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Silva V, Gai L, Harkes P, Tan G, Ritsema CJ, Alcon F, Contreras J, Abrantes N, Campos I, Baldi I, Bureau M, Christ F, Mandrioli D, Sgargi D, Pasković I, Polić Pasković M, Glavan M, Hofman J, Huerta Lwanga E, Norgaard T, Bílková Z, Osman R, Khurshid C, Navarro I, de la Torre A, Sanz P, Ángeles Martínez M, Dias J, Mol H, Gort G, Martins Figueiredo D, Scheepers PTJ, Schlünssen V, Vested A, Alaoui A, Geissen V. Pesticide residues with hazard classifications relevant to non-target species including humans are omnipresent in the environment and farmer residences. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 181:108280. [PMID: 37924602 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Intensive and widespread use of pesticides raises serious environmental and human health concerns. The presence and levels of 209 pesticide residues (active substances and transformation products) in 625 environmental samples (201 soil, 193 crop, 20 outdoor air, 115 indoor dust, 58 surface water, and 38 sediment samples) have been studied. The samples were collected during the 2021 growing season, across 10 study sites, covering the main European crops, and conventional and organic farming systems. We profiled the pesticide residues found in the different matrices using existing hazard classifications towards non-target organisms and humans. Combining monitoring data and hazard information, we developed an indicator for the prioritization of pesticides, which can support policy decisions and sustainable pesticide use transitions. Eighty-six percent of the samples had at least one residue above the respective limit of detection. One hundred residues were found in soil, 112 in water, 99 in sediments, 78 in crops, 76 in outdoor air, and 197 in indoor dust. The number, levels, and profile of residues varied between farming systems. Our results show that non-approved compounds still represent a significant part of environmental cocktails and should be accounted for in monitoring programs and risk assessments. The hazard profiles analysis confirms the dominance of compounds of low-moderate hazard and underscores the high hazard of some approved compounds and recurring "no data available" situations. Overall, our results support the idea that risk should be assessed in a mixture context, taking environmentally relevant mixtures into consideration. We have uncovered uncertainties and data gaps that should be addressed, as well as the policy implications at the EU approval status level. Our newly introduced indicator can help identify research priority areas, and act as a reference for targeted scenarios set forth in the Farm to Fork pesticide reduction goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Silva
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Netherlands
| | - Lingtong Gai
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Netherlands.
| | - Paula Harkes
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Netherlands
| | - Gaowei Tan
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Netherlands
| | - Coen J Ritsema
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Netherlands
| | - Francisco Alcon
- Agricultural Engineering School, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain
| | - Josefa Contreras
- Agricultural Engineering School, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain
| | - Nelson Abrantes
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Campos
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabelle Baldi
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Mathilde Bureau
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Florian Christ
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Daria Sgargi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Italy
| | - Igor Pasković
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia
| | - Marija Polić Pasković
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia
| | - Matjaž Glavan
- Agronomy Department, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jakub Hofman
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, The Czech Republic
| | | | - Trine Norgaard
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Zuzana Bílková
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, The Czech Republic
| | - Rima Osman
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Netherlands
| | - Chrow Khurshid
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Netherlands
| | - Irene Navarro
- Unit of POPs and Emerging Pollutants in Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián de la Torre
- Unit of POPs and Emerging Pollutants in Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Sanz
- Unit of POPs and Emerging Pollutants in Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Martínez
- Unit of POPs and Emerging Pollutants in Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonatan Dias
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), part of Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Mol
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), part of Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Gort
- Biometris, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul T J Scheepers
- Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Vivi Schlünssen
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit for Environment, Occupation and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Vested
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit for Environment, Occupation and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Abdallah Alaoui
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Violette Geissen
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Netherlands
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2
