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Peluso J, Gamarra F, Aronzon CM. Synergistic interactions between the emerging contaminant ivermectin and the ubiquitous pesticide glyphosate at an environmentally relevant ratio on Rhinella arenarum larvae. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142058. [PMID: 38642777 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Glyphosate (GLY) is a widely used broad-spectrum herbicide, and ivermectin (IVM) is a commonly used antiparasitic in livestock farming. Both substances can be found in water bodies from agricultural areas and can have negative impacts on ecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the lethal and sublethal toxicity individually and in combination of a glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) and an ivermectin commercial formulation (ICF). Groups of 10 larvae were exposed for 504 h, in triplicate to a concentration gradient of the commercial formulation of glyphosate and ivermectin, individually, and to a series of dilutions of a non-equitoxic mixture of both compounds based on environmental concentrations. Additionally, biomarkers of oxidative stress (catalase, glutathione S-transferase, and reduced glutathione) and neurotoxicity (acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase) were evaluated at sublethal and environmental concentrations of ivermectin (0.00125 mg/L) and glyphosate (0.7 mg/L) individually and in mixture. The ICF (LC50-504h: 0.047 mg ai IVM/L) was more toxic to larvae than the GBH (LC50-504h: 24.73 mg ae GLY/L). In terms of lethality, exposure to the mixture was synergistic at all exposure times. Both compounds separately caused alterations in the biomarkers of oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. Regarding sublethal effects in organisms exposed to the mixture, potentiation was observed in acetylcholinesterase. The simultaneous exposure to both substances in water bodies can have synergistic and negative effects on aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Peluso
- IIIA-UNSAM-CONICET, Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Escuela de Hábitat y Sostenibilidad (EHyS), Universidad Nacional de San Martín UNSAM, Campus Miguelete, 25 de mayo y Francia, 1650, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Fanny Gamarra
- IIIA-UNSAM-CONICET, Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Escuela de Hábitat y Sostenibilidad (EHyS), Universidad Nacional de San Martín UNSAM, Campus Miguelete, 25 de mayo y Francia, 1650, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina M Aronzon
- IIIA-UNSAM-CONICET, Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Escuela de Hábitat y Sostenibilidad (EHyS), Universidad Nacional de San Martín UNSAM, Campus Miguelete, 25 de mayo y Francia, 1650, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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2
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Mikó Z, Hettyey A. Toxicity of POEA-containing glyphosate-based herbicides to amphibians is mainly due to the surfactant, not to the active ingredient. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 32:150-159. [PMID: 36680666 PMCID: PMC10008773 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-023-02626-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Current international legislation regarding agrochemicals requires thorough toxicological testing mainly of the active ingredients. In a 96-h acute toxicity test we exposed Rana dalmatina and Bufo bufo tadpoles to either one of three concentrations of glyphosate, three concentrations of the surfactant (POEA), three concentrations of the two components together, or to non-contaminated water (control), and subsequently assessed mortality and body mass. To investigate whether simultaneous exposure to another stress factor influences effects of the contaminants, we performed tests both in the presence or absence of predator chemical cues. We found that the surfactant had significant harmful effects on tadpoles; survival was lowered by the highest concentration of the surfactant in case of R. dalmatina, while in B. bufo tadpoles it reduced survival already at medium concentrations. Body mass was significantly influenced by medium and high surfactant concentrations in both species. The presence of glyphosate did not have a significant effect by itself, but it slightly increased mortality in tadpoles exposed to medium concentrations of the surfactant in both species. The presence of chemical cues did not have an effect on the examined variables. Our study confirms that the toxicity of glyphosate-based herbicides is mainly due to the examined surfactant. Nonetheless, we found that glyphosate can enhance the harmful effect of the surfactant. These results stress that during the authorization process of new pesticide formulations, not only the active ingredients would need to be examined but the excipients should also be taken into account in an obligatory and systematic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsanett Mikó
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary.
| | - Attila Hettyey
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary
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3
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Peluso J, Furió Lanuza A, Pérez Coll CS, Aronzon CM. Synergistic effects of glyphosate- and 2,4-D-based pesticides mixtures on Rhinella arenarum larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:14443-14452. [PMID: 34617223 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate and 2,4-D are two herbicides commonly used together. Since there is little information about the interactions between these pesticides, the aim of this study was to evaluate the single and joint lethal toxicity of the glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) ATANOR® (43.8% of glyphosate, isopropylamine salt) and the 2,4-D-based herbicide (2,4-DBH) Así Max 50® (602000 mg/L of 2,4-D) on Rhinella arenarum larvae. Equitoxic and non-equitoxic mixtures were prepared according to the recommendation for their combination and analyzed with a fixed ratio design at different exposure times and levels of lethality (LC10, LC50, and LC90). GBH (504h-LC50=38.67 mg ae/L) was significantly more toxic than 2,4-DBH (504h-LC50=250.31 mg ae/L) and their toxicity was time-dependent. At 48h, the equitoxic mixture toxicity was additive and from the 96h was antagonistic at LC10 and LC50 effect level. The non-equitoxic mixture toxicity was additive at LC10 effect level from the 48h to the 168h, and synergistic from the 240h. At LC50 and LC90 effect level, the mixture interaction resulted synergistic for all exposure times. This is the first study to report the synergistic interactions between GBH and 2,4-DBH on amphibians, alerting about its negative impact on aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Peluso
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, IIIA, UNSAM-CONICET, 3iA, Campus Miguelete, 25 de Mayo y Francia, C.P. 1650 San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Furió Lanuza
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, IIIA, UNSAM-CONICET, 3iA, Campus Miguelete, 25 de Mayo y Francia, C.P. 1650 San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina S Pérez Coll
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, IIIA, UNSAM-CONICET, 3iA, Campus Miguelete, 25 de Mayo y Francia, C.P. 1650 San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina M Aronzon
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, IIIA, UNSAM-CONICET, 3iA, Campus Miguelete, 25 de Mayo y Francia, C.P. 1650 San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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4
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Suárez RP, Goijman AP, Cappelletti S, Solari LM, Cristos D, Rojas D, Krug P, Babbitt KJ, Gavier-Pizarro GI. Combined effects of agrochemical contamination and forest loss on anuran diversity in agroecosystems of east-central Argentina. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 759:143435. [PMID: 33239201 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural expansion and intensification has led globally to a rapid landscape structure change and high agrochemical use resulting in habitat loss and degraded environmental quality. Co-occurrence of landscape change and agrochemical contamination threatens biodiversity and might have interactive effects especially for organisms with complex life-cycles such as amphibians. We evaluated effects of landscape structure and agrochemical contamination at different spatial scales on anurans in Entre Rios, Argentina. We selected 35 independent stream headwaters along an agricultural expansion and intensification gradient. We conducted anuran call surveys from spring 2012 to summer 2013 and obtained detection-non detection data to estimate mean richness and focal species occupancy. We quantified forest area and riparian forest width at two spatial scales (sub-basin and local reach scale). We measured nutrients and pesticides in water and sediment. We evaluated anuran response to landscape and contamination variables using GLMs for richness and single season single-species occupancy models for focal species. Anuran diversity increased with forest area and riparian forest width, and decreased at sites with herbicide and nutrient contamination, particularly glyphosate; 2,4-D and nitrates. Also, most focal frog species responded mainly to basin forest and 2,4-D. Negative effects of agrochemical contamination on anuran diversity was mitigated in areas with larger basin forest cover. Agricultural management should ensure the reduction of herbicide and fertilizer use, the sparing of adequate forested habitat within drainage areas, and preservation of riparian forests around anuran breeding habitat to reduce and mitigate the negative effects of agrochemical contamination on anurans diversity in agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina P Suárez
