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Fernandes M, Marques H, Teixeira AL, Medeiros R. Circulating lncRNA- and miRNA-Associated ceRNA Network as a Potential Prognostic Biomarker for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Bioinformatics Analysis and a Pilot Study. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061322. [PMID: 35740344 PMCID: PMC9219780 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is characterized by a great variability in patient outcomes, resulting in the critical need for identifying new molecular prognostic biomarkers. This study aimed to identify novel circulating prognostic biomarkers based on an miRNA/lncRNA-associated ceRNA network for NHL. Using bioinformatic analysis, we identified the miRNA-lncRNA pairs, and using RT-qPCR, we analyzed their plasma levels in a cohort of 113 NHL patients to assess their prognostic value. Bioinformatic analysis identified SNHG16 and SNHG6 as hsa-miR-20a-5p and hsa-miR-181a-5p sponges, respectively. Plasma levels of hsa-miR-20a-5p/SNHG16 and hsa-miR-181a-5p/SNG6 were significantly associated with more aggressive disease and IPI/FLIPI scores. Moreover, we found that patients with risk expression profiles of hsa-miR-20a-5p/SNHG16 and hsa-miR-181a-5p/SNHG6 presented a higher risk of positive bone marrow involvement. Moreover, hsa-miR-20a-5p/SNHG16 and hsa-miR-181a-5p/SNHG6 pairs’ plasma levels were associated with overall survival and progression-free survival of NHL patients, being independent prognostic factors in a multivariate Cox analysis. The prediction models incorporating the ceRNA network expression analysis improved the predictive capacity compared to the model, which only considered the clinicopathological variables. There are still few studies on using the ceRNA network as a potential prognostic biomarker, particularly in NHL, which may permit the implementation of a more personalized management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Fernandes
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.); (A.L.T.)
- Research Department of the Portuguese League against Cancer Regional Nucleus of the North (LPCC-NRN), 4200-177 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Herlander Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Department of Oncology, Hospital de Braga, 4710-069 Braga, Portugal
- CINTESIS, Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Teixeira
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.); (A.L.T.)
- ICBAS–Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.); (A.L.T.)
- Research Department of the Portuguese League against Cancer Regional Nucleus of the North (LPCC-NRN), 4200-177 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS–Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal
- Biomedical Research Center (CEBIMED), Faculty of Health Sciences of Fernando Pessoa University (UFP), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-225084000 (ext. 5414)
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Fernandes M, Marques H, Teixeira AL, Medeiros R. Competitive Endogenous RNA Network Involving miRNA and lncRNA in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Current Advances and Clinical Perspectives. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1934. [PMID: 34944752 PMCID: PMC8698845 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a heterogeneous malignancy with variable patient outcomes. There is still a lack of understanding about the different players involved in lymphomagenesis, and the identification of new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers is urgent. MicroRNAs and long non-coding RNAs emerged as master regulators of B-cell development, and their deregulation has been associated with the initiation and progression of lymphomagenesis. They can function by acting alone or, as recently proposed, by creating competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks. Most studies have focused on individual miRNAs/lncRNAs function in lymphoma, and there is still limited data regarding their interactions in lymphoma progression. The study of miRNAs' and lncRNAs' deregulation in NHL, either alone or as ceRNAs networks, offers new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying lymphoma pathogenesis and opens a window of opportunity to identify potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge regarding the role of miRNAs and lncRNAs in B-cell lymphoma, including their interactions and regulatory networks. Finally, we summarized the studies investigating the potential of miRNAs and lncRNAs as clinical biomarkers, with a special focus on the circulating profiles, to be applied as a non-invasive, easy-to-obtain, and reproducible liquid biopsy for dynamic management of NHL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Fernandes
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.); (A.L.T.)
- Research Department of the Portuguese League against Cancer Regional Nucleus of the North (LPCC-NRN), 4200-177 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Herlander Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s–PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Department of Oncology, Hospital de Braga, 4710-243 Braga, Portugal
- CINTESIS, Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Teixeira
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.); (A.L.T.)
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.); (A.L.T.)
- Research Department of the Portuguese League against Cancer Regional Nucleus of the North (LPCC-NRN), 4200-177 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal
- Biomedical Research Center (CEBIMED), Faculty of Health Sciences of Fernando Pessoa University (UFP), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
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3
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Drees EEE, Pegtel DM. Circulating miRNAs as Biomarkers in Aggressive B Cell Lymphomas. Trends Cancer 2020; 6:910-923. [PMID: 32660885 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
B cell lymphomas are heterogeneous malignancies of hematological origin with vastly different biology and clinical outcomes. Histopathology of tissue biopsies and image-based assessment guide clinical decisions. Given that tissue biopsies cannot be frequently repeated and will not inform on systemic responses to the treatment, more accessible biomarkers, such as circulating miRNAs, are considered. Aberrant miRNA expression in lymphoma tissues and ongoing immune reactions may lead to miRNA alterations in circulation. miRNAs bound to extracellular vesicles (EVs) are of interest because of their role in intercellular communication and organ crosstalk. Herein, we highlight the role of miRNAs and EVs in B cell lymphomagenesis and explain how circulating miRNAs may be turned into robust liquid biopsy tests for aggressive B cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther E E Drees
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Michiel Pegtel
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Exosomes Research Group, Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Hong X, Zhang Z, Pan L, Ma W, Zhai X, Gu C, Zhang Y, Bi X, Huang W, Pei H, Liu Z. MicroRNA-301b promotes the proliferation and invasion of glioma cells through enhancing activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling via targeting Glypican-5. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 854:39-47. [PMID: 30951720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has suggested that Glypican-5 (GPC5) is a tumor suppressor gene in many types of cancers. However, whether GPC5 is involved in glioma remains unknown. This study was designed to explore the expression, biological function and regulatory mechanism of GPC5 in glioma. Our results demonstrated that GPC5 expression was significantly decreased in multiple glioma cell lines. Gain-of-function experiments showed that the ectopic expression of GPC5 markedly inhibited the proliferation, invasion and Wnt/β-catenin signaling of glioma cell lines. GPC5 was identified as a target gene of microRNA-301b (miR-301b). Further data showed that miR-301b expression was significantly up-regulated in glioma tissues and cell lines. In addition, miR-301b expression was inversely correlated with GPC5 expression in clinical glioma tissues. The overexpression of miR-301b promoted the proliferation, invasion and Wnt/β-catenin signaling of glioma cell lines, whereas the inhibition of miR-301b showed the opposite effect. However, the silencing of GPC5 significantly reversed the antitumor effect of miR-301b inhibition. Overall, our results revealed a tumor suppressive role of GPC5 in glioma and suggested that GPC5 expression was regulated by miR-301b. Our study indicates that the inhibition of miR-301b represses the proliferation and invasion of glioma cells by up-regulating GPC5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, PR China
| | - Zhengliang Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, PR China
| | - Longfei Pan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, PR China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, PR China
| | - Xu Zhai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, PR China
| | - Changwei Gu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, PR China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, PR China
| | - Xiaoju Bi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, PR China
| | - Wan Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, PR China
| | - Honghong Pei
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, PR China.
| | - Zhong Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, PR China.
