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Astiazaran-Symonds E, Graham C, Kim J, Tucker MA, Ingvar C, Helgadottir H, Pastorino L, van Doorn R, Sampson JN, Zhu B, Bruno W, Queirolo P, Fornarini G, Sciallero S, Carter B, Hicks B, Hutchinson A, Jones K, Stewart DR, Chanock SJ, Freedman ND, Landi MT, Höiom V, Puig S, Gruis N, Yang XR, Ghiorzo P, Goldstein AM. Gene-Level Associations in Patients With and Without Pathogenic Germline Variants in CDKN2A and Pancreatic Cancer. JCO Precis Oncol 2022; 6:e2200145. [PMID: 36409970 PMCID: PMC10166474 DOI: 10.1200/po.22.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a component of familial melanoma due to germline pathogenic variants (GPVs) in CDKN2A. However, it is unclear what role this gene or other genes play in its etiology. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed 189 cancer predisposition genes using parametric rare-variant association (RVA) tests and nonparametric permutation tests to identify gene-level associations in PDAC for patients with (CDKN2A+) and without (CDKN2A-) GPV. Exome sequencing was performed on 84 patients with PDAC, 47 CDKN2A+ and 37 CDKN2A-. After variant filtering, various RVA tests and permutation tests were run separately by CDKN2A status. Genes with the strongest nominal associations were evaluated in patients with PDAC from The Cancer Genome Atlas and the UK Biobank (UKB). A secondary analysis including only GPV from UKB was also performed. RESULTS In RVA tests, ERCC4 and RET showed the most compelling evidence as plausible PDAC candidate genes for CDKN2A+ patients. In contrast, the findings in CDKN2A- patients provided evidence for HMBS, EPCAM, and MRE11 as potential new candidate genes and confirmed ATM, BRCA2, and PALB2 as PDAC genes, consistent with findings in The Cancer Genome Atlas and the UKB. As expected, CDKN2A- patients were more likely to harbor GPVs from the 189 genes investigated. When including only GPVs from UKB, significant associations with PDAC were seen for ATM, BRCA2, and CDKN2A. CONCLUSION These results suggest that variants in other genes likely play a role in PDAC in all patients and that PDAC in CDKN2A+ patients has a distinct etiology from PDAC in CDKN2A- patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Astiazaran-Symonds
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Cole Graham
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jung Kim
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | - Hildur Helgadottir
- Department of Oncology Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorenza Pastorino
- Genetics of Rare Cancers, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Remco van Doorn
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Joshua N. Sampson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Bin Zhu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - William Bruno
- Genetics of Rare Cancers, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Queirolo
- Melanoma Sarcoma and Rare Tumors, IEO European Institute of Oncology, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fornarini
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefania Sciallero
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Belynda Hicks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Amy Hutchinson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Kristine Jones
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | | | | | - Neal D. Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Veronica Höiom
- Department of Oncology Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susana Puig
- Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona and CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nelleke Gruis
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Xiaohong R. Yang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Paola Ghiorzo
- Genetics of Rare Cancers, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Germline Testing for Individuals with Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma and Novel Genetic Risk Factors. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2022; 36:943-960. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Pissa M, Helkkula T, Appelqvist F, Silander G, Borg Å, Pettersson J, Lapins J, Nielsen K, Höiom V, Helgadottir H. CDKN2A genetic testing in melanoma-prone families in Sweden in the years 2015-2020: implications for novel national recommendations. Acta Oncol 2021; 60:888-896. [PMID: 33945383 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2021.1914346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Inherited pathogenic variants (PVs) in the CDKN2A gene are among the strongest known risk factors for cutaneous melanoma. Carriers are at high risks to develop multiple primary melanomas and other cancers, in particular pancreatic cancer. In this study, the CDKN2A testing, carried out in Sweden in the years 2015-2020, was evaluated.Materials and methods: Included families had (1) three or more cases of melanoma and/or pancreatic cancer, (2) two melanomas in first-degree relatives, the youngest case <55 years or (3) individuals with three or more multiple primary melanomas, the first before the age of 55 years, and no other affected family members. The included families had at least one affected member that had been tested for CDKN2A PVs.Results: In total, 403 families were included, whereof 913 family members had been diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma and 129 with pancreatic cancer, 33 (8.2%) were found to have PVs in CDKN2A. Frequencies ranged from 0.9% in families with only two melanomas to 43.2% in families with three or more melanoma cases and pancreatic cancer (p < 0.001). The frequency of PVs ranged from 2.1% to 16.5% in families where the youngest case was ≥55 years or <35 years (p = 0.040). In families with or without CDKN2A PVs, 37.6% and 10.0% had melanoma cases that had died from melanoma, respectively (p < 0.001).Discussion: Significant differences were seen in the frequencies of CDKN2A PVs, dependent on numbers or age at diagnosis of melanomas and diagnoses of pancreatic cancers in the family. Further, melanoma cases belonging to families that tested positive for CDKN2A PVs had a significantly higher mortality. To summarize, the current evaluation shows that, with adequately selected criteria to guide genetic testing, CDKN2A PVs are identified at significant frequencies. Identification of carrier families is of importance to ensure that members are enrolled in a preventive surveillance program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pissa
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Ryhov County Hospital, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Teo Helkkula
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Dermatology, Lund University Skin Cancer research group, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Frida Appelqvist
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Gustav Silander
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Division of Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Åke Borg
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Pettersson
