. Nevertheless, larvae were able to mitigate the effect of NETs by secreting a deoxyribonuclease (Nb-DNase II) to degrade the DNA backbone. Critically, neutrophils were able to kill larvae in vitro, which was enhanced by neutralizing Nb-DNase II. Homologs of Nb-DNase II are present in other nematodes, including the human hookworm, Necator americanus, which also evaded NETs in vitro. These findings highlight the importance of neutrophils in hookworm infection and a potential conserved mechanism of immune evasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Bouchery
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, SV, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Mati Moyat
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, SV, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Javier Sotillo
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4814, Australia; Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid 28222, Spain
| | - Solomon Silverstein
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Beatrice Volpe
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, SV, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Gillian Coakley
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | | | - Luke Becker
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4814, Australia
| | - Kathleen Shah
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, SV, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Manuel Kulagin
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, SV, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Romain Guiet
- Bioimaging and Optics Core Facility, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Mali Camberis
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Alfonso Schmidt
- Hugh Green Cytometry Centre, Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Arne Seitz
- Bioimaging and Optics Core Facility, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Paul Giacomin
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4814, Australia
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | | | - Alex Loukas
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4814, Australia
| | - Nicola L Harris
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Borger JG, Le Gros G, Kirman JR. Editorial: The Role of Innate Lymphoid Cells in Mucosal Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1233. [PMID: 32625212 PMCID: PMC7311571 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G Borger
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Alfred Research Alliance, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Allergic & Parasitic Diseases Programme, Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Joanna R Kirman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Filbey KJ, Mehta PH, Meijlink KJ, Pellefigues C, Schmidt AJ, Le Gros G. The Gastrointestinal Helminth Heligmosomoides bakeri Suppresses Inflammation in a Model of Contact Hypersensitivity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:950. [PMID: 32508831 PMCID: PMC7249854 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Helminths regulate host immune responses to ensure their own long-term survival. Numerous studies have demonstrated that these helminth-induced regulatory mechanisms can also limit host inflammatory responses in several disease models. We used the Heligmosomoides bakeri (Hb) infection model (also known as H. polygyrus or H. polygyrus bakeri in the literature) to test whether such immune regulation affects skin inflammatory responses induced by the model contact sensitiser dibutyl phthalate fluorescein isothiocynate (DBP-FITC). Skin lysates from DBP-FITC-sensitized, Hb-infected mice produced less neutrophil specific chemokines and had significantly reduced levels of skin thickening and cellular inflammatory responses in tissue and draining lymph nodes (LNs) compared to uninfected mice. Hb-induced suppression did not appear to be mediated by regulatory T cells, nor was it due to impaired dendritic cell (DC) activity. Mice cleared of infection remained unresponsive to DBP-FITC sensitization indicating that suppression was not via the secretion of Hb-derived short-lived regulatory molecules, although long-term effects on cells cannot be ruled out. Importantly, similar helminth-induced suppression of inflammation was also seen in the draining LN after intradermal injection of the ubiquitous allergen house dust mite (HDM). These findings demonstrate that Hb infection attenuates skin inflammatory responses by suppressing chemokine production and recruitment of innate cells. These findings further contribute to the growing body of evidence that helminth infection can modulate inflammatory and allergic responses via a number of mechanisms with potential to be exploited in therapeutic and preventative strategies in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kara J Filbey
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Palak H Mehta
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ussher JE, Le Gros G, Quiñones-Mateu ME, Gulab SA, Yiannoutsos M. The case for New Zealand to have its own COVID-19 vaccine programme. N Z Med J 2020; 133:112-115. [PMID: 32325476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James E Ussher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin
| | | | | | - Shivali A Gulab
- Ferrier Research Institute and Wellington UniVentures, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington
| | - Melissa Yiannoutsos
- Ferrier Research Institute and Wellington UniVentures, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pellefigues C, Mehta P, Prout MS, Naidoo K, Yumnam B, Chandler J, Chappell S, Filbey K, Camberis M, Le Gros G. The Basoph8 Mice Enable an Unbiased Detection and a Conditional Depletion of Basophils. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2143. [PMID: 31552058 PMCID: PMC6746837 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Basophils are granulocytes involved in parasite immunity and allergic diseases, known for their potent secretion of type 2 cytokines. Identifying their functions has proven to be controversial due to their relative rarity and their complex lineage phenotype. Here, we show that the expression of basophils lineage markers CD200R3 and FcεRIα is highly variable in inflammatory settings and hinders basophils identification by flow cytometry across multiple disease states or tissues. Fluorophore-conjugated antibody staining of these lineage markers strongly activates basophil type 2 cytokine expression, and represents a potential bias for coculture or in vivo transfer experiments. The Basoph8 is a mouse model where basophils specifically express a strong fluorescent reporter and the Cre recombinase. Basophils can be identified and FACS sorted unambiguously by their expression of the enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eYFP) in these mice. We show that the expression of the eYFP is robust in vivo during inflammation, and in vitro on living basophils for at least 72 h, including during the induction of anaphylactoid degranulation. We bred and characterized the Basoph8xiDTR mice, in which basophils specifically express eYFP and the simian diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR). This model enables basophils conditional depletion relatively specifically ex vivo and in vivo during allergic inflammation and their detection as eYFP+ cells. In conclusion, we report underappreciated benefits of the commercially available Basoph8 mice to study basophils function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pellefigues
- The Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Palak Mehta
- The Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Melanie Sarah Prout
- The Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Karmella Naidoo
