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Jaber N, Billet S. How to use an in vitro approach to characterize the toxicity of airborne compounds. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 94:105718. [PMID: 37871865 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
As part of the development of new approach methodologies (NAMs), numerous in vitro methods are being developed to characterize the potential toxicity of inhalable xenobiotics (gases, volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, particulate matter, nanoparticles). However, the materials and methods employed are extremely diverse, and no single method is currently in use. Method standardization and validation would raise trust in the results and enable them to be compared. This four-part review lists and compares biological models and exposure methodologies before describing measurable biomarkers of exposure or effect. The first section emphasizes the importance of developing alternative methods to reduce, if not replace, animal testing (3R principle). The biological models presented are mostly to cultures of epithelial cells from the respiratory system, as the lungs are the first organ to come into contact with air pollutants. Monocultures or cocultures of primary cells or cell lines, as well as 3D organotypic cultures such as organoids, spheroids and reconstituted tissues, but also the organ(s) model on a chip are examples. The exposure methods for these biological models applicable to airborne compounds are submerged, intermittent, continuous either static or dynamic. Finally, within the restrictions of these models (i.e. relative tiny quantities, adhering cells), the mechanisms of toxicity and the phenotypic markers most commonly examined in models exposed at the air-liquid interface (ALI) are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Jaber
- UR4492, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - Sylvain Billet
- UR4492, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France.
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2
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Wang H, Lyu L, Gao Y, Shi J, Wang B, Zheng L, Wang Y. A case study on occupational exposure assessment and characterization of particles in a printing shop in China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023:10.1007/s10653-023-01592-x. [PMID: 37133770 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01592-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Printers can release numerous particles to contaminate indoor environments and pose health risks. Clarifying the exposure level and physicochemical properties of printer-emitted particles (PEPs) will help to evaluate the health risks of printer operator. In our study, the particles concentration in the printing shop was monitored in real time for a long time (12 h/day, total 6 days), and the PEPs were collected to characterize their physicochemical properties including shape, size and compositions. The result showed that the concentration of PEPs is closely related to the printing workload and the highest particle mass concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 was 212.73 μg m-3 and 91.48 μg m-3, respectively. The concentration of PM1 in the printing shop was in the range of 11.88-80.59 μg m-3 for mass value, and 174.83-1348.84 P cm-3 for count value which changed with the printing volume. The particle sizes of PEPs were less than 900 nm, 47.99% of PEPs was less than 200 nm, and 14.21% of the particles were at the nanoscale. PEPs contained 68.92% organic carbon (OC), 5.31% elemental carbon (EC), 3.17% metal elements, and 22.60% other inorganic additives, which contained more OC and metal elements than toners. Total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels were 18.95 ng/mg in toner and 120.70 ng/mg in PEPs. The carcinogenic risk of PAHs in PEPs was 1.40 × 10-7. These findings suggested future studies should pay more attention to the health effects of printing workers exposed to nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhi Lyu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Gao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiazhang Shi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingna Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Meyer TJ, Tekin N, Hense P, Ehret-Kasemo T, Lodes N, Stöth M, Ickrath P, Gehrke T, Hagen R, Dembski S, Peer M, Steinke MR, Scherzad A, Hackenberg S. Evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of printer toner particles in a 3D air-liquid interface, primary cell-based nasal tissue model. Toxicol Lett 2023; 379:1-10. [PMID: 36907250 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Printer toner particles (TPs) are a common, potentially hazardous substance, with an unclear toxicological impact on the respiratory mucosa. Most of the airways surface is covered by a ciliated respiratory mucosa, therefore appropriate tissue models of the respiratory epithelium with a high in vivo correlation are necessary for in vitro evaluation of airborne pollutants toxicology and the impact on the functional integrity. The aim of this study is the evaluation of TPs toxicology in a human primary cell-based air-liquid-interface (ALI) model of respiratory mucosa. The TPs were analyzed and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, pyrolysis and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. ALI models of 10 patients were created using the epithelial cells and fibroblasts derived from nasal mucosa samples. TPs were applied to the ALI models via a modified Vitrocell® cloud and submerged in the dosing 0.89 - 892.96 µg/ cm2. Particle exposure and intracellular distribution were evaluated by electron microscopy. The MTT assay and the comet assay were used to investigate cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, respectively. The used TPs showed an average particle size of 3 - 8 µm. Mainly carbon, hydrogen, silicon, nitrogen, tin, benzene and benzene derivates were detected as chemical ingredients. By histomorphology and electron microscopy we observed the development of a highly functional, pseudostratified epithelium with a continuous layer of cilia. Using electron microscopy, TPs could be detected on the cilia surface and also intracellularly. Cytotoxicity was detected from 9 µg/ cm2 and higher, but no genotoxicity after ALI and submerged exposure. The ALI with primary nasal cells represents a highly functional model of the respiratory epithelium in terms of histomorphology and mucociliary differentiation. The toxicological results indicate a weak TP-concentration-dependent cytotoxicity. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS: The datasets used and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Jasper Meyer
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic & Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Nursen Tekin
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic & Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Hense
- Bochum University of Applied Sciences, Department Civil and Environmental Engineering, Am Hochschulcampus 1, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Totta Ehret-Kasemo
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic & Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nina Lodes
- University Hospital Würzburg, Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Stöth
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic & Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Ickrath
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic & Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gehrke
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic & Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Hagen
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic & Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sofia Dembski
- University Hospital Würzburg, Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Peer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Institute Branch Sulzbach-Rosenberg, An der Maxhütte 1, 92237 Sulzbach-Rosenberg, Germany
| | - Maria R Steinke
- University Hospital Würzburg, Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Agmal Scherzad
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic & Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Hackenberg
- RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Balasubramanian S, Kanagarathinam S, Cingaram R, Bakthavachalam V, Kulathu Iyer S, Rajendran S, Natesan Sundaramurthy K, Ranganathan S. Waste toner-derived porous iron oxide pigments with enhanced catalytic degradation property. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114695. [PMID: 36351473 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
'Wealth from Waste' is an emerging concept, since it leads an effective waste treatment and waste recyclability. On the other hand, cost effective production iron oxide (IO) nanomaterials is still needed to develop, owing to their wide applications. Herein, we proposed a simple direct calcination method to prepare porous IO (Fe3O4 and Fe2O3) nanomaterials from waste toner powder. Characterization techniques reveal that a structural change happened from Fe3O4 to γ-Fe2O3 and γ-Fe2O3 to α-Fe2O3 at the calcination temperature of 500 °C and 700 °C respectively. Consequently, optical (band gap) and magnetic parameters of IO samples were significantly varied. The pigment characteristics of the IO samples were evaluated using Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) analysis. IO900 sample has shown good brown-red coloration (L* = 43.11, a* = 13.26 and b* = 5.69) and it also exhibited good stability in acidic and basic conditions. Practical applicability of IO pigments were also tested by mixing with plaster of paris (PP) powder. Further, porous IO samples were also used as catalysts in the reductive degradation of methyl orange (MO) dye in presence of excess sodium borohydride (NaBH4). IO, prepared at 900 °C exhibited ∼99.9% reduction efficiency within 40 min. Recycling experiments indicated that IO900 possess good stability up to seven cycles. The present porous IO samples will become potential in pigment and environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ravichandran Cingaram
- Department of Chemistry, Easwari Engineering College, Chennai 600089, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkatachalapathy Bakthavachalam
- Department of Chemistry, Easwari Engineering College, Chennai 600089, Tamil Nadu, India; Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sathiyanarayanan Kulathu Iyer
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT University), Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Saravanan Rajendran
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Tarapacá, Avda. General Velásquez, 1775, Arica, Chile; Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600095, India; University Centre for Research & Development, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohaliz, Punjab, 140413, India
| | | | - Suresh Ranganathan
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Tarapacá, Avda. General Velásquez, 1775, Arica, Chile.