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Monticelli Barizon RR, Kummrow F, Fernandes de Albuquerque A, Assalin MR, Rosa MA, Cassoli de Souza Dutra DR, Almeida Pazianotto RA. Surface water contamination from pesticide mixtures and risks to aquatic life in a high-input agricultural region of Brazil. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136400. [PMID: 36116631 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The environmental risks of pesticides found in surface waters of an important agricultural basin in Brazil were estimated by adopting two approaches: individual pesticides risk quotients (RQ) and concentration addition model for pesticide mixtures (∑RQs) contained in each water sample. Monitoring was carried out in the Mogi Guaçu River basin, Brazil, from October 2017 to May 2018. Four sampling points were selected in the Mogi Guaçu River and seven in its tributaries A multiresidue method with solid-phase extraction and subsequent analysis by UPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS was developed to quantify 19 pesticides. Herbicides, except for simazine, presented the highest detection frequencies with values above 70%. Tebuthiuron was found in all 55 analyzed samples, presenting the highest concentration (6437 ng L-1) over the monitoring period. Fungicides and insecticides showed similar detection frequency (DF) values, ranging from 1.8% to 21.8%. Tebuconazole and carbofuran were the fungicides and insecticides most frequently detected, respectively. January 2018 sampling showed the highest total concentration of pesticides, differing from March 2018 and May 2018 (p < 0.05). The MG2 > TMG8 > MG1 > TMG6 sites showed the highest concentration total of pesticides while MG4 > TMG4 > TMG3 (p < 0.05) sites showed the lowest values: MG4 > TMG4 > TMG3 (p < 0.05). Most pesticide occurrences presented no risks to aquatic organisms. Only 19 out of the 175 pesticide occurrences > LOQ presented individual risks to aquatic biota. Contrary to the results obtained by the individual risk assessment, most pesticide mixtures presented risks to aquatic biota. In 36 out of the 55 samples analyzed during monitoring, pesticide mixtures presented risks to aquatic life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fábio Kummrow
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp) - Campus Diadema, Rua São Nicolau, 210 - Centro, Diadema, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Márcia Regina Assalin
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Embrapa, SP 340 Road, Km 127.5, Jaguaríúna, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Aparecida Rosa
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Embrapa, SP 340 Road, Km 127.5, Jaguaríúna, SP, Brazil.
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3
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Holmes CM, Maltby L, Sweeney P, Thorbek P, Otte JC, Marshall S. Heterogeneity in biological assemblages and exposure in chemical risk assessment: Exploring capabilities and challenges in methodology with two landscape-scale case studies. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 246:114143. [PMID: 36201920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemical exposure concentrations and the composition of ecological receptors (e.g., species) vary in space and time, resulting in landscape-scale (e.g. catchment) heterogeneity. Current regulatory, prospective chemical risk assessment frameworks do not directly address this heterogeneity because they assume that reasonably worst-case chemical exposure concentrations co-occur (spatially and temporally) with biological species that are the most sensitive to the chemical's toxicity. Whilst current approaches may parameterise fate models with site-specific data and aim to be protective, a more precise understanding of when and where chemical exposure and species sensitivity co-occur enables risk assessments to be better tailored and applied mitigation more efficient. We use two aquatic case studies covering different spatial and temporal resolution to explore how geo-referenced data and spatial tools might be used to account for landscape heterogeneity of chemical exposure and ecological assemblages in prospective risk assessment. Each case study followed a stepwise approach: i) estimate and establish spatial chemical exposure distributions using local environmental information and environmental fate models; ii) derive toxicity thresholds for different taxonomic groups and determine geo-referenced distributions of exposure-toxicity ratios (i.e., potential risk); iii) overlay risk data with the ecological status of biomonitoring sites to determine if relationships exist. We focus on demonstrating whether the integration of relevant data and potential approaches is feasible rather than making comprehensive and refined risk assessments of specific chemicals. The case studies indicate that geo-referenced predicted environmental concentration estimations can be achieved with available data, models and tools but establishing the distribution of species assemblages is reliant on the availability of a few sources of biomonitoring data and tools. Linking large sets of geo-referenced exposure and biomonitoring data is feasible but assessment of risk will often be limited by the availability of ecotoxicity data. The studies highlight the important influence that choices for aggregating data and for the selection of statistical metrics have on assessing and interpreting risk at different spatial scales and patterns of distribution within the landscape. Finally, we discuss approaches and development needs that could help to address environmental heterogeneity in chemical risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Sweeney
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell RG42 6EY, UK
| | | | - Jens C Otte
- BASF, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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4