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Yang C, Wang Y, Xu W, Liu Z, Zhou S, Zhang M, Cui D. Genome-wide association study using diversity outcross mice identified candidate genes of pancreatic cancer. Genomics 2018; 111:1882-1888. [PMID: 30578891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To understand the genetic causes of pancreatic cancer (PC), we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using the diversity outbred (DO) mice population to identify susceptibility genes underlying 7,12-dimethylbenzanthraene (DMBA) induced PC. The phenotype studied was the percent PC lesion area in the DO mice population. We genotyped 7851 SNP markers specifically designed for DO mice across the whole mouse genome. Four susceptibility genes with P values exceeding the genome-wide threshold for percent PC lesion area (P < 2.37 × 10-6) were identified, i.e., Epha4, Gpc5, Kcnj6, Arid1b. The most significant SNP of Gpc5 (UNC140360310) that is associated with PC lesion area in mice also significantly influences the Gpc5 expression, suggesting that this Gpc5 SNP exerts its role in PC through cis-regulating the gene expression of Gpc5. Together, our data supported that Gpc5 as a tumor suppressor gene involved in the etiology of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjia Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, China
| | - Weixue Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Siqi Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Minglu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dongxu Cui
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China.
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Guja K, Liehr T, Rincic M, Kosyakova N, Hussein Azawi SS. Molecular Cytogenetic Characterization Identified the Murine B-Cell Lymphoma Cell Line A-20 as a Model for Sporadic Burkitt's Lymphoma. J Histochem Cytochem 2017; 65:669-677. [PMID: 28902524 DOI: 10.1369/0022155417731319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the first molecular cytogenetic characterization of the BALB/cAnN mouse derived B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-cell NHL) cell lines A-20. Even though previously used as a model for testing of, for example, dexametason, up to present, no data in the genetic properties of A-20 were available. The present study closed this gap and provides evidence that A-20 is a model for B-cell NHL subgroup sporadic Burkitt's lymphoma. C-myc oncogene is involved in a translocation and copy number alterations as gain of murine 14q material could be observed. Interestingly, the cell line showed the karyotype 39,X,-X or -Y,t(2;15)(qE5;qD2),del(6)(qB3qC3),del(9)(qA3qA4),dup(14)(qE1qE4) in ~95% of the cells, being exceptionally stable for cell lines being established 38 years ago. Still, ~5% of the cells showed polyploidization followed by chromothripsis. It remains to be determined if this can be observed also in other cell lines, just has not been reported yet, and/or if it is a unique feature of A-20. Overall, finally here, the necessary genetic data to identify A-20 as a model for human sporadic Burkitt's lymphoma are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Guja
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Martina Rincic
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nadezda Kosyakova
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Shaymaa S Hussein Azawi
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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7
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Prognostic significance of GPC5 expression in patients with prostate cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:6413-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4499-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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ZHAO ZHENGYUAN, HAN CHENGGUANG, LIU JUNTAO, WANG CHANGLEI, WANG YI, CHENG LIYA. GPC5, a tumor suppressor, is regulated by miR-620 in lung adenocarcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:2540-6. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Di Leva G, Croce CM. miRNA profiling of cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2013; 23:3-11. [PMID: 23465882 PMCID: PMC3632255 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A steadily growing number of studies have shown that microRNAs have key roles in the regulation of cellular processes and that their dysregulation is essential to keep the malignant phenotype of cancer cells. The distorted and unique expression profile of microRNAs in different types and subsets of tumor coupled with their presence in biological fluids make of microRNAs an attractive source of sensitive biomarkers. Here, we will discuss how microRNA profiles are altered in cancer, highlighting their potential as sensitive biomarkers for cancer risk stratification, outcome prediction and classification of histological subtypes. We will also evaluate the current knowledge on the use of microRNAs as circulating biomarkers, hoping that further studies will lead to the application of microRNA signature in prognostic and predictive markers that can improve patient health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianpiero Di Leva
- Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, BRT1072 460W 12 avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Carlo M. Croce
- Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, BRT1072 460W 12 avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
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The miR-17-92 microRNA cluster: a novel diagnostic tool in large B-cell malignancies. J Transl Med 2012; 92:1574-82. [PMID: 22964854 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) can present as de novo or can arise through the transformation of many indolent lymphomas, including follicular lymphoma (FL). The morphological differentiation between germinal center-DLBCL (GC-DLBCL) and high-grade (grade 3) FL could be challenging; the accurate sub-classification of large B-cell lymphomas is mandatory in order to select the most appropriate among the new-targeted therapies. Recent expression profiling studies reported microRNAs (miRNAs) (and miR-17-92 cluster, in particular) as useful tools in differentiating DLBCL and FL. However, these preliminary results are based on cell line-derived data or did not consider grade 3 FL cases. To investigate this point, 36 cases of GC-DLBCL and 18 cases of grade 3 non-transforming FL were considered. All diagnoses were based on the World Health Organization criteria and were confirmed by clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical data. Six members of the miR-17-92 cluster (ie, miR-18b, miR-19b, miR-20a, miR-92, miR-93, and miR-106a) and two control miRNAs (ie, miR-150 and miR-210) were quantified by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. All the considered miR-17-92 cluster miRNAs were significantly overexpressed in GC-DLBCL, being miR-20a and miR-106a the most dysregulated (P<0.001). Receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) analysis was used to find the optimal cut-off in distinguishing the two histotypes. The ROC estimated thresholds for miR-18b, miR-19b, miR-20a, miR-92, and miR-106a displayed a sensitivity level higher than 0.80 in achieving the GC-DLBCL diagnosis. The classification tree built on the six thresholds allowed the correct identification of 35/36 GC-DLBCL (97.2%). Profiling the miR-17-92 cluster is a promising investigative method for differentiating GC-DLBCL from high-grade FL. Subject to the validation of these findings in further larger studies; miR-17-92 cluster could represent a reliable, standardizable diagnostic tool for the sub-classification of large B-cell lymphoid neoplasm.