- Biodiversidad, Ecología y Gestión Ambiental en Agroecosistemas (BIOEGA), Instituto de Recursos Biológicos (IRB), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CNIA), De los Reseros y Nicolás Repetto s/n, Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Andrea P Goijman
- Biodiversidad, Ecología y Gestión Ambiental en Agroecosistemas (BIOEGA), Instituto de Recursos Biológicos (IRB), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CNIA), De los Reseros y Nicolás Repetto s/n, Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Cappelletti
- Biodiversidad, Ecología y Gestión Ambiental en Agroecosistemas (BIOEGA), Instituto de Recursos Biológicos (IRB), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CNIA), De los Reseros y Nicolás Repetto s/n, Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura M Solari
- Biodiversidad, Ecología y Gestión Ambiental en Agroecosistemas (BIOEGA), Instituto de Recursos Biológicos (IRB), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CNIA), De los Reseros y Nicolás Repetto s/n, Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Cristos
- Instituto de Tecnología en Alimentos (ITA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CNIA), De los Reseros y Nicolás Repetto s/n, Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dante Rojas
- Instituto de Tecnología en Alimentos (ITA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CNIA), De los Reseros y Nicolás Repetto s/n, Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pamela Krug
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Av. 25 de Mayo 1401, San Martin, 1650, Buenos sAires, Argentina
| | - Kimberly J Babbitt
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03861, USA
| | - Gregorio I Gavier-Pizarro
- Biodiversidad, Ecología y Gestión Ambiental en Agroecosistemas (BIOEGA), Instituto de Recursos Biológicos (IRB), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CNIA), De los Reseros y Nicolás Repetto s/n, Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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5
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Relyea RA. The interactive effects of predator stress, predation, and the herbicide Roundup. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rick A. Relyea
- Department of Biological Sciences Darrin Fresh Water Institute Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York 12980 USA
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Bach NC, Marino DJG, Natale GS, Somoza GM. Effects of glyphosate and its commercial formulation, Roundup ® Ultramax, on liver histology of tadpoles of the neotropical frog, Leptodactylus latrans (amphibia: Anura). CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 202:289-297. [PMID: 29573614 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, the agricultural expansion has led to an increased use of pesticides, with glyphosate as the most widely used worldwide. This is also the situation in Argentina, where glyphosate formulations are the most commercialized herbicides. It is known that glyphosate formulations are much more toxic than the active ingredient, and this difference in toxicity can be attributed to the adjuvants present in the formula. In this context, the aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare sub-lethal histological effects of the glyphosate formulation Roundup Ultramax and glyphosate active ingredient on Leptodactylus latrans tadpoles at Gosner-stage 36. Semi-static bioassays were performed using 96 h of exposure with Roundup Ultramax formulation (RU; 0.37-5.25 mg a.e./L), glyphosate (GLY; 3-300 mg/L), and a control group. RU exposure showed an increment in the melanomacrophagic cells (MMc) and melanomacrophagic centers (MMCs) from 0.37 mg a.e./L. GLY exposure showed a significant increment in the number of MMc from 15 mg/L, and of MMCs from 3 mg/L. Also, histopathological lesions were observed in the liver of tadpoles exposed to both, GLY and RU. These lesions included: lipidosis and hepatic congestion, but only RU showed significant differences respect to control, with a LOEC value of 2.22 mg a.e./L for both effects. In sum, this study represents the first evidence of adverse effects of glyphosate and RU formulation on the liver of anuran larvae at concentrations frequently found in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia C Bach
- Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente (CIM), UNLP-CONICET, Calle 47 y 115, La Plata, 1900 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Av. Intendente Marino Km. 8.2, (B7130IWA), Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Damián J G Marino
- Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente (CIM), UNLP-CONICET, Calle 47 y 115, La Plata, 1900 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Guillermo S Natale
- Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente (CIM), UNLP-CONICET, Calle 47 y 115, La Plata, 1900 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Gustavo M Somoza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Av. Intendente Marino Km. 8.2, (B7130IWA), Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Bonfanti P, Saibene M, Bacchetta R, Mantecca P, Colombo A. A glyphosate micro-emulsion formulation displays teratogenicity in Xenopus laevis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 195:103-113. [PMID: 29306033 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the active ingredient in broad-spectrum herbicide formulations used in agriculture, domestic area and aquatic weed control worldwide. Its market is growing steadily concurrently with the cultivation of glyphosate-tolerant transgenic crops and emergence of weeds less sensitive to glyphosate. Ephemeral and lentic waters near to agricultural lands, representing favorite habitats for amphibian reproduction and early life-stage development, may thus be contaminated by glyphosate based herbicides (GBHs) residues. Previous studies on larval anuran species highlighted increased mortality and growth effects after exposure to different GBHs in comparison to glyphosate itself, mainly because of the surfactants such as polyethoxylated tallow amine present in the formulations. Nevertheless, these conclusions are not completely fulfilled when the early development, characterized by primary organogenesis events, is considered. In this study, we compare the embryotoxicity of Roundup® Power 2.0, a new GBH formulation currently authorized in Italy, with that of technical grade glyphosate using the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX). Our results evidenced that glyphosate was not embryolethal and only at the highest concentration (50 mg a.e./L) caused edemas. Conversely, Roundup® Power 2.0 exhibited a 96 h LC50 of 24.78 mg a.e./L and a 96 h EC50 of 7.8 mg a.e./L. A Teratogenic Index of 3.4 was derived, pointing out the high teratogenic potential of the Roundup® Power 2.0. Specific concentration-dependent abnormal phenotypes, such as craniofacial alterations, microphthalmia, narrow eyes and forebrain regionalization defects were evidenced by gross malformation screening and histopathological analysis. These phenotypes are coherent with those evidenced in Xenopus laevis embryos injected with glyphosate, allowing us to hypothesize that the teratogenicity observed for Roundup® Power 2.0 may be related to the improved efficacy in delivering glyphosate to cells, guaranteed by the specific surfactant formulation. In conclusion, the differences in GBH formulations should be carefully considered by the authorities, since sub-lethal and/or long-term effects (e.g. teratogenicity) can be significantly modulated by the active ingredient salt type and concentration of the adjuvants. Finally, the mechanistic toxicity of glyphosate and GBHs are worthy of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Bonfanti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Research Centre POLARIS, University of Milano-Bicocca, 1, Piazza della Scienza, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - M Saibene
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Research Centre POLARIS, University of Milano-Bicocca, 1, Piazza della Scienza, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - R Bacchetta
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, 26, Via Celoria, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - P Mantecca
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Research Centre POLARIS, University of Milano-Bicocca, 1, Piazza della Scienza, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - A Colombo
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Research Centre POLARIS, University of Milano-Bicocca, 1, Piazza della Scienza, 20126 Milan, Italy