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Jia S, Setyawati MI, Liu M, Xu T, Loo J, Yan M, Gong J, Chotirmall SH, Demokritou P, Ng KW, Fang M. Association of nanoparticle exposure with serum metabolic disorders of healthy adults in printing centers. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 432:128710. [PMID: 35325858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Printers are everyday devices in both our homes and workplaces. We have previously found high occupational exposure levels to toner-based printer emitted nanoparticles (PEPs) at printing centers. To elucidate the potential health effects from exposure to PEPs, a total of 124 human serum samples were collected from 32 workers in the printing centers during the repeated follow-up measurements, and global serum metabolomics were analyzed in three ways: correlation between metabolic response and personal exposure (dose response exposure); metabolite response changes between Monday and Friday of a work week (short-term exposure), and metabolite response in relation to length of service in a center (long-term exposure). A total of 52 key metabolites changed significantly in relation to nanoparticle exposure levels. The primary dysregulated pathways included inflammation and immunity related arginine and tryptophan metabolism. Besides, some distinct metabolite expression patterns were found to occur during the transition from short-term to long-term exposures, suggesting cumulative effect of PEPs exposure. These findings, for the first time, highlight the inhalation exposure responses to printer emitted nanoparticles at the metabolite level, potentially serving as pre-requisites for whole organism and population responses, and are inline with emerging findings on potential health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglan Jia
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore; Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore
| | - Magdiel Inggrid Setyawati
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Min Liu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore; Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore
| | - Tengfei Xu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Joachim Loo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Meilin Yan
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Jicheng Gong
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Sanjay H Chotirmall
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore; Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Mingliang Fang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore; Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
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6
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Guénette J, Breznan D, Thomson EM. Establishing an air-liquid interface exposure system for exposure of lung cells to gases. Inhal Toxicol 2022; 34:80-89. [PMID: 35212581 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2022.2039332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Growing interest in non-animal-based models has led to the development of devices to expose cells to airborne substances. Cells/tissues grown at the air-liquid interface (ALI) are more representative of lung cells/tissues in vivo compared to submerged cell cultures. Additionally, airborne exposures should allow for closer modeling of human lung toxicity. However, such exposures present technical challenges, including maintaining optimal cell health, and establishing consistent exposure monitoring and control. We aimed to establish a reliable system and procedures for cell exposures to gases at the ALI. METHODS We tested and adapted a horizontal-flow ALI-exposure system to verify and optimize temperature, humidity/condensation, and control of atmosphere delivery. We measured temperature and relative humidity (RH) throughout the system, including at the outlet (surrogate measures) and at the well, and evaluated viability of lung epithelial A549 cells under control conditions. Exposure stability, dosimetry, and toxicity were tested using ozone. RESULTS Temperatures measured directly above wells vs. outflow differed; using above-well temperature enabled determination of near-well RH. Under optimized conditions, the viability of A549 cells exposed to clean air (2 h) in the ALI system was unchanged from incubator-grown cells. In-well ozone levels, determined through reaction with potassium indigotrisulfonate, confirmed dosing. Cells exposed to 200 ppb ozone at the ALI presented reduced viability, while submerged cells did not. CONCLUSION Our results emphasize the importance of monitoring near-well conditions rather than relying on surrogate measures. Rigorous assessment of ALI exposure conditions led to procedures for reproducible exposure of cells to gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josée Guénette
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0K9
| | - Dalibor Breznan
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0K9
| | - Errol M Thomson
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0K9.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, K1H 8M5
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7
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Cerimi K, Jäckel U, Meyer V, Daher U, Reinert J, Klar S. In Vitro Systems for Toxicity Evaluation of Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds on Humans: Current Status and Trends. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:75. [PMID: 35050015 PMCID: PMC8780961 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOC) are metabolic products and by-products of bacteria and fungi. They play an important role in the biosphere: They are responsible for inter- and intra-species communication and can positively or negatively affect growth in plants. But they can also cause discomfort and disease symptoms in humans. Although a link between mVOCs and respiratory health symptoms in humans has been demonstrated by numerous studies, standardized test systems for evaluating the toxicity of mVOCs are currently not available. Also, mVOCs are not considered systematically at regulatory level. We therefore performed a literature survey of existing in vitro exposure systems and lung models in order to summarize the state-of-the-art and discuss their suitability for understanding the potential toxic effects of mVOCs on human health. We present a review of submerged cultivation, air-liquid-interface (ALI), spheroids and organoids as well as multi-organ approaches and compare their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, we discuss the limitations of mVOC fingerprinting. However, given the most recent developments in the field, we expect that there will soon be adequate models of the human respiratory tract and its response to mVOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kustrim Cerimi
- Unit 4.7 Biological Agents, Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Nöldnerstraße 40–42, 10317 Berlin, Germany; (U.J.); (J.R.); (S.K.)
| | - Udo Jäckel
- Unit 4.7 Biological Agents, Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Nöldnerstraße 40–42, 10317 Berlin, Germany; (U.J.); (J.R.); (S.K.)
| | - Vera Meyer
- Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Ugarit Daher
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), BIH Stem Cell Core Facility, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Jessica Reinert
- Unit 4.7 Biological Agents, Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Nöldnerstraße 40–42, 10317 Berlin, Germany; (U.J.); (J.R.); (S.K.)
| | - Stefanie Klar
- Unit 4.7 Biological Agents, Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Nöldnerstraße 40–42, 10317 Berlin, Germany; (U.J.); (J.R.); (S.K.)