- Department of Oncology, Ryhov County Hospital, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Jan Lapins
- Department of Dermatology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kari Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Dermatology, Lund University Skin Cancer research group, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Dermatology, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - Veronica Höiom
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hildur Helgadottir
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Tuominen R, Engström PG, Helgadottir H, Eriksson H, Unneberg P, Kjellqvist S, Yang M, Lindén D, Edsgärd D, Hansson J, Höiom V. The role of germline alterations in the DNA damage response genes BRIP1 and BRCA2 in melanoma susceptibility. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2016; 55:601-11. [PMID: 27074266 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We applied a targeted sequencing approach to identify germline mutations conferring a moderately to highly increased risk of cutaneous and uveal melanoma. Ninety-two high-risk melanoma patients were screened for inherited variation in 120 melanoma candidate genes. Observed gene variants were filtered based on frequency in reference populations, cosegregation with melanoma in families and predicted functional effect. Several novel or rare genetic variants in genes involved in DNA damage response, cell-cycle regulation and transcriptional control were identified in melanoma patients. Among identified genetic alterations was an extremely rare variant (minor allele frequency of 0.00008) in the BRIP1 gene that was found to cosegregate with the melanoma phenotype. We also found a rare nonsense variant in the BRCA2 gene (rs11571833), previously associated with cancer susceptibility but not with melanoma, which showed weak association with melanoma susceptibility in the Swedish population. Our results add to the growing knowledge about genetic factors associated with melanoma susceptibility and also emphasize the role of DNA damage response as an important factor in melanoma etiology. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Tuominen
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pär G Engström
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hildur Helgadottir
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Eriksson
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Unneberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanela Kjellqvist
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Muyi Yang
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Diana Lindén
- Department of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Edsgärd
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Division of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Johan Hansson
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veronica Höiom
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Helgadottir H, Höiom V, Jönsson G, Tuominen R, Ingvar C, Borg A, Olsson H, Hansson J. High risk of tobacco-related cancers in CDKN2A mutation-positive melanoma families. J Med Genet 2014; 51:545-52. [PMID: 24935963 PMCID: PMC4112445 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germline mutations in the tumour suppressor gene CDKN2A occur in 5-20% of familial melanoma cases. A single founder mutation, p.Arg112dup, accounts for the majority of CDKN2A mutations in Swedish carriers. In a national program, carriers of p.Arg112dup mutation have been identified. The aim of this study was to assess cancer risks in p.Arg112dup carriers and their first degree relatives (FDRs) and second degree relatives (SDRs). METHODS In this prospective cohort study, cancer diagnoses in carriers (n=120), non-carriers (n=111), carriers' FDRs (n=275) and SDRs (n=321) and controls (n=3976) were obtained from the Swedish Cancer Registry. Relative risks (RRs) for cancers were calculated (number of cancers/person years). Two-sided 95% CIs were calculated for all RRs. RESULTS In carriers prospective RR for non-melanoma cancers was 5.0 (95% CI 3.7 to 7.3), for pancreatic cancer 43.8 (95% CI 13.8 to 139.0), for cancers in upper digestive tissues 17.1 (95% CI 6.3 to 46.5), and in respiratory tissues 15.6 (5.4 to 46.0). In FDRs and SDRs RRs were significantly elevated for cancers in pancreas, respiratory and upper digestive tissues. In ever-smoking carriers compared with never-smoking carriers, the odds ratio (OR) of cancers in pancreas, respiratory or upper digestive tissues was 9.3 (95% CI 1.9 to 44.7). CONCLUSIONS CDKN2A p.Arg112dup mutation carriers from melanoma-prone families and their FDRs and SDRs have elevated risk for pancreatic, lung, head and neck and gastro-oesophageal carcinomas. These cancers were mainly seen in ever-smoking carriers. Germline CDKN2A mutations may confer an increased sensitivity to carcinogens in tobacco smoke. CDKN2A mutation carriers should be counselled to abstain from smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildur Helgadottir
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veronica Höiom
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Jönsson
- Department of Oncology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rainer Tuominen
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Ingvar
- Department of Oncology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ake Borg
- Department of Oncology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Håkan Olsson
- Department of Oncology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Hansson
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Fargnoli MC, Argenziano G, Zalaudek I, Peris K. High- and low-penetrance cutaneous melanoma susceptibility genes. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 6:657-70. [PMID: 16759158 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.6.5.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to report the current understanding of the molecular genetics of melanoma predisposition. To date, two high-penetrance melanoma susceptibility genes, cyclin-dependent kinas inhibitor (CDKN)2A on chromosome 9p21 and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK4) on 12q13, have been identified. Germline inactivating mutations of the CDKN2A gene are the most common cause of inherited susceptibility to melanoma. Worldwide, a few families have been found to harbor CDK4 mutations. However, predisposing alterations to familial melanoma are still unknown in a large proportion of kindreds. Other melanoma susceptibility loci have been mapped through genome-wide linkage analysis, although the putative causal genes at these loci have yet to be identified. Much ongoing research is being focused on the identification of low-penetrance melanoma susceptibility genes that confer a lower melanoma risk with more frequent variations. Specific variants of the MC1R gene have been demonstrated to confer an increase in melanoma risk. In addition, conflicting data are available on other potential low-penetrance genes encoding proteins involved in pigmentation, cell growth and differentiation, DNA repair or detoxifying of metabolites.