- The Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Bibek Yumnam
- The Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jodie Chandler
- The Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sally Chappell
- The Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Kara Filbey
- The Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Mali Camberis
- The Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- The Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) were first discovered in experimental studies of intestinal helminth infection—and much of our current knowledge of ILC2 activation and function is based on the use of these models. It is perhaps not surprising therefore that these cells have also been found to play a key role in mediating protection against these large multicellular parasites. ILC2s have been intensively studied over the last decade, and are known to respond quickly and robustly to the presence of helminths—both by increasing in number and producing type 2 cytokines. These mediators function to activate and repair epithelial barriers, to recruit other innate cells such as eosinophils, and to help activate T helper 2 cells. More recent investigations have focused on the mechanisms by which the host senses helminth parasites to activate ILC2s. Such studies have identified novel stromal cell types as being involved in this process—including intestinal tuft cells and enteric neurons, which respond to the presence of helminths and activate ILC2s by producing IL-25 and Neuromedin, respectively. In the current review, we will outline the latest insights into ILC2 activation and discuss the requirement for—or redundancy of—ILC2s in providing protective immunity against intestinal helminth parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Bouchery
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, AMREP, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Allergic & Parasitic Diseases Programme, Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Harris
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, AMREP, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Filbey KJ, Camberis M, Chandler J, Turner R, Kettle AJ, Eichenberger RM, Giacomin P, Le Gros G. Intestinal helminth infection promotes IL-5- and CD4 + T cell-dependent immunity in the lung against migrating parasites. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:352-362. [PMID: 30401814 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability of helminths to manipulate the immune system of their hosts to ensure their own survival is often credited with affecting responses to other pathogens. We undertook co-infection experiments in mice to determine how infection with the intestinal helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus affected the parasitological, immunological and physiological outcomes of a primary infection with a distinct species of helminth; the lung migratory parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. We found that migrating N. brasiliensis larvae were killed in the lungs of H. polygyrus-infected mice by a process involving IL-33-activated CD4+ T cells that released IL-5 and recruited activated eosinophils. The lung pathology normally associated with N. brasiliensis larval migration was also reduced. Importantly, lung immunity remained intact in mice cleared of prior H. polygyrus infection and also occurred during infection with another entirely enteric helminth, Trichuris muris. This study identifies a cross-mucosal immune mechanism by which intestinal helminths may protect their hosts against co-infection by a different parasite at a distal site, via circulation of activated CD4+ T cells that can be triggered to release effector cytokines and mount inflammatory responses by tissue damage-associated alarmins, such as IL-33.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kara J Filbey
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Mali Camberis
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jodie Chandler
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Rufus Turner
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology & Biological Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Anthony J Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology & Biological Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ramon M Eichenberger
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Paul Giacomin
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Naidoo K, Jagot F, van den Elsen L, Pellefigues C, Jones A, Luo H, Johnston K, Painter G, Roediger B, Lee J, Weninger W, Le Gros G, Forbes-Blom E. Eosinophils Determine Dermal Thickening and Water Loss in an MC903 Model of Atopic Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:2606-2616. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.06.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
23
|
Poyntz HC, Jones A, Jauregui R, Young W, Gestin A, Mooney A, Lamiable O, Altermann E, Schmidt A, Gasser O, Weyrich L, Jolly CJ, Linterman MA, Gros GL, Hawkins ED, Forbes-Blom E. Genetic regulation of antibody responsiveness to immunization in substrains of BALB/c mice. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 97:39-53. [PMID: 30152893 PMCID: PMC6378622 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Antibody‐mediated immunity is highly protective against disease. The majority of current vaccines confer protection through humoral immunity, but there is high variability in responsiveness across populations. Identifying immune mechanisms that mediate low antibody responsiveness may provide potential strategies to boost vaccine efficacy. Here, we report diverse antibody responsiveness to unadjuvanted as well as adjuvanted immunization in substrains of BALB/c mice, resulting in high and low antibody response phenotypes. Furthermore, these antibody phenotypes were not affected by changes in environmental factors such as the gut microbiota composition. Antigen‐specific B cells following immunization had a marked difference in capability to class switch, resulting in perturbed IgG isotype antibody production. In vitro, a B‐cell intrinsic defect in the regulation of class‐switch recombination was identified in mice with low IgG antibody production. Whole genome sequencing identified polymorphisms associated with the magnitude of antibody produced, and we propose candidate genes that may regulate isotype class‐switching capability. This study highlights that mice sourced from different vendors can have significantly altered humoral immune response profiles, and provides a resource to interrogate genetic regulators of antibody responsiveness. Together these results further our understanding of immune heterogeneity and suggest additional research on the genetic influences of adjuvanted vaccine strategies is warranted for enhancing vaccine efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hazel C Poyntz
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University of Wellington, Gate 7, Kelburn Parade, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, New Zealand
| | - Angela Jones
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University of Wellington, Gate 7, Kelburn Parade, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Ruy Jauregui
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wayne Young
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
| | - Aurélie Gestin
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University of Wellington, Gate 7, Kelburn Parade, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Anna Mooney
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University of Wellington, Gate 7, Kelburn Parade, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Olivier Lamiable
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University of Wellington, Gate 7, Kelburn Parade, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Eric Altermann