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Finizio A, Di Guardo A, Menaballi L, Barra Caracciolo A, Grenni P. Mix-Tool: An Edge-of-Field Approach to Predict Pesticide Mixtures of Concern in Surface Water From Agricultural Crops. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:2028-2038. [PMID: 35579390 PMCID: PMC9544912 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Current regulation on the authorization of plant protection products (PPPs) in the European Union is limited to the evaluation of ecological risks for the single active substances they contain. However, plant protection treatments in agriculture often consist of PPPs already containing more than one active substance; moreover, each cropped field receives multiple applications per year, leading to complex pesticide mixtures in the environment. Different transport processes lead to a multitude of heterogeneous and potentially toxic substances that, for example, may reach water bodies and act simultaneously on natural freshwater ecosystems. In this context, the development of methodologies and tools to manage risks of pesticides mixtures is imperative to improve the current ecological risk assessment procedures and to avoid further deterioration of ecological quality of natural resources. The present study suggests new procedures for identifying pesticide mixtures of potential concern released from agricultural crops in surface water. The approach follows the European Union regulatory context for the authorization of PPPs in the market (edge-of field risk assessment) and requires the use of Forum for the Co-ordination of pesticide fate models and their Use (FOCUS) models (Step 3 and 4) for calculating the concentrations in surface water of mixture components on a daily basis. Moreover, it uses concentration addition models to calculate the toxic potency of the pesticide mixtures released by a treated crop. To implement this procedure, we developed a simple Microsoft-Excel-based tool. We also considered two case studies (maize and apple tree), representative of Italian agricultural scenarios for annual and perennial crops. Moreover, we compared results with 3 years of monitoring data of surface water bodies of the Lombardia region (northern Italy) where the two crops are largely present. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2028-2038. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Finizio
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMilanoItaly
- Water Research InstituteNational Research CouncilMonterotondoRomeItaly
| | - Andrea Di Guardo
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMilanoItaly
| | - Luca Menaballi
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMilanoItaly
- TEAM mastery srlComoItaly
| | | | - Paola Grenni
- Water Research InstituteNational Research CouncilMonterotondoRomeItaly
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5
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Sarkar B, Mukhopadhyay R, Ramanayaka S, Bolan N, Ok YS. The role of soils in the disposition, sequestration and decontamination of environmental contaminants. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200177. [PMID: 34365830 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil serves as both a 'source' and 'sink' for contaminants. As a source, contaminants are derived from both 'geogenic' and 'anthropogenic' origins. Typically, while some of the inorganic contaminants including potentially toxic elements are derived from geogenic origin (e.g. arsenic and selenium) through weathering of parent materials, the majority of organic (e.g. pesticides and microplastics) as well as inorganic (e.g. lead, cadmium) contaminants are derived from anthropogenic origin. As a sink, soil plays a critical role in the transformation of these contaminants and their subsequent transfer to environmental compartments, including groundwater (e.g. pesticides), surface water (phosphate and nitrate), ocean (e.g. microplastics) and atmosphere (e.g. nitrous oxide emission). A complex transformation process of contaminants in soil involving adsorption, precipitation, redox reactions and biodegradation control the mobility, bioavailability and environmental toxicity of these contaminants. Soil also plays a major role in the decontamination of contaminants, and the 'cleaning' action of soil is controlled primarily by the physico-chemical interactions of contaminants with various soil components, and the biochemical transformations facilitated by soil microorganisms. In this article, we examine the geogenic and anthropogenic sources of contaminants reaching the soil, and discuss the role of soil in the sequestration and decontamination of contaminants in relation to various physico-chemical and microbial transformation reactions of contaminants with various soil components. Finally, we propose future actions that would help to maintain the role of soils in protecting the environment from contaminants and delivering sustainable development goals. This article is part of the theme issue 'The role of soils in delivering Nature's Contributions to People'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binoy Sarkar
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Raj Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Sammani Ramanayaka
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.,Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia.,School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6001, Australia.,The UWA Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6001, Australia