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Gilmore TD, Gerondakis S. The c-Rel Transcription Factor in Development and Disease. Genes Cancer 2012; 2:695-711. [PMID: 22207895 DOI: 10.1177/1947601911421925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Rel is a member of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) transcription factor family. Unlike other NF-κB proteins that are expressed in a variety of cell types, high levels of c-Rel expression are found primarily in B and T cells, with many c-Rel target genes involved in lymphoid cell growth and survival. In addition to c-Rel playing a major role in mammalian B and T cell function, the human c-rel gene (REL) is a susceptibility locus for certain autoimmune diseases such as arthritis, psoriasis, and celiac disease. The REL locus is also frequently altered (amplified, mutated, rearranged), and expression of REL is increased in a variety of B and T cell malignancies and, to a lesser extent, in other cancer types. Thus, agents that modulate REL activity may have therapeutic benefits for certain human cancers and chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of posttranscriptional regulators that have recently introduced an additional level of intricacy to our understanding of gene regulation. There are currently over 10,000 miRNAs that have been identified in a range of species including metazoa, mycetozoa, viridiplantae, and viruses, of which 940, to date, are found in humans. It is estimated that more than 60% of human protein-coding genes harbor miRNA target sites in their 3′ untranslated region and, thus, are potentially regulated by these molecules in health and disease. This review will first briefly describe the discovery, structure, and mode of function of miRNAs in mammalian cells, before elaborating on their roles and significance during development and pathogenesis in the various mammalian organs, while attempting to reconcile their functions with our existing knowledge of their targets. Finally, we will summarize some of the advances made in utilizing miRNAs in therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danish Sayed
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Maha Abdellatif
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
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13
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Thapa DR, Li X, Jamieson BD, Martínez-Maza O. Overexpression of microRNAs from the miR-17-92 paralog clusters in AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20781. [PMID: 21698185 PMCID: PMC3116840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals infected by HIV are at an increased risk for developing non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (AIDS-NHL). In the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era, there has been a significant decline in the incidence of AIDS-associated primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). However, only a modest decrease in incidence has been reported for other AIDS-NHL subtypes. Thus, AIDS-NHLs remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV infected individuals. Recently, much attention has been directed toward the role of miRNAs in cancer, including NHL. Several miRNAs, including those encoded by the miR-17-92 polycistron, have been shown to play significant roles in B cell tumorigenesis. However, the role of miRNAs in NHL in the setting of HIV infection has not been defined. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We used quantitative realtime PCR to assess the expression of miRNAs from three different paralog clusters, miR-17-92, miR-106a-363, and miR-106b-25 in 24 cases of AIDS-NHLs representing four tumor types, Burkitt's lymphoma (BL, n = 6), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL, n = 8), primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL, n = 5), and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL, n = 5). We also used microarray analysis to identify a differentiation specific miRNA signature of naïve, germinal center, and memory B cell subsets from tonsils (n = 4). miRNAs from the miR-17-92 paralog clusters were upregulated by B cells, specifically during the GC differentiation stage. We also found overexpression of these miRNA clusters in all four AIDS-NHL subtypes. Finally, we also show that select miRNAs from these clusters (miR-17, miR-106a, and miR-106b) inhibited p21 in AIDS-BL and DLBCL cases, thus providing a mechanistic role for these miRNAs in AIDS-NHL pathogenesis. CONCLUSION Dysregulation of miR-17-92 paralog clusters is a common feature of AIDS-associated NHLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharma R. Thapa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Xinmin Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Beth D. Jamieson
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health, and UCLA AIDS Institute and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Li
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A
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15
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Li Y, Sheu CC, Ye Y, de Andrade M, Wang L, Chang SC, Aubry MC, Aakre JA, Allen MS, Chen F, Cunningham JM, Deschamps C, Jiang R, Lin J, Marks RS, Pankratz VS, Su L, Li Y, Sun Z, Tang H, Vasmatzis G, Harris CC, Spitz MR, Jen J, Wang R, Zhang ZF, Christiani DC, Wu X, Yang P. Genetic variants and risk of lung cancer in never smokers: a genome-wide association study. Lancet Oncol 2010; 11:321-30. [PMID: 20304703 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(10)70042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer in individuals who have never smoked tobacco products is an increasing medical and public-health issue. We aimed to unravel the genetic basis of lung cancer in never smokers. METHODS We did a four-stage investigation. First, a genome-wide association study of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was done with 754 never smokers (377 matched case-control pairs at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA). Second, the top candidate SNPs from the first study were validated in two independent studies among 735 (MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA) and 253 (Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA) never smokers. Third, further replication of the top SNP was done in 530 never smokers (UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA). Fourth, expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) and gene-expression differences were analysed to further elucidate the causal relation between the validated SNPs and the risk of lung cancer in never smokers. FINDINGS 44 top candidate SNPs were identified that might alter the risk of lung cancer in never smokers. rs2352028 at chromosome 13q31.3 was subsequently replicated with an additive genetic model in the four independent studies, with a combined odds ratio of 1.46 (95% CI 1.26-1.70, p=5.94x10(-6)). A cis eQTL analysis showed there was a strong correlation between genotypes of the replicated SNPs and the transcription level of the gene GPC5 in normal lung tissues (p=1.96x10(-4)), with the high-risk allele linked with lower expression. Additionally, the transcription level of GPC5 in normal lung tissue was twice that detected in matched lung adenocarcinoma tissue (p=6.75x10(-11)). INTERPRETATION Genetic variants at 13q31.3 alter the expression of GPC5, and are associated with susceptibility to lung cancer in never smokers. Downregulation of GPC5 might contribute to the development of lung cancer in never smokers. FUNDING US National Institutes of Health; Mayo Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Li
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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16