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
| | - Alfonso Schmidt
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University of Wellington, Gate 7, Kelburn Parade, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Olivier Gasser
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University of Wellington, Gate 7, Kelburn Parade, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Laura Weyrich
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Christopher J Jolly
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Missenden Road, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- Lymphocyte Signaling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University of Wellington, Gate 7, Kelburn Parade, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Edwin D Hawkins
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Forbes-Blom
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University of Wellington, Gate 7, Kelburn Parade, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Weinkove
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research; the Wellington Blood &Cancer Centre, Capital &Coast District Health Board; and the Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Kara Filbey
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Prout MS, Kyle RL, Ronchese F, Le Gros G. IL-4 Is a Key Requirement for IL-4- and IL-4/IL-13-Expressing CD4 Th2 Subsets in Lung and Skin. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1211. [PMID: 29910811 PMCID: PMC5992292 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although IL-4 is long associated with CD4 Th2 immune responses, its role in Th2 subset development in non-lymphoid tissues is less clear. We sought to better define IL-4’s role in CD4 Th2 responses by using transgenic mice that express a dual IL-4 AmCyan/IL-13 DsRed (IL-4AC/IL-13DR) fluorescent reporter on an IL-4-sufficient or IL-4-deficient background. Using primary Th2 immune response models against house dust mite or Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) allergens, we examined the requirement for IL-4 by each of the defined Th2 subsets in the antigen draining lymph node, skin, and lung tissues. In the lymph node, a CXCR5+PD-1+ T follicular helper (Tfh) and a CXCR5loPD-1lo Th2 subset could be detected that expressed only IL-4AC but no IL-13DR. The number of IL-4AC+ Tfh cells was not affected by IL-4 deficiency whereas the number of IL-4AC+ Th2 cells was significantly reduced. In the non-lymphoid dermal or lung tissues of allergen primed or Nb-infected mice, three strikingly distinct T cell subsets could be detected that were IL-4AC, or IL-4AC/IL-13DR, or IL-13DR CD4. The IL-4- and IL-4/IL-13-expressing subsets were significantly reduced in IL-4-deficient mice, while the numbers of IL-13-expressing CD4 T cells were not affected by IL-4 deficiency indicating that other factors can play a role in directing the development of this Th2 subtype. Taken together, these data indicate that the appearance of IL-4-expressing Tfh cells in the lymph node is not dependent on IL-4 while the appearance of IL-4-expressing Th2 subsets in the lymph node and IL-4, IL-4/IL-13-expressing Th2 subsets in skin and lung tissues of antigen primed mice is significantly IL-4 dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan L Kyle
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Franca Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Eccles D, Chandler J, Camberis M, Henrissat B, Koren S, Le Gros G, Ewbank JJ. De novo assembly of the complex genome of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis using MinION long reads. BMC Biol 2018; 16:6. [PMID: 29325570 PMCID: PMC5765664 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0473-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eukaryotic genome assembly remains a challenge in part due to the prevalence of complex DNA repeats. This is a particularly acute problem for holocentric nematodes because of the large number of satellite DNA sequences found throughout their genomes. These have been recalcitrant to most genome sequencing methods. At the same time, many nematodes are parasites and some represent a serious threat to human health. There is a pressing need for better molecular characterization of animal and plant parasitic nematodes. The advent of long-read DNA sequencing methods offers the promise of resolving complex genomes. RESULTS Using Nippostrongylus brasiliensis as a test case, applying improved base-calling algorithms and assembly methods, we demonstrate the feasibility of de novo genome assembly matching current community standards using only MinION long reads. In doing so, we uncovered an unexpected diversity of very long and complex DNA sequences repeated throughout the N. brasiliensis genome, including massive tandem repeats of tRNA genes. CONCLUSION Base-calling and assembly methods have improved sufficiently that de novo genome assembly of large complex genomes is possible using only long reads. The method has the added advantage of preserving haplotypic variants and so has the potential to be used in population analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Eccles
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jodie Chandler
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Mali Camberis
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- CNRS UMR 7257, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- INRA, USC 1408 AFMB, Marseille, France
| | - Sergey Koren
- Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Jonathan J Ewbank
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pellefigues C, Tang SC, Schmidt A, White RF, Lamiable O, Connor LM, Ruedl C, Dobrucki J, Le Gros G, Ronchese F. Toll-Like Receptor 4, but Not Neutrophil Extracellular Traps, Promote IFN Type I Expression to Enhance Th2 Responses to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1575. [PMID: 29201030 PMCID: PMC5696323 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of Th2 responses is thought to be multifactorial, and emerge from specific pathways distinct from those associated with antagonistic antibacterial or antiviral Th1 responses. Here, we show that the recognition of non-viable Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) in the skin induces a strong recruitment of monocytes and neutrophils and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Nb also activates toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling with expression of Ifnb transcripts in the skin and the development of an IFN type I signature on helminth antigen-bearing dendritic cells in draining lymph nodes. Co-injection of Nb together with about 10,000 Gram-negative bacteria amplified this TLR4-dependent but NET-independent IFN type I response and enhanced the development of Th2 responses. Thus, a limited activation of antibacterial signaling pathways is able to boost antihelminthic responses, suggesting a role for bacterial sensing in the optimal induction of Th2 immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alfonso Schmidt
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ruby F White
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Lisa M Connor
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Christiane Ruedl
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jurek Dobrucki