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Bach NC, Natale GS, Somoza GM, Ronco AE. Effect on the growth and development and induction of abnormalities by a glyphosate commercial formulation and its active ingredient during two developmental stages of the South-American Creole frog, Leptodactylus latrans. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:23959-23971. [PMID: 27638798 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7631-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the acute lethal and sublethal effects of technical-grade glyphosate (GLY) and the GLY-based commercial formulation Roundup ULTRA MAX® (RU) on two Gosner stages (Gss) 25 and 36 of the South-American Creole frog, Leptodactylus latrans. Bioassays were performed following standardized methods within a wide range of concentrations (0.0007-9.62 mg of acid equivalents per liter-a.e./L-of RU and 3-300 mg/L of GLY). The endpoints evaluated were mortality, swimming activity, growth, development, and the presence of morphologic abnormalities, especially in the mouthparts. No lethal effects were observed on larvae exposed to GLY during either Gs-25 or Gs-36. The concentrations inducing 50 % lethality in RU-exposed larvae at different exposure times and Gss ranged from 3.26 to 9.61 mg a.e./L. Swimming activity was affected by only RU. Effects on growth and development and the induction of morphologic abnormalities-like oral abnormalities and edema-were observed after exposure to either GLY or RU. Gs-25 was the most sensitive stage to both forms of the herbicide. The commercial formulation was much more toxic than the active ingredient on all the endpoints assessed. Effects on growth, development, and the induction of morphologic abnormalities observed in the range of environmental concentrations reported for agroecosystems of Argentina constitute an alert to the potential detrimental effects of the herbicide that could be affecting the fitness and survival of anurans in agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Carla Bach
- Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente (CIMA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas and CONICET, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115. La Plata, 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Sebastián Natale
- Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente (CIMA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas and CONICET, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115. La Plata, 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Manuel Somoza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Av. Intendente Marino Km. 8.2 (B7130IWA), Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Estela Ronco
- Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente (CIMA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas and CONICET, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115. La Plata, 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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9
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Baier F, Gruber E, Hein T, Bondar-Kunze E, Ivanković M, Mentler A, Brühl CA, Spangl B, Zaller JG. Non-target effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide on Common toad larvae ( Bufo bufo, Amphibia) and associated algae are altered by temperature. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2641. [PMID: 27833808 PMCID: PMC5101619 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glyphosate-based herbicides are the most widely used pesticides in agriculture, horticulture, municipalities and private gardens that can potentially contaminate nearby water bodies inhabited by amphibians and algae. Moreover, the development and diversity of these aquatic organisms could also be affected by human-induced climate change that might lead to more periods with extreme temperatures. However, to what extent non-target effects of these herbicides on amphibians or algae are altered by varying temperature is not well known. METHODS We studied effects of five concentrations of the glyphosate-based herbicide formulation Roundup PowerFlex (0, 1.5, 3, 4 mg acid equivalent glyphosate L-1 as a one time addition and a pulse treatment of totally 4 mg a.e. glyphosate L-1) on larval development of Common toads (Bufo bufo, L.; Amphibia: Anura) and associated algae communities under two temperature regimes (15 vs. 20 °C). RESULTS Herbicide contamination reduced tail growth (-8%), induced the occurrence of tail deformations (i.e. lacerated or crooked tails) and reduced algae diversity (-6%). Higher water temperature increased tadpole growth (tail and body length (tl/bl) +66%, length-to-width ratio +4%) and decreased algae diversity (-21%). No clear relation between herbicide concentrations and tadpole growth or algae density or diversity was observed. Interactive effects of herbicides and temperature affected growth parameters, tail deformation and tadpole mortality indicating that the herbicide effects are temperature-dependent. Remarkably, herbicide-temperature interactions resulted in deformed tails in 34% of all herbicide treated tadpoles at 15 °C whereas no tail deformations were observed for the herbicide-free control at 15 °C or any tadpole at 20 °C; herbicide-induced mortality was higher at 15 °C but lower at 20 °C. DISCUSSION These herbicide- and temperature-induced changes may have decided effects on ecological interactions in freshwater ecosystems. Although no clear dose-response effect was seen, the presence of glyphosate was decisive for an effect, suggesting that the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) in our study was 1.5 mg a.e. glyphosate L-1 water. Overall, our findings also question the relevance of pesticide risk assessments conducted at standard temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Baier
- Institute of Zoology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Edith Gruber
- Institute of Zoology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Hein
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
- WasserCluster Lunz–Biologische Station GmbH, Lunz am See, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Bondar-Kunze
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
- WasserCluster Lunz–Biologische Station GmbH, Lunz am See, Austria
| | - Marina Ivanković
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Axel Mentler
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Carsten A. Brühl
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Universität Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Bernhard Spangl
- Institute of Applied Statistics and Computing, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann G. Zaller
- Institute of Zoology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
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Geer TD, Kinley CM, Iwinski KJ, Calomeni AJ, Rodgers JH. Comparative toxicity of sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate to freshwater organisms. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 132:202-11. [PMID: 27322608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate (SCP) is a granular algaecide containing H2O2 as an active ingredient to control growth of noxious algae. Measurements of sensitivities of target and non-target species to hydrogen peroxide are necessary for water resource managers to make informed decisions and minimize risks for non-target species when treating noxious algae. The objective of this study was to measure and compare responses among a target noxious alga (cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa) and non-target organisms including a eukaryotic alga (chlorophyte Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), microcrustacean (Ceriodaphnia dubia), benthic amphipod (Hyalella azteca), and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) to exposures of hydrogen peroxide as SCP. Hydrogen peroxide exposures were confirmed using the I3(-) method. SCP margins of safety for these organisms were compared with published toxicity data to provide context for other commonly used algaecides and herbicides (e.g. copper formulations, endothall, and diquat dibromide). Algal responses (cell density and chlorophyll a concentrations) and animal mortality were measured after 96h aqueous exposures to SCP in laboratory-formulated water to estimate EC50 and LC50 values, as well as potency slopes. Despite a shorter test duration, M. aeruginosa was more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide as SCP (96h EC50:0.9-1.0mgL(-)(1) H2O2) than the eukaryotic alga P. subcapitata (7-d EC50:5.2-9.2mgL(-1) H2O2), indicating potential for selective control of prokaryotic algae. For the three non-target animals evaluated, measured 96-h LC50 values ranged from 1.0 to 19.7mgL(-1) H2O2. C. dubia was the most sensitive species, and the least sensitive species was P. promelas, which is not likely to be affected by concentrations of hydrogen peroxide as SCP that would be used to control noxious algae (e.g. M. aeruginosa). Based on information from peer-reviewed literature, other algaecides could be similarly selective for cyanobacteria. Of the algaecides compared, SCP can selectively mitigate risks associated with noxious cyanobacterial growths (e.g. M. aeruginosa), with an enhanced margin of safety for non-target species (e.g. P. promelas).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler D Geer
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, 261 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634-0001, USA.