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7
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Höiom V, Tuominen R, Hansson J. Genome-wide linkage analysis of Swedish families to identify putative susceptibility loci for cutaneous malignant melanoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2011; 50:1076-84. [PMID: 21901783 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder which is caused by an interaction between hereditary and environmental factors. In Sweden, a small portion of the inherited susceptibility is explained by the presence of germline mutations in the tumor suppressor gene CDKN2A. But still, the genetic background of melanoma susceptibility is largely unknown. Here, we conducted a genome-wide linkage scan on melanoma-prone families using high-density single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) arrays to identify novel melanoma susceptibility genes. We investigated 35 families of Swedish origin without CDKN2A mutations. Nonparametric and parametric multipoint linkage analyses were performed. After removal of SNPs in strong linkage disequilibrium, the strongest evidence of linkage was detected on chromosome 17p11-12 (logarithm (base 10) of odds (LOD) scores of 2.76) using parametric linkage analysis assuming a dominant trait with full penetrance. Analyses were also performed on a subset of families with low age at diagnosis (mean age ≤ 47 years), to obtain a more homogenous subset. This subgroup analysis based on 22 families yielded suggestive evidence of linkage to the chromosomal regions 11p12-p11 and 18q22 (multipoint LOD scores of 2.10 and 2.02, respectively). Also, the 17p region that was detected in the complete family set showed suggestive linkage in this cohort (multipoint LOD scores of 2.01). Our data suggest that these chromosomal regions, 17p12-p11 in particular as it was present in both analyses, may harbor genes involved in the susceptibility of malignant melanoma in the Swedish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Höiom
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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8
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Bergenmar M, Hansson J, Brandberg Y. Family members' perceptions of genetic testing for malignant melanoma--a prospective interview study. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2009; 13:74-80. [PMID: 19179113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Revised: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim was to prospectively explore experiences related to genetic testing for malignant melanoma among unaffected previously untested members of melanoma-prone families in which germline CDKN2A mutations had been identified. METHOD Consecutive members of families with CDKN2A mutation attending a pigmented lesion clinic (n=11) were interviewed and completed questionnaires at four occasions: before genetic testing, at disclosure of genetic test result and six months and one year after disclosure. The following areas were measured: anxiety and depression, risk perception, and sun-related habits. RESULTS Disclosure of the test result did not seem to change family members' perception of their risk of developing melanoma. Few members reported anxiety of clinical significance and no one were depressed. All family members with biological children expressed concerns regarding their children and emphasized the importance of sun protection and surveillance. Sun burns and blisters were rather commonly reported by the family members. Routines regarding the procedure for conveying test result were requested. CONCLUSION Genetic testing of the members of melanoma families with CDKN2A mutations attending a pigmented lesion clinic did not appear to induce behavioral changes related to sun habits or emotional problems. Concerns about the future of their children were commonly expressed by participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Bergenmar
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
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9
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Bruno W, Ghiorzo P, Battistuzzi L, Ascierto PA, Barile M, Gargiulo S, Gensini F, Gliori S, Guida M, Lombardo M, Manoukian S, Menin C, Nasti S, Origone P, Pasini B, Pastorino L, Peissel B, Pizzichetta MA, Queirolo P, Rodolfo M, Romanini A, Scaini MC, Testori A, Tibiletti MG, Turchetti D, Leachman SA, Bianchi Scarrà G. Clinical genetic testing for familial melanoma in Italy: a cooperative study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009; 61:775-82. [PMID: 19500876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Italian Society of Human Genetics' (SIGU) recommendations on genetic counseling and testing for hereditary melanoma state that clinical genetic testing can be offered to Italian melanoma families with at least two affected members. OBJECTIVE In the framework of a cooperative study, we sought to establish the frequency of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A mutations in melanoma families that underwent clinical genetic counseling and testing in accordance with the SIGU recommendations at 9 centers in different Italian regions. METHODS Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A testing was conducted by direct sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis in melanoma families with at least two affected members. RESULTS A total of 33% (68/204) of the families harbored cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A mutations. In the 145 families with two affected members the mutation frequency was 25%. Three novel mutations, L94P, A86T, and c.407dupG, were identified among the cases and not in 200 controls. LIMITATIONS We were unable to perform separate analyses for individual centers, as in some cases the number of families was too small. CONCLUSIONS The availability of clinical genetic testing for melanoma to families with just two affected members in the same branch is justified in Italy in terms of the likelihood of identifying a mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bruno