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Franca Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Robinson MJ, Prout M, Mearns H, Kyle R, Camberis M, Forbes-Blom EE, Paul WE, Allen CDC, Le Gros G. IL-4 Haploinsufficiency Specifically Impairs IgE Responses against Allergens in Mice. J Immunol 2017; 198:1815-1822. [PMID: 28115531 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in genes involved in IL-4 responses segregate with allergic disease risk and correlate with IgE levels in humans, and IL-4 promotes IgE and IgG1 Ab production against allergens in mice. We report that mice with only one intact Il4 gene copy are significantly impaired in their ability to make specific IgE responses against allergens, whereas IgG1 responses to allergens remain unaffected. Il4-hemizygosity also resulted in a modest but detectable drop in IL-4 production by CD4+ T cells isolated from lymph nodes and prevented IgE-dependent oral allergen-induced diarrhea. We conclude that a state of haploinsufficiency for the Il4 gene locus is specifically relevant for IL-4-dependent IgE responses to allergens with the amount of IL-4 produced in the hemizygous condition falling close to the threshold required for switching to IgE production. These results may be relevant for how polymorphisms in genes affecting IL-4 responses influence the risk of IgE-mediated allergic disease in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J Robinson
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Melanie Prout
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Helen Mearns
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Ryan Kyle
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Mali Camberis
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | | | - William E Paul
- Laboratories of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Christopher D C Allen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand;
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, a nematode parasite of rodents, has a parasitic life cycle that is an extremely useful model for the study of human hookworm infection, particularly in regards to the induced immune response. The current reference genome for this parasite is highly fragmented with minimal annotation, but new advances in long-read sequencing suggest that a more complete and annotated assembly should be an achievable goal. We
de-novo assembled a single contig mitochondrial genome from
N. brasiliensis using MinION R9 nanopore data. The assembly was error-corrected using existing Illumina HiSeq reads, and annotated in full (i.e. gene boundary definitions without substantial gaps) by comparing with annotated genomes from similar parasite relatives. The mitochondrial genome has also been annotated with a preliminary electrical consensus sequence, using raw signal data generated from a Nanopore R9 flow cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Chandler
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Mali Camberis
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Mark Blaxter
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - David A Eccles
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Traditional jet-in-air cell sorters have been designed and optimized to isolate small particles such as mammalian lymphocytes with an average diameter of 10 μm. We discuss the practical considerations of setting up a conventional jet-in-air cell sorter, using a 200-μm nozzle, to isolate the large parasitic nematode eggs of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, with a maximum size of 60 μm. The eggs were separated based on light scattering properties, no fluorescent dye or molecule was required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Schmidt
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Kylie M Price
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Brooks CR, van Dalen CJ, Zacharasiewicz A, Simpson JL, Harper JL, Le Gros G, Gibson PG, Pearce N, Douwes J. Absence of airway inflammation in a large proportion of adolescents with asthma. Respirology 2015; 21:460-6. [PMID: 26693952 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Neutrophilic inflammation has been implicated in non-eosinophilic asthma (NEA) in adults, but little is known about NEA in children/adolescents. We assessed clinical and inflammatory characteristics of NEA in adolescent asthma. METHODS Airway inflammation, sputum endotoxin, airway hyper-reactivity, atopy and lung function were assessed in 77 adolescents with asthma and 68 without asthma (12-17 years). Asthma was identified on the basis of wheeze and asthma history. RESULTS The proportion of NEA (sputum eosinophils <2.5%) was 54%. In this group, atopy, sputum neutrophil, eosinophil, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), endotoxin, neutrophil elastase and IL-8 levels were not different from those without asthma. In contrast, eosinophilic asthma (EA) was associated with atopy and sputum ECP and IL-8. The majority of NEA had no evidence of inflammation; only 14% had neutrophilia (≥61% neutrophils), compared with 11% of EA, and 15% of those without asthma. Small differences in FEV1 (NS) were found between EA and NEA, but symptom prevalence and severity was not different (63% of EA and 52% of NEA were classified moderate to severe). CONCLUSION NEA is common in adolescent asthma and has similar clinical characteristics as EA. Neutrophils do not appear to play a role in NEA in adolescents, and underlying mechanisms may not involve airway inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Collin R Brooks
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Angela Zacharasiewicz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Wilhelminenspital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jodie L Simpson
- Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Peter G Gibson
- Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Neil Pearce
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.,Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeroen Douwes
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Roediger B, Kyle R, Tay SS, Mitchell AJ, Bolton HA, Guy TV, Tan SY, Forbes-Blom E, Tong PL, Köller Y, Shklovskaya E, Iwashima M, McCoy KD, Le Gros G, Fazekas de St Groth B, Weninger W. IL-2 is a critical regulator of group 2 innate lymphoid cell function during pulmonary inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:1653-1663.e7. [PMID: 26025126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic lung diseases. However, the upstream signals that regulate ILC2 function during pulmonary inflammation remain poorly understood. ILC2s have been shown to respond to exogenous IL-2, but the importance of endogenous IL-2 in ILC2 function in vivo remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We sought to understand the role of IL-2 in the regulation of ILC2 function in the lung. METHODS We used histology, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, ELISA, and quantitative PCR with knockout and reporter mice to dissect pulmonary ILC2 function in vivo. We examined the role of ILC2s in eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia, an idiopathic type 2 inflammatory lung condition of mice, and the effect of IL-2 deficiency on this disease. We determined the effect of IL-2 administration on pulmonary ILC2 numbers and function in mice in the steady state and after challenge with IL-33. RESULTS We discovered an unexpected role for innate cell-derived IL-2 as a major cofactor of ILC2 function during pulmonary inflammation. Specifically, we found that IL-2 was essential for the development of eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia, a type 2 disease characterized by increased numbers of activated ILC2s. We show that IL-2 signaling serves 2 distinct functions in lung ILC2s, namely promoting cell survival/proliferation and serving as a cofactor for the production of type 2 cytokines. We further demonstrate that group 3 innate lymphoid cells are an innate immune source of IL-2 in the lung. CONCLUSION Innate cell-derived IL-2 is a critical cofactor in regulating ILC2 function in pulmonary type 2 pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Roediger
- Centenary Institute, Newtown, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Ryan Kyle