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Toujani S, Dessen P, Ithzar N, Danglot G, Richon C, Vassetzky Y, Robert T, Lazar V, Bosq J, Da Costa L, Pérot C, Ribrag V, Patte C, Wiels J, Bernheim A. High resolution genome-wide analysis of chromosomal alterations in Burkitt's lymphoma. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7089. [PMID: 19759907 PMCID: PMC2739276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Additional chromosomal abnormalities are currently detected in Burkitt's lymphoma. They play major roles in the progression of BL and in prognosis. The genes involved remain elusive. A whole-genome oligonucleotide array CGH analysis correlated with karyotype and FISH was performed in a set of 27 Burkitt's lymphoma-derived cell lines and primary tumors. More than half of the 145 CNAs<2 Mb were mapped to Mendelian CNVs, including GSTT1, glutathione s-transferase and BIRC6, an anti-apoptotic protein, possibly predisposing to some cancers. Somatic cell line-specific CNVs localized to the IG locus were consistently observed with the 244 K aCGH platform. Among 136 CNAs >2 Mb, gains were found in 1q (12/27), 13q (7/27), 7q (6/27), 8q(4/27), 2p (3/27), 11q (2/27) and 15q (2/27). Losses were found in 3p (5/27), 4p (4/27), 4q (4/27), 9p (4/27), 13q (4/27), 6p (3/27), 17p (3/27), 6q (2/27),11pterp13 (2/27) and 14q12q21.3 (2/27). Twenty one minimal critical regions (MCR), (range 0.04–71.36 Mb), were delineated in tumors and cell lines. Three MCRs were localized to 1q. The proximal one was mapped to 1q21.1q25.2 with a 6.3 Mb amplicon (1q21.1q21.3) harboring BCA2 and PIAS3. In the other 2 MCRs, 1q32.1 and 1q44, MDM4 and AKT3 appeared as possible drivers of these gains respectively. The 13q31.3q32.1 <89.58–96.81> MCR contained an amplicon and ABCC4 might be the driver of this amplicon. The 40 Kb 2p16.1 <60.96–61> MCR was the smallest gained MCR and specifically encompassed the REL oncogene which is already implicated in B cell lymphomas. The most frequently deleted MCR was 3p14.1 <60.43–60.53> that removed the fifth exon of FHIT. Further investigations which combined gene expression and functional studies are essential to understand the lymphomagenesis mechanism and for the development of more effective, targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloua Toujani
- CNRS, FRE2939, Génomique Cellulaire des Cancers, Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Philippe Dessen
- CNRS, FRE2939, Génomique Cellulaire des Cancers, Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
- IGR, Functional Genomics Unit, Villejuif, France
| | - Nathalie Ithzar
- CNRS, FRE2939, Génomique Cellulaire des Cancers, Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Gisèle Danglot
- CNRS, FRE2939, Génomique Cellulaire des Cancers, Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | | | - Yegor Vassetzky
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
- CNRS, UMR 8126, IGR, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Christine Pérot
- Cytogenetic Laboratory, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Jöelle Wiels
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
- CNRS, UMR 8126, IGR, Villejuif, France
| | - Alain Bernheim
- CNRS, FRE2939, Génomique Cellulaire des Cancers, Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
- * E-mail:
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17
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Schwaenen C, Viardot A, Berger H, Barth TFE, Bentink S, Döhner H, Enz M, Feller AC, Hansmann ML, Hummel M, Kestler HA, Klapper W, Kreuz M, Lenze D, Loeffler M, Möller P, Müller-Hermelink HK, Ott G, Rosolowski M, Rosenwald A, Ruf S, Siebert R, Spang R, Stein H, Truemper L, Lichter P, Bentz M, Wessendorf S. Microarray-based genomic profiling reveals novel genomic aberrations in follicular lymphoma which associate with patient survival and gene expression status. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2009; 48:39-54. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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18
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Wang M, Tan LP, Dijkstra MK, van Lom K, Robertus JL, Harms G, Blokzijl T, Kooistra K, van t'Veer MB, Rosati S, Visser L, Jongen-Lavrencic M, Kluin PM, van den Berg A. miRNA analysis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: proliferation centres characterized by low miR-150 and highBIC/miR-155 expression. J Pathol 2008; 215:13-20. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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19
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Wu W, Sun M, Zou GM, Chen J. MicroRNA and cancer: Current status and prospective. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:953-60. [PMID: 17163415 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression in normal cells is highly regulated by complex gene regulatory networks. Disruption of these networks may lead to cancer. Recent studies have revealed the existence of an abundant class of small nonprotein-coding regulatory RNAs, known as microRNAs (miRNAs). MiRNAs may regulate diverse biological processes including development, cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, through suppressing the expression of their target genes. Posttranscriptional silencing of target genes by miRNAs occurs either by cleavage of homologous target messenger RNAs (mRNAs), or by inhibition of target protein synthesis. Computational predictions indicate that 1 miRNA may target on hundreds of genes, and suggest that over 50% of human protein-coding genes might be regulated by miRNAs. MiRNAs are receiving increased attention in cancer genomic research. We are beginning to understand that miRNAs may act as oncogenes and/or tumor suppressor genes within the molecular architecture of gene regulatory networks, thereby contributing to the development of cancer. MiRNAs may provide useful diagnostic and prognostic markers for cancer diagnosis and treatment, as well as serving as potential therapeutic targets or tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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20
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Williamson D, Selfe J, Gordon T, Lu YJ, Pritchard-Jones K, Murai K, Jones P, Workman P, Shipley J. Role for amplification and expression of glypican-5 in rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Res 2007; 67:57-65. [PMID: 17210683 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of genes, through genomic amplification and other mechanisms, can critically affect the behavior of tumor cells. Genomic amplification of the 13q31-32 region is reported in many tumors, including rhabdomyosarcomas that are primarily pediatric sarcomas resembling developing skeletal muscle. The minimum overlapping region of amplification at 13q31-32 in rhabdomyosarcomas was defined as containing two genes: Glypican-5 (GPC5) encoding a cell surface proteoglycan and C13orf25 encompassing the miR-17-92 micro-RNA cluster. Genomic copy number and gene expression analyses of rhabdomyosarcomas indicated that GPC5 was the only gene consistently expressed and up-regulated in all cases with amplification. Constitutive overexpression and knockdown of GPC5 expression in rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines increased and decreased cell proliferation, respectively. A correlation between expression levels of nascent pre-rRNA and GPC5 (P = 0.001), but not a C13orf25 transcript containing miR-17-92, in primary samples supports an association of GPC5 with proliferative capacity in vivo. We show that GPC5 increases proliferation through potentiating the action of the growth factors fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and Wnt1A. GPC5 enhanced the intracellular signaling of FGF2 and HGF and altered the cellular distribution of FGF2. The mesoderm-inducing effect of FGF2 and FGF4 in Xenopus blastocysts was also enhanced. Our data are consistent with a role of GPC5, in the context of sarcomagenesis, in enhancing FGF signaling that leads to mesodermal cell proliferation without induction of myogenic differentiation. Furthermore, the properties of GPC5 make it an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in rhabdomyosarcomas and other tumors that amplify and/or overexpress the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Williamson