- Department of Oncology, Biology, and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
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10
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Höiom V, Tuominen R, Käller M, Lindén D, Ahmadian A, Månsson-Brahme E, Egyhazi S, Sjöberg K, Lundeberg J, Hansson J. MC1Rvariation and melanoma risk in the Swedish population in relation to clinical and pathological parameters. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2009; 22:196-204. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2008.00526.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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The p.G23S CDKN2A founder mutation in high-risk melanoma families from Central Italy. Melanoma Res 2007; 17:387-92. [DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e3282f1d328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Hansson J, Bergenmar M, Hofer PA, Lundell G, Månsson-Brahme E, Ringborg U, Synnerstad I, Bratel AT, Wennberg AM, Rosdahl I. Monitoring of Kindreds With Hereditary Predisposition for Cutaneous Melanoma and Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome: Results of a Swedish Preventive Program. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:2819-24. [PMID: 17602087 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.11.4108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate a program initiated in 1987 by the Swedish Melanoma Study Group aiming to provide preventive surveillance to kindreds with hereditary cutaneous melanoma and dysplastic nevus syndrome. Patients and Methods Overall, 2,080 individuals belonging to 280 melanoma families were followed for 14 years between 1987 and 2001 at 12 participating centers. Data were registered in a central database. Results Among 1,912 skin lesions excised during follow-up, 41 melanomas were removed in 32 individuals. Of these, 15 (37%) were in situ melanomas and 26 (63%) invasive melanomas. The median tumor thickness of invasive melanomas was 0.5 mm. Ulceration was absent in 24 of 26 invasive melanomas (92%) and 12 (46%) lacked vertical growth phase. Compared with melanomas in the general Swedish population, the melanomas identified in these kindreds during follow-up had better prognostic characteristics. All melanomas except one were diagnosed in families with two or more first-degree relatives with melanoma. Diagnosis of melanoma occurred in three of eight kindreds with germline CDKN2A mutations, supporting that families with such mutations are at increased risk for melanoma development. Of the 32 individuals who developed melanoma during follow-up, 21 (66%) had had at least one previously diagnosed melanoma. Conclusion This study shows that a coordinated program aimed at detecting and offering skin surveillance in kindreds with hereditary cutaneous melanoma results in a low incidence of melanomas during the follow-up period and that the tumors that do arise have favorable prognostic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Hansson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Goldstein AM, Chan M, Harland M, Gillanders EM, Hayward NK, Avril MF, Azizi E, Bianchi-Scarra G, Bishop DT, Bressac-de Paillerets B, Bruno W, Calista D, Cannon Albright LA, Demenais F, Elder DE, Ghiorzo P, Gruis NA, Hansson J, Hogg D, Holland EA, Kanetsky PA, Kefford RF, Landi MT, Lang J, Leachman SA, Mackie RM, Magnusson V, Mann GJ, Niendorf K, Newton Bishop J, Palmer JM, Puig S, Puig-Butille JA, de Snoo FA, Stark M, Tsao H, Tucker MA, Whitaker L, Yakobson E. High-risk melanoma susceptibility genes and pancreatic cancer, neural system tumors, and uveal melanoma across GenoMEL. Cancer Res 2006; 66:9818-28. [PMID: 17047042 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
GenoMEL, comprising major familial melanoma research groups from North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia has created the largest familial melanoma sample yet available to characterize mutations in the high-risk melanoma susceptibility genes CDKN2A/alternate reading frames (ARF), which encodes p16 and p14ARF, and CDK4 and to evaluate their relationship with pancreatic cancer (PC), neural system tumors (NST), and uveal melanoma (UM). This study included 466 families (2,137 patients) with at least three melanoma patients from 17 GenoMEL centers. Overall, 41% (n = 190) of families had mutations; most involved p16 (n = 178). Mutations in CDK4 (n = 5) and ARF (n = 7) occurred at similar frequencies (2-3%). There were striking differences in mutations across geographic locales. The proportion of families with the most frequent founder mutation(s) of each locale differed significantly across the seven regions (P = 0.0009). Single founder CDKN2A mutations were predominant in Sweden (p.R112_L113insR, 92% of family's mutations) and the Netherlands (c.225_243del19, 90% of family's mutations). France, Spain, and Italy had the same most frequent mutation (p.G101W). Similarly, Australia and United Kingdom had the same most common mutations (p.M53I, c.IVS2-105A>G, p.R24P, and p.L32P). As reported previously, there was a strong association between PC and CDKN2A mutations (P < 0.0001). This relationship differed by mutation. In contrast, there was little evidence for an association between CDKN2A mutations and NST (P = 0.52) or UM (P = 0.25). There was a marginally significant association between NST and ARF (P = 0.05). However, this particular evaluation had low power and requires confirmation. This GenoMEL study provides the most extensive characterization of mutations in high-risk melanoma susceptibility genes in families with three or more melanoma patients yet available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa M Goldstein
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-7236, USA.