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Szun S Tay
- Centenary Institute, Newtown, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew J Mitchell
- Centenary Institute, Newtown, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Holly A Bolton
- Centenary Institute, Newtown, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Thomas V Guy
- Centenary Institute, Newtown, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sioh-Yang Tan
- Centenary Institute, Newtown, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Philip L Tong
- Centenary Institute, Newtown, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Yasmin Köller
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elena Shklovskaya
- Centenary Institute, Newtown, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Makio Iwashima
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Ill; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Ill
| | - Kathy D McCoy
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand; Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Barbara Fazekas de St Groth
- Centenary Institute, Newtown, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Centenary Institute, Newtown, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nair M, Jang J, Barnes M, Le Gros G, Cooper P, Steel C, Nutman T, Lazar M. The human protein resistin drives detrimental inflammatory monocyte responses in helminth infection (MPF7P.710). The Journal of Immunology 2015. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.203.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Resistin-like molecules (RELM) belong to a family of secreted proteins that are expressed in multiple helminth infections with important effects on the host immune response. However the importance of human RELM proteins in helminth infections is less well understood. To investigate this, we utilized transgenic mice that expressed the human resistin gene (Tg+). Following infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, a hookworm that colonizes the lung and intestine, Tg+ mice exhibited significant lung inflammation, characterized by increased inflammatory monocytes and elevated parasite burdens compared to control Tg- mice. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling of the infected lung tissue from Tg+ and Tg- mice revealed that genes associated with cytokine and TLR signaling were significantly elevated in Tg+ mice. To delineate the downstream cellular mediators of resistin, we performed a resistin binding and chemotaxis assay and identified monocytes as the main cell-types that were responsive to resistin. Moreover, monocytes sorted from the infected lung tissue of Tg+ mice expressed significantly higher TNFα compared to Tg- mice. In human studies, increased serum resistin was associated with higher helminth burdens and was positively correlated with inflammatory cytokines. Together, these studies identify a detrimental role for human resistin in instigating a non-protective inflammatory response that may be mediated by monocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meera Nair
- 1University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA
| | - Jessica Jang
- 1University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA
| | - Mark Barnes
- 1University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA
| | | | - Philip Cooper
- 3Laboratorio de Investigaciones Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Cathy Steel
- 4National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bouchery T, Kyle R, Camberis M, Shepherd A, Filbey K, Smith A, Harvie M, Painter G, Johnston K, Ferguson P, Jain R, Roediger B, Delahunt B, Weninger W, Forbes-Blom E, Le Gros G. ILC2s and T cells cooperate to ensure maintenance of M2 macrophages for lung immunity against hookworms. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6970. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
|
35
|
Jang JC, Chen G, Wang SH, Barnes MA, Chung JI, Camberis M, Le Gros G, Cooper PJ, Steel C, Nutman TB, Lazar MA, Nair MG. Macrophage-derived human resistin is induced in multiple helminth infections and promotes inflammatory monocytes and increased parasite burden. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004579. [PMID: 25568944 PMCID: PMC4287580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic helminth infections can be associated with lifelong morbidity such as immune-mediated organ failure. A better understanding of the host immune response to helminths could provide new avenues to promote parasite clearance and/or alleviate infection-associated morbidity. Murine resistin-like molecules (RELM) exhibit pleiotropic functions following helminth infection including modulating the host immune response; however, the relevance of human RELM proteins in helminth infection is unknown. To examine the function of human resistin (hResistin), we utilized transgenic mice expressing the human resistin gene (hRetnTg+). Following infection with the helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb), hResistin expression was significantly upregulated in infected tissue. Compared to control hRetnTg− mice, hRetnTg+ mice suffered from exacerbated Nb-induced inflammation characterized by weight loss and increased infiltration of inflammatory monocytes in the lung, along with elevated Nb egg burdens and delayed parasite expulsion. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling of the infected tissue revealed that hResistin promoted expression of proinflammatory cytokines and genes downstream of toll-like receptor signaling. Moreover, hResistin preferentially bound lung monocytes, and exogenous treatment of mice with recombinant hResistin promoted monocyte recruitment and proinflammatory cytokine expression. In human studies, increased serum resistin was associated with higher parasite load in individuals infected with soil-transmitted helminths or filarial nematode Wuchereria bancrofti, and was positively correlated with proinflammatory cytokines. Together, these studies identify human resistin as a detrimental factor induced by multiple helminth infections, where it promotes proinflammatory cytokines and impedes parasite clearance. Targeting the resistin/proinflammatory cytokine immune axis may provide new diagnostic or treatment strategies for helminth infection and associated immune-mediated pathology. Parasitic helminths, which infect an estimated two billion people worldwide, represent a significant global public health problem. Infection is associated with life-long morbidity including growth retardation and organ failure. Despite these debilitating conditions, there are currently no successful vaccines against helminths. Further, great variability in the host immune response to helminths exists, with the ability of some individuals to develop immunity, while others are susceptible when re-exposed or maintain life-long chronic infections. Identifying new factors that are differentially expressed in immune versus susceptible individuals could provide new targeting strategies for diagnosis or treatment of helminth infection. Here, we identify an important immunoregulatory function for human resistin in helminth infection. Employing transgenic mice in which the human resistin gene was inserted, we show that human resistin is induced by infection with the helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, where it promotes excessive inflammation and impedes parasite killing. Moreover, analysis of clinical samples from two cohorts of individuals infected with filarial nematodes or soil-transmitted helminths revealed increased resistin and serum proinflammatory cytokines compared to putatively immune individuals. Together, these studies suggest that human resistin is a detrimental cytokine that is expressed in multiple helminth infections, mediates pathogenic inflammation, and delays parasite clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C. Jang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Gang Chen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Spencer H. Wang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Barnes