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Centre, Association of Pacific Rim Universities (APRU) Sustainable Waste Management Program Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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Martínez-Alcalá I, Guillén-Navarro JM, Lahora A. Occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals in a wastewater treatment plant from southeast of Spain and risk assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 279:111565. [PMID: 33160743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) can be incorporated into ecosystems and pose potential environmental and health hazards. These pollutants are becoming omnipresent in the environment because they are introduced by several sources, being particularly important the contribution of human-derived pharmaceuticals. The presence of PPCPs in waters has received increasing attention in recent years, resulting in great concern regarding their occurrence, transformation, fate and environmental risk. For that reason, the pharmaceuticals carbamazepine (CBZ), diclofenac (DIC), ibuprofen (IBU), ketoprofen (KET) and naproxen (NPX) were measured in the waters and sludge of several parts of a double step activated sludge wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) from Murcia (Spain). With these results, the biological degradation constant, the sorption coefficient and the pharmaceutical removal were calculated. Possible risks to humans and ecosystems were also evaluated. These showed good degradation of IBU and NPX (74.4 and 84.9%, respectively), while CBZ didn't display any degradation. DIC was the compound most likely to be sorbed into the sludge (3.09 L kg-1). The PPCPs removal in this double stage WWTP was compared to a previous data obtained in a WWTP of the same region with an activated sludge (single biological batch reactor). The results showed a decrease in the removal of the double stage plant, probably due to the lower hydraulic retention time employed. The study of the human and ecological risk quotients indicates a low risk of the selected pharmaceuticals (RQ < 0.1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Martínez-Alcalá
- Department of Civil Engineering, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Av. de los Jerónimos, 135, 30107, Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain.
| | - José Manuel Guillén-Navarro
- Department of Civil Engineering, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Av. de los Jerónimos, 135, 30107, Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain
| | - Agustin Lahora
- Regional Entity for Sanitation and Wastewater Treatment in the Region of Murcia (ESAMUR), C. Santiago Navarro, 4, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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7
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Price P. Interindividual Variation in Source-Specific Doses is a Determinant of Health Impacts of Combined Chemical Exposures. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2020; 40:2572-2583. [PMID: 32671861 PMCID: PMC7818457 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
All individuals are exposed to multiple chemicals from multiple sources. These combined exposures are a concern because they may cause adverse effects that would not occur from an exposure recieved from any single source. Studies of combined chemical exposures, however, have found that the risks posed by such combined exposures are almost always driven by exposures from a few chemicals and sources and frequently by a single chemical from a single source. Here, a series of computer simulations of combined exposures are used to investigate when multiple sources of chemicals drive the largest risks in a population and when a single chemical from a single source is responsible for the largest risks. The analysis found that combined exposures drive the largest risks when the interindividual variation of source-specific doses is small, moderate-to-high correlations occur between the source-specific doses, and the number of sources affecting an individual varies across individuals. These findings can be used to identify sources with the greatest potential to cause combined exposures of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Price
- Office of Research and DevelopmentUnited States Environmental Protection AgencyWashingtonDCUSA
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8
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Spilsbury FD, Warne MSJ, Backhaus T. Risk Assessment of Pesticide Mixtures in Australian Rivers Discharging to the Great Barrier Reef. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14361-14371. [PMID: 33136377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rivers discharging to the Great Barrier Reef carry complex pesticide mixtures. Here we present a first comprehensive ecotoxicological risk assessment using species sensitivity distributions (SSDs), explore how risk changes with time and land use, and identify the drivers of mixture risks. The analyzed data set comprises 50 different pesticides and pesticide metabolites that were analyzed in 3741 samples from 18 river and creek catchments between 2011 and 2016. Pesticide mixtures were present in 82% of the samples, with a maximum of 23 pesticides and a median of five compounds per sample. Chemical-analytical techniques were insufficiently sensitive for at least seven pesticides (metsulfuron-methyl, terbutryn, imidacloprid, clothianidin, ametryn, prometryn, and thiamethoxam). The classical mixture concepts of concentration addition and independent action were applied to the pesticide SSDs, focusing on environmental threshold values protective for 95% of the species. Both concepts produced almost identical risk estimates. Mixture risk was therefore finally assessed using concentration addition, as the sum of the individual risk quotients. The sum of risk quotients ranges between 0.05 and 122 with a median of 0.66. An ecotoxicological risk (i.e., a sum of individual risk quotients exceeding 1) was indicated in 38.5% of the samples. Sixteen compounds accounted for 99% of the risk, with diuron, imidacloprid, atrazine, metolachlor, and hexazinone being the most important risk drivers. Analysis of land-use patterns in catchment areas showed an association between sugar cane farming and elevated risk levels, driven by the presence of diuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis D Spilsbury