| | - Ciera M Kinley
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, 261 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634-0001, USA
| | - Kyla J Iwinski
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, 261 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634-0001, USA
| | - Alyssa J Calomeni
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, 261 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634-0001, USA
| | - John H Rodgers
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, 261 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634-0001, USA
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11
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Gattás F, Vinocur A, Graziano M, Dos Santos Afonso M, Pizarro H, Cataldo D. Differential impact of Limnoperna fortunei-herbicide interaction between Roundup Max® and glyphosate on freshwater microscopic communities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:18869-82. [PMID: 27324498 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple anthropogenic stressors act simultaneously on the environment, with consequences different from those caused by single-stressor exposure. We investigated how the combination of the invasive mussel Limnoperna fortunei and a widely applied herbicide, Roundup Max®, affected freshwater microscopic communities and water quality. Further, we compared these results with those induced by the combination of the mussel and technical-grade glyphosate. We carried out a 34-day experiment in outdoor mesocosms, applying the following six treatments: 6 mg L(-1) of technical-grade glyphosate (G), the equivalent concentration of glyphosate in Roundup Max® (R), 100 mussels (M), the combination of mussels and herbicide either in the technical-grade or formulated form (MG and MR, respectively), and control (C). Herbicides significantly increased total phosphorus in water; R and MR showed greater initial total nitrogen and ammonium. R increased picoplankton abundance and caused an eightfold increase in phytoplankton, with high turbidity values; G had a lower effect on these variables. Herbicide-mussel combination induced an accelerated dissipation of glyphosate in water (MG 6.36 ± 0.83 mg G g DW(-1) day(-1) and MR 5.16 ± 1.26 mg G g DW(-1) day(-1)). A synergistic effect on ammonium was observed in MR but not in MG. MR and MG had an antagonistic effect on phytoplankton, which showed a drastic reduction due to grazing, as revealed by M. We provide evidence of differential effects of Roundup Max® and technical-grade glyphosate over water quality and microscopic communities, and in combination with mussels. However, in the combination of mussels and herbicides, mussels seem to play a leading role. In the presence of L. fortunei, the effects of higher nutrient availability provided by herbicides addition were counteracted by the filtration activity of mussels, which released nutrients, grazed on picoplankton and phytoplankton, and boosted the development of other primary producers, periphyton and metaphyton.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gattás
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, IEGEBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - A Vinocur
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, IEGEBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Graziano
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, IEGEBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, INQUIMAE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Dos Santos Afonso
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, INQUIMAE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - H Pizarro
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, IEGEBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D Cataldo
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, IEGEBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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12
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Lance E, Desprat J, Holbech BF, Gérard C, Bormans M, Lawton LA, Edwards C, Wiegand C. Accumulation and detoxication responses of the gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis to single and combined exposures to natural (cyanobacteria) and anthropogenic (the herbicide RoundUp(®) Flash) stressors. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 177:116-24. [PMID: 27267390 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater gastropods are increasingly exposed to multiple stressors in the field such as the herbicide glyphosate in Roundup formulations and cyanobacterial blooms either producing or not producing microcystins (MCs), potentially leading to interacting effects. Here, the responses of Lymnaea stagnalis to a 21-day exposure to non-MC or MC-producing (33μgL(-1)) Planktothrix agardhii alone or in combination with the commercial formulation RoundUp(®) Flash at a concentration of 1μgL(-1) glyphosate, followed by 14days of depuration, were studied via i) accumulation of free and bound MCs in tissues, and ii) activities of anti-oxidant (catalase CAT) and biotransformation (glutathione-S-transferase GST) enzymes. During the intoxication, the cyanobacterial exposure induced an early increase of CAT activity, independently of the MC content, probably related to the production of secondary cyanobacterial metabolites. The GST activity was induced by RoundUp(®) Flash alone or in combination with non MC-producing cyanobacteria, but was inhibited by MC-producing cyanobacteria with or without RoundUp(®) Flash. Moreover, MC accumulation in L. stagnalis was 3.2 times increased when snails were concomitantly exposed to MC-producing cyanobacteria with RoundUp(®), suggesting interacting effects of MCs on biotransformation processes. The potent inhibition of detoxication systems by MCs and RoundUp(®) Flash was reversible during the depuration, during which CAT and GST activities were significantly higher in snails previously exposed to MC-producing cyanobacteria with or without RoundUp(®) Flash than in other conditions, probably related to the oxidative stress caused by accumulated MCs remaining in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Lance
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, University of Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France; UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Bat 18, Campus du Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687 Reims cedex, France.
| | - Julia Desprat
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, University of Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France; UMR 5023-LEHNA, Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, Bâtiment Darwin C, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex France, France
| | - Bente Frost Holbech
- IDEAS Research Institute, School of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Riverside East, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Claudia Gérard
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, University of Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Myriam Bormans
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, University of Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Linda A Lawton
- IDEAS Research Institute, School of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Riverside East, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Christine Edwards
- IDEAS Research Institute, School of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Riverside East, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Claudia Wiegand
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, University of Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France; University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Biology, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
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13
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Pérez-Iglesias JM, Franco-Belussi L, Moreno L, Tripole S, de Oliveira C, Natale GS. Effects of glyphosate on hepatic tissue evaluating melanomacrophages and erythrocytes responses in neotropical anuran Leptodactylus latinasus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:9852-61. [PMID: 26856864 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6153-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate (GLY) is the most used herbicide worldwide and its effects on anurans are well known. Pollutants can cause physiological and morphological effects. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of GLY on hepatic melanomacrophages as a response to environmental stressors. Three treatments were exposed to different concentrations of pure GLY (100, 1000, and 10,000 μg g(-1), respectively), and there was also a control group. After the experimental time, liver and blood were analyzed. Melanomacrophages (MMCs) were located between the hepatocyte cordons, close to sinusoids. GLY increased the melanin area in MMCs of Leptodactylus latinasus exposed since lowest concentration until highest concentration. GLY also changed the occurrence of hepatic catabolism pigments into melanomacrophages and erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities; therefore, it can interfere with the hepatic metabolism. In conclusion, GLY promotes alterations in the hepatic tissue and erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities. Furthermore, MMCs may be useful as morphological responses of GLY effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Pérez-Iglesias
- PROICO 9401, Área Zoología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco 917, San Luis, 5700, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Lilian Franco-Belussi
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), IBILCE, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, São José do Rio Preto, 15054-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liliana Moreno
- PROICO 9401, Área Zoología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco 917, San Luis, 5700, Argentina
| | - Susana Tripole
- PROICO 9401, Área Zoología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco 917, San Luis, 5700, Argentina
| | - Classius de Oliveira
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), IBILCE, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, São José do Rio Preto, 15054-000, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Guillermo Sebastián Natale
- PROICO 9401, Área Zoología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco 917, San Luis, 5700, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
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14
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Vasconcelos AM, Daam MA, dos Santos LRA, Sanches ALM, Araújo CVM, Espíndola ELG. Acute and chronic sensitivity, avoidance behavior and sensitive life stages of bullfrog tadpoles exposed to the biopesticide abamectin. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 25:500-509. [PMID: 26758616 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1608-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As compared to other aquatic organism groups, relatively few studies have been conducted so far evaluating the toxicity of pesticides to amphibians. This may at least partly be due to the fact that regulations for registering pesticides usually do not require testing amphibians. The sensitivity of amphibians is generally considered to be covered by that based on toxicity tests with other aquatic organisms (e.g. fish) although the impact of a pesticide on amphibians may be very different. In the present study, acute and chronic laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the acute and chronic toxicity of abamectin (as Vertimec(®) 18EC) to bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) tadpoles. Acute tests were conducted at two tadpole stages (Gosner stage 21G and 25G) and avoidance tests were also conducted with stage Gosner stage 21G tadpoles. Calculated acute toxicity values were greater than those reported for standard fish test species, hence supporting the use of fish toxicity data as surrogates for amphibians in acute risk assessments. Given the limited number and extent of available amphibian toxicity studies, however, research needs to increase our understanding of pesticide toxicity to amphibians are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Vasconcelos
- NEEA/CRHEA, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13.560-970, Brazil
| | - Michiel A Daam
- NEEA/CRHEA, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13.560-970, Brazil.