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Josiah I. Chung
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Mali Camberis
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Philip J. Cooper
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones FEPIS, Quinindé, Ecuador
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cathy Steel
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mitchell A. Lazar
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Meera G. Nair
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Roediger B, Kyle R, Le Gros G, Weninger W. Dermal group 2 innate lymphoid cells in atopic dermatitis and allergy. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 31:108-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
37
|
Bouchery T, Kyle R, Ronchese F, Le Gros G. The Differentiation of CD4(+) T-Helper Cell Subsets in the Context of Helminth Parasite Infection. Front Immunol 2014; 5:487. [PMID: 25360134 PMCID: PMC4197778 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminths are credited with being the major selective force driving the evolution of the so-called “type 2” immune responses in vertebrate animals, with their size and infection strategies presenting unique challenges to the immune system. Originally, type 2 immune responses were defined by the presence and activities of the CD4+ T-helper 2 subset producing the canonical cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. This picture is now being challenged by the discovery of a more complex pattern of CD4+ T-helper cell subsets that appear during infection, including Tregs, Th17, Tfh, and more recently, Th22, Th9, and ThGM. In addition, a clearer view of the mechanisms by which helminths and their products selectively prime the CD4+ T-cell subsets is emerging. In this review, we have focused on recent data concerning the selective priming, differentiation, and functional role of CD4+ T-helper cell subsets in the context of helminth infection. We argue for a re-evaluation of the original Th2 paradigm and discuss how the observed plasticity of the T-helper subsets may enable the parasitized host to achieve an appropriate compromise between elimination, tissue repair, containment, and pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Bouchery
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Ryan Kyle
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Franca Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand ; Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington , New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Connor LM, Tang SC, Camberis M, Le Gros G, Ronchese F. Helminth-conditioned dendritic cells prime CD4+ T cells to IL-4 production in vivo. J Immunol 2014; 193:2709-17. [PMID: 25108019 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are critical for the initiation of immune responses; however, their role in priming IL-4-producing Th2 cells in vivo is not fully understood. We used a model of intradermal injection with fluorescent-labeled, nonviable larvae from the helminth parasite nonviable Nippostrongylus brasiliensis L3 larvae (Nb), a strong inducer of Th2 responses, together with IL-4-GFP reporter mice that enable a sensitive detection of IL-4 production to examine the contribution of DC to the priming of IL-4-producing CD4(+) T cells in vivo. We found that parasite material is taken up by two distinct DC populations in draining lymph nodes: a mostly CD11c(int)MHC class II (MHCII)(hi)CD11b(+)Ly6C(-) dermal DC population and a CD11c(hi)MHCII(int)CD11b(+)Ly6C(+) monocyte-derived DC population. After Nb treatment, these two DC populations appeared in the draining lymph nodes in comparable numbers and with similar kinetics; however, treatment with pertussis toxin blocked the migration of dermal DC and the priming of IL-4-producing T cells, but only partially affected monocyte-derived DC numbers. In line with this observation, transfer of OVA-loaded CD11c(int)MHCII(hi) DC from Nb-treated mice into naive hosts could sensitize OVA-specific CD4(+) T cells to IL-4 production, whereas transfer of CD11c(int)MHCII(hi) DC from naive mice, or CD11c(hi)MHCII(int) DC from Nb-treated or naive mice, induced CD4(+) T cell expansion but no IL-4 production. Phenotypic analysis of Nb-loaded CD11c(int)MHCII(hi) DC revealed expression of programmed death ligand 2, CD301b, IFN regulatory factor 4, and moderate upregulation of OX40 ligand. However, thymic stromal lymphopoietin and OX40 ligand were not required for Th2 priming. Thus, our data suggest that appropriate stimuli can induce DC to express the unique signals sufficient to direct CD4(+) T cells to Th2 differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Connor
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Shiau-Choot Tang
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Mali Camberis
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Franca Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ochiai S, Roediger B, Abtin A, Shklovskaya E, Fazekas de St. Groth B, Yamane H, Weninger W, Le Gros G, Ronchese F. CD326loCD103loCD11blo Dermal Dendritic Cells Are Activated by Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin during Contact Sensitization in Mice. J I 2014; 193:2504-11. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
40
|
Mearns H, Forbes-Blom EE, Camberis M, Tang SC, Kyle R, Harvie M, Kleinschek MA, Le Gros G. IL-25 exhibits disparate roles during Th2-cell differentiation versus effector function. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1976-80. [PMID: 24737448 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A keenly sought therapeutic approach for the treatment of allergic disease is the identification and neutralization of the cytokine that regulates the differentiation of T helper 2 (Th2) cells. Th2 cells are exciting targets for asthma therapies. Recently, the cytokine IL-25 has been shown to enhance Th2-type immune activity and play important roles in mediating allergic inflammatory responses. To investigate this further, we crossed IL-25(-/-) C57BL/6 mice with G4 IL-4 C57BL/6 reporter mice and developed an assay for in vitro and in vivo IL-4-independent Th2-cell differentiation. These assays were used to determine whether IL-25 was critical for the formation of Th2 cells. We found there was no physiological role for IL-25 in either the differentiation of Th2 cells or their development to effector or memory Th2-cell subsets. Importantly, this data challenges the newly found and growing status of the cytokine IL-25 and its proposed role in promoting Th2-cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Mearns
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ronchese F, Connor L, Tang SC, Camberis M, Le Gros G. Helminth-conditioned dendritic cells prime CD4+ T cells to IL4 production in vivo (IRC5P.469). The Journal of Immunology 2014. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.192.supp.125.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Dendritic cells are critical for the initiation of immune responses, however, their role in priming IL4-producing Th2 cells is controversial and remains an area of intense investigation. We found that after skin injection of the nematode parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb), a strong inducer of Th2 responses, Nb material is taken up by a population of dermal dendritic cells in lymph node, and that this population is necessary and sufficient for IL4 priming. Blocking the migration of dermal dendritic cells to the lymph node also prevented the priming of IL4-producing cells, and chicken ovalbumin (OVA)-loaded dDC from Nb-treated mice were sufficient to sensitize OVA-specific CD4+ T cells to IL4 production in vivo. Nb-loaded dermal dendritic cells were CD11b+, CD326neg, CD103neg, PDL2hi and IRF4+, and modestly upregulated expression of OX40L. However, OX40L and TSLP were not required for Th2 priming. Thus, our data suggest that the appropriate stimuli can induce DC to express the unique signals that direct CD4+ T cells to Th2 differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franca Ronchese