- Molecular Cytogenetics Team, Paediatric Oncology, Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) signaling pathway is a multi-component pathway that regulates the expression of hundreds of genes that are involved in diverse and key cellular and organismal processes, including cell proliferation, cell survival, the cellular stress response, innate immunity and inflammation. Not surprisingly, mis-regulation of the NF-kappaB pathway, either by mutation or epigenetic mechanisms, is involved in many human and animal diseases, especially ones associated with chronic inflammation, immunodeficiency or cancer. This review describes human diseases in which mutations in the components of the core NF-kappaB signaling pathway have been implicated and discusses the molecular mechanisms by which these alterations in NF-kappaB signaling are likely to contribute to the disease pathology. These mutations can be germline or somatic and include gene amplification (e.g., REL), point mutations and deletions (REL, NFKB2, IKBA, CYLD, NEMO) and chromosomal translocations (BCL-3). In addition, human genetic diseases are briefly described wherein mutations affect protein modifiers or transducers of NF-kappaB signaling or disrupt NF-kappaB-binding sites in promoters/enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Courtois
- INSERM U697, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
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22
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Ruano Y, Mollejo M, Ribalta T, Fiaño C, Camacho FI, Gómez E, de Lope AR, Hernández-Moneo JL, Martínez P, Meléndez B. Identification of novel candidate target genes in amplicons of Glioblastoma multiforme tumors detected by expression and CGH microarray profiling. Mol Cancer 2006; 5:39. [PMID: 17002787 PMCID: PMC1592108 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-5-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional cytogenetic and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) studies in brain malignancies have shown that glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is characterized by complex structural and numerical alterations. However, the limited resolution of these techniques has precluded the precise identification of detailed specific gene copy number alterations. RESULTS We performed a genome-wide survey of gene copy number changes in 20 primary GBMs by CGH on cDNA microarrays. A novel amplicon at 4p15, and previously uncharacterized amplicons at 13q32-34 and 1q32 were detected and are analyzed here. These amplicons contained amplified genes not previously reported. Other amplified regions containing well-known oncogenes in GBMs were also detected at 7p12 (EGFR), 7q21 (CDK6), 4q12 (PDGFRA), and 12q13-15 (MDM2 and CDK4). In order to identify the putative target genes of the amplifications, and to determine the changes in gene expression levels associated with copy number change events, we carried out parallel gene expression profiling analyses using the same cDNA microarrays. We detected overexpression of the novel amplified genes SLA/LP and STIM2 (4p15), and TNFSF13B and COL4A2 (13q32-34). Some of the candidate target genes of amplification (EGFR, CDK6, MDM2, CDK4, and TNFSF13B) were tested in an independent set of 111 primary GBMs by using FISH and immunohistological assays. The novel candidate 13q-amplification target TNFSF13B was amplified in 8% of the tumors, and showed protein expression in 20% of the GBMs. CONCLUSION This high-resolution analysis allowed us to propose novel candidate target genes such as STIM2 at 4p15, and TNFSF13B or COL4A2 at 13q32-34 that could potentially contribute to the pathogenesis of these tumors and which would require futher investigations. We showed that overexpression of the amplified genes could be attributable to gene dosage and speculate that deregulation of those genes could be important in the development and progression of GBM. Our findings highlight the important influence in GBM of signaling pathways such as the PI3K/AKT, consistent with the invasive features of this tumor.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Brain Neoplasms/genetics
- Brain Neoplasms/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4/genetics
- ErbB Receptors/analysis
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- Female
- Gene Amplification/genetics
- Gene Dosage/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Genes, Neoplasm/genetics
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics
- Genome, Human/genetics
- Glioblastoma/genetics
- Glioblastoma/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry/methods
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence/methods
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization/methods
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis/methods
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2/analysis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Ruano
- Genetics Department, Hospital Virgen de la Salud, Avda. Barber 30, 45004-Toledo, Spain
| | - Manuela Mollejo
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Virgen de la Salud, Avda. Barber 30, 45004-Toledo, Spain
| | - Teresa Ribalta
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, C/Villarroel, 170, 08036-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Concepción Fiaño
- Department of Pathology, Complejo Hospitalario Xeral-Cies, C/Pizarro, 22, 36204-Vigo, Spain
| | - Francisca I Camacho
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Virgen de la Salud, Avda. Barber 30, 45004-Toledo, Spain
| | - Elena Gómez
- Banco de Tumores, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), c/Melchor Fernéndez Almagro 6, 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Pedro Martínez
- Genetics Department, Hospital Virgen de la Salud, Avda. Barber 30, 45004-Toledo, Spain
| | - Bárbara Meléndez
- Genetics Department, Hospital Virgen de la Salud, Avda. Barber 30, 45004-Toledo, Spain
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23
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Kluiver J, Kroesen BJ, Poppema S, van den Berg A. The role of microRNAs in normal hematopoiesis and hematopoietic malignancies. Leukemia 2006; 20:1931-6. [PMID: 16990772 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, it has become evident that microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important regulatory role in various biological processes. Much effort has been put into the elucidation of their biogenesis, and this has led to the general concept that a number of key regulators are shared with the processing machinery of small interfering RNAs. Despite the recognition that several miRNAs play crucial roles in normal development and in diseases, little is known about their exact molecular function and the identity of their target genes. In this review, we report on the biological relevance of miRNAs for the differentiation of normal hematopoietic cells and on the contribution of deregulated miRNA expression in their malignant counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kluiver
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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24