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
- Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Michael St J Warne
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Department of Environment and Science, Brisbane City, Queensland 4000, Australia
- Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience, Coventry University, Coventry CV83LG, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Backhaus
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
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9
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Warne MSJ, Smith RA, Turner RDR. Analysis of pesticide mixtures discharged to the lagoon of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114088. [PMID: 32531648 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organisms and ecosystems are generally exposed to mixtures of chemicals rather than to individual chemicals, but there have been relatively few detailed analyses of the mixtures of pesticides that occur in surface waters. This study examined over 2600 water samples, analysed for between 21 and 47 pesticides, from 15 waterways that discharge to the lagoon of the Great Barrier Reef in Queensland, Australia between July 1, 2011 and June 30, 2015. Essentially all the samples (99.8%) contained detectable concentrations (>limit of detection) of pesticides and pesticide mixtures. Approximately, 10% of the samples contained no quantifiable (>limit of reporting) pesticides, 10% contained one quantifiable pesticide and 80% contained quantifiable mixtures of 2-20 pesticides. Approximately 82% of samples that contained quantifiable mixtures had more than two modes of action (MoAs), but only approximately 6% had five or more MoAs. The mode, average and median number of quantifiable pesticides in all the samples were 2, 5.1 and 4, respectively. The most commonly detected compounds both individually and in mixtures were the pesticides atrazine, diuron, imidacloprid, hexazinone, 2,4-D, and the degradation product desethylatrazine. The number of pesticides and modes of action of pesticides in mixtures differed spatially and were affected by land use. Waterways draining catchments where sugar cane was a major land use had mixtures with the most pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- M St J Warne
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Ryton Organic Gardens, Coventry, CV8 3LG, United Kingdom; Water Quality and Investigations, Queensland Department of Environment and Science, Dutton Park, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - R A Smith
- Water Quality and Investigations, Queensland Department of Environment and Science, Dutton Park, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; Australian Rivers Institute (ARI), Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - R D R Turner
- Water Quality and Investigations, Queensland Department of Environment and Science, Dutton Park, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; Australian Rivers Institute (ARI), Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia; Managing for Resilient Landscapes, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.
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10
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Villamizar ML, Stoate C, Biggs J, Morris C, Szczur J, Brown CD. Comparison of technical and systems-based approaches to managing pesticide contamination in surface water catchments. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 260:110027. [PMID: 32090801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.110027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse pollution of surface waters by herbicides remains a problem despite 25 years of research into mitigation approaches. This study adopts the grassweed herbicide propyzamide as a focus to compare the efficacy of technical, field-scale, interventions with systems-based cropping solutions in a 900 ha headwater catchment on heavy clay soils. Catchment monitoring was combined with modelling of land management options using SWAT, and semi-structured discussions with farmers. Vegetated buffers are the main mitigation in the catchment at present, and these are estimated to be halving propyzamide concentrations in the headwater stream. Increasing vegetated buffers to 20 m width around all water courses would be the most effective technical intervention. Collaboration between farmers to ensure differentiated application timings would be ineffective without precise forecasting to avoid application soon before storm events. Downstream pesticide limits could only be met by restricting the area of land treated with propyzamide, requiring a switch away from oilseed rape cultivation. This restriction was not acceptable to farmers who noted the lack of enablers for coordination between landowners and the need for pesticide targets that are specific to headwater catchments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha L Villamizar
- Department of Environment & Geography, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Chris Stoate
- The Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust, Allerton Project, Loddington, Leicestershire, LE7 9XE, UK
| | - Jeremy Biggs
- Freshwater Habitats Trust, Bury House, North Place, Oxford, OX3 9HY, UK
| | - Carol Morris
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Clive Grainger Building, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - John Szczur
- The Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust, Allerton Project, Loddington, Leicestershire, LE7 9XE, UK
| | - Colin D Brown
- Department of Environment & Geography, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG, UK.