- 1Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Lisa Connor
- 1Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Shiau Choot Tang
- 1Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Mali Camberis
- 1Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- 1Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kim S, Karasuyama H, Lopez AF, Ouyang W, Li X, Le Gros G, Min B. IL-4 Derived from Non-T Cells Induces Basophil- and IL-3-independent Th2 Immune Responses. Immune Netw 2013; 13:249-56. [PMID: 24385943 PMCID: PMC3875783 DOI: 10.4110/in.2013.13.6.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
How Th2 immunity develops in vivo remains obscure. Basophils have been considered key innate cells producing IL-4, a cytokine essential for Th2 immunity. Increasing evidence suggests that basophils are dispensable for the initiation of Th2 immunity. In this study, we revisited the role of basophils in Th2 immune responses induced by various types of adjuvants. Mice deficient in IL-3 or IL-3 receptor, in which basophil lymph node recruitment is completely abolished, fully developed wild type level Th2 CD4 T cell responses in response to parasite antigen or papain immunization. Similar finding was also observed in mice where basophils are inducibly ablated. Interestingly, IL-4-derived from non-T cells appeared to be critical for the generation of IL-4-producing CD4 T cells. Other Th2 promoting factors including IL-25 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) were dispensable. Therefore, our results suggest that IL-3- and basophil-independent in vivo Th2 immunity develops with the help of non-T cell-derived IL-4, offering an additional mechanism by which Th2 type immune responses arise in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Kim
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Hajime Karasuyama
- Department of Immune Regulation and JST, CREST, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Angel F Lopez
- Division of Human Immunology, Center for Cancer Biology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Booki Min
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Camberis M, Prout M, Tang SC, Forbes-Blom E, Robinson M, Kyle R, Belkaid Y, Paul W, Le Gros G. Evaluating the in vivo Th2 priming potential among common allergens. J Immunol Methods 2013; 394:62-72. [PMID: 23688767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to allergens, both man-made and from our environment is increasingly associated with the development of significant human health issues such as allergy and asthma. Allergen induced production of the cytokine interleukin (IL-)4 by Th2 cells is central to the pathogenesis of allergic disease (Gavett et al., 1994). The development of the G4 mouse, that expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a surrogate for IL-4 protein expression has made it possible to directly track the immune cells that produce IL-4. By combining a reliable intradermal immunisation technique with the transgenic G4 mouse we have been able to develop a novel & unique in vivo primary Th2 immune response model (PTh2). When allergens relevant to human disease are evaluated using the PTh2 assay a dose dependent hierarchy of allergenicity is revealed with environmental allergens (cockroach, house dust mite) the most potent and food allergens being the least. In addition, the PTh2 assay is extremely sensitive to the immunoregulatory effects of Mycobacterial extracts and immunosuppressive drugs on primary Th2 cell development. Taken together, this assay provides a standardised method for the identification of the structural and functional properties of proteins relevant to allergenicity, and is a powerful screening tool for novel lead compounds that are effective at inhibiting the primary Th2 response in allergic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mali Camberis
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kyle R, Robinson M, Plunkett C, Mearns H, Ochiai S, Tang SC, Forbes-Blom E, Chen X, Paul W, Le Gros G. Spatial and temporal regulation of interleukin 4 and interleukin 13 expression identified by dual reporter mice. (P1129). The Journal of Immunology 2013. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.50.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Type II immune responses are associated with protection against helminth infections, as well as the pathology of allergic diseases that are initiated against innocuous antigens. Two integral cytokines associated with type II immunity are interleukin (IL-)4 and IL-13. The 4C13R transgenic dual reporter mouse has been created to allow identification of IL-4 and IL-13 producing cells by the production of two intracellular fluorescent molecules, AmCyan and DS-Red respectively. The expression of the distinct reporter proteins are under the normal transcriptional control of the Il4 or Il13 genes. This technology allows for the analysis of in situ IL-4 and/or IL-13 production by the relevant differentiated immune cell types without any effect on the endogenous cytokine genes or their effector activities in the mouse. Using this reporter system we have identified that in vitro generated CD4+ Th2 cells have divergent expression of IL-4 and IL-13, suggesting cytokine specific Th2 subsets. Additionally, IL-13 expression is delayed compared with IL-4 in this system. Reporter expression in vivo has also highlighted that IL-4/IL-13 double producers are only a subpopulation of CD4+ T cells, and cytokine expression profiles differ significantly between lymph node and effector tissues during type II responses. Studying the expression and regulation of these cytokines will allow us to understand their contribution in both disease and protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Kyle
- 1Malaghan Inst., Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Helen Mearns
- 2Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Xi Chen
- 3Cytokine Biology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - William Paul
- 3Cytokine Biology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Roediger B, Kyle R, Yip K, Sumaria N, Guy T, Mitchell A, Tay S, Jain R, Forbes-Blom E, Chen X, Tong P, Bolton H, Paul W, Fazekas de St. Groth B, Grimbaldeston M, Le Gros G, Weninger W. Cutaneous immuno-surveillance and regulation of inflammation by group 2 innate lymphoid cells (P6374). The Journal of Immunology 2013. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.201.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Type 2 immunity is critical for defense against cutaneous infections, but also underlies the development of allergic skin diseases. We report the identification in normal murine dermis of an abundant, phenotypically unique group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) subset that depends on IL-7 and constitutively produces IL-13. Intravital multiphoton microscopy revealed that dermal ILC2 specifically interact with mast cells, whose function is suppressed by IL-13. Treatment of Rag1−/− mice with IL-2 led to a marked expansion of activated, IL-5-producing dermal ILC2, resulting in the development of spontaneous dermatitis characterized by eosinophil infiltrate and activated mast cells. Our data uncover a novel interactive pathway between two innate immune cell populations implicated in type 2 immunity, and demonstrate that ILC2 exhibit both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan Kyle