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-191, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Liliana R A dos Santos
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana L M Sanches
- NEEA/CRHEA, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13.560-970, Brazil
| | - Cristiano V M Araújo
- Central Department of Research (DCI), Ecuadorian Aquatic Ecotoxicology (ECUACTOX) Group, Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí (ULEAM), Manta, Ecuador
- Centre of Functional Ecology (CFE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Evaldo L G Espíndola
- NEEA/CRHEA, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13.560-970, Brazil
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15
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Vincent K, Davidson C. The toxicity of glyphosate alone and glyphosate-surfactant mixtures to western toad (Anaxyrus boreas) tadpoles. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:2791-5. [PMID: 26084619 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide choice based on toxicity to nontarget wildlife is reliant on available toxicity data. Despite a number of recent studies examining the effects of glyphosate on amphibians, very few have aimed to understand the toxicological effects of glyphosate in combination with surfactants as it is commonly applied in the field. Land managers interested in making pesticide choices based on minimizing impacts to nontarget wildlife are hindered by a lack of published toxicity data. Short-term acute toxicity trials were conducted for glyphosate in the form of isopropylamine salt (IPA) alone and mixed with 2 surfactants: Agri-dex and Competitor with western toad (Anaxyrus [Bufo] boreas) tadpoles. Glyphosate IPA mixed with Competitor was 6 times more toxic than glyphosate IPA mixed with Agri-dex, and both mixtures were more toxic than glyphosate IPA alone. The median lethal concentrations reported for 24-h and 48-h exposures were 8279 mg/L (24 h) and 6392 mg/L (48 h) for glyphosate IPA alone; 5092 mg/L (24 h) and 4254 mg/L (48 h) for glyphosate IPA mixed with Agri-dex; and 853 mg/L (24 h) and 711 mg/L (48 h) for glyphosate IPA mixed with Competitor. The present study indicates that the toxicity of a tank mix may be greatly increased by the addition of surfactants and may vary widely depending on the specific surfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Vincent
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Carlos Davidson
- Environmental Studies Program, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, USA
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16
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Wagner N, Lötters S, Veith M, Viertel B. Acute Toxic Effects of the Herbicide Formulation Focus(®) Ultra on Embryos and Larvae of the Moroccan Painted Frog, Discoglossus scovazzi. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 69:535-544. [PMID: 26118991 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-015-0176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
For regulatory and scientific purposes, there is a need to understand the sensitivity of a wider variety of wild species of amphibians and the sensitivities within their life stages to chemicals of widespread use such as herbicides. We investigated the acute toxic effects of the herbicide formulation Focus Ultra [with the active ingredient (a.i.) cycloxydim plus solvent naphtha and sodium dioctylsulphosuccinate as added substances] on embryos and early stage larvae of the Moroccan painted frog (Discoglossus scovazzi). Different clinical signs (twitching, convulsion, and narcosis) occurred at 40 and 80 mg/L in embryos (4 and 8 mg a.i./L) and narcotic effects (total immobilization or irregular escape responses) at 10, 15, and 20 mg/L in larvae (1, 1.5, and 2 mg a.i./L). Growth inhibition (total length), starting at 20 mg/L in embryos and 2.5 mg/L in larvae (2 and 0.25 mg a.i./L, respectively) was understood as sign of toxicity (retardation) and not as sign of teratogenicity. However, the connection to teratogenesis remained unclear though total length reduction occurred at concentrations <20 % of the 96-h LC50 value and at a minimum concentration that inhibits growth of only 17 % of the 96-h LC50 value. Starting at 20 mg/L, mortality in embryos significantly increased and at 15 mg/L in early larvae (2 and 1.5 mg a.i./L, respectively). Mortality of larvae was enhanced during the first 24 h of exposure to 15 and 20 mg/L (1.5 and 2 mg a.i./L). Morphology of the embryos remained unobtrusive. In contrary, axial malformations significantly increased in the early larvae starting at 10 mg/L (1 mg a.i./L), a concentration free of lethal effects. In all considered end points, larvae were significantly more sensitive than embryos, probably because of developmental and physiological properties or different exposure and bioavailability of the compound. Focus Ultra induced comparable lethal and immobilization effects in D. scovazzi as it does to standard test organisms in pesticide approval. However, to validate the apparent safety in the field, which is based on calculated surface water concentrations of the a.i., more data on real contamination levels is necessary (e.g., peak concentrations, concentrations of added substances). Furthermore, sufficient buffer strips between the farmland and amphibian ponds must be considered, and the effects of the substance on terrestrial life stages have not been assessed yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Wagner
- Department of Biogeography, Faculty of Regional and Environmental Sciences, Trier University, Universitätsring 15, 54296, Trier, Germany.