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Chen L, Li S, Zhou Y, Zhou X, Jiang H, Liu X, Yuan S. Risk assessment for pesticide mixtures on aquatic ecosystems in China: a proposed framework. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:444-453. [PMID: 31228309 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With over 12 000 registered mixture formulations in China, environmental risk assessment of co-formulated pesticide mixtures to aquatic ecosystems is of increasing interest to scientists, risk assessors, and risk managers. This study proposed a pragmatic approach based on widely accepted scientific concepts and strategies. RESULTS The proposed approach has three tiers, a preliminary Tier 0 stage, a Tier 1 stage, and a refinement stage as Tier 2, which are demonstrated with one case study. Because of the large number of co-formulated pesticide mixtures available in China, a unique Tier 0 stage is proposed with practicable criteria to identify mixtures requiring further evaluation. For Tier-1 assessment, exposure is assessed based on the application scheme and local scenarios in China. Hazard is evaluated using the concentration addition model as the default approach, which was developed a century ago and was adopted by the majority of the regulators globally. Given the unique characteristics of mixtures in the environment, data variability and ratio changes of active ingredients are also evaluated for hazard assessment. More accurate assessments with decreased uncertainties can be achieved by higher tier refinements in Tier-2, such as alternative models, consideration of co-formulants, and higher tier effect and exposure analyses. CONCLUSION Widely accepted concepts, methodologies, and criteria should be used for aquatic risk assessment for pesticide mixtures in China. To avoid unnecessary workload and a more accurate assessment, unique perspectives such as local agricultural practice, local scenarios and a preliminary screening stage (Tier 0) should be implemented. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Chen
- Pesticide Science Division, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shibin Li
- Environmental Safety Division, Syngenta Crop Protection LLC, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Yanming Zhou
- Environment Division, Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Zhou
- Environment Division, Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Environment Division, Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- Pesticide Science Division, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shankui Yuan
- Environment Division, Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
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Corcoran S, Metcalfe CD, Sultana T, Amé MV, Menone ML. Pesticides in Surface Waters in Argentina Monitored Using Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 104:21-26. [PMID: 31811320 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02758-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers (POCIS) were deployed in two watersheds in Córdoba province and one watershed in Buenos Aires province in Argentina. The fungicides, tebuconazole, carbendazim and azoxystrobin, and the herbicides, atrazine, dicamba and 2,4-D were detected in POCIS deployed in each of the three watersheds. Estimated time weighted average concentrations of atrazine were greater than 2 µg/L at the outflow of Brava Lake in Buenos Aires province, and this concentration exceeds the Canadian water quality guideline for protection of aquatic life. The concentrations of all other pesticides were less than 400 ng/L. The distribution of pesticides detected in surface waters indicated that the sources were runoff from agricultural and urban lands and discharges from wastewater treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna Corcoran
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
- Centre for Advancement of Water and Wastewater Technologies, Fleming College, Lindsay, ON, Canada
| | - Chris D Metcalfe
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada.