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8
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Bitounis D, Huang Q, Toprani SM, Setyawati MI, Oliveira N, Wu Z, Tay CY, Ng KW, Nagel ZD, Demokritou P. Printer center nanoparticles alter the DNA repair capacity of human bronchial airway epithelial cells. NANOIMPACT 2022; 25:100379. [PMID: 35559885 PMCID: PMC9661631 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nano-enabled, toner-based printing equipment emit nanoparticles during operation. The bioactivity of these nanoparticles as documented in a plethora of published toxicological studies raises concerns about their potential health effects. These include pro-inflammatory effects that can lead to adverse epigenetic alterations and cardiovascular disorders in rats. At the same time, their potential to alter DNA repair pathways at realistic doses remains unclear. In this study, size-fractionated, airborne particles from a printer center in Singapore were sampled and characterized. The PM0.1 size fraction (particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 100 nm) of printer center particles (PCP) were then administered to human lung adenocarcinoma (Calu-3) or lymphoblastoid (TK6) cells. We evaluated plasma membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Moreover, we quantified DNA damage and alterations in the cells' capacity to repair 6 distinct types of DNA lesions. Results show that PCP altered the ability of Calu-3 cells to repair 8oxoG:C lesions and perform nucleotide excision repair, in the absence of acute cytotoxicity or DNA damage. Alterations in DNA repair capacity have been correlated with the risk of various diseases, including cancer, therefore further genotoxicity studies are needed to assess the potential risks of PCP exposure, at both occupational settings and at the end-consumer level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Bitounis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qiansheng Huang
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Sneh M Toprani
- John B. Little Center of Radiation Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Magdiel I Setyawati
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Nathalia Oliveira
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhuoran Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Chor Yong Tay
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institution, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institution, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Zachary D Nagel
- John B. Little Center of Radiation Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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9
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Nossa R, Costa J, Cacopardo L, Ahluwalia A. Breathing in vitro: Designs and applications of engineered lung models. J Tissue Eng 2021; 12:20417314211008696. [PMID: 33996022 PMCID: PMC8107677 DOI: 10.1177/20417314211008696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide a systematic design guideline to users, particularly engineers interested in developing and deploying lung models, and biologists seeking to identify a suitable platform for conducting in vitro experiments involving pulmonary cells or tissues. We first discuss the state of the art on lung in vitro models, describing the most simplistic and traditional ones. Then, we analyze in further detail the more complex dynamic engineered systems that either provide mechanical cues, or allow for more predictive exposure studies, or in some cases even both. This is followed by a dedicated section on microchips of the lung. Lastly, we present a critical discussion of the different characteristics of each type of system and the criteria which may help researchers select the most appropriate technology according to their specific requirements. Readers are encouraged to refer to the tables accompanying the different sections where comprehensive and quantitative information on the operating parameters and performance of the different systems reported in the literature is provided.
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10
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Gu J, Karrasch S, Salthammer T. Review of the characteristics and possible health effects of particles emitted from laser printing devices. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:396-421. [PMID: 31944398 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that the use of laser printing devices (LPDs) contributes to the release of particles into the indoor environment. However, after more than two decades of research, the physicochemical properties of LPD-emitted particles and the possible health effects from exposure to particles are still heavily debated. We therefore carried out a critical review of the published studies around emissions and health effects of LPD-emitted particles, aiming at elucidating the nature of these particles and their potential health risks. Realizing the varying methodologies of the studies, a classification of the reviewed studies is adopted, resulting in three categories of emission studies (chamber experiment, office/room measurement, and photocopy shop measurement), and three types of health studies (in vitro/animal studies, human studies in the real world, and human studies in controlled settings). The strengths and limitations of each type of study are discussed in-depth, which in turn helps to understand the cause of divergent results. Overall, LPD-emitted particles are mainly condensed or secondary-formed semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), while solid toner particles account for a very small fraction. The health risk from exposure to LPD-emitted particles is small compared with the health risk from exposure to ambient particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Gu
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Karrasch
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Tunga Salthammer
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
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11
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Zhang Y, Demokritou P, Ryan DK, Bello D. Comprehensive Assessment of Short-Lived ROS and H 2O 2 in Laser Printer Emissions: Assessing the Relative Contribution of Metal Oxides and Organic Constituents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7574-7583. [PMID: 31120250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation exposure to nanoparticles from toner-based laser printer and photocopier emissions (LPEs) induces airway inflammation and systemic oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity (such as DNA damage). Recent evidence from human and in vitro studies suggests a strong role for oxidative stress caused by free radicals, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), in the toxicity of laser printer emissions. However, the amount of ROS generated from laser printer nanoparticle emissions and the relative contribution of various fractions (vapors, organics, metals, and metal oxides) have not been investigated to-date. In this study, we aim to quantify short-lived ROS and H2O2 laser printer emissions, as well as the relative contribution of various fractions of LPEs in ROS generation. An aerosol chamber with HEPA filtered air was used to generate LPE emissions from one representative printer. In separate experiments, size fractionated LPEs were collected on filters (particles) or impingers (particles and vapors). The nanoscale fraction of LPEs (PM0.1) was further separated into the organic fraction and inorganic (transition metals/metal oxides) following a sequence of extraction with solvents and centrifugation. The short-lived ROS and H2O2 generated from each fraction were quantified with an acellular Trolox-based liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method recently developed in our lab. The particulate fraction of LPEs PM0.1 generated 2.68 times more total ROS (sum of short-lived ROS and H2O2) than the vapor fraction. In tested LPEs, transition metal oxides, which constituted 3% by mass, produced 69× and 202× times more short-lived ROS and H2O2, respectively, on a mass basis, than the organic fraction. Furthermore, fresh PM0.1 generated 282× and 32× times more short-lived ROS and H2O2, respectively, than aged and processed PM0.1. We conclude that transition metal oxides, albeit a minor constituent of the LPE PM0.1 emissions, are the species responsible for the majority of acellular ROS in this printer. A larger range of printers should be tested in the future. Because transition metal oxides in toners originate primarily from engineering nanomaterials (ENMs) in printer toner powder, reformulation of toner powders to contain less of these ROS active metals is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Kennedy College of Sciences , University of Massachusetts Lowell , Lowell , Massachusetts 01854 , United States
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Department of Environmental Health and Harvard Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology , Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - David K Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, Kennedy College of Sciences , University of Massachusetts Lowell , Lowell , Massachusetts 01854 , United States