| | - Stefan Lötters
- Department of Biogeography, Faculty of Regional and Environmental Sciences, Trier University, Universitätsring 15, 54296, Trier, Germany
| | - Michael Veith
- Department of Biogeography, Faculty of Regional and Environmental Sciences, Trier University, Universitätsring 15, 54296, Trier, Germany
| | - Bruno Viertel
- Department of Biogeography, Faculty of Regional and Environmental Sciences, Trier University, Universitätsring 15, 54296, Trier, Germany
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Fuentes L, Moore LJ, Rodgers JH, Bowerman WW, Yarrow GK, Chao WY. Role of sediments in modifying the toxicity of two Roundup formulations to six species of larval anurans. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:2616-20. [PMID: 25132544 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The role of sediment in modifying the toxicity of the original formulation of Roundup® and Roundup WeatherMAX® was examined in aqueous laboratory tests. Six species of anurans (Bufo fowleri, Hyla chrysoscelis, Rana catesbeiana, Rana clamitans, Rana sphenocephala, and Rana pipiens) were exposed at Gosner stage 25 to concentrations of the 2 herbicide formulations in 96-h, static, nonrenewal experiments in the presence and absence of sediment. All species tested had lower median lethal concentration values in water-only exposures of both formulations compared with exposures with sediment. Sediment significantly altered the potency slopes in all tests with the exceptions of H. chrysoscelis and R. clamitans when exposed to the original formulation of Roundup and H. chrysoscelis and R. sphenocephala when exposed to Roundup WeatherMAX. Thresholds were significantly different in all tests, including those in which potency slopes did not differ. Based on water-sediment exposures of the original formulation of Roundup, all 6 species tested had a margin of safety when compared with the predicted environmental concentration of the highest label application rate. Of the 6 species, 5 had a margin of safety when exposed to Roundup WeatherMAX. During incidental exposures in the field, sediments and organic matter present in aquatic systems provide significant sources of environmental ligands. If used according to label instructions, both herbicides should pose minimal risk to anuran amphibians in actual field applications. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2616-2620. © 2014 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latice Fuentes
- School of Agricultural, Forest, and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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18
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Edge C, Thompson D, Hao C, Houlahan J. The response of amphibian larvae to exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide (Roundup WeatherMax) and nutrient enrichment in an ecosystem experiment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 109:124-32. [PMID: 25173748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Herbicides and fertilizers are widely used throughout the world and pose a threat to aquatic ecosystems. Using a replicated, whole ecosystem experiment in which 24 small wetlands were split in half with an impermeable barrier we tested whether exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide, Roundup WeatherMax™, alone or in combination with nutrient enrichment has an effect on the survival, growth or development of amphibians. The herbicide was applied at one of two concentrations (low=210 μg a.e./L, high=2880 μg a.e./L) alone and in combination with nutrient enrichment to one side of wetlands and the other was left as an untreated control. Each treatment was replicated with six wetlands, and the experiment was repeated over two years. In the high glyphosate and nutrient enrichment treatment the survival of wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) larvae was lower in enclosures placed in situ on the treated sides than the control sides of wetlands. However, these results were not replicated in the second year of study and they were not observed in free swimming wood frog larvae in the wetlands. In all treatments, wood frog larvae on the treated sides of wetlands were slightly larger (<10%) than those on the control side, but no effect on development was observed. The most dramatic finding was that the abundance of green frog larvae (Lithobates clamitans) was higher on the treated sides than the control sides of wetlands in the herbicide and nutrient treatments during the second year of the study. The results observed in this field study indicate that caution is necessary when extrapolating results from artificial systems to predict effects in natural systems. In this experiment, the lack of toxicity to amphibian larvae was probably due to the fact the pH of the wetlands was relatively low and the presence of sediments and organic surfaces which would have mitigated the exposure duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Edge
- Biology Department, University of New Brunswick, 100 Tucker Park Rd, Saint John, NB, Canada E2L4L5; Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S3G5(1).
| | - Dean Thompson
- Great Lakes Forestry Center, Canadian Forest Service, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada P6A2E5
| | - Chunyan Hao
- Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Etobicoke
| | - Jeff Houlahan
- Biology Department, University of New Brunswick, 100 Tucker Park Rd, Saint John, NB, Canada E2L4L5
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Edge C, Gahl M, Thompson D, Hao C, Houlahan J. Variation in amphibian response to two formulations of glyphosate-based herbicides. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:2628-32. [PMID: 25132334 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Variation in toxicity among formulations and species makes it difficult to extrapolate results to all species and all formulations of herbicides. The authors exposed larval wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) from 4 populations to 2 glyphosate-based herbicides, Roundup Weed and Grass Control® and Roundup WeatherMax®. The 96-h median lethal concentration values for both formulations varied among the populations (Roundup Weed and Grass Control, 0.14 mg acid equivalents (a.e.)/L to 1.10 mg a.e./L; Roundup WeatherMax, 4.94 mg a.e./L to 8.26 mg a.e./L), demonstrating that toxicity varies among the formulations and that susceptibility may differ among populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Edge
- Biology Department, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
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Brodeur JC, Poliserpi MB, D'Andrea MF, Sánchez M. Synergy between glyphosate- and cypermethrin-based pesticides during acute exposures in tadpoles of the common South American toad Rhinella arenarum. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 112:70-6. [PMID: 25048890 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The herbicide glyphosate and the insecticide cypermethrin are key pesticides of modern management in soy and corn cultures. Although these pesticides are likely to co-occur in ephemeral ponds or aquatic systems supporting amphibian wildlife, the toxicological interactions prevailing in mixtures of these two pesticides have been little studied. The current study evaluated the toxicity of equitoxic and non-equitoxic binary mixtures of glyphosate- and cypermethrin-based pesticides to tadpoles of the common South American toad, Rhinella arenarum. Two different combinations of commercial products were tested: glyphosate Glifosato Atanor®+cypermethrin Xiper® and glyphosate Glifoglex®+cypermethrin Glextrin®. When tested individually, the formulations presented the following 96 h-LC50s: Glifosato Atanor® 19.4 mg ae L(-1) and Glifoglex 72.8 mg ae L(-1), Xiper® 6.8 mg L(-1) and Glextrin® 30.2 mg L(-1). Equitoxic and non-equitoxic mixtures were significantly synergic in both combinations of commercial products tested. The magnitude of the synergy (factor by which toxicity differed from concentration addition) was constant at around twofold for all tested proportions of the glyphosate Glifoglex®+cypermethrin Glextrin® mixture; whereas the magnitude of the synergy varied between 4 and 9 times in the glyphosate Glifosato Atanor®+cypermethrin Xiper® mixture. These results call for more research to be promptly undertaken in order to understand the mechanisms behind the synergy observed and to identify and quantify the extent of its environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Céline Brodeur
- Instituto de Recursos Biológicos, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CNIA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María Belén Poliserpi
- Instituto de Recursos Biológicos, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CNIA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Florencia D'Andrea
- Instituto de Recursos Biológicos, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CNIA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marisol Sánchez
- Instituto de Recursos Biológicos, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CNIA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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21
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Lanctôt C, Navarro-Martín L, Robertson C, Park B, Jackman P, Pauli BD, Trudeau VL. Effects of glyphosate-based herbicides on survival, development, growth and sex ratios of wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) tadpoles. II: agriculturally relevant exposures to Roundup WeatherMax® and Vision® under laboratory conditions. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 154:291-303. [PMID: 24912403 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides are currently the most commonly used herbicides in the world. They have been shown to affect survival, growth, development and sexual differentiation of tadpoles under chronic laboratory exposures but this has not been investigated under more environmentally realistic conditions. The purpose of this study is (1) to determine if an agriculturally relevant exposure to Roundup WeatherMax®, a relatively new and understudied formulation, influences the development of wood frog tadpoles (Lithobates sylvaticus) through effects on the mRNA levels of genes involved in the control of metamorphosis; (2) to compare results to the well-studied Vision® formulation (containing the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate [IPA] and polyethoxylated tallowamine [POEA] surfactant) and to determine which ingredient(s) in the formulations are responsible for potential effects on development; and (3) to compare results to recent field studies that used a similar experimental design. In the present laboratory study, wood frog tadpoles were exposed to an agriculturally relevant application (i.e., two pulses) of Roundup WeatherMax® and Vision® herbicides as well as the active ingredient (IPA) and the POEA surfactant of Vision®. Survival, development, growth, sex ratios and mRNA levels of genes involved in tadpole metamorphosis were measured. Results show that Roundup WeatherMax® (2.89 mg acid equivalent (a.e.)/L) caused 100% mortality after the first pulse. Tadpoles treated with a lower concentration of Roundup WeatherMax® (0.21 mg a.e./L) as well as Vision® (2.89 mg a.e./L), IPA and POEA had an increased condition factor (based on length and weight measures in the tadpoles) relative to controls at Gosner stage (Gs) 36/38. At Gs42, tadpoles treated with IPA and POEA had a decreased condition factor. Also at Gs42, the effect on condition factor was dependent on the sex of tadpoles and significant treatment effects were only detected in males. In most cases, treatment reduced the normal mRNA increase of key genes controlling development in tadpoles between Gs37 and Gs42, such as genes encoding thyroid hormone receptor beta in brain, glucocorticoid receptor in tail and deiodinase enzyme in brain and tail. We conclude that glyphosate-based herbicides have the potential to alter mRNA profiles during metamorphosis. However, studies in natural systems have yet to replicate these negative effects, which highlight the need for more ecologically relevant studies for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lanctôt
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics (CAREG), Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - L Navarro-Martín
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics (CAREG), Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - C Robertson
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics (CAREG), Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - B Park
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6, Canada.