| | - Tamanna Sultana
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - María Valeria Amé
- Centro de Investigación en Bioquímica Clínica e Immunología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mirta L Menone
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC)- UNMDP, CONICET Facultad Cs. Ex. y Nat, Mar Del Plata, Argentina
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Dupraz V, Ménard D, Akcha F, Budzinski H, Stachowski-Haberkorn S. Toxicity of binary mixtures of pesticides to the marine microalgae Tisochrysis lutea and Skeletonema marinoi: Substance interactions and physiological impacts. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 211:148-162. [PMID: 30981038 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study screened binary mixtures of pesticides for potential synergistic interaction effects on growth of the marine microalgae Tisochrysis lutea and Skeletonema marinoi. It also examined the single and combined effects of three of the most toxic substances on microalgal physiology. Single substances were first tested on each microalgal species to determine their respective EC50 and concentration-response relationships. The toxicity of six and seven binary mixtures was then evaluated in microplate experiments on the growth of T. lutea and S. marinoi, respectively, using two mixture modelling approaches: isobolograms and the MIXTOX tool, based on Concentration Addition (CA) or Independent Action (IA) models. Significant cases of antagonism (for both species) and synergism (for S. marinoi) were observed for the mixtures of isoproturon and spiroxamine, and isoproturon and metazachlor, respectively. These two mixtures, together with that of isoproturon and diuron, for which additivity was observed, were further studied for their impacts on the physiology of each species. Exposures were thus made in culture flasks at three concentrations, or concentration combinations for mixtures, selected to cause 25%, 50% and 75% growth rate inhibition. The effects of the selected pesticides singly and in combination were evaluated at three perceived effect concentrations on esterase metabolic activity, relative lipid content, cytoplasmic membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content by flow cytometry, and on photosynthetic quantum yield (ϕ'M) by PAM-fluorescence. Isoproturon and diuron singly and in mixtures induced 20-40% decreases in ϕ'M which was in turn responsible for a significant decrease in relative lipid content for both species. Spiroxamine and metazachlor were individually responsible for an increase in relative lipid content (up to nearly 300% for metazachlor on S. marinoi), as well as cell depolarization and increased ROS content. The mixture of isoproturon and metazachlor tested on S. marinoi caused a 28-34% decrease in ϕ'M that was significantly higher than levels induced by each of substances when tested alone. This strong decrease in ϕ'M could be due to a combined effect of these substances on the photosynthetic apparatus, which is likely the cause of the synergy found for this mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Dupraz
- Ifremer, Laboratoire d'Écotoxicologie, rue de l'île d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311, Nantes cedex 03, France; Université de Nantes, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 2, rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322, Nantes Cedex 03, France.
| | - Dominique Ménard
- Ifremer, Laboratoire d'Écotoxicologie, rue de l'île d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311, Nantes cedex 03, France
| | - Farida Akcha
- Ifremer, Laboratoire d'Écotoxicologie, rue de l'île d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311, Nantes cedex 03, France
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5805, EPOC, Laboratoire de Physico Toxico Chimie de l'environnement, 351 Cours de la Libération, CS 10004, F-33405, Talence Cedex, France; CNRS, UMR 5805, EPOC, Laboratoire de Physico Toxico Chimie de l'environnement, 351 Cours de la Libération, CS 10004, F-33405, Talence Cedex, France
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14
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Metcalfe CD, Helm P, Paterson G, Kaltenecker G, Murray C, Nowierski M, Sultana T. Pesticides related to land use in watersheds of the Great Lakes basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:681-692. [PMID: 30125850 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the distribution and concentrations of a range of neonicotinoid insecticides (NNIs) and other insecticides, fungicides, biocides and selected herbicides in watersheds that drain into the lower Great Lakes in Ontario, Canada. Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers (POCIS) were deployed in 18 watersheds during late May to late June of 2016. Grab samples were also collected in 7 of these watersheds. There was generally good agreement between the time-weighted average concentrations of pesticides estimated from the POCIS and the concentrations detected in grab samples. The NNIs, thiamethoxam, clothianidin and imidacloprid, were present in several watersheds at concentrations that exceeded the Canadian Water Quality Guideline for imidacloprid of 0.23 μg/L. The new generation insecticides, flonicamid and flupyradifurone were also detected in some watersheds, which is the first report of these pesticides in the peer-reviewed literature. Atrazine, 2,4-D, dicamba, carbendazim, thiophanate methyl and several azole-based fungicides were also widely detected. Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) indicated that a high proportion (i.e. >80%) of the watersheds could be discriminated from each other on the basis of the pattern of pesticides detected in surface waters, and the proportion of field crops in the watershed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris D Metcalfe
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada.