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14
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Pho L, Grossman D, Leachman SA. Melanoma genetics: a review of genetic factors and clinical phenotypes in familial melanoma. Curr Opin Oncol 2006; 18:173-9. [PMID: 16462187 DOI: 10.1097/01.cco.0000208791.22442.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The clinical phenotypes of familial melanoma syndromes and genetic and environmental interactions are reviewed to summarize the current status of the field and to identify gaps in molecular and clinical investigations. RECENT FINDINGS The familial melanoma syndromes are associated with germline mutations in three highly penetrant gene products: p16, alternate reading frame, and cyclin-dependent kinase 4. Certain variants in a low-penetrance gene, MC1R, the melanocortin 1 receptor gene, increase melanoma risk to a lesser extent and act as a genetic modifier when cosegregating with a deleterious p16 gene. The penetrance of these melanoma-predisposing genes is largely influenced by ultraviolet exposure across geographic latitude. Yet cumulative studies are conflicting on whether ultraviolet radiation, including sunburns, early childhood and adolescent sun exposure, and chronic exposure, increases melanoma risk in familial melanoma. To date, the clinical phenotypes of increased number of atypical nevi and nevi body distribution are independent risk factors for melanoma risk, regardless of family history. The atypical mole syndrome cannot reliably predict melanoma germline mutations but increases melanoma risk in p16 mutation carriers. Familial melanoma patients develop melanomas earlier and are prone to developing multiple primary melanomas. Other than these two differences, familial and sporadic melanoma share similar histopathology, prognostic factors, and survival rates. SUMMARY Familial melanoma is an excellent human model system for the investigation of melanoma. Understanding genotype-phenotype and environmental relationships in familial melanoma will likely lead to improved understanding of pathogenesis for all melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Pho
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, 84112, USA
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15
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Ghiorzo P, Gargiulo S, Pastorino L, Nasti S, Cusano R, Bruno W, Gliori S, Sertoli MR, Burroni A, Savarino V, Gensini F, Sestini R, Queirolo P, Goldstein AM, Scarrà GB. Impact of E27X, a novel CDKN2A germ line mutation, on p16 and p14ARF expression in Italian melanoma families displaying pancreatic cancer and neuroblastoma. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:2682-9. [PMID: 16893909 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the CDKN2A gene underlie melanoma susceptibility in as many as 50% of melanoma kindreds in selected populations, and several CDKN2A founder mutations have been described. Inherited mutations in CDKN2A have been found to be associated with other, non-melanoma cancers including pancreatic cancer (PC) and neural system tumors (NST). Here we report a novel germline mutation in exon 1 of the CDKN2A gene, E27X, which we first detected in melanoma patients living in or originally from a small geographic area bordering Liguria in north-western Italy. A subset of melanoma kindreds positive for this mutation displayed PC and neuroblastoma. E27X generates a premature stop codon, leading to dramatically reduced protein levels of p16 and leaving p14ARF unaltered. As PC and NSTs have been postulated to be preferentially associated with CDKN2A mutations located in exon 2 and/or affecting p14ARF alone, the position of E27X in exon 1alpha provides interesting insights towards clarifying the mechanisms by which the CDKN2A/ARF locus is involved in cancer predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Ghiorzo
- Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetics/Medical Genetics Service, University of Genoa, and Dermatology Unit, San Martino Hospital, Italy.
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16
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García-Planells J, Burguera JA, Solís P, Millán JM, Ginestar D, Palau F, Espinós C. Ancient origin of the CAG expansion causing Huntington disease in a Spanish population. Hum Mutat 2006; 25:453-9. [PMID: 15832309 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized clinically by progressive motor impairment, cognitive decline, and emotional deterioration. The disease is caused by the abnormal expansion of a CAG trinucleotide repeat in the first exon of the huntingtin gene in chromosome 4p16.3. HD is spread worldwide and it is generally accepted that few mutational events account for the origin of the pathogenic CAG expansion in most populations. We have investigated the genetic history of HD mutation in 83 family probands from the Land of Valencia, in Eastern Spain. An analysis of the HD/CCG repeat in informative families suggested that at least two main chromosomes were associated in the Valencian population, one associated with allele 7 (77 mutant chromosomes) and one associated with allele 10 (two mutant chromosomes). Haplotype A-7-A (H1) was observed in 47 out of 48 phase-known mutant chromosomes, obtained by segregation analysis, through the haplotype analysis of rs1313770-HD/CCG-rs82334, as it also was in 120 out of 166 chromosomes constructed by means of the PHASE program. The genetic history and geographical distribution of the main haplotype H1 were both studied by constructing extended haplotypes with flanking short tandem repeats (STRs) D4S106 and D4S3034. We found that we were able to determine the age of the CAG expansion associated with the haplotype H1 as being between 4,700 and 10,000 years ago. Furthermore, we observed a nonhomogenous distribution in the different regions associated with the different extended haplotypes of the ancestral haplotype H1, suggesting that local founder effects have occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier García-Planells
- Laboratory of Genetics and Medicine, Department of Genomics and Proteomics, Instituto de Biomedicina, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
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17
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Eldon BJ, Thorlacius S, Jonsson T, Jonasson JG, Kjartansson J, Bodvarsson S, Steingrimsson E, Rafnar T. A population-based study on the familial aggregation of cutaneous malignant melanoma in Iceland. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42:922-6. [PMID: 16530404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the familial nature of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) in Iceland. Risk ratio was used to estimate the risk among relatives of all CMM index cases diagnosed in Iceland over a 45-year period (1955-1999), using data from the National Cancer Registry and a genealogy database that covers the whole of Iceland's population. First-, second-, and third-degree relatives of CMM patients did not have an increased risk of the disease, and no added risk of other types of cancer among relatives was observed, except for thyroid cancer in first-degree male relatives. Seven individuals were diagnosed with two or more primary CMM in this period; none of these individuals had a first or second-degree relative with CMM. Altogether, 2.4% of cases were familial, as defined by commonly used criteria. In conclusion, high-penetrance susceptibility genes do not contribute much to CMM in the Icelandic population. The great majority of CMM cases in Iceland are most likely caused by the interplay between environmental causes and low-risk genes.