| | - Dhimiter Bello
- Department of Environmental Health and Harvard Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology , Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences , University of Massachusetts Lowell , Lowell , Massachusetts 01854 , United States
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12
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Getzlaff M, Leifels M, Weber P, Kökcam-Demir Ü, Janiak C. Nanoparticles in toner material. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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13
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Gümperlein I, Fischer E, Dietrich-Gümperlein G, Karrasch S, Nowak D, Jörres RA, Schierl R. Acute health effects of desktop 3D printing (fused deposition modeling) using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polylactic acid materials: An experimental exposure study in human volunteers. INDOOR AIR 2018; 28:611-623. [PMID: 29500848 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
3D printers are increasingly run at home. Nanoparticle emissions from those printers have been reported, which raises the question whether adverse health effects from ultrafine particles (UFP) can be elicited by 3D printers. We exposed 26 healthy adults in a single-blinded, randomized, cross-over design to emissions of a desktop 3D printer using fused deposition modeling (FDM) for 1 hour (high UFP-emitting acrylonitrile butadiene styrene [ABS] vs low-emitting polylactic acid [PLA]). Before and after exposures, cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, INF-γ) and ECP in nasal secretions, exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), urinary 8-isoprostaglandin F2α (8-iso PGF2α ), and self-reported symptoms were assessed. The exposures had no significant differential effect on 8-iso PGF2α and nasal biomarkers. However, there was a difference (P < .05) in the time course of FeNO, with higher levels after ABS exposure. Moreover, indisposition and odor nuisance were increased for ABS exposure. These data suggest that 1 hour of exposure to 3D printer emissions had no acute effect on inflammatory markers in nasal secretions and urine. The slight relative increase in FeNO after ABS printing compared to PLA might be due to eosinophilic inflammation from inhaled UFP particles. This possibility should be investigated in further studies using additional biomarkers and longer observation periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gümperlein
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - E Fischer
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - G Dietrich-Gümperlein
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - S Karrasch
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich/Neuherberg, Germany
| | - D Nowak
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich/Neuherberg, Germany
| | - R A Jörres
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich/Neuherberg, Germany
| | - R Schierl
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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14
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Luo Y, Lin X, Huang P. 3D Bioprinting of Artificial Tissues: Construction of Biomimetic Microstructures. Macromol Biosci 2018; 18:e1800034. [PMID: 29687598 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is promising that artificial tissues/organs for clinical application can be produced via 3D bioprinting of living cells and biomaterials. The construction of microstructures biomimicking native tissues is crucially important to create artificial tissues with biological functions. For instance, the fabrication of vessel-like networks to supply cells with initial nutrient and oxygen, and the arrangement of multiple types of cells for creating lamellar/complex tissues through 3D bioprinting are widely reported. The current advances in 3D bioprinting of artificial tissues from the view of construction of biomimetic microstructures, especially the fabrication of lamellar, vascular, and complex structures are summarized. In the end, the conclusion and perspective of 3D bioprinting for clinical applications are elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xin Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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15
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Suh JM, Sohn W, Shim YS, Choi JS, Song YG, Kim TL, Jeon JM, Kwon KC, Choi KS, Kang CY, Byun HG, Jang HW. p-p Heterojunction of Nickel Oxide-Decorated Cobalt Oxide Nanorods for Enhanced Sensitivity and Selectivity toward Volatile Organic Compounds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:1050-1058. [PMID: 29235841 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b14545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of p-p isotype heterojunctions is an effective strategy to enhance the gas sensing properties of metal-oxide semiconductors, but most previous studies focused on p-n heterojunctions owing to their simple mechanism of formation of depletion layers. However, a proper choice of isotype semiconductors with appropriate energy bands can also contribute to the enhancement of the gas sensing performance. Herein, we report nickel oxide (NiO)-decorated cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanorods (NRs) fabricated using the multiple-step glancing angle deposition method. The effective decoration of NiO on the entire surface of Co3O4 NRs enabled the formation of numerous p-p heterojunctions, and they exhibited a 16.78 times higher gas response to 50 ppm of C6H6 at 350 °C compared to that of bare Co3O4 NRs with the calculated detection limit of approximately 13.91 ppb. Apart from the p-p heterojunctions, increased active sites owing to the changes in the orientation of the exposed lattice surface and the catalytic effects of NiO also contributed to the enhanced gas sensing properties. The advantages of p-p heterojunctions for gas sensing applications demonstrated in this work will provide a new perspective of heterostructured metal-oxide nanostructures for sensitive and selective gas sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Min Suh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Woonbae Sohn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seok Shim
- Center for Electronic Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Sik Choi
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Kangwon National University , Samcheok 25913, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Geun Song
- Center for Electronic Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Taemin L Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Myeong Jeon
- Fundamental Technology Group, Central R&D Institute, Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co. , Suwon 16674, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Chang Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Soon Choi
- Advanced Nano-Surface Research Group, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) , Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Yun Kang
- Center for Electronic Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Gi Byun
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Kangwon National University , Samcheok 25913, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Won Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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16
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Poma A, Colafarina S, Aruffo E, Zarivi O, Bonfigli A, Di Bucchianico S, Di Carlo P. Effects of ozone exposure on human epithelial adenocarcinoma and normal fibroblasts cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184519. [PMID: 28886142 PMCID: PMC5590931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies show variable ozone cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in cell cultures, laboratory animals and humans directly exposed to tropospheric ozone. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate and compare the cyto and genotoxic effects of ozone using adenocarcinoma human alveolar basal epithelial cells A549 and normal human fibroblasts Hs27. A cell culture chamber with controlled atmosphere (a simulation reactor) was built to inject a flow of 120 ppb of ozone, which is two times the threshold value for the protection of human health, fixed by the EU legislation. Cell proliferation was evaluated by a luminescent cell viability assay while we assessed the genotoxic potential of ozone by the induction of micronuclei as well as evaluating DNA strand breaks by the induction of micronuclei evaluated by means of the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay as well as evaluating DNA strand breaks by Alkaline Comet Assay (CA) or Comet Assay. A549 cells viability decreases significantly at 24 hours treatment with 120 ppb of O3 while at 48 hours and 72 hours O3 treated cells viability doesn’t differ in respect to the control. However a significative decrease of A549 viability is shown at 72 hours vs. 48 hours in both treated and not-treated cells. The viability trend in the Hs27 cells did not show any significant changes in treated samples compared to the control in all conditions. The two genotoxicity biomarkers, the micronucleus and the comet tests, showed in both the cell types exposed to ozone, a significant increase in the number of micronuclei and in the tail DNA % in respect to the control even if at different times/cell type. Moreover, we found that O3 provokes genotoxic effects more evident in A549 cancer cells than in normal fibroblasts Hs27 ones. We applied a cell growth simulation model referred to ozone treated or not cell lines to confirm that the ozone exposure causes a slackening in the cells replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Poma