| | - P Jackman
- Environment Canada, Atlantic Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Moncton , New Brunswick E1A 3E9, Canada.
| | - B D Pauli
- Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Center, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada.
| | - V L Trudeau
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics (CAREG), Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
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22
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Annett R, Habibi HR, Hontela A. Impact of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides on the freshwater environment. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 34:458-79. [PMID: 24615870 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] is a broad spectrum, post emergent herbicide and is among the most widely used agricultural chemicals globally. Initially developed to control the growth of weed species in agriculture, this herbicide also plays an important role in both modern silviculture and domestic weed control. The creation of glyphosate tolerant crop species has significantly increased the demand and use of this herbicide and has also increased the risk of exposure to non-target species. Commercially available glyphosate-based herbicides are comprised of multiple, often proprietary, constituents, each with a unique level of toxicity. Surfactants used to increase herbicide efficacy have been identified in some studies as the chemicals responsible for toxicity of glyphosate-based herbicides to non-target species, yet they are often difficult to chemically identify. Most glyphosate-based herbicides are not approved for use in the aquatic environment; however, measurable quantities of the active ingredient and surfactants are detected in surface waters, giving them the potential to alter the physiology of aquatic organisms. Acute toxicity is highly species dependant across all taxa, with toxicity depending on the timing, magnitude, and route of exposure. The toxicity of glyphosate to amphibians has been a major focus of recent research, which has suggested increased sensitivity compared with other vertebrates due to their life history traits and reliance on both the aquatic and terrestrial environments. This review is designed to update previous reviews of glyphosate-based herbicide toxicity, with a focus on recent studies of the aquatic toxicity of this class of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Annett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Water Institute for Sustainable Environments (WISE), University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr., Lethbridge, AB, Canada, T1K 3M4
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23
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Malécot M, Guével B, Pineau C, Holbech BF, Bormans M, Wiegand C. Specific proteomic response of Unio pictorum mussel to a mixture of glyphosate and microcystin-LR. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:5281-92. [PMID: 23972258 DOI: 10.1021/pr4006316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial toxins and pesticides regularly impact freshwaters. Microcystin-LR is one of the most toxic and common cyanobacterial toxins whereas glyphosate is the active ingredient of a widely use herbicide. As filter feeders, freshwater mussels are particularly exposed. Like many native bivalve species, Unio pictorum suffers from a continuous decline in Europe. In order to get a deeper insight of its response to contaminants, U. pictorum was exposed to either 10 μg L(-1) of microcystin-LR or 10 μg L(-1) of glyphosate or a mixture of both. Proteins of the digestive glands were extracted and analyzed by DIGE. Gel analysis revealed 103 spots with statistical variations, and the response seems to be less toward glyphosate than to microcystin-LR. Specific spots have variations only when exposed to the mixture, showing that there is an interaction of both contaminants in the responses triggered. The proteins of 30 spots have been identified. They belong mostly to the cytoskeleton family, but proteins of the oxidative pathway, detoxification, and energetic metabolism were affected either by glyphosate or microcystin-LR or by the mixture. These results demonstrate the importance to study contaminants at low concentrations representative of those found in the field and that multicontaminations can lead to different response pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélodie Malécot
- Université Européenne de Bretagne , 5 Boulevard Laënnec, 35000 Rennes, France
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Güngördü A. Comparative toxicity of methidathion and glyphosate on early life stages of three amphibian species: Pelophylax ridibundus, Pseudepidalea viridis, and Xenopus laevis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 140-141:220-8. [PMID: 23831689 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The assessments of pesticide toxicity on nontarget organisms have largely been focused on the determination of median lethal concentration (LC50) values using single/laboratory species. Although useful, these studies cannot describe the biochemical mechanisms of toxicity and also cannot explain the effects of pesticides on natural species. In this study, the toxic effects of glyphosate and methidathion were evaluated comparatively on early developmental stages of 3 anurans-2 natural (Pelophylax ridibundus, Pseudepidalea viridis) and 1 laboratory species (Xenopus laevis). The 96-h LC50 values for methidathion and glyphosate were determined as 25.7-19.6 mg active ingredient (AI)/L for P. viridis, 27.4-22.7 mg AI/L for P. ridibundus, and 15.3-5.05 mg AI/L for X. laevis tadpoles. Furthermore, as early signs of intoxication, glutathione S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CaE), glutathione reductase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotrasferase were assayed in 4-day-old tadpoles after 96-h pesticide exposure. The GST induction after 3.2mg AI/L methidathion exposure was determined to be 173%, 83%, and 38% of control, and the AChE inhibition for the same dose was determined to be 86%, 96%, and 30% of control for P. ridibundus, P. viridis, and X. laevis, respectively. Unlike the application of methidathion, all enzyme activities showed statistically significant increases on glyphosate exposure compared to controls. However, these increases in enzyme activities were not shown to be parallel with the increase of concentration. The levels of increases of GST and AChE were determined to be 111% and 31% for P. ridibundus, 13% and 51% for P. viridis, and 15% and 36% for X. laevis after 3.2mg AI/L glyphosate exposure, respectively. The findings of the study suggest that the most sensitive species to pesticide exposure is X. laevis. The selected biomarker enzymes AChE, CaE, and GST are useful in understanding the toxic mechanisms of these pesticides in anuran tadpoles as early warning indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Güngördü
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Inonu University, 44280 Malatya, Turkey.
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25
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Iummato MM, Di Fiori E, Sabatini SE, Cacciatore LC, Cochón AC, de Molina MDCR, Juárez AB. Evaluation of biochemical markers in the golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei exposed to glyphosate acid in outdoor microcosms. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 95:123-9. [PMID: 23810212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the impact of technical grade glyphosate acid on Limnoperna fortunei was assessed employing outdoor microcosms treated with nominal glyphosate concentrations of 1, 3 and 6 mg L(-1). At the end of the experiment (26 days), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterases (CES) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, and lipid peroxidation levels were analyzed. GST and ALP activities and lipid peroxidation levels showed a significant increase with respect to controls in the mussels exposed to glyphosate (up to 90, 500 and 69 percent, respectively). CES and SOD activities showed a significant decrease in glyphosate exposed bivalves with respect to controls (up to 48 and 37 percent, respectively). CAT and AChE did not show differences between exposed and no exposed bivalves. The increase in lipid peroxidation levels and the decrease in SOD and CES activities observed in L. fortunei indicate that glyphosate had adverse effects on the metabolism of this bivalve. The results of the present study also indicate that a "multibiomarker approach" provides a more precise knowledge of the impact of glyphosate on L. fortunei.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Mercedes Iummato
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Wagner N, Reichenbecher W, Teichmann H, Tappeser B, Lötters S. Questions concerning the potential impact of glyphosate-based herbicides on amphibians. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:1688-700. [PMID: 23637092 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Use of glyphosate-based herbicides is increasing worldwide. The authors review the available data related to potential impacts of these herbicides on amphibians and conduct a qualitative meta-analysis. Because little is known about environmental concentrations of glyphosate in amphibian habitats and virtually nothing is known about environmental concentrations of the substances added to the herbicide formulations that mainly contribute to adverse effects, glyphosate levels can only be seen as approximations for contamination with glyphosate-based herbicides. The impact on amphibians depends on the herbicide formulation, with different sensitivity of taxa and life stages. Effects on development of larvae apparently are the most sensitive endpoints to study. As with other contaminants, costressors mainly increase adverse effects. If and how glyphosate-based herbicides and other pesticides contribute to amphibian decline is not answerable yet due to missing data on how natural populations are affected. Amphibian risk assessment can only be conducted case-specifically, with consideration of the particular herbicide formulation. The authors recommend better monitoring of both amphibian populations and contamination of habitats with glyphosate-based herbicides, not just glyphosate, and suggest including amphibians in standardized test batteries to study at least dermal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Wagner
- Biogeography Department, Trier University, Trier, Germany.