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18
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Huber J, Ramos ES. The P48T germline mutation and polymorphism in the CDKN2A gene of patients with melanoma. Braz J Med Biol Res 2006; 39:237-41. [PMID: 16470311 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2006000200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CDKN2A has been implicated as a melanoma susceptibility gene in some kindreds with a family history of this disease. Mutations in CDKN2A may produce an imbalance between functional p16ink4a and cyclin D causing abnormal cell growth. We searched for germline mutations in this gene in 22 patients with clinical criteria of hereditary cancer (early onset, presence of multiple primary melanoma or 1 or more first- or second-degree relatives affected) by secondary structural content prediction, a mutation scanning method that relies on the propensity for single-strand DNA to take on a three-dimensional structure that is highly sequence dependent, and sequencing the samples with alterations in the electrophoretic mobility. The prevalence of CDKN2A mutation in our study was 4.5% (1/22) and there was a correlation between family history and probability of mutation detection. We found the P48T mutation in 1 patient with 2 melanoma-affected relatives. The patient descends from Italian families and this mutation has been reported previously only in Italian families in two independent studies. This leads us to suggest the presence of a mutational "hotspot" within this gene or a founder mutation. We also detected a high prevalence (59.1%) of polymorphisms, mainly alleles 500 C/G (7/31.8%) or 540 C/T (6/27.3%), in the 3' untranslated region of exon 3. This result reinforces the idea that these rare polymorphic alleles have been significantly associated with the risk of developing melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Huber
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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19
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Lang J, Hayward N, Goldgar D, Tsao H, Hogg D, Palmer J, Stark M, Tobias ES, MacKie R. The M53I mutation inCDKN2A is a founder mutation that predominates in melanoma patients with Scottish ancestry. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2006; 46:277-87. [PMID: 17171691 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in the tumor suppressor gene CDKN2A have been shown to predispose to cutaneous malignant melanoma. The M53I mutation is the most common CDKN2A mutation identified in Scottish melanoma patients and is also found in a small number of families in other countries. The aim of this study was to determine whether the occurrence of this mutation is due to a common ancestor originating from Scotland, and if so, to estimate how long ago the mutation arose. We examined 18 families carrying the M53I mutation: six from Scotland, five from Canada, four from Australia, and three from America. Haplotypes derived from segregation of seven informative microsatellite markers flanking CDKN2A were constructed in each family. Our findings show that 14 of 18 families carry a common ancestral haplotype on which the mutation arose approximately 88 generations ago (1-LOD-unit support interval 44-198 generations). This haplotype is very rare in controls, which supports the idea that it is a common founder mutation haplotype. The four M53I families that do not share the consensus haplotype may in fact have arisen from the same founder, but this is potentially obscured by presumed replication slippage for some of the microsatellite markers tested.
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20
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Käller M, Tuominen R, Ahmadian A, Magnusson V, Egyhazi S, Hansson J, Lundeberg J. Detection of MC1R Polymorphisms with Protease-Mediated Allele-Specific Extension as an Alternative to Direct Sequencing. Clin Chem 2005; 51:2388-91. [PMID: 16306106 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2005.056820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Max Käller
- Department of Biotechnology, The Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Harland M, Taylor CF, Bass S, Churchman M, Randerson-Moor JA, Holland EA, Mann GJ, Bishop DT, Newton Bishop JA. Intronic sequence variants of the CDKN2A gene in melanoma pedigrees. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2005; 43:128-36. [PMID: 15761864 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ-line mutations of the tumor-suppressor gene CDKN2A predispose individuals to melanoma in families worldwide. However, coding mutations of CDKN2A have not been detected in a significant proportion of those affected. The identification of a disease-associated intronic mutation of CDKN2A in UK families, which has proved to be the most common CDKN2A mutation as yet identified in this population, has highlighted the possibility that additional causal mutations may lie within the intronic sequence of the gene. In this article, we describe the comprehensive screening of 109 English and 26 Australian melanoma pedigrees for intronic mutations of CDKN2A. In total, 24 sequence variants were identified across the two introns of the gene. We show evidence that two of the CDKN2A intronic variants (IVS1 + 1104 C > A and IVS1 - 1104 C > G) predispose to melanoma. IVS1 + 1104 was shown to result in the aberrant splicing of both p16(INK4a) and p14(ARF) mRNA. Overall, however, the proportion of English melanoma families with these variants is small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Harland
- Genetic Epidemiology Division, Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, England
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22