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Sabrina Colafarina
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Eleonora Aruffo
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Centre of Excellence CETEMPS, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Osvaldo Zarivi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonella Bonfigli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Piero Di Carlo
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Centre of Excellence CETEMPS, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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17
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Zavala J, Greenan R, Krantz QT, DeMarini DM, Higuchi M, Gilmour MI, White PA. Regulating temperature and relative humidity in air-liquid interface in vitro systems eliminates cytotoxicity resulting from control air exposures. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:448-459. [PMID: 30090513 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00109f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
VITROCELL® systems permit cell exposures at the air-liquid interface (ALI); however, there are inconsistent methodologies in the literature for their operation. Some studies find that exposure to air (vehicle control) induced cytotoxicity relative to incubator controls; others do not mention if any cytotoxicity was encountered. We sought to test whether temperature and relative humidity (temp/RH) influence cytotoxicity with an unmodified (conditions A & B) and modified (condition C) VITROCELL® 6 CF with temp/RH controls to permit conditioning of the sampled air-flow. We exposed BEAS-2B cells for 1 h to air and measured viability (WST-1 cell proliferation assay) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release 6 h post-exposure. Relative to controls, cells exposed to air at (A) 22 °C and 18% RH had a 47.9% ± 3.2% (p < 0.0001) reduction in cell viability and 10.7% ± 2.0% (p < 0.0001) increase in LDH release (B) 22 °C and 55% RH had a 40.3% ± 5.8% (p < 0.0001) reduction in cell viability and 2.6% ± 2.0% (p = 0.2056) increase in LDH release, or (C) 37 °C and >75% RH showed no changes in cell viability and no increase in LDH release. Furthermore, cells exposed to air at 37 °C and >75% RH 24 h post-exposure showed no changes in viability or LDH release relative to incubator controls. Thus, reductions in cell viability were induced under conditions used typically in the literature (conditions A & B). However, our modifications (condition C) overcome this shortcoming by preventing cell desiccation; regulating temp/RH is essential for conducting adequate ALI exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Zavala
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - Rebecca Greenan
- Mechanistic Studies Division , Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau , Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada . ; ; Tel: +1-613-941-7373
| | - Q Todd Krantz
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - David M DeMarini
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - Mark Higuchi
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - Paul A White
- Mechanistic Studies Division , Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau , Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada . ; ; Tel: +1-613-941-7373
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18
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Pirela SV, Martin J, Bello D, Demokritou P. Nanoparticle exposures from nano-enabled toner-based printing equipment and human health: state of science and future research needs. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 47:678-704. [PMID: 28524743 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1318354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Toner formulations used by laser printers (LP) and photocopiers (PC), collectively called "toner-based printing equipment" (TPE), are nano-enabled products (NEP) because they contain several engineered nanomaterials (ENM) that improve toner performance. It has been shown that during consumer use (printing), these ENM are released in the air, together with other semi-volatile organic nanoparticles, and newly formed gaseous co-pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOC). The aim of this review is to detail and analyze physico-chemical and morphological (PCM), as well as the toxicological properties of particulate matter (PM) emissions from TPE. The review covers evolution of science since the early 2000, when this printing technology first became a subject of public interest, as well as the lagging regulatory framework around it. Important studies that have significantly changed our understanding of these exposures are also highlighted. The review continues with a critical appraisal of the most up-to-date cellular, animal and human toxicological evidence on the potential adverse human health effects of PM emitted from TPE. We highlight several limitations of existing studies, including (i) use of high and often unrealistic doses in vitro or in vivo; (ii) unrealistically high-dose rates in intratracheal instillation studies; (iii) improper use of toners as surrogate for emitted nanoparticles; (iv) lack of or inadequate PCM characterization of exposures; and (v) lack of dosimetry considerations in in vitro studies. Presently, there is compelling evidence that the PM0.1 from TPE are biologically active and capable of inducing oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo, respiratory tract inflammation in vivo (in rats) and in humans, several endpoints of cellular injury in monocultures and co-cultures, including moderate epigenetic modifications in vitro. In humans, limited epidemiological studies report typically 2-3 times higher prevalence of chronic cough, wheezing, nasal blockage, excessive sputum production, breathing difficulties, and shortness of breath, in copier operators relative to controls. Such symptoms can be exacerbated during chronic exposures, and in individuals susceptible to inhaled pollutants. Thus respiratory, immunological, cardiovascular, and other disorders may be developed following such exposures; however, further toxicological and larger scale molecular epidemiological studies must be done to fully understand the mechanism of action of these TPE emitted nanoparticles. Major research gaps have also been identified. Among them, a methodical risk assessment based on "real world" exposures rather than on the toner particles alone needs to be performed to provide the much-needed data to establish regulatory guidelines protective of individuals exposed to TPE emissions at both the occupational and consumer level. Industry-wide molecular epidemiology as well as mechanistic animal and human studies are also urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Vanessa Pirela
- a Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology , Boston , MA , USA
| | - John Martin
- b Department of Public Health , UMass Lowell , Lowell , MA , USA
| | - Dhimiter Bello
- a Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology , Boston , MA , USA.,b Department of Public Health , UMass Lowell , Lowell , MA , USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- a Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology , Boston , MA , USA
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19
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Ferk F, Gminski R, Al-Serori H, Mišík M, Nersesyan A, Koller VJ, Angerer V, Auwärter V, Tang T, Arif AT, Knasmüller S. Genotoxic properties of XLR-11, a widely consumed synthetic cannabinoid, and of the benzoyl indole RCS-4. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:3111-3123. [PMID: 26856714 PMCID: PMC5104816 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1664-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aim of this study was the investigation of the genotoxic properties of XLR-11 [1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone, a widely consumed synthetic cannabinoid (SC), and of the benzoyl indole RCS-4 (4-methoxyphenyl)(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone). We characterized the DNA-damaging properties of these drugs in different experimental systems. No evidence for induction of gene mutations was detected in bacterial (Salmonella/microsome) tests, but clear dose-dependent effects were found in in vitro single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assays with human lymphocytes and with buccal- and lung-derived human cell lines (TR-146 and A-549). These experiments are based on the determination of DNA migration in an electric field and enable the detection of single- and double-strand breaks and apurinic sites. Furthermore, we found that both drugs induce micronuclei which are formed as a consequence of chromosomal aberrations. The lack of effects in SCGE experiments with lesion-specific enzymes (FPG, Endo III) shows that the DNA damage is not caused by formation of oxidatively damaged bases; experiments with liver enzyme homogenates and bovine serum albumin indicate that the drugs are not converted enzymatically to DNA-reactive intermediates. Furthermore, results with buccal- and lung-derived human cells show that gaseous treatment of the cells under conditions which reflect the exposure situation in drug users may cause damage of the genetic material in epithelia of the respiratory tract. Since DNA instability is involved in the etiology of cancer, these findings can be taken as an indication that consumption of the SCs may cause tumors in the respiratory tract of consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Ferk