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Onciu M, Schlette E, Zhou Y, Raimondi SC, Giles FJ, Kantarjian HM, Medeiros LJ, Ribeiro RC, Pui CH, Sandlund JT. Secondary chromosomal abnormalities predict outcome in pediatric and adult high-stage Burkitt lymphoma. Cancer 2006; 107:1084-92. [PMID: 16862570 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Karyotypic abnormalities in sporadic Burkitt lymphoma (BL) have been described extensively. However, to the authors' knowledge, very limited studies have focused on the secondary chromosomal abnormalities in pediatric BL as compared with those of adult BL and on their prognostic impact. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed in all pediatric and adult patients at 2 institutions, with a morphologic diagnosis of BL, pretherapy tumor karyotype available, and t(8;14), t(8;22), or t(2;8) present. RESULTS There were 33 children and 37 adults. The majority of the patients (95%) had Stage III/IV disease. There were no statistically significant differences noted in karyotype complexity and the nature of the chromosomal abnormalities between these 2 groups. Abnormalities of chromosomes 13 (13q) and 22 (22q) had a negative impact on prognosis in children. In adults, abnormalities of chromosome 17 appeared to have a negative impact. CONCLUSIONS The current findings suggest that karyotypic information can be used for refining risk stratification in patients with BL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Onciu
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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25
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D'Haese JG, Tsukasaki K, Cremer FW, Fischer C, Bartram CR, Jauch A. Chromosomal aberrations in follicular non-Hodgkin lymphomas of Japanese patients, detected with comparative genomic hybridization and polymerase chain reaction analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 162:107-14. [PMID: 16213357 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2005] [Revised: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 04/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The t(14;18)(q32.3;q21), hallmark of follicular lymphoma (FL), is less frequently observed in Asian patients than in Westerners. Little is known about additional chromosomal aberrations in Asian FL patients. We applied comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to screen for genomic imbalances in 32 biopsy samples from 23 Japanese patients with nodal FL. The t(14;18) was assessed with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers for the major (MBR), 3'MBR, minor (mcr), 5'mcr, and intermediate breakpoint cluster regions (icr). In 17 of 23 patients, CGH analyses detected genomic imbalances. Gains frequently affected chromosomes 18p (6 of 23), X (5 of 23), 5 (4 of 23), 12 (4 of 23), 2 (3 of 23), and 16 (3 of 23). The only recurrent loss affected chromosome 6q (2 of 23). A t(14;18) was detected in 13 of 23 patients (56.5%). Breakpoints were located in the MBR (10 patients), in the 3'MBR, in the mcr, and in the icr (1 patient each). The frequency of aberrations detected by CGH as well as relapse-free survival were not distinctly different between patients with and without a t(14;18). In summary, no significant difference in the overall frequency of aberrations compared with Westerners was found. Despite the extended primer set used, the frequency of PCR-detected t(14;18) remained low. Additional studies are required to assess the reasons for geographic variation in FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan G D'Haese
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Zhang X, Karnan S, Tagawa H, Suzuki R, Tsuzuki S, Hosokawa Y, Morishima Y, Nakamura S, Seto M. Comparison of genetic aberrations in CD10+ diffused large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma by comparative genomic hybridization and tissue-fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cancer Sci 2005; 95:809-14. [PMID: 15504248 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb02186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CD10 is one of the hallmarks of germinal center B-cells where follicular lymphomas (FL) originate. It has not been clearly established, however, whether CD10(+) diffuse B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) are genetically similar to FL. We therefore examined 19 CD10(+) DLBCL and 40 FL by means of comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and tissue-fluorescence in situ hybridization (T-FISH). Chromosomal imbalance was more frequently detected in CD10(+) DLBCLs (19/19) than in FLs (24/40). Significant differences were found in eight frequently imbalanced regions, namely those with gains of chromosomes 7q and 12 and those with losses of chromosomes 1p, 4p, 6q, 15q, 16p and 17. Amplification of the 3q region where BCL6 is located is reported to occur frequently in DLBCL, but it was only found in one of the 19 CD10(+) DLBCL cases we examined. The involvement of t(14;18) in CD10(+)+ DLBCL (31%) and in FL (73%) was significantly different (P = 0.0064). The CGH pattern of CD10(+) DLBCL with t(14;18) was also different from that of FL with t(14;18). Taken together, our results indicate that CD10(+) DLBCL constitutes a unique subtype entity with genetic characteristics significantly different from those of FL and DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Zhang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
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27
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de Leeuw RJ, Davies JJ, Rosenwald A, Bebb G, Gascoyne RD, Dyer MJS, Staudt LM, Martinez-Climent JA, Lam WL. Comprehensive whole genome array CGH profiling of mantle cell lymphoma model genomes. Hum Mol Genet 2004; 13:1827-37. [PMID: 15229187 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddh195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with median patient survival times of approximately 3 years. Although the characteristic t(11;14)(q13;q32) is found in virtually all cases, experimental evidence suggests that this event alone is insufficient to result in lymphoma and secondary genomic alterations are required. Using a newly developed DNA microarray of 32 433 overlapping genomic segments spanning the entire human genome, we can for the first time move beyond marker based analysis and comprehensively search for secondary genomic alterations concomitant with the t(11;14) in eight commonly used cell models of MCL (Granta-519, HBL-2, NCEB-1, Rec-1, SP49, UPN-1, Z138C and JVM-2). Examining these genomes at tiling resolution identified an unexpected average of 35 genetic alterations per cell line, with equal numbers of amplifications and deletions. Recurrent high-level amplifications were identified at 18q21 containing BCL2, and at 13q31 containing GPC5. In addition, a recurrent homozygous deletion was identified at 9p21 containing p15 and p16. Alignment of these profiles revealed 14 recurrent losses and 21 recurrent gains as small as 130 kb. Remarkably, even the intra immunoglobulin gene deletions at 2p11 and 22q11 were detected, demonstrating the power of combining the detection sensitivity of array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) with the resolution of an overlapping whole genome tiling-set. These alterations not only coincided with previously described aberrations in MCL, but also defined 13 novel regions. Further characterization of such minimally altered genomic regions identified using whole genome array CGH will define novel dominant oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that play important roles in the pathogenesis of MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J de Leeuw
- Department of Cancer Genetics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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28