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27
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Wagner N, Lötters S. Effects of water contamination on site selection by amphibians: experiences from an arena approach with European frogs and newts. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 65:98-104. [PMID: 23377318 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-013-9873-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residues in breeding ponds can cause avoidance by at least some amphibian species. So far, outdoor experiments have been performed only with artificial pools in areas where the focus species usually occur and new colonization has been observed. Results of this kind of study are potentially influenced by natural disturbances and therefore are of limited comparability. We used an easily manufactured and standardizable arena approach, in which animals in reproductive condition for some hours had a choice among pools with different concentrations of a contaminant. Because there has been much debate on the potential environmental impacts of glyphosate-based herbicides, we investigated the impact of glyphosate isopropylamine salt (GLY-IS), Roundup LB PLUS (RU-LB-PLUS), and glyphosate's main metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) on individual residence time in water. The following European amphibian species were tested: Common frog (Rana temporaria), Palmate newt (Lissotriton helveticus), and Alpine newt (Ichthyosaura alpestris). The residence time in water was not significantly affected by concentrations below or slightly above the European Environmental Quality Standards for AMPA or the German "worst-case" expected environmental concentrations for GLY-IS and RU-LB-PLUS. Occasionally, microclimatic cofactors (nightly minimum ground temperature, water temperature) apparently influenced the residence time. The major drawback of such quick behavior studies is that results can only be transferred to perception and avoidance of contaminated water but not easily to site selection by amphibians. For example, testing oviposition site selection requires more natural water bodies and more time. Hence, to develop a standard procedure in risk assessment, an intermediate design between an arena approach, as presented here, and previously performed field studies should be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Wagner
- Biogeography Department, Faculty of Geography/Geosciences, Trier University, Universitätsring 15, 54296 Trier, Germany.
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Meza-Joya FL, Ramírez-Pinilla MP, Fuentes-Lorenzo JL. Toxic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic effects of a glyphosate formulation (Roundup®SL-Cosmoflux®411F) in the direct-developing frog Eleutherodactylus johnstonei. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2013; 54:362-73. [PMID: 23625742 DOI: 10.1002/em.21775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aerial spraying of glyphosate formulations in Colombia to eradicate illegal crops has generated great concern about its possible impact on nontarget organisms, particularly amphibians. This study evaluated the toxic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic effects of a glyphosate formulation (Roundup®SL-Cosmoflux®411F) in the direct-developing frog Eleutherodactylus johnstonei by estimating the median lethal application rate (LC50 ), median hemolytic application rate (HD50 ), and extent of DNA damage using the in vitro and in vivo Comet assays. Toxicity results indicated that the application rate [37.4 µg acid equivalent (a.e.)/cm(2) ] equivalent to that used in aerial spraying (3.74 kg a.e./ha) is not lethal in male and female adult frogs, whereas neonates are highly sensitive. Glyphosate formulation at application rates above 5.4 µg a.e./cm(2) (in vivo) and concentrations above 95 µg a.e./mL (in vitro) showed clear evidence of cytotoxicity. In vivo and in vitro exposure of E. johnstonei erythrocytes to the glyphosate formulation induced DNA breaks in a dose-dependent manner with statistically significant values (P < 0.05) at all doses tested. DNA damage initially increased with the duration of exposure and then decreased, suggesting that DNA repair events were occurring during in vivo and in vitro exposures. These results are discussed from the perspective of possible ecotoxicological risks to anuran species from exposure to glyphosate formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Leonardo Meza-Joya
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Mutagénesis Ambiental, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Industrial de Santander UIS, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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29
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Yadav SS, Giri S, Singha U, Boro F, Giri A. Toxic and genotoxic effects of Roundup on tadpoles of the Indian skittering frog (Euflictis cyanophlyctis) in the presence and absence of predator stress. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 132-133:1-8. [PMID: 23454306 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate, a post emergent herbicide, has become the backbone of no-till agriculture and is considered safe for animals. However, the impact of glyphosate on non-target organisms, especially on amphibians, is the subject of major concern and debate in recent times. We examined the toxic and genotoxic effects of Roundup, a commercial formulation of glyphosate, in the tadpoles of the Indian skittering frog (Euflictis cyanophlyctis). Roundup at different concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8mg acid equivalent (ae)/L), tested in a 2×6 factorial design in the presence and absence of predator stress, induced concentration-dependent lethality in tadpoles. The 96-h LC50 for Roundup in the absence and presence of predator stress were 3.76mgae/L and 3.39mgae/L, respectively. The 10-day LC50 value for Roundup was significantly lower, 2.12mgae/L and 1.91mgae/L in the absence and presence of predator stress, respectively. Lower concentrations of Roundup (1, 2 and 3mgae/L) induced the formation of micronuclei (MN) in the erythrocytes of tadpoles at 24-h (F3,56=10.286, p<0.001), 48-h (F3,56=48.255, p<0.001), 72-h (F3,56=118.933, p<0.001) and 96-h (F3,56=85.414, p<0.001) in a concentration-dependent manner. Presence of predator stress apparently increased the toxicity and genotoxicity of Roundup; but these effects were not statistically significant. These findings suggest that Roundup at environmentally relevant concentrations has lethal and genotoxic impact on E. cyanophlyctis; which may have long-term fitness consequence to the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushama Singh Yadav
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Life Science & Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India
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30
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Petralito S, Zanardi I, Braconi D, Santucci A, Memoli A, Caccamo E, Travagli V. Supportive use of cyclodextrins as decontamination agents for herbicides: the case of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.1654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Petralito
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco; Sapienza Università di Roma; Italy
| | - I. Zanardi
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico; Università degli Studi di Siena; Italy
| | - D. Braconi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie; Università degli Studi di Siena; Italy
| | - A. Santucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie; Università degli Studi di Siena; Italy
| | - A. Memoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco; Sapienza Università di Roma; Italy
| | - E. Caccamo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco; Sapienza Università di Roma; Italy
| | - V. Travagli
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico; Università degli Studi di Siena; Italy
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