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Gminski
- Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Halh Al-Serori
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miroslav Mišík
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armen Nersesyan
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena J Koller
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Angerer
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tao Tang
- Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ali Talib Arif
- Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Science - Geochemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Siegfried Knasmüller
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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IKEGAMI K, HASEGAWA M, ANDO H, HATA K, KITAMURA H, OGAMI A, HIGASHI T. A cohort study of the acute and chronic respiratory effects of toner exposure among handlers: a longitudinal analyses from 2004 to 2013. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2016; 54:448-459. [PMID: 27021062 PMCID: PMC5054286 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2015-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the acute and chronic respiratory effects of toner exposure based on markers for interstitial pneumonia, oxidative stress and pulmonary function tests. A total of 112 subjects working in a Japanese toner and photocopier manufacturing company participated in this study in 2004. We annually conducted personal exposure measurements, pulmonary function tests, chest X-ray examinations, biomarkers, and questionnaires on respiratory symptoms to the subjects. We report in this paper the results of the analysis of combined annual survey point data from 2004 to 2008 and data from three annual survey points, 2004, 2008, and 2013. During these survey periods, we observed that none of subjects had a new onset of respiratory disease or died of such a disease. In both the analyses, there were no significant differences in each biomarker and pulmonary function tests within the subjects, nor between a toner-handling group and a non-toner-handling group, except for a few results on pulmonary function tests. The findings of this study suggest that there were no acute and chronic respiratory effects of toner exposure in this cohort group, although the number of subjects was small and the level of toner exposure in this worksite was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori IKEGAMI
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Masayuki HASEGAWA
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Hajime ANDO
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Koichi HATA
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Hiroko KITAMURA
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Akira OGAMI
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Toshiaki HIGASHI
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
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Pirela SV, Miousse IR, Lu X, Castranova V, Thomas T, Qian Y, Bello D, Kobzik L, Koturbash I, Demokritou P. Effects of Laser Printer-Emitted Engineered Nanoparticles on Cytotoxicity, Chemokine Expression, Reactive Oxygen Species, DNA Methylation, and DNA Damage: A Comprehensive in Vitro Analysis in Human Small Airway Epithelial Cells, Macrophages, and Lymphoblasts. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:210-9. [PMID: 26080392 PMCID: PMC4749083 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) incorporated into toner formulations of printing equipment become airborne during consumer use. Although information on the complex physicochemical and toxicological properties of both toner powders and printer-emitted particles (PEPs) continues to grow, most toxicological studies have not used the actual PEPs but rather have primarily used raw toner powders, which are not representative of current exposures experienced at the consumer level during printing. OBJECTIVES We assessed the biological responses of a panel of human cell lines to PEPs. METHODS Three physiologically relevant cell lines--small airway epithelial cells (SAECs), macrophages (THP-1 cells), and lymphoblasts (TK6 cells)--were exposed to PEPs at a wide range of doses (0.5-100 μg/mL) corresponding to human inhalation exposure durations at the consumer level of 8 hr or more. Following treatment, toxicological parameters reflecting distinct mechanisms were evaluated. RESULTS PEPs caused significant membrane integrity damage, an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine release in different cell lines at doses equivalent to exposure durations from 7.8 to 1,500 hr. Furthermore, there were differences in methylation patterns that, although not statistically significant, demonstrate the potential effects of PEPs on the overall epigenome following exposure. CONCLUSIONS The in vitro findings obtained in this study suggest that laser printer-emitted engineered nanoparticles may be deleterious to lung cells and provide preliminary evidence of epigenetic modifications that might translate to pulmonary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra V. Pirela
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Isabelle R. Miousse
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Treye Thomas
- Office of Hazard Identification and Reduction, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Yong Qian
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Dhimiter Bello
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lester Kobzik
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Address correspondence to P. Demokritou, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Ave., Room 1310B, Boston, MA 02115 USA. (617) 432-3481. E-mail:
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Desmond C, Verdun-Esquer C, Rinaldo M, Courtois A, Labadie M. Mise au point sur les risques toxiques lors de l’utilisation professionnelle des photocopieurs. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.admp.2015.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Rücker
- Institute for Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg , Scharnhorststrasse 1, D-21335 Lüneburg, Germany
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Kitamura H, Terunuma N, Kurosaki S, Hata K, Masuda M, Kochi T, Yanagi N, Murase T, Ogami A, Higashi T. A cohort study of toner-handling workers on inflammatory, allergic, and oxidative stress markers. Hum Exp Toxicol 2014; 34:337-44. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327113512339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: This study examines the relationship between toner exposure and its health effects in terms of biomarkers which are known to assess the damages to humans caused by toxic material exposure. Methods: The subjects were 1504 male workers aged below 50 in 2003 in a Japanese toner and photocopier manufacturing company. Personal exposure measurements, pulmonary function tests, chest X-ray examinations, biomarker measurement, and a questionnaire about respiratory symptoms were conducted. We will report about biomarker measurement in this study. Cross-sectional survey studies and a longitudinal study from 2003 to 2008 were conducted. Results: Few significant findings were associated with the toner exposure in both the cross-sectional and the longitudinal studies. The higher toner exposure concentrations did not induce effects on increasing biomarkers. Conclusion: There was no evidence of excessive inflammatory, allergic, or oxidative stress reaction in toner-handling workers as compared to non-handling workers, despite some sporadically significant findings. There are no other reports of a longitudinal epidemiological study with regard to toner exposure; this report significantly contributes to toner exposure literature. Although in the current well-controlled working environment, the toner exposure concentrations are quite low; further studies are needed to completely understand the health effects toner may have, however small they may be.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kitamura
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - N Terunuma
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - S Kurosaki
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - K Hata