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Ota A, Tagawa H, Karnan S, Tsuzuki S, Karpas A, Kira S, Yoshida Y, Seto M. Identification and characterization of a novel gene, C13orf25, as a target for 13q31-q32 amplification in malignant lymphoma. Cancer Res 2004; 64:3087-95. [PMID: 15126345 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 555] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The amplification at 13q31-q32 has been reported in not only hematopoietic malignancies but also in other solid tumors. We identified previously frequent amplification of chromosomal band 13q31-q32 in 70 cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients by conventional comparative genomic hybridization analysis. In an attempt to identify a candidate gene within this region, we used array comparative genomic hybridization and fluorescent in situ hybridization to map the 13q31-q32 amplicon. We then screened the 65 expressed sequence tags and Glypican 5 (GPC5) by reverse transcription-PCR and Northern blotting. As a result, we identified a novel gene, designated Chromosome 13 open reading frame 25 (C13orf25), which was overexpressed in B-cell lymphoma cell lines and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients with 13q31-q32 amplifications. However, GPC5, which has been reported to be a target gene for 13q31-q32 amplification, was truncated in one cell line, Rec1, possessing the amplification, and its expression in various cell lines with amplification at 13q31-q32 was not significantly different from that in other cell lines without amplification, suggesting that GPC5 is not likely to be the candidate gene. Additional analysis identified two major transcripts in the C13orf25 gene. The two transcripts A and B predicted open reading frames of 32 and 70-amino acid polypeptides, respectively. The former has been reported as bA121J7.2, which is conserved among species. Transcript-B also contained seven mature microRNAs in its untranslated region. These results suggest that the C13orf25 gene is the most likely candidate gene for the 13q31-q32 amplicon found in hematopoietic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Ota
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
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Dunham A, Matthews LH, Burton J, Ashurst JL, Howe KL, Ashcroft KJ, Beare DM, Burford DC, Hunt SE, Griffiths-Jones S, Jones MC, Keenan SJ, Oliver K, Scott CE, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Andrews DT, Ashwell RIS, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Bannerjee R, Barlow KF, Bates K, Beasley H, Bird CP, Bray-Allen S, Brown AJ, Brown JY, Burrill W, Carder C, Carter NP, Chapman JC, Clamp ME, Clark SY, Clarke G, Clee CM, Clegg SCM, Cobley V, Collins JE, Corby N, Coville GJ, Deloukas P, Dhami P, Dunham I, Dunn M, Earthrowl ME, Ellington AG, Faulkner L, Frankish AG, Frankland J, French L, Garner P, Garnett J, Gilbert JGR, Gilson CJ, Ghori J, Grafham DV, Gribble SM, Griffiths C, Hall RE, Hammond S, Harley JL, Hart EA, Heath PD, Howden PJ, Huckle EJ, Hunt PJ, Hunt AR, Johnson C, Johnson D, Kay M, Kimberley AM, King A, Laird GK, Langford CJ, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Lloyd DM, Lloyd C, Loveland JE, Lovell J, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, McLaren SJ, McMurray A, Milne S, Moore MJF, Nickerson T, Palmer SA, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Pelan S, Phillimore B, Porter KM, Rice CM, Searle S, Sehra HK, Shownkeen R, Skuce CD, Smith M, Steward CA, Sycamore N, Tester J, Thomas DW, Tracey A, Tromans A, Tubby B, Wall M, Wallis JM, West AP, Whitehead SL, Willey DL, Wilming L, Wray PW, Wright MW, Young L, Coulson A, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Sulston JE, Beck S, Bentley DR, Rogers J, Ross MT. The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 13. Nature 2004; 428:522-8. [PMID: 15057823 PMCID: PMC2665288 DOI: 10.1038/nature02379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2003] [Accepted: 01/27/2004] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 13 is the largest acrocentric human chromosome. It carries genes involved in cancer including the breast cancer type 2 (BRCA2) and retinoblastoma (RB1) genes, is frequently rearranged in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, and contains the DAOA locus associated with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. We describe completion and analysis of 95.5 megabases (Mb) of sequence from chromosome 13, which contains 633 genes and 296 pseudogenes. We estimate that more than 95.4% of the protein-coding genes of this chromosome have been identified, on the basis of comparison with other vertebrate genome sequences. Additionally, 105 putative non-coding RNA genes were found. Chromosome 13 has one of the lowest gene densities (6.5 genes per Mb) among human chromosomes, and contains a central region of 38 Mb where the gene density drops to only 3.1 genes per Mb.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dunham
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK.
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Gilmore TD, Kalaitzidis D, Liang MC, Starczynowski DT. The c-Rel transcription factor and B-cell proliferation: a deal with the devil. Oncogene 2004; 23:2275-86. [PMID: 14755244 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the Rel/NF-kappaB signal transduction pathway has been associated with a variety of animal and human malignancies. However, among the Rel/NF-kappaB family members, only c-Rel has been consistently shown to be able to malignantly transform cells in culture. In addition, c-rel has been activated by a retroviral promoter insertion in an avian B-cell lymphoma, and amplifications of REL (human c-rel) are frequently seen in Hodgkin's lymphomas and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, and in some follicular and mediastinal B-cell lymphomas. Phenotypic analysis of c-rel knockout mice demonstrates that c-Rel has a normal role in B-cell proliferation and survival; moreover, c-Rel nuclear activity is required for B-cell development. Few mammalian model systems are available to study the role of c-Rel in oncogenesis, and it is still not clear what features of c-Rel endow it with its unique oncogenic activity among the Rel/NF-kappaB family. In any event, REL may provide an appropriate therapeutic target for certain human lymphoid cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Gilmore
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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31
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Yu W, Inoue J, Imoto I, Matsuo Y, Karpas A, Inazawa J. GPC5 is a possible target for the 13q31-q32 amplification detected in lymphoma cell lines. J Hum Genet 2004; 48:331-335. [PMID: 12721791 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-003-0026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2003] [Accepted: 03/13/2003] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analyses have detected gains of copy number on 13q, especially at 13q31-q32, in cell lines and primary cases of various types of lymphoma. Since amplification of chromosomal DNA is one of the mechanisms that can activate tumor-associated genes, and because 13q amplification had been reported in various other types of tumors as well, we attempted to define by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) a common region at 13q31-q32 in which to explore genes that might be targets for the amplification events. Although the commonly amplified region we defined was relatively large (approximately 4 Mb), only one true gene, GPC5, was found there. GPC5 was over-expressed in lymphoma cell lines that had shown amplification, in comparison with those that had not. Our findings suggest that GPC5 is a likely target for amplification, and that over-expression of this gene may contribute to development and/or progression of lymphomas and other tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Jun Inoue
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
- Theranostics Research Center (TRC), Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan
| | - Issei Imoto
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 4-1-8 Honmachi, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Matsuo
- Fujisaki Cell Center, Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratories, 675-1 Fujisaki, Okayama 702-8006, Japan
| | - Abraham Karpas
- Department of Hematology, University of Cambridge Clinical School, MRC Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QH, United Kingdom
| | - Johji Inazawa
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 4-1-8 Honmachi, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan.