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Berg P, Wennberg AM, Tuominen R, Sander B, Rozell BL, Platz A, Hansson J. Germline CDKN2A mutations are rare in child and adolescent cutaneous melanoma. Melanoma Res 2005; 14:251-5. [PMID: 15305154 DOI: 10.1097/01.cmr.0000131014.79262.bf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Early-onset melanoma under the age of 20 years is still a rare disease but has an increasing incidence. The aim of this study was to determine whether CDKN2A germline mutations are present in patients diagnosed with childhood/adolescent melanoma. From the Swedish Cancer Register we identified 60 patients with a diagnosis of cutaneous malignant melanoma before the age of 20 years. A medical history including information on self-reported melanoma heredity was obtained, a physical examination was performed by a dermatologist, and the histopathology slides were reviewed. A blood test was obtained for analysis of germline CDKN2A exon 1 and exon 2 mutations by DNA sequencing. We found only one germline CDKN2A mutation with functional significance, which was an exon 1 missense mutation resulting in a proline-to-leucine substitution in codon 48. This mutation was seen in a patient belonging to a previously reported kindred with hereditary melanoma where this particular germline CDKN2A mutation had been identified. Thus, in the large majority of cutaneous melanoma in childhood/adolescence, any underlying genetic alterations have yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Berg
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Radiumhemmet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
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23
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Ghiorzo P, Villaggio B, Sementa AR, Hansson J, Platz A, Nicoló G, Spina B, Canepa M, Palmer JM, Hayward NK, Bianchi-Scarrà G. Expression and localization of mutant p16 proteins in melanocytic lesions from familial melanoma patients. Hum Pathol 2004; 35:25-33. [PMID: 14745721 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2003.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the correlation between the loss of p16 expression and tumor progression in familial melanoma; no systematic study has been conducted on p16 expression in melanocytic tumors from patients carrying germline CDKN2A mutations. We analyzed 98 early primary lesions from familial patients, previously tested for germline CDKN2A status, by quantitative immunohistochemistry using 3 p16 antibodies. We found that p16 expression was inversely correlated with tumor progression and was significantly lower in melanomas, including in situ lesions, than in nevi. Of other features analyzed, tumor thickness showed the most significant correlation with p16 levels. Lesions from mutation-negative patients displayed combined nuclear and cytoplasmic staining. However, some mutation-positive lesions (ie, G101W, 113insR, M53I, R24P, and 33ins24), including benign nevi, showed nuclear mislocalization, confirming previous studies suggesting that subcellular distribution indicates functional impairment of p16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Ghiorzo
- Department of Oncology, Biology, and Genetics, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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24
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Murphy JA, Barrantes-Reynolds R, Kocherlakota R, Bond JP, Greenblatt MS. The CDKN2A database: Integrating allelic variants with evolution, structure, function, and disease association. Hum Mutat 2004; 24:296-304. [PMID: 15365986 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we introduce the CDKN2A Database, an online database of germline and somatic variants of the CDKN2A tumor suppressor gene recorded in human disease through the year 2002, annotated with evolutionary, structural, and functional information. The CDKN2A Database improves upon existing resources by: 1) including both somatic mutations and germline variants, thereby adding the perspective of somatic cell carcinogenesis to that of hereditary cancer predisposition; 2) including information that assists with the interpretation of allelic variants, such as other primary data (sequences, structures, alignments, functional measurements, and literature references) and annotations (extensive text, figures, and a tree-based phylogenetic classification); and 3) providing the information in a format that allows a user to either download the database or to easily manipulate it online. We describe the database structure, content, current uses, and potential implications (http://biodesktop.uvm.edu/perl/p16).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan A Murphy
- Vermont Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05401, USA
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25
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Loo JCY, Liu L, Hao A, Gao L, Agatep R, Shennan M, Summers A, Goldstein AM, Tucker MA, Deters C, Fusaro R, Blazer K, Weitzel J, Lassam N, Lynch H, Hogg D. Germline splicing mutations of CDKN2A predispose to melanoma. Oncogene 2003; 22:6387-94. [PMID: 14508519 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Coding mutations of the CDKN2A gene on chromosome 9p21 cosegregate with 25-60% of familial melanoma cases, but there remains a number of 9p21-linked kindreds that lack germline coding mutations of CDKN2A. We sequenced CDKN2A exons 1alpha, 2, 3, and the adjacent intronic regions in 167 melanoma-prone families (at least two affected first-degree relatives), and detected four splice site variations, three of which cosegregate with the disease. RT-PCR experiments verified that these three variants, including an AGgt to ATgt mutation that demonstrates a founder effect, do affect splicing. While an exon 1alpha splice donor site mutation incompletely abolishes splicing, the correctly spliced mRNA yields a protein (Q50P) that cannot effectively interact with CDK4. We also performed RT-PCR on mRNA from 16 melanoma-prone kindreds to search for cryptic splice sites deep within introns, but identified no splice variants. Meanwhile, we screened 139 affected families using allele-specific PCR for the recently discovered IVS2-105A>G mutation, but found only one family that possesses this alteration. We conclude that splice site mutations do predispose to disease in a subset of melanoma-prone kindreds. Characterization of additional splice site variants and other noncoding alterations of CDKN2A should allow us to detect a wider range of mutations in at-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne C Y Loo
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8
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26