- 2Malaghan Inst., Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Kwok Yip
- 3Centre for Cancer Biology, Adelaide, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Thomas Guy
- 1Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Szun Tay
- 1Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rohit Jain
- 1Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Xi Chen
- 4National Institute of Allergic Disease, Bethesda, MD
| | - Philip Tong
- 1Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - William Paul
- 4National Institute of Allergic Disease, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | | | - Wolfgang Weninger
- 1Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- 5University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- 6Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ronchese F, Connor L, Hyde E, Ochiai S, Tang SC, Le Gros G. Dendritic cells in Th2 immune responses (P1313). The Journal of Immunology 2013. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.208.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We have examined the role of dendritic cells using different models of Th2 allergic immune responses in the skin. In the first model we used the nematode parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, which infects rodent hosts by penetrating through the skin. Material from labelled N. brasiliensis is taken up by migratory dendritic cells and transported to the draining lymph node where it initiates a strong Th2 immune response. We have characterized the surface phenotype of these dendritic cells in terms of lineage markers, and for expression of markers associated with Th2 immune responses. We find that these dendritic cells express markers that are compatible with a steady-state population of dermal dendritic cells. In addition, we have carried out dendritic cell transfer experiments to show that these migratory dendritic cells maintain the full capacity to prime Th2 immune responses in vivo. Additional models of Th2 immune responses, such as those initiated by the powerful allergen House Dust Mite and by application of the vitamin D analogue MC903, are currently being investigated. Our data indicate that dendritic cells can carry a sufficient set of signals to instruct the initiation of Th2 immune responses in secondary lymphoid organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franca Ronchese
- 1Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Lisa Connor
- 1Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Evelyn Hyde
- 1Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sotaro Ochiai
- 1Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Shiau Choot Tang
- 1Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- 1Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Roediger B, Kyle R, Yip KH, Sumaria N, Guy TV, Kim BS, Mitchell AJ, Tay SS, Jain R, Forbes-Blom E, Chen X, Tong PL, Bolton HA, Artis D, Paul WE, Fazekas de St Groth B, Grimbaldeston MA, Le Gros G, Weninger W. Cutaneous immunosurveillance and regulation of inflammation by group 2 innate lymphoid cells. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:564-73. [PMID: 23603794 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 immunity is critical for defense against cutaneous infections but also underlies the development of allergic skin diseases. We report the identification in normal mouse dermis of an abundant, phenotypically unique group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) subset that depended on interleukin 7 (IL-7) and constitutively produced IL-13. Intravital multiphoton microscopy showed that dermal ILC2 cells specifically interacted with mast cells, whose function was suppressed by IL-13. Treatment of mice deficient in recombination-activating gene 1 (Rag1(-/-)) with IL-2 resulted in the population expansion of activated, IL-5-producing dermal ILC2 cells, which led to spontaneous dermatitis characterized by eosinophil infiltrates and activated mast cells. Our data show that ILC2 cells have both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties and identify a previously unknown interactive pathway between two innate populations of cells of the immune system linked to type 2 immunity and allergic diseases.
Collapse
|
48
|
Harvie M, Camberis M, Le Gros G. Development of CD4 T Cell Dependent Immunity Against N. brasiliensis Infection. Front Immunol 2013; 4:74. [PMID: 23518620 PMCID: PMC3603274 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Of all the microbial infections relevant to mammals the relationship between parasitic worms and what constitutes and regulates a host protective immune response is perhaps the most complex and evolved. Nippostrongylus brasiliensis is a tissue migrating parasitic roundworm of rodents that exemplifies many of the salient features of parasitic worm infection, including parasite development through sequential larval stages as it migrates through specific tissue sites. Immune competent hosts respond to infection by N. brasiliensis with a rapid and selective development of a profound Th2 immune response that appears able to confer life long protective immunity against reinfection. This review details how the lung can be the site of migrating nematode immune killing and the gut a site of rapid immune mediated clearance of worms. Furthermore it appears that N. brasiliensis induced responses in the lung are sufficient for conferring immunity in lung and gut while infection of the gut only confers immunity in the gut. This review also covers the role of IL-4, STAT6, and the innate cytokines IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin in the generation of CD4-mediated immunity against N. brasiliensis reinfection and discusses what cytokines might be involved in mediated killing or expulsion of helminth parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Harvie
- Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Robinson
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Dickgreber N, Farrand KJ, van Panhuys N, Knight DA, McKee SJ, Chong ML, Miranda-Hernandez S, Baxter AG, Locksley RM, Le Gros G, Hermans IF. Immature murine NKT cells pass through a stage of developmentally programmed innate IL-4 secretion. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:999-1009. [PMID: 22941735 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0512242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed the production of the canonical Th2 cytokine IL-4 by NKT cells directly in vivo using IL-4-substituting strains of reporter mice that provide faithful and sensitive readouts of cytokine production without the confounding effects of in vitro stimulation. Analysis in naïve animals revealed an "innate" phase of IL-4 secretion that did not need to be triggered by administration of a known NKT cell ligand. This secretion was by immature NKT cells spanning Stage 1 of the maturation process in the thymus (CD4(+) CD44(lo) NK1.1(-) cells) and Stage 2 (CD4(+) CD44(hi) NK1.1(-) cells) in the spleen. Like ligand-induced IL-4 production by mature cells, this innate activity was independent of an initial source of IL-4 protein and did not require STAT6 signaling. A more sustained level of innate IL-4 production was observed in animals on a BALB/c background compared with a C57BL/6 background, suggesting a level of genetic regulation that may contribute to the "Th2-prone" phenotype in BALB/c animals. These observations indicate a regulated pattern of IL-4 expression by maturing NKT cells, which may endow these cells with a capacity to influence the development of surrounding cells in the thymus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dickgreber
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|