| | - Paul Helm
- Ontario Ministry of Environment and Climate Change, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gordon Paterson
- Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | | | - Craig Murray
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Monica Nowierski
- Ontario Ministry of Environment and Climate Change, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tamanna Sultana
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
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de Zwart D, Adams W, Galay Burgos M, Hollender J, Junghans M, Merrington G, Muir D, Parkerton T, De Schamphelaere KAC, Whale G, Williams R. Aquatic exposures of chemical mixtures in urban environments: Approaches to impact assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:703-714. [PMID: 28861906 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Urban regions of the world are expanding rapidly, placing additional stress on water resources. Urban water bodies serve many purposes, from washing and sources of drinking water to transport and conduits for storm drainage and effluent discharge. These water bodies receive chemical emissions arising from either single or multiple point sources, diffuse sources which can be continuous, intermittent, or seasonal. Thus, aquatic organisms in these water bodies are exposed to temporally and compositionally variable mixtures. We have delineated source-specific signatures of these mixtures for diffuse urban runoff and urban point source exposure scenarios to support risk assessment and management of these mixtures. The first step in a tiered approach to assessing chemical exposure has been developed based on the event mean concentration concept, with chemical concentrations in runoff defined by volumes of water leaving each surface and the chemical exposure mixture profiles for different urban scenarios. Although generalizations can be made about the chemical composition of urban sources and event mean exposure predictions for initial prioritization, such modeling needs to be complemented with biological monitoring data. It is highly unlikely that the current paradigm of routine regulatory chemical monitoring alone will provide a realistic appraisal of urban aquatic chemical mixture exposures. Future consideration is also needed of the role of nonchemical stressors in such highly modified urban water bodies. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:703-714. © 2017 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Marion Junghans
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology Eawag-EPFL, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Derek Muir
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Richard Williams
- NERC, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, United Kingdom
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Posthuma L, Brown CD, de Zwart D, Diamond J, Dyer SD, Holmes CM, Marshall S, Burton GA. Prospective mixture risk assessment and management prioritizations for river catchments with diverse land uses. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:715-728. [PMID: 28845901 PMCID: PMC5873277 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ecological risk assessment increasingly focuses on risks from chemical mixtures and multiple stressors because ecosystems are commonly exposed to a plethora of contaminants and nonchemical stressors. To simplify the task of assessing potential mixture effects, we explored 3 land use-related chemical emission scenarios. We applied a tiered methodology to judge the implications of the emissions of chemicals from agricultural practices, domestic discharges, and urban runoff in a quantitative model. The results showed land use-dependent mixture exposures, clearly discriminating downstream effects of land uses, with unique chemical "signatures" regarding composition, concentration, and temporal patterns. Associated risks were characterized in relation to the land-use scenarios. Comparisons to measured environmental concentrations and predicted impacts showed relatively good similarity. The results suggest that the land uses imply exceedances of regulatory protective environmental quality standards, varying over time in relation to rain events and associated flow and dilution variation. Higher-tier analyses using ecotoxicological effect criteria confirmed that species assemblages may be affected by exposures exceeding no-effect levels and that mixture exposure could be associated with predicted species loss under certain situations. The model outcomes can inform various types of prioritization to support risk management, including a ranking across land uses as a whole, a ranking on characteristics of exposure times and frequencies, and various rankings of the relative role of individual chemicals. Though all results are based on in silico assessments, the prospective land use-based approach applied in the present study yields useful insights for simplifying and assessing potential ecological risks of chemical mixtures and can therefore be useful for catchment-management decisions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:715-728. © 2017 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Posthuma
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)Centre for SustainabilityEnvironment and HealthBilthovenThe Netherlands
- Department of Environmental ScienceInstitute for Wetland and Water ResearchFaculty of ScienceRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Colin D. Brown
- Environment DepartmentUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Stuart Marshall
- Safety and Environmental Assurance CentreUnileverSharnbrookBedfordUnited Kingdom
| | - G. Allen Burton
- School for Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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17
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Posthuma L, Brown C, de Zwart D, Diamond J, Dyer SD, Hamer M, Holmes CM, Marshall S, Burton GA. Simplifying environmental mixtures-An aquatic exposure-based approach via land use scenarios. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:671-673. [PMID: 29480978 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leo Posthuma
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Radboud University, Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Colin Brown
- University of York, Environment Department, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Scott D Dyer
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Mick Hamer
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill, Bracknell, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stuart Marshall
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Sharnbrook, Bedford, United Kingdom
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