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Starczynowski DT, Reynolds JG, Gilmore TD. Deletion of either C-terminal transactivation subdomain enhances the in vitro transforming activity of human transcription factor REL in chicken spleen cells. Oncogene 2003; 22:6928-36. [PMID: 14534540 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The REL gene is amplified in many human B-cell lymphomas and we have previously shown that expression of REL from a retroviral vector can malignantly transform chicken spleen cells in vitro. To identify REL protein functions necessary for malignant transformation, we have performed deletion analysis on REL sequences encoding residues of two C-terminal subdomains that are involved in transcriptional activation. We find that deletion of both C-terminal transactivation subdomains abolishes the ability of REL to transform chicken spleen cells in vitro. In contrast, deletion of either transactivation subdomain alone, which reduces the transactivation ability of REL, enhances the transforming activity of REL. Transforming REL mutants missing C-terminal sequences can also be selected at a low frequency in vitro. The REL transactivation domain can be functionally replaced in transformation assays by a portion of the VP16 transactivation domain that activates at a level similar to REL-transforming mutants. We also find that deletion of 29 C-terminal amino acids causes the subcellular localization of REL to change from cytoplasmic to nuclear in chicken embryo fibroblasts. In contrast, wild-type REL and all transforming REL mutants are located primarily in the cytoplasm of transformed spleen cells. Nevertheless, treatment of transformed spleen cells with leptomycin B causes wild-type REL and two REL mutants to relocalize to the nucleus, and nuclear extracts from these transformed cells contain REL DNA-binding activity. Taken together, these results suggest the following: (1) that REL must activate transcription to transform cells in vitro; (2) that a reduced level of transactivation enhances the oncogenicity of REL; (3) that REL shuttles from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in transformed chicken spleen cells; and (4) that mutations in REL, in addition to amplifications, could activate its oncogenicity in human lymphomas.
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33
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Abstract
B cell activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF) and apoptosis-inducing ligand (APRIL) are two related members of the TNF ligand superfamily. Although they share two receptors, TACI and BCMA, transgenic and knockout mice in this system reveal that their functions are not redundant. BAFF is a critical survival/maturation factor for peripheral B cells and this activity is mediated through a BAFF-specific receptor, BAFF-R. Overexpression of BAFF has been linked to autoimmune disease and aspects of B cell neoplasia. APRIL appears to play a role in T-independent type II antigen responses and T cell survival, but can also induce proliferation/survival of non-lymphoid cells. Elevated expression of APRIL has been found in some tumor cell lines and in tumor tissue libraries. Therapies designed to inhibit the BAFF and APRIL pathways holds great promise for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Mackay
- Department of Arthritis and Inflammation, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2030, Australia.
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Viardot AA, Barth TFE, Möller P, Döhner H, Bentz M. Cytogenetic evolution of follicular lymphoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2003; 13:183-90. [PMID: 12959349 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-579x(03)00014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is closely associated with the chromosomal translocation t(14;18)(q32;q21), which results in an overexpression of the anti-apoptotic bcl-2 gene product leading to a survival advantage of B-lymphocytes. However, in animal models, this genomic aberration is not sufficient for the initiation of the malignant phenotype. Additional genomic rearrangements are required for disease progression. In this review, the most important additional aberrations and possible candidate genes in the respective genomic regions are discussed. In addition, relevant data regarding their role in disease progression as well as the association with clinical presentation and clinical course are presented.
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35
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Lerner RE, Burns LJ. Transformed lymphoma: an Achilles' heel of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant 2003; 31:531-7. [PMID: 12692617 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1703875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Transformed lymphoma has a reported incidence of 10-70% among patients with follicular lymphoma. Interpreting the wide-ranging estimates for incidence, survival, and effects of interventions from various studies is complicated by the use of different definitions of lymphoma transformation. Problems in defining histologic transformation will be addressed in this review. To date, there are no reliable markers of risk for transformation or factors predictive of survival. The prognosis for transformed lymphoma is generally poor, with most patients surviving only a few months, though some with limited disease that is chemosensitive may experience prolonged survival. Immunotherapy, particularly monoclonal antibodies and radioimmunoconjugates, holds promise but more experience is necessary. Approximately 200 patients are included in published series of autologous transplantation; of these, one-third remain disease free at 5 years, not dissimilar to reported outcomes for nontransformed disease. However, the treatment-related mortality is higher than in nontransformed disease, and there is a significant incidence of post-transplant myelodysplastic syndrome. The role of allogeneic transplant has yet to be pursued, but should be explored for its potential for a graft-versus-lymphoma effect. Advances in microarray gene analysis and biology may facilitate the understanding of mechanisms of transformation, development of a prognostic index and creation of tailored therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Lerner
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
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36
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Novak AJ, Bram RJ, Kay NE, Jelinek DF. Aberrant expression of B-lymphocyte stimulator by B chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells: a mechanism for survival. Blood 2002; 100:2973-9. [PMID: 12351410 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-02-0558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is defined by the accumulation of CD5(+) B cells in the periphery and bone marrow. This disease is not characterized by highly proliferative cells but rather by the presence of leukemic cells with significant resistance to apoptosis and, therefore, prolonged survival. B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) is a newly identified tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family member shown to be critical for maintenance of normal B-cell development and homeostasis and it shares significant homology with another TNF superfamily member, APRIL. The striking effects of BLyS on normal B-cell maintenance and survival raises the possibility that it may be involved in pathogenesis and maintenance of hematologic malignancies, including B-CLL. In this study, we investigated the status of APRIL and BLyS expression, as well as their receptors, in this disease. All B-CLL patient cells studied expressed one or more of 3 known receptors for BLyS; however, the pattern of expression was variable. In addition, we demonstrate for the first time that B-CLL cells from a subset of patients aberrantly express BLyS and APRIL mRNA, whereas these molecules were not detectable in normal B cells. Furthermore, we provide in vitro evidence that BLyS protects B-CLL cells from apoptosis and enhances cell survival. Because these molecules are key regulators of B-cell homeostasis and tumor progression, leukemic cell autocrine expression of BLyS and APRIL may be playing an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- B-Cell Activation Factor Receptor
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Bone Marrow/immunology
- Caspase 3
- Caspases/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Male
- Membrane Proteins
- Middle Aged
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Novak
- Departments of Immunology, Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, and Internal Medicine, Mayo Graduate and Medical Schools, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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37
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Gilmore T, Gapuzan ME, Kalaitzidis D, Starczynowski D. Rel/NF-kappa B/I kappa B signal transduction in the generation and treatment of human cancer. Cancer Lett 2002; 181:1-9. [PMID: 12430173 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(01)00795-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Rel/NF-kappa B family is a group of structurally-related, tightly-regulated transcription factors that control the expression of a multitude of genes involved in key cellular and organismal processes. The Rel/NF-kappa B signal transduction pathway is misregulated in a variety of human cancers, especially ones of lymphoid cell origin, due either to genetic changes (such as chromosomal rearrangements, amplifications, and mutations) or to chronic activation of the pathway by epigenetic mechanisms. Constitutive activation of the Rel/NF-kappa B pathway can contribute to the oncogenic state in several ways, for example, by driving proliferation, by enhancing cell survival, or by promoting angiogenesis or metastasis. In many cases, inhibition of Rel/NF-kappa B activity reverses all or part of the malignant state. Thus, the Rel/NF-kappa B pathway has received much attention as a focal point for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gilmore
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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