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Eskandarpour M, Hashemi J, Kanter L, Ringborg U, Platz A, Hansson J. Frequency of UV-inducible NRAS mutations in melanomas of patients with germline CDKN2A mutations. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95:790-8. [PMID: 12783933 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/95.11.790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germline alterations in cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) are important genetic factors in familial predisposition to melanoma. Activating mutations of the NRAS proto-oncogene are among the most common somatic genetic alterations in cutaneous malignant melanomas. We investigated the occurrence of NRAS mutations in melanomas and dysplastic nevi in individuals with germline CDKN2A mutations. METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from 39 biopsy samples (including primary melanomas, metastatic melanomas, and dysplastic nevi) from 25 patients in six Swedish families with a hereditary predisposition to melanoma who carried germline CDKN2A mutations. DNA was also extracted from 10 biopsy samples from patients with sporadic melanomas. NRAS was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction, single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, and nucleotide sequence analysis. Differences in NRAS mutation frequency between hereditary and sporadic melanomas were analyzed by the chi-square test. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Activating mutations in NRAS codon 61, all of which were either CAA(Gln)-AAA(Lys) or CAA(Gln)-CGA(Arg) mutations, were found in 95% (20/21) of primary hereditary melanomas but in only 10% (1/10) of sporadic melanomas (P<.001). Multiple activating NRAS mutations were detected in tumor cells from different regions of individual primary melanomas in nine patients. Activating mutations that were detected in the primary melanomas of these patients were also retained in their metastases. NRAS mutations at sites other than codon 61 were also present in the primary melanomas, indicating genetic instability of this locus. NRAS codon 61 mutations were also detected in dysplastic nevi and in an in situ melanoma, suggesting a role for such mutations during early melanoma development. CONCLUSIONS The high frequency of NRAS codon 61 mutations detected in these hereditary melanomas may be the result of a hypermutability phenotype associated with a hereditary predisposition for melanoma development in patients with germline CDKN2A mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Eskandarpour
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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Abstract
Predisposition to melanoma is genetically heterogeneous. Two high penetrance susceptibility genes, CDKN2A and CDK4, have so far been identified and mapping is ongoing to localize and identify others. With the advent of a catalogue of millions of potential DNA polymorphisms, attention is now also being focused on identification of genes that confer a more modest contribution to melanoma risk, such as those encoding proteins involved in pigmentation, DNA repair, cell growth and differentiation or detoxification of metabolites. One such pigmentation gene, MC1R, has not only been found to be a low penetrance melanoma gene but has also been shown to act as a genetic modifier of melanoma risk in individuals carrying CDKN2A mutations. Most recently, an environmental agent, ultraviolet radiation, has also been established as a modifier of melanoma risk in CDKN2A mutation carriers. Hence, melanoma is turning out to be an excellent paradigm for studying gene-gene and gene-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K Hayward
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia.
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28
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Abstract
Melanoma incidence rates are rising rapidly, particularly in older men. Older men are also more likely to have thick melanomas, which confer high mortality and morbidity. The reasons for the rate of increase are not known; increasing sun and UV exposure, however, is the major hypothesized explanation. In the past several years, two major susceptibility genes for melanoma, CDKN2A and CDK4, have been identified, but the two genes together account for a minority of familial melanoma. Other high-risk susceptibility genes are being sought actively. Genetic epidemiologic studies suggest that penetrance of each of the two identified genes is altered by other factors, either genetic or environmental. Epidemiologic studies have also identified other major host factors important in the development of melanoma. In European, North American, and Australian populations, the presence of clinically identified dysplastic nevi confers greatly increased risk of melanoma. A new measure of sun exposure, based on individual residential history, confers substantially increased risk of melanoma. Recent surveys of sun behavior in the US reveal extensive sunburning and use of tanning beds in adolescents and adults. Sun protective behaviors are not as prevalent as in Australia, where population rates of melanoma are stabilizing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Tucker
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, DCEG, NCI, Executive Plaza South 7122, 6120 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD 20892-7236, USA.
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29
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Rizos H, Diefenbach E, Badhwar P, Woodruff S, Becker TM, Rooney RJ, Kefford RF. Association of p14ARF with the p120E4F transcriptional repressor enhances cell cycle inhibition. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:4981-9. [PMID: 12446718 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210978200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The p14(ARF) tumor suppressor is a key regulator of cellular proliferation and is frequently inactivated in human cancer. This tumor suppressor functions in the p53 and pRb cell cycle regulatory pathways and can effectively activate both pathways to induce growth arrest or cell death. We now report that p14(ARF) forms a complex with the E1A-regulated transcriptional repressor, p120(E4F). p120(E4F) contacts p14(ARF) and p53 to form a ternary complex in vivo and enhances p14(ARF)-induced G(2) cell cycle arrest in a p53-dependent manner. We suggest that the interaction of p14(ARF) and p120(E4F) forms an important link between the p14(ARF) and p53 tumor suppressor proteins, both of which exhibit enhanced cell cycle inhibitory activity in the presence of this transcriptional repressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Rizos
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia.
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