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - M Masuda
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - T Kochi
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - N Yanagi
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - T Murase
- Department of Haematology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Hachioji, Japan
| | - A Ogami
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - T Higashi
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Kitamura H, Terunuma N, Kurosaki S, Hata K, Masuda M, Kochi T, Yanagi N, Murase T, Ogami A, Higashi T. A cohort study using pulmonary function tests and x-ray examination in toner-handling workers: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses from 2003 to 2008. Hum Exp Toxicol 2014; 34:345-56. [PMID: 25034943 DOI: 10.1177/0960327113520018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study uses pulmonary function tests and chest x-ray examinations to examine the relationship between toner-handling work and its health effects. METHODS The subjects were 1504 male workers in a Japanese toner and photocopier manufacturing company, in the age range from 19 to 50 years in 2003. Personal exposure measurements, pulmonary function tests, chest x-ray examinations, biomarker measurements, and a questionnaire about respiratory symptoms were conducted. The present study reports the results of pulmonary function tests and chest x-ray examinations conducted in the subjects, which includes a cross-sectional study on the toner handling and non-handling workers and a longitudinal study from 2003 to 2008. RESULTS Few significant findings were suspected to be caused by toner exposure found in pulmonary function indices in both the cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Any obvious fibrotic findings in chest x-ray findings related to the toner exposure could not be found out. CONCLUSION No evidence of adverse effects on pulmonary function indices and chest x-rays was present in the toner-handling workers as compared to the nonspecifically exposed workers. Although the toner exposure concentration is quite low in the current well-controlled working environment, even among the toner-handling workers, we would like to continue this study in the future to verify the toner exposure health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kitamura
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - N Terunuma
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - S Kurosaki
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - K Hata
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - M Masuda
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - T Kochi
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - N Yanagi
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - T Murase
- Department of Haematology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Hachioji, Japan
| | - A Ogami
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - T Higashi
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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de Oliveira Alves N, de Souza Hacon S, de Oliveira Galvão MF, Simões Peixotoc M, Artaxo P, de Castro Vasconcellos P, de Medeiros SRB. Genetic damage of organic matter in the Brazilian Amazon: a comparative study between intense and moderate biomass burning. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 130:51-58. [PMID: 24525281 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biomass burning that occurs in the Amazon region has an adverse effect on environmental and human health. However, in this region, there are limited studies linking atmospheric pollution and genetic damage. OBJECTIVE We conducted a comparative study during intense and moderate biomass burning periods focusing on the genetic damage and physicochemical analyses of the particulate matter (PM). METHOD PM and black carbon (BC) were determined; organic compounds were identified and quantified using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, the cyto-genotoxicity test was performed using two bioassays: cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) in A549 cells and Tradescantia pallida micronucleus (Trad-MCN) assay. RESULTS The PM10 concentrations were lower than the World Health Organization air quality standard for 24h. The n-alkanes analyses indicate anthropogenic and biogenic influences during intense and moderate biomass burning periods, respectively. Retene was identified as the most abundant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon during both sampling periods. Carcinogenic and mutagenic compounds were identified. The genotoxic analysis through CBMN and Trad-MCN tests showed that the frequency MCN from the intense burning period is significantly higher compared to moderate burning period. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study using human alveolar cells to show the genotoxic effects of organic PM from biomass burning samples collected in Amazon region. The genotoxicity of PM can be associated with the presence of several mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds, mainly benzo[a]pyrene. These findings have potential implications for the development of pollution abatement strategies and can minimize negative impact on health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Milena Simões Peixotoc
- Cellular Biology and Genetics Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Silvia Regina Batistuzzo de Medeiros
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil; Cellular Biology and Genetics Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.
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Evaluation method for the cytotoxicity of cigarette smoke by in vitro whole smoke exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 66:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Khatri M, Bello D, Pal AK, Woskie S, Gassert TH, Demokritou P, Gaines P. Toxicological effects of PM0.25–2.0particles collected from a photocopy center in three human cell lines. Inhal Toxicol 2013; 25:621-32. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.824525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Khatri M, Bello D, Pal AK, Cohen JM, Woskie S, Gassert T, Lan J, Gu AZ, Demokritou P, Gaines P. Evaluation of cytotoxic, genotoxic and inflammatory responses of nanoparticles from photocopiers in three human cell lines. Part Fibre Toxicol 2013; 10:42. [PMID: 23968360 PMCID: PMC3766213 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-10-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Photocopiers emit nanoparticles with complex chemical composition. Short-term exposures to modest nanoparticle concentrations triggered upper airway inflammation and oxidative stress in healthy human volunteers in a recent study. To further understand the toxicological properties of copier-emitted nanoparticles, we studied in-vitro their ability to induce cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory cytokine release, DNA damage, and apoptosis in relevant human cell lines. Methods Three cell types were used: THP-1, primary human nasal- and small airway epithelial cells. Following collection in a large volume photocopy center, nanoparticles were extracted, dispersed and characterized in the cell culture medium. Cells were doped at 30, 100 and 300 μg/mL administered doses for up to 24 hrs. Estimated dose delivered to cells, was ~10% and 22% of the administered dose at 6 and 24 hrs, respectively. Gene expression analysis of key biomarkers was performed using real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) in THP-1 cells at 5 μg nanoparticles/mL for 6-hr exposure for confirmation purposes. Results Multiple cytokines, GM-CSF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IFNγ, MCP-1, TNF-α and VEGF, were significantly elevated in THP-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Gene expression analysis confirmed up-regulation of the TNF-α gene in THP-1 cells, consistent with cytokine findings. In both primary epithelial cells, cytokines IL-8, VEGF, EGF, IL-1α, TNF-α, IL-6 and GM-CSF were significantly elevated. Apoptosis was induced in all cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, consistent with the significant up-regulation of key apoptosis-regulating genes P53 and Casp8 in THP-1 cells. No significant DNA damage was found at any concentration with the comet assay. Up-regulation of key DNA damage and repair genes, Ku70 and Rad51, were also observed in THP-1 cells, albeit not statistically significant. Significant up-regulation of the key gene HO1 for oxidative stress, implicates oxidative stress induced by nanoparticles. Conclusions Copier-emitted nanoparticles induced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, apoptosis and modest cytotoxicity but no DNA damage in all three-human cell lines. Taken together with gene expression data in THP-1 cells, we conclude that these nanoparticles are directly responsible for inflammation observed in human volunteers. Further toxicological evaluations of these nanoparticles, including across different toner formulations, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Khatri
- Department of Work Environment, One University Avenue, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 0185, USA.
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Pirela S, Molina R, Watson C, Cohen JM, Bello D, Demokritou P, Brain J. Effects of copy center particles on the lungs: a toxicological characterization using a Balb/c mouse model. Inhal Toxicol 2013; 25:498-508. [PMID: 23895351 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.806614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Printers and photocopiers release respirable particles into the air. Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have been recently incorporated into toner formulations but their potential toxicological effects have not been well studied. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the biological responses to copier-emitted particles in the lungs using a mouse model. METHODS Particulate matter (PM) from a university copy center was sampled and fractionated into three distinct sizes, two of which (PM0.1 and PM0.1-2.5) were evaluated in this study. The particles were extracted and dispersed in deionized water and RPMI/10% FBS. Hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential were evaluated by dynamic light scattering. The toxicological potential of these particles was studied using 8-week-old male Balb/c mice. Mice were intratracheally instilled with 0.2, 0.6, 2.0 mg/kg bw of either the PM0.1 and PM0.1-2.5 size fractions. Fe2O3 and welding fumes were used as comparative materials, while RPMI/10% FBS was used as the vehicle control. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed 24 hours post-instillation. The BAL fluid was analyzed for total and differential cell counts, and biochemical markers of injury and inflammation. RESULTS Particle size- and dose-dependent pulmonary effects were found. Specifically, mice instilled with PM0.1 (2.0 mg/kg bw) had significant increases in neutrophil number, lactate dehydrogenase and albumin compared to vehicle control. Likewise, pro-inflammatory cytokines were elevated in mice exposed to PM0.1 (2.0 mg/kg bw) compared to other groups. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that exposure to copier-emitted nanoparticles may induce lung injury and inflammation. Further exposure assessment and toxicological investigations are necessary to address this emerging environmental health pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pirela
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
The increased risk of morbidity and mortality among adults and children with pre-existing cardiovascular or respiratory illness from emission-derived particulate matter (PM) is well documented. However, the detrimental effects of PM inhalation on the exercising, healthy population is still in question. This review will focus on the acute and chronic responses to PM inhalation during exercise and how PM exposure influences exercise performance. The smaller ultrafine PM (<0.01 μm aerodynamic diameter) appears to have the most severe health consequences compared with the larger coarse PM (2.5 < PM <10 μm aerodynamic diameter). While the response to PM inhalation may affect those with a pre-existing condition, the healthy population is not immune to the effects of PM inhalation, especially during exercise. This population, including the competitive athlete, is susceptible to pulmonary inflammation, decreased lung function (both acute and chronic in nature), the increased risk of asthma, vascular endothelial dysfunction, mild elevations in pulmonary artery pressure and diminished exercise performance. PM exposure is usually associated with vehicular traffic, but other sources of PM, including small engines from lawn and garden equipment, cigarette smoke, wood smoke and cooking, may also impair health and performance. The physiological effects of PM are dependent on the source of PM, various environmental factors, physical attributes and nature of exercise. There are a number of measures an athlete can take to reduce exposure to PM, as well as the deleterious effects that result from the inevitable exposure to PM. Considering the acute and chronic physiological responses to PM inhalation, individuals living and exercising in urban areas in close proximity to major roadways should consider ambient air pollution levels (in particular, PM and ozone) prior to engaging in vigorous exercise, and those exposed to PM through other sources may need to make lifestyle alterations to avoid the deleterious effects of PM inhalation. Although it is clear that PM exposure is detrimental to healthy individuals engaging in exercise, further research is necessary to better understand the role of PM on athlete health and performance, as well as measures that can attenuate the harmful effects of PM.
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The CULTEX RFS: a comprehensive technical approach for the in vitro exposure of airway epithelial cells to the particulate matter at the air-liquid interface. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:734137. [PMID: 23509768 PMCID: PMC3581133 DOI: 10.1155/2013/734137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The EU Regulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) demands the implementation of alternative methods for analyzing the hazardous effects of chemicals including particulate formulations. In the field of inhalation toxicology, a variety of in vitro models have been developed for such studies. To simulate the in vivo situation, an adequate exposure device is necessary for the direct exposure of cultivated lung cells at the air-liquid interface (ALI). The CULTEX RFS fulfills these requirements and has been optimized for the exposure of cells to atomized suspensions, gases, and volatile compounds as well as micro- and nanosized particles. This study provides information on the construction and functional aspects of the exposure device. By using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis, the technical design was optimized to realize a stable, reproducible, and homogeneous deposition of particles. The efficiency of the exposure procedure is demonstrated by exposing A549 cells dose dependently to lactose monohydrate, copper(II) sulfate, copper(II) oxide, and micro- and nanoparticles. All copper compounds induced cytotoxic effects, most pronounced for soluble copper(II) sulfate. Micro- and nanosized copper(II) oxide also showed a dose-dependent decrease in the cell viability, whereby the nanosized particles decreased the metabolic activity of the cells more severely.
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Oxidative stress and inflammatory response to printer toner particles in human epithelial A549 lung cells. Toxicol Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Tang N, Yoda Y, Otani N, Kameda T, Toriba A, Hayakawa K, Shima M. Personal and atmospheric concentrations of ozone in southeastern Hyogo prefecture, Japan. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2012; 60:962-6. [PMID: 22863698 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c12-00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-one data sets composed of readings collected by atmospheric ozone monitors worn by individuals on their clothing and installed outside their home or office were collected using Ogawa passive ozone samplers in southeastern Hyogo prefecture, Japan from September 12 to 13, 2011. The concentrations of personal and outdoor ozone ranged from not detectable to 23.2 ppb and from 4.7 to 38.3 ppb, respectively. The mean concentration of personal exposure to ozone was 3.7 ppb and was significantly lower than that of outdoor ozone (18.5 ppb). This suggests that the concentrations of outdoor ozone affect personal ozone exposure. However, in this study, we found no correlation between the concentrations of personal ozone and the total time spent outdoors or the time of day the individual was outside. In contrast, the mean concentrations of outdoor ozone were similar to those of ozone measured at the 12 nearest Ambient Monitoring Stations (AMSs). However, when the AMS was situated near a main road, the regional ozone levels were underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Tang
- Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan.
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Bello D, Martin J, Santeufemio C, Sun Q, Lee Bunker K, Shafer M, Demokritou P. Physicochemical and morphological characterisation of nanoparticles from photocopiers: implications for environmental health. Nanotoxicology 2012; 7:989-1003. [PMID: 22551088 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2012.689883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Several reports link printing and photocopying with genotoxicity, immunologic and respiratory diseases. Photocopiers and printers emit nanoparticles, which may be involved in these diseases. The physicochemical and morphological composition of these emitted nanoparticles, which is poorly understood and is critical for toxicological evaluations, was assessed in this study using both real-time instrumentation and analytical methods. Tests included elemental composition (40 metals), semi-volatile organics (100 compounds) and single particle analysis, using multiple high-sensitivity/resolution techniques. Identical analyses were performed on the toners and dust collected from copier's exhaust filter. Engineered nanoparticles, including titanium dioxide, iron oxide and fumed silica, and several metals were found in toners and airborne nanoscale fraction. Chemical composition of airborne nanoscale fraction was complex and reflected toner chemistry. These findings are important in understanding the origin and toxicology of such nanoparticles. Further investigation of their chemistry, larger scale exposure studies and thorough toxicological characterisation of emitted nanoparticles is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhimiter Bello
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue , Lowell, MA 02215